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Geothermal Resources Council TRANSACTIONS, Vol. 14, Part I, August 1990

OVERVIEW OF THE GEOTHERMAL ACTIVITIES IN DURING 1985-89

E. Chiotis, M. Fytikas, S. Taktikos

Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration 70 Messoghion St., Athens, Greece

ABSTRACT represented by a number of isopic zones, the so called Hellenides.The massifs can be classified into: (i) Following a brief outline of the geological the internal crystalline ones comprising the background in Greece, as related to geothermal Masslf (the most internal massif), the Serbo- exploration, the prospective areas for low enthalpy Macedonian Massif and the Pelagonian Massif and (ii) fluids are classified into four groups. These are the the external crystalline massifs, occurring on central Tertiary grabens associated with lithospheric and . stretching and crustal subsidence, the Arc of the Following the Alpine orogeny and the associated Aegean Plio-Quaternary volcanism induced by the flysch deposition, molassic sedimentation started in subduction of the African plate, Central Aegean islands the Paleogene, associated with fault tectonism and of distensive tectonism bordering back-arc marine volcanism in northeast (NE) Greece. The volcanism basins and finally Tertiary-Quaternary sedimentary started in the Eocene in the Rhodope Massif and basins of various types, not classified as grabens. The progressively migrated southwards to its present geothermal regime in each of these groups is outlined, position in the active Aegean Volcanic Arc, after a and the current status of exploration is reviewed. period of interruption in the upper Miocene-lower Pliocene. INTRODUCTION The present geothermal and geotectonic regime in Greece is controlled by the subduction of the African Although geothermal exploration in Greece, plate below the Aegean plate. Two contrasting regimes initially for high enthalpy, started rather late, in 1970, can be distinguished on either side of the it has been very successful so far in discovering sedimentary arc, which surrounds the volcanic one significant fields, both of high and lower enthalpy. and extends along the Crete Island and the western This paper refers only to direct heat utilization; a margin of continental Greece. The external side companion paper deals with electrical utilization of towards the Hellenic trench is characterized by a geothermal energy. compressive stress field and low heat flow, whereas The legal frame work ruling specifically on the internal side high heat flow and an extensive geothermal exploration and exploitation in Greece was stress field prevail. This extensive tectonism passed only recently (Law 1475 of 1984). Based on the apparently was initiated 10 to 15 Ma ago and resulted experience gained, it is believed its improvement, in the formation of sedimentary troughs with rapid would further stimulate geothermal exploration and and thick clastic sedimentation. Based on the tectonic applications. subsidence history, a thinned lithosphere is inferred The basic exploration for low enthalpy geothermal locally below these grabens, associated with a long energy is conducted by the Institute of Geology and lasting positive thermal anomaly (Chbtis, 1989). Mineral Exploration (I.G.M.E.) through the Section of On a regional scale also the Aegean lithosphere is Geothermal Energy of the Department of Energy thinned. Thus, the crustal thickness in the Cretan Sea Resources. On a local scale, however, the relevant reaches a minimum value of 20 km approximately. Communities or Agricultural Cooperatives and privates are also involved to a lesser degree. The Industrial GEOTHERMAL REGIME Bank of Greece has encouraged and financed exploration and pilot applications. The Public Petroleum Exploration for geothermal energy of low (1OO'C) Corporation of Greece has also cooperated with IGME as and medium (150'C) enthaply was very active during a drilling and financial partner on two occasions for the period 1985-89 as shown in Table 3 summarizing deep wells. The Public Power Corporation is currently drilling activity in the various geothermal localities involved mainly with the exploration for high enthalpy (Table 4). In addition to these areas where advanced geothermal energy. exploration is in progress, preliminary exploration was also performed elsewhere, including Sperchios valley GEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND and the very prospective central Aegean islands, Lesbos and Hios. Two great geotectonic cycles can be traced in Geologically, the areas explored can be classified Greece, i.e. the Hercynian cycle and the Alpine one. as follows. The structures of the Hercynian cycle are found in crystalline massifs, whereas the Alpine cycle is

79 Chiotis, Fytikas and Taktikos

Tertiary -Quaternar y sedimentary postorogenic intersection of the northwest (NW) termination grabens such as the Xanti- basin (N. of the arc with the Saronikos-Korinthian Bay Kessani field), the Delta of (Eratinon graben combines both features, i.e. recent and Magana fields), the Strymon basin volcanism and basin formation due to intensive (Sidirokastro, Lithotopos and Nigrita fields), normal faulting. the Mygdonia basis (Lagadas, Nymfoptra and N. Apollonia fields), the Anthemous basin and the 3. Back-arc areas of active extensive tectonism in Sperchios valley. Troughs of this type are the central Aegean Sea not associated common in eastern Greece, developed mainly necessarily with any important sedimentation, over the Serbomacedonian and Rhodope like Lesbos and Hios. massifs. 4. Tertiary-Quaternary molassic basins of various Areas of recent or active volcanic activity types not classified as grabens, Like Thessalia along the Aegean Volcanic Arc, including in , the basin, the and Santorini islands. Susaki, lying at the Amvrakikos Bay basin and the foreland basin

80 Chiotis, Fytikas and Taktikos

of NW Peloponnese. The results of geothermal required heavier type drilling rigs and (iii) existing exploration in these basins are of minor geothermal applications exploits a small fraction only importance for the time being and will not be of the available shallow fields. Drilling exploration for further discussed. shallow geothermal fields is normally carried out in two stages. Firstly, slim (2,' O.D. casing) and low cost Tertiary Grabens boreholes are drilled in order to get temperature measurements and stratigraphic information. Based on Geothermal gradients in these troughs estimated these data, production wells (8 5/8" to 10 3/4" O.D. from temperature measurements in d wells (Ten Dam casing) are drilled to determine the reservoir and Rouviere, 1983) are close to normal or slightly characteristics and evaluate its productivity. higher. It is 30'C/km in the Strymon basin, 31"C/km in In the Strymon basin three geothermal fields the -Komotini basin and 37'C/km in the Delta of have been discovered (Sidirokastro, Lithotopos, Nestos. Thermal springs associated with normal faulting Nigrita) in the sediments at the margins of the basin, in Tertiary grabens are very common in northern where the reservoir depth ranges between 50 and 500 Greece (see geothermal map of Greece). We mention m. A geothermal potential might also exist at the below some of them, related to geothermal fields. bottom of the sedimentary sequence in the basement along fault zones. The deep geothermal well Lagadas (41'C) and N. Apollonia (48'C) springs (2,007 m) was positioned on the basis of oil exploration in Mygdonia graben and Thermi (38'C) in the findings. However, temperatures encountered ("60°C) small neighboring Anthemous basin. The were not sufficient to justify the commercial geochemistry of these springs indicates that exploitation originally planned, i.e. central heating in the underground associated water does not the town of Serres. It is worthy to mention that a exceed 100' C. shallow field (up to 50 m) was drilled in Sidirokastro within travertine, the origin of which is associated Thermal manifestations in the Strymon basin with a rhyolithic volcano penetrating the Pliocene occur on the flanks of the basin with sediments (Karydakis and Kavouridis, 1988). emergence temperatures ranging from 27' to In the Delta of Nestos a significant geothermal 55'C, being 41'C at Sidirokastro and 55'C at anomaly was drilled initially by slimholes over an area Nigrita. of 30 km2 approximately. The anomalous geothermal gradient recorded is 3 to 4 fold in comparison to the In Nea Kessd, the western part of the regional one. Thereafter, the 1,377 in deep well in Xanthi-Komotini basin, there are thermal Nestos 1G was drilled, which after penetrating 760 m springs ranging from 30" to 54'C. of clastic Pliocene sediments entered the metamorphic basement composed of amphibolite and gneiss. Based The geochemical characteristics of the above on temperature logs, a bottom hole static temperature thermal springs indicate long circulation before rising of 125°C was estimated. Potential reservoir rocks are at the surface (Minissale and others, 1989). Those of indicate3 by the electric logs at the sedimentary base the Strymon basin belong to the Na-HCO, geothermal at 550 to 650 m where the temperature is 70 to 80°C. type of waters, the Nestos-Xanti and Anthemous In addition to this geothermal anomaly, which merits springs are of Na-Cl type, the thermal waters in the further exploration, the Magana geothermal field was Mygdonia basin are of the Na-Ca-SO, type and in the discovered in the eastern margin of the Delta of Sousaki high salinity Na-C1 waters. Nestos. Temperatures about 50' C have been measured The oldest sediments are transgressive and at 400 m at the base of the sediments. disconformable over the tectonized pre-Tertiary A special reference should be made to the N. basement and are of Quaternary age in the area of Kessani field because of its significance and the exploration in Mygdonia, of Pliocene age in Sousaki, scaling problems it presents. It extends over area of Miocene in Nestos and Strymon basin and of Eocene 15 to 20 km2 in the southern margin of the Xanthi- age in the Xanti-Komolhi basin. The Quaternary Komotini basin. Exploration is in the final stage of sediments in the Mygdonia basin are a few hundreds reservoir evaluation. So far 25 exploratory slim holes meters thick only, whereas the Neogene sediments and six production wells have been drilled. The total reach 4,000 m in the Strymon basin and Delta of yield of the field is estimated to 500 m3/h of water at .Nestos. The Xanthi-Komolhi basin ranks in between a maximum temperature of 78'C. Thermal water is with a thickness approximating 2,000 m. The Tertiary produced from Oligocene sandstones and clastic sediments are fluviatile, lacustrine, deltaic or conglomerates .U nderl ying argillaceous Plio-Quater nar y marine and consist mainly of clays, claystones, shales, sediments act as cap rocks. marls, argillaceous or clean sandstones and A mixture of water and CO, is produced due to conglomerates. Messinian gypsum is also intercalcated the high content in H-CO, ("25 meq/l). As a result of in both the Strymon basin and the Delta of Nestos. pressure drop during well production, CO, is release Drilling exploration so far has revealed a according to the reaction: significant geothermal potential of low and possible medium enthalpy along the tectonic borders of the 2HC0, ----- > H,0tC0,tC032~ troughs or in internal horsts of the pre-Tedary basement, covered by impervious argillaceous This reaction increases the concentration of CO,,; sediments. At the current stage of geothermal which in turn creates conditions of oversaturation in the rich in Ca2' water ("6 meq/l) and finally deposition exploration, drilling is predominantly limited to a maximum depth of 500 m. This is mainly due to a of CaCO,. These scaling problems were successfully faced by the proper chemical treatment during the combination of reasons such as: (i) rapid increase of drilling cost below this depth, scarceness of the experimental production of a pilot greenhouse (ii) installation.

81 Chiotis, Fytikas and Taktikos Aegean Vdcanic Arc used with inox plates, which must be cleaned once or twice a month due to heavy precipitation of salts, Santorini and Kos islands have been explored for mainly CaCO,. low and medium enthalpy geothermal energy. Based on A geothermal water-air heat exchanger is used in temperature measurements and geochemical analyses of N. Kessani-Xanti in a demonstration unit of thermal springs, a geothermal anomaly was located on greenhouses installed by the Industrial Bank of Santorini and consequently was confirmed by slim Greece. The geothermal water is conveyed through a holes. The active volcanism and the type of volcanic system of pipes. Air is forced among the pipes and rocks of Santorini (latest eruption occurred in 1950) distributed by fans through plastic channels in the warrants the existence of shallow magma chambers. The greenhouses. An additional system of soil heating is geothermal anomaly studied is ascribed to ascending also used. Chemical treatment is applied by injecting magmatic hot fluids, principally in a gaseous phase chemical inhibitors in the producing well. (Fytikas and others, in press). A hydrothermal system Generally when the salt concentrations are not is developed in the metamorphic basement consisting of very high and severe precipitation is avoided, the impermeable rocks, which isolate the ascending direct circulation of geothermal fluids through the magmatic fluids from sea and meteoric water. The heating system can be possible. In these cases the overlying volcanic products are in general permeable chemical treatment of geothermal fluid is strongly and allow percolation of cold surface waters. Therefore, recommended. geothermal targets are mostly expected below the A small fraction of the proven low enthalpy volcanic formations within the metamorphic basement, geothermal reserves are presently used. Out of 85,000 in places near deep faults; this makes geothermal TOE of total reserves only 4,000 TOE are exploited. exploration relatively difficult and leads to drilling This is mainly due to two reasons. First, because of a depths more than 200 to 400 m. Temperatures of 60' to higher initial investment for geothermal greenhouses. 70'C have been recorded at these depths. Secondly, due to economic considerations related Similar conditions prevail on Kos Island, where a directly to the current oil prices. It is therefore tremendous volcanic eruption took place some 120,000 expected that higher oil prices in the future would years ago. Following a preliminary stage of exploration, encourage geothermal heating of greenhouses, an area with intensive hydrothermal alternation and especially in northern Greece due to its colder fumarole fields was selected for drilling exploratory climate. slim boreholes. Drilling operations started early in 1990. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Central Aegean Islands The compilation of the data presented was largely based on the unpublished cited reports of the authors' Lesbos is the most representative of the thermal colleagues in the Institute of Geology and Mineral regime in the Central Aegean Islands. Three Exploration/Section of Geother mics. Special thanks are significant geothermal areas are known on Lesbos expressed to T. Kavouridis and G. Traganos for the (Fytikas and others, 1989) namely Petra-Argenos, discussions on their areas of exploration. Stipsi-Kalloni and Polyhitos. Numerous thermal springs occur on Lesbos, where the hottest springs REFERENCES of Greece are found, with temperatures ranging from 80 to 87'C. The geochemical temperature of the Bddi, P., D'Offizi, S., Scandiffio, G., et. al., 1982, thermal waters varies in the range from 115 to 125°C. Summary of the geothermal reconnaissance Neogene volcanic rocks are widespread; they can be studies in eastern Greece, Int. Conf. Geoth. Ener., divided into early calc-alkaline volcanics dating Florence, Italy, Vol.1, p. 123-136. between 19 and 15 Ma and shoshonitic lavas that were emitted after and/or during the deposition of lower Berthier, F., Fabris, H., Gerard, A., et. al., 1985, Pliocene sediments. It is believe that the thermal Technico-economic feasibility of the low -enthalpy systems of Lesbos are not related to shallow magma geothermal project of Serres (Graben of Strymon) chambers or to recent volcanism in general. - Macedonia, Greece. In: Europe. Geoth. Update, A. Geothermal anomalies are considered to be controlied Sturb and P. Ungemach (Eds), p. 180-187. by important extensional active faults, along which the thermal fluids ascend. These thermal fluids Chiotis, E., 1989, Thermomechanical behaviour of the acquire their thermal content through slow lithosphere in Greece, Ph.D. Thesis, Nat. Techn. percolation within the crust. Univ. Athens, 236 p. UTILIZATION OF LOW ENTHALPY GEOTHERMAL ENERGY Fytikas, M., 1980, Geothermal exploitation in Greece, FOR DIRECT HEAT Proc. IInd Int. Seminar on the results of EC geothermal energy research, p. 213-237. Utilization of direct heat is mostly limited to greenhouses in northern Greece and on the islands of Fytikas, M., 1988, Geothermal situation in Greece, Lesbos and (Table 1).On an experimental basis, Geothermics, vol. 17, p. 549-556. heating for growing fishes has also been applied with encouraging results. The chemical composition of Fytikas, M., Karydakis, G., Kavouridis, Th., et. al., 1990, geothermal waters varies from field to field; therefore, Geothermal research on Santorini, in press. chemical treatment should be adopted to each field. The biggest geothermal greenhouse unit Fytikas, M. and Kavouridis, T., 1985, Geothermal area operating on a commercial basis is found at Nigrita, in of Loutraki-Sousaki. In: Geothermics Thermal- the Strymon basin. A water-water heat exchanger is

82 Chbtis, Fytikas and Taktikos

Mineral waters and H y drogeolog y , Theop hrastus Karydakis, G. and Kavouridis, Th., 1988, Study of the Public., p. 19-34. low enthalpy geothermal site A. Barbara, at Thermopigi, Sidirokastro, Serres in Greece, IGME, Fytikas, M., Kavouridis, Th., Leonis, K., and Martini, M., Intern. Rep. in Greek, 55 p. 1989, Geochemical exploration of the three most significant geothermal areas of Lesbos Island, Kolios, N., 1985, Geothermal exploration in the area Greece, Geothermics, Vol. 18, p. 465-475. Potamia - N. Kessani, Xanthi in Greece, IGME, Intern. Rep. in Greek, 29 p. Fytikas, M. and Kolios, N., 1979, Preliminary heat flow map of Greece. In: Terrestrial heat flow in Europe, Kolios, N., 1986, Geothermal reconnaissance of the V. Cermak and L. Rybach, eds., p. 197-205. eastern basin of Nestos (area of Magana), IGME, Intern. Rep. in Greek, 14 p. Fytikas, M. and Taktikos, S., 1988, Geothermal resource assessment of Greece. In: Atlas of the geothermal Kolios, N., 1988, Geothermal exploration in the resources of E.C., R. Haenel and E. Staroste sedimentary basin of Delta of Nestos, IGME, (eds.), p. 25-28. Intern. Rep. in Greek, 32 p.

Karydakis, G., and Kavouridis, Th., 1984, Geothermal Kolios, N. and Kavouridis, T., 1988, Geothermal regime exploration in the area of Lithotopos, Serres in in the sedimentary basin of Thessaloniki, Proc. Greece, IGME, Intern. Rep. in Greek, 53 p. 3rd Nat. Conference on Mild Forms of Energy, p. 829-837.

# TRhLE 1. - WELLS DRILLED BY IQlYlE FOR DIRECT HEAT UTILIZATION OF GEO'TIiERMF?rL RESOURCES (From January 1,1.985 to January l,l990>

*Type of well: €=Exploration, Pr=Production, A=ArtesIaii, Pm=Pumped **Flowing enthalpy was calculated by multipl,yi.ng temperatui-e in OC: by 4.1668

Locality Year Well. Type of* Total. Iviaximum Flowing Flow rate Drilled Number Well Depth Temp. Enthalpy** Icg/ s (rnetei-s) OC: icJ/ kg

Cindravida 86 3 E/ fl 651 25 Anthemocis 85-86 3 E 867 39 Argenos (Lersbos) 88 3 E/ Pm 338 86 360 :.E30000 Ai-idea 86-88 4 E 1. d8? 35 Delta of Nestos 85-86 6 E 2849 72 88-8'3 1 E 1378 125 i- a ga das 85 3 E/& €363 33 86 1. Pr/A 2 37 41 172 1.4000 Lilantio 85-86 3 € 972 30 Magana 88-89 7 E/&+ Pm 1 E: 1.7 63 N.Apollonia 88 1 Pr/k 34 47 137 12000 N - Kessani 86-89 21. E/A+Pm 8270 89 88-83 6 P r / A+ P m 1073 80 335 80000 Nymfopetra 88 1 E/A 1.21 34 88 1 P i-/A 121 4 .L 172 14000 Sa iito r i n i 85 1 E 220 5 i. Serres 87 1 E 2007 56 Sidirocastro 85-86 1.0 E/A+Pm 1358 50 86 1 Pr/Pm 56 42 176 12500 Sou sa k i. 88-89 5 E 901 78 83 4 PrjPm 548 76 318 >2r3000 South Thessa1i.a 86-00 6 E 2448

83 Chiotis, Fytikas and Taktikos

Minissale, A., Duchi, V., Kolios, N. and Totaro, G., 1989, Thanassoulas, C., Tselentis, G-A and Traganos, G., Geochemical characteristics of Greek thermal 1987, A preliminary resistivity investigation (VES) springs, J. Volcan. Geoth. Res., 39, p. 1-16. of the Lagada hot springs area in Northern Greece, Geothermics, Vol. 16., p. 227-238. Simeakis, K., 1985, Evaluation of geothermal resources and reserves in Greece, IGME, Intern. Report, 12 Thanassoulas, C., Tsokas, G., and Kolios, N., 1987, P. Geophysical investigations in the geothermal field in the Delta of the Nestos River (Northern Simeakis, K., 1988, Contribution of the neotectanic Greece), Geothermics, Vol. 16, p. 17-26. study to the evaluation of the geothermal potential in the area Argenos, Lesbos, IGME, Traganos, G., 1987, First stage of drilling exploration Intern. Rep. in Greek, 24 p. of the confirmation of the geothermal interest of the areas of Lagadas, Volvi, and Mygdonia basin, Taktikos, S., 1985, Heat flow and subsurface IGME, Intern. Rep., in Greek, 49 p. temperature measurements in Greece, IGME, Intern. Rep., 21 pp. Traganos, G. and Bibou, A., 1989, Feasibility study of a future systematic exploration in the area of Ten Dam, A., and Rouviere, J., 1985, Evaluation of the Eleohoria, Western Halkidiki and A. Paraskevi NW geothermal potential of the Tertiary of Northern in Kassandra Penninsula, IGME, Intern. Rep. in Greece, in Europ. Geoth. Update, A. Sturb and P. Greek, 20 p. Ungemach (eds.), p. 188-202. Traganos, G. and Thanassoulas, K., 1985, Low enthalpy geothermal explorations for possible domestic and industrial heating in the south and southeastern suburbs of Thessaloniki, IGMI, Intern. Rep., 101 P.

TABLE 2 - INFCIRriATION A80lJT GEOTHERiWL LO(SRL1TIES

hock 1 = lrain type of reservoir i-ock: €;=Metamorphic basement, C:=C.onglomerate, [;=Gravel. L=Limestone, S=Sand-sandstone, V=Volcanic.s.

Water 2 = Total dissolved solids,in g/kg, before flashing.

Statusi R = Regional assessment P = Pre-feasability studies F = Feasabi1it.y studies i reservoir evaluation and engineering st.udies) IJ = Commercial ut~l.izatiun

- ...... __...... _...... " " ...... -.." .... " ...... " ..... ,-.-. ...". .- - I...... - . ..I

Local 1 t.y Location Heservcli.r Status3 Measured ...... in ...... _...... _...-...... "...... d...... - ...... - Jan. Reservoir Lat.i'i.ude L ongi.t.uue Rock' Watei-2 krea 1490 1emp.oC: ...... Kmz -..- ...... "...... - ...... ".." _...... _....-.. ... kndi-avicia 370 54' 210 20' 3.3 2 R 2 e. Ant hemcrus 400 30' 230 10' 2.0 P 20 - 33 Ai-genos 39Cl 22' 260 15' 11.7 4 R a1 - 86 A i- I. dea 410 00' 220 04> 1.0 4 R 30 - 35 E 1 eoho r i a 400 42' 230 14" 1. .2 R+Q Ei atinnn 400 55' 240 37' 8.0 R SO Lagadas 400 44' zf3U (je;' 0.8 e> P + U 33 - 39 1-i lan t io 380 25' 230 43' 6.0 2 R 2 '5 L i t ha topos 41" 22' 23b 12' 1.E 20 F 35 - 50 iqagana 400 54 ' '24Q 43' 0.6 10 R 40 - 45 rii 1 os 3ejcs 44" 240 ','q' P t. Q 30 - 90 N.. Apollonia 400 38' 23" 23' 1.3 2 P+Q 34 - 51 1\11g r i ta 400 52' 23CI 53 .. 15 P -I- Q =E, 6 i. W. I';e.

84 Cbtis, Fytikas and Taktikos

TABLE 3 -UTILIZATION OF GEOTHERIVIAL ENERGY TABLE 4 FOR GRENHOUSES (.December 1389) ALLOCATION OF PROFESSIONAL PERSONNEL TO GEOTHERMAL ACTIVITIES Local.i. ty Max i.mu m U t i. 1i za t i Q n (Personnel with a linivai-sity Degree j

i=.low Hate Temperature 1 Govei-nmen t kg/s OC 2. Pub1i.c. Utili.t.ies 3.Universities In out Yea I- Man Years of Effort

E1.eol-m i-i.d 110000 40 25 I... a ga d a s 22000 35 25 Mi 10s 40 2s N .Apa11mia 28000 48 25 Nigi-ita 42000 50 25 N . Kessani E000 78 53 Polyhnitos 17000 80 55 Sidirokastro lL000 50 25

a5