PRINCIPIUM The Newsletter of the Initiative for Interstellar Studies Issue 18 | August 2017

ISSN 2397-9127

■■Aridopolis : A Sustainable Earth / Mars Desert Settlement ■■Interstellar News ■■Engineering New Worlds: Creating the Future - Part 3 ■■Foundations of Interstellar Studies Workshop ■■Statement of Solidarity for The Interstellar Vision R O ■■Opening of the i4is HQ F E V I

T

A

I

T

I

N I

S T U D I E S www.i4is.org Scientia ad sidera Knowledge to the stars

Principium | Issue 18 | August 2017 1 STOP PRESS! STARSHIP ENGINEER The Initiative for Interstellar Studies (I4IS), in collaboration with the British Interplanetary Society, Saturday 25th and Sunday 26th November 2017. To be held i4is HQ, Join us and Bone Mill, New Street, Charfield, Wotton-under-Edge, Gloucester, you too can GL12 8ES, UK become a This course is being delivered by the Initiative for Interstellar Studies (a not-for-profit Starship organisation incorporated in the UK in 2014). We aim to help raise the skill levels of participants so that they can use some of the tools to start Engineer assessing deep space exploration concepts and even designing interstellar vessels. Two one day courses have been arranged, and you can either attend one or both, each will be different and important in their own way. Starship Engineer Starship Engineer - Saturday 25th November (1030-1730) This course aims to give you a basic grounding in interstellar studies. We go from considering the essential requirements to giving you an overview of different spacecraft systems. We then take you on a journey through several actual starship design studies, and show you how to calculate and evolve an interstellar machine. We will give a broad set of examples from the literature, but focus on two specific case studies, that of fusion propulsion and laser-sail propulsion, as plausible ways by which we may someday reach the distant stars. Science Fiction Starships Science Fiction Starships - Sunday 26th November (1030-1730) The works of science fiction literature have produced many fascinating starship concepts, but how realistic are they? In this one day course we will examine texts such as laser-sails in “The Mote in God’s Eye” (Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle), Torch Ships in “Time for the Stars” (Robert Heinlein), Quantum Ramjets in “The Songs of Distant Earth” (Arthur C Clarke) and other inspirational examples of interstellar vessels. This course will teach you how to evaluate these ideas from the imagination and how to perform a physics and engineering assessment of their feasibility. Education Requirements: The courses are open to everyone and anyone is welcome to attend, but to participate in the design workshops it is recommended that you have some familiarity with basic mathematics and algebra.

Principal Lecturers: Kelvin F. Long is a physicist and aerospace engineer, founder of i4is, until recently Chief Editor Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, author of the book “Deep Space Propulsion: A Roadmap to the Stars”, and a member of the Breakthrough Starshot advisory committee.

Rob Swinney is a former RAF Squadron Leader aerosystems engineer, Deputy Director and founder of R i4is. Rob & Kelvin have been involved in creation and running of recent starship design projects using O F , Project Icarus and Project Dragonfly . E fusion and laser sails s & Andromeda V I

T

A

I

T

I Pricing: N I Normal rate: £180 per day or £280 for the two days. Discounted rate (students and senior citizens): £90 per day or £140 for the two days; S T U D I E S includes students and senior citizens. Lunch and coffee will be provided on the day for all. Contact Rob Swinney via [email protected] for details and how to pay. Getting there: “Starships in Charfield is 10 minutes from M5 Junction 14, 30 minutes of Bristol Parkway station on the Great our Lifetime” Western line and within one hours drive of Bristol (and its international airport) and Swindon. Accommodation options in the neighbourhood will be available. www.i4is.org

attendees.

To join any of the events contact the booking team at: [email protected] or visit www.i4is.org for more details.

Principium | Issue 18 | August 2017 2 The News Feature on our new HQ also announces a very distinguished guest for our Editorial opening in October. Welcome to Principium, the quarterly The feature, Art for Interstellar 2017, newsletter about all things interstellar from reporting the visual art event at the NYC i4is, the Initiative for Interstellar Studies - Workshop, is postponed to our next issue so and our US-based Institute for Interstellar we can give it proper space. Studies. And a special welcome if you are a Our front and back covers once more reflect new reader. If you were at SpaceUK 2017 in very different aspects of our outward urge. Manchester you may remember Rob Swinney, Tishtrya Mehta or John Davies - or at NEAS Our front cover, C Bangs' painting, Starfest 2017 in Colchester, Marc Casson Fusion Pulse Starship, is a new vision or John. Please tell us if we have your details of a Daedalus-like craft at first-stage [email protected]). incorrect ( departure. C Bangs’ art investigates Our Guest Introduction for Principium frontier science combined with symbolist 18 is Aridopolis : Project for a figuration from an ecological feminist Sustainable Earth / Mars Desert point of view. More about her work in Settlement by an old friend and our next issue. contributor to Principium, Stephen Our back cover is the 80th successful Ashworth. Stephen considers an launch of the Ariane 5 heavy launcher. incremental approach to prototyping off- Its reliability gives us cause for hope earth human habitation. Much food for when it lofts the James Webb Space thought - if you will forgive a pun! Telescope next year - but we will We bring you the second instalment nevertheless have our fingers crossed in of the major new work by Dmitry superstition. Launching to space is not Novoseltsev, Engineering New Worlds: yet the safe and routine matter we must Creating the Future. This is a vision achieve if we are to take genuine steps to of the massive prospect of Interstellar the stars. Engineering. This month Dmitry examines the gigantic concept of the Next time we will have - Shkadov thruster, "star machines" and » Opening of the i4is HQ, The Mill the architecture of galaxies. The final » Technical Report on Foundations of parts will appear in our November issue. Credit: Arianespace - ESA - Interstellar Studies Workshop NASA Interstellar News this time has much » Art for Interstellar - NYC June 2017 to report including UK Space 2017 And we will have the final instalment of Dmitry and other outreach work by i4is, recent results on Novoseltsev's visionary Engineering New Worlds: earth-like planets, relevant items in the most recent Creating the Future. editions of the Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, this year's interstellar elective at the Comments on i4is and all matters interstellar are International Space University, Strasbourg, events always welcome. Write to me! coming up in the next few months - and more. John I Davies, Editor, [email protected] Andreas Hein and Robert Kennedy report from Keep in touch! Join in the conversation by following the i4is on our the Foundations of Interstellar Studies Workshop Facebook page www.facebook.com/InterstellarInstitute which took place at the City University of New Become part of our professional network on LinkedIn York in New York City in June. Next time we will www.linkedin.com/groups/4640147 have the first of a series of technical reports from And take a look at the i4is blog, The Starship Log www. i4is.org/the-starship-log the workshop by Kelvin Long. The Workshop was Follow us on Twitter at @I4Interstellar and seek out our also the venue for a Statement of Solidarity for The followers too! Interstellar Vision agreed by consensus at the end of Contact us on email via [email protected]. Back issues of Principium, the Workshop. from number one, can be The views of our writers are their own. We aim found at www.i4is.org/ for sound science but not editorial orthodoxy. Principium Principium | Issue 18 | August 2017 3 Aridopolis : Project for a GUEST INTRODUCTION Sustainable Earth / Mars Desert Settlement Stephen Ashworth

“Waste is worse than loss. The time is coming when every person who lays claim to ability will keep the question of waste before him constantly. The scope of thrift is limitless.” – Thomas Edison

In this article, Stephen Ashworth, one of our most visionary interstellar thinkers, turns his mind to human existence in off-earth environments with an idea based on earlier research and experiment, to move incrementally towards a self-sufficient settlement in a succession of increasingly alien environments. Stephen suggests i4is should address this as part of the space economy we need to fulfil our interstellar vision. Sustainability and the human future the life-support provisions for food production With the i4is now addressing the question of how and recycling of organic and other wastes. to achieve a sustainable space economy that can They will therefore represent a further stage of act as a launchpad for interstellar exploration, the development, one which is totally urbanised time has come to fill a major gap in sustainability with no agricultural hinterland. Given the high research so far. cost of creating surface conditions favourable Human development over the past 10,000 years to plant and animal life at such locations, the has taken our species far from its primordial food production system will need to be more state in which nomadic tribes supported efficient than that in present-day use on Earth in themselves by hunting, gathering, scavenging and beachcombing. The neolithic agricultural revolution introduced a settled village lifestyle based on subsistence farming, while in Central

Asia and North America a new kind of nomadic lifestyle developed on the basis of animal husbandry. Eventually many of the nomads too settled in villages, and a minority of the population built and occupied the first cities. Today’s cities remain dependent upon their agricultural hinterland, which is, however, highly mechanised, so that in developed countries the majority of the population is now urban. This overall picture of human development has been understood since the 18th century, when it first appeared as the “four stages theory” of the Scottish Enlightenment. If human settlements are to arise on Mars or at Dugald Stewart 1753-1828 - populariser of the Scottish Enlightenment © International any other extraterrestrial locations, they must of Association for Scottish Philosophy necessity include within their built structures all

Principium | Issue 18 | August 2017 4 terms of both land use and energy applicable both on Earth and realistically contemplated. consumption. beyond it. It is assumed here From time to time a wealthy

The same applies to worldships that, because of its relatively individual or organisation is GUEST INTRODUCTION on multi-generational interstellar benign surface conditions and its looking for an outlet for their voyages. Such vehicles represent closeness to Earth, Mars will be surplus energies and resources. extreme space colonies, and their the first extraterrestrial location A project with direct application practicality will therefore depend at which permanent human to the long-term sustainability of upon a mature space colony settlements will be established. human civilisation both on Earth industry having already grown up If the low Martian gravity turns and at any and all extraterrestrial in the Solar System. out to pose an insuperable health locations would use that surplus in Meanwhile on Earth the hazard then the alternatives are a highly efficient way, and this is population continues to grow in an aerial settlement on Venus as what is discussed here. described by Geoffrey Landis, or both absolute numbers and per Earlier attempts capita wealth, and the resulting rotating O’Neill space colonies, but the need for a materially The Biosphere-2 experiment demands on the agricultural, was intended to demonstrate a mineral, oceanic and atmospheric self-contained mode of life still applies. lifestyle which could be used hinterlands threaten ultimately to in extraterrestrial colonies on overwhelm the capacity of Earth’s This reasoning leads one to consider a project for developing Mars. It was designed to provide natural resources to supply them. full recycling of air, water and Therefore the long-term solution and demonstrating the necessary recycling of life support food for a crew of eight people for the maintenance of industrial for two years. While the goal of civilisation on Earth itself is the consumables and hardware products through local processing enclosure of the eight bionauts same as that required on Mars in a biosphere independent of and elsewhere in and between the and manufacturing, as well as social structures conducive to Earth for two years was largely planetary systems of the Sun and met, with only one major outside other stars: the materially self- an attractive, growth-capable lifestyle. This should be intervention required during contained city. that time, several problems were It should therefore be of wide achieved on Earth first; only once the system is mature can its revealed which will need to be interest to develop more self- addressed before further progress contained ways of living extension to Mars or elsewhere in the astronomical universe be can be made.

Biosphere 2 - Credits: bio.ed.ac.uk/jdeacon Wikimedia Johndedios

Principium | Issue 18 | August 2017 5 Chief among these problems Basic principles base to develop. While progress were the division of the crew into Aridopolis is the name used along these gradients continues, opposing factions, the amount of here for a type of desert research Aridopolis will be successful; if manual labour required for them community on Earth which progress stops short of a fully self- to maintain themselves through develops systems for recycling, contained city, then at that point it subsistence agriculture, and the local manufacture and long- will fail. Spartan nature of the resulting term sustainability and growth. The basic principles suggest diet. Despite these adverse It would be a successor to the development in three practical circumstances the crew toughed it Biosphere-2 and Mars simulation phases, with a preliminary phase out for two years. But they were hab projects, picking up where zero as the planning phase: only too happy to leave at the they left off. (0) Planning and design. end of that period. No growth in Aridopolis should be seen as either population size or duration (1) Small community, accessible the precursor to a new kind of location in developed country. of the biospherian lifestyle was urban living which has never (2) Move to remote desert planned or possible in practice, existed before: the materially location, settle in and begin due not only to the hardships self-contained city, which does expansion. encountered in practice, but also not require the support of an to the high costs of maintaining agricultural hinterland or a (3) Adopt enclosed architecture. the experiment, on the order surrounding global economy. A substantial initial investment of $15 million per person per It will of course interact with of perhaps several million year (including both capital the rest of the world as part pounds will be required in order and running costs). No local of the global media network, to start the first practical phase. manufacturing was attempted. will exchange knowledge and The cost of starting phase 2 Thus a sustainable lifestyle was information, and will be able will depend upon how far local not in fact achieved in terms to purchase luxury items not desert construction can be made of psychology, economics or essential for survival. independent of outside support hardware production, and only I intend Aridopolis to adhere to at the outset, to be determined marginally achieved in terms of during phase 1. biology and food production. two fundamental principles: (1) It starts out with minimal The question is whether it would The various Mars simulation be worth starting on the planning habitats operated by the Mars recycling and makes incremental, step by step progress towards the phase in the absence of any firm Society, by NASA and by ESA prospect of financial backing. It in collaboration with Roskosmos kind of totally enclosed system envisaged by Biosphere-2. would be preferable to engage the since the turn of the millennium interest of potential sponsors first, (2) It starts out small, with a are conceived as representing and proceed on the basis that the population of perhaps a dozen short-term missions, not preliminary studies, if successful, individuals (depending on initial permanent places to live, again were likely to lead directly on to investment), and aims for long- with no capability for growth. practical implementation. While modest experiments in term permanence and growth. greenhouse food production are An ambitious growth rate of 7% Preparatory research taking place, extending them to per annum would see an initial The following areas of research full recycling of the food supply 12-person settlement grow to all need to be addressed in the does not seem to be a significant several hundred after 50 years, preliminary planning phase, goal. All the Mars simulation 10,000 within a century, and before phase 1 can begin: experiments known to me which millions after two centuries of * Utopian societies: why they fail have been carried out so far are growth. / how to prevent failure listed at the end of this article. These two principles define * Small-scale food production There is therefore a need for a gradients of progress: * Small-scale recycling of liquid new Mars simulation experiment cumulatively greater material and solid human waste to be set up in order to address independence through recycling, * Small-scale recycling of these shortcomings before any and cumulatively greater material products (clothes, genuine settlement on Mars or population size, allowing a furniture, hardware items) beyond becomes possible. cumulatively greater local skill

Principium | Issue 18 | August 2017 6 * Small-scale power supply industrial economy is more hostile environment into a highly * Drawing up an overall financial important than isolation from desirable one. plan it at this point, because life- An initial settlement would * Choice of a location for phase 1. support systems are still being consist of a number of buildings, developed. But looking ahead, as in any normal town. Each During phase 1 the following once a desert location for research areas will be added: building is exposed to the general phase 2 has been decided upon, desert environment, and roads and * Choice of a location for phase 2, techniques for mining, refining open areas will still be part of that and obtaining permission from the and manufacturing from the rock environment. local political authorities types that will be available there The move to the desert will only * Small-scale resource extraction must be developed. make sense if the food is as from the types of rock to be found Specialists will need to be tasty, nutritious and economic to in phase 2. recruited in a number of technical produce as the best and cheapest More needs to be said on the disciplines, each of which will food that can be made under financial plan. It is clear that such have its own team. The project normal conditions. Therefore a project cannot begin without should be funded sufficiently to there is an opportunity to use the philanthropic sponsorship. At the allow all the people involved to food production technologies same time, the ultimate objective draw full salaries for their work. developed in phase 1 to produce must be to have a self-sustaining, At this stage, the community is food which can be marketed thus independently profitable, still part of the wider economy globally by a separate branch of community. Since development and people can come and go as the organisation. of Aridopolis on a timescale on they please or as their contracts the order of a century will be allow. Third phase: creating a micro- needed before all essential skills environment Second phase: the move to the Once a substantial local economy and manufacturing capabilities are desert present within the community, it has been built up, with large-scale will need to transition as soon as Once the estate has been production, using local resources, possible to earning its keep in the functioning smoothly for a few of construction materials such as existing global economy through years and has made sufficient glass, plastics, fibre-reinforced exports of some description. progress to act as a basis for the composites, metals and concrete, Some care needs to be devoted next step, a new community is the third phase consists of to designing this aspect of its set up in a more remote location. enclosing the entire settlement activities. This will be Aridopolis proper. under a transparent roof with Its location will still inevitably a ceiling height of several tens First phase: an experimental lie within the jurisdiction of of metres. Thus a worldhouse station one or another nation state, and is formed containing a micro- Phase 1 entails occupation of will therefore need the political environment more hospitable an estate consisting of a large acquiescence of that state. than the surrounding desert: house with garden in some rural The requirements for isolation warmer and moister, and if at high location in the developed world, from the global economy and altitude then also holding a higher thus the typical kind of location politics, and for relevance to atmospheric pressure, as would for a utopian society. Here a small Mars and space colonisation, be needed on Mars. Existing number of people, perhaps starting suggest a location in one or other analogues include enclosed at half a dozen and building up of the major world deserts. A shopping malls, the Biosphere-2 from there, install and develop moderately high-latitude location structure, and the multi-dome basic recycling procedures for would provide a realistic Mars Eden Project in Cornwall. food and for whatever other analogue environment in terms of There is interesting work being consumables and material items cold, lack of vegetation, reduced done on biological processes lend themselves most readily to sunlight, cost of access and for making building materials recycling. An electrical power general unattractiveness as a place and eventually entire buildings, system independent of the to live permanently. The ultimate and these need to be explored to national grid must be set up. challenge of a Mars colony would the full (see for example: www. Ease of access from the global be to turn its initially unattractive, fastcodesign.com/3068583/

Principium | Issue 18 | August 2017 7 the-quest-to-grow-cities-from- provide shielding from galactic one to another without going out scratch). cosmic radiation. In a Martian into the desert, as one would do The ceiling need not necessarily worldhouse, it is envisaged on Mars. Permanent settlement of be a dome, which is a that a roof consisting mainly of Mars cannot realistically proceed geometrically inefficient shape. locally manufactured glass lets until the worldhouse lifestyle It would more probably be flat, in a certain amount of daylight, has been demonstrated to be either completely level or else supplemented by internal electric sufficiently civilised and attractive built of sloping segments to form lighting. that comfortable family life is a low, multi-faceted pyramid. Once hermetically sealed possible there. The outer walls might be 10 to 20 environments on this scale In addition to the requirement metres high, the central peak 50 have been qualified to support for material recycling, any small- to 100 metres high, in a structure permanent human occupation scale sustainable industrial society hundreds of metres to a kilometre on Earth, they are then ready for has to innovate in two further across. The open space between adaptation for extraterrestrial major areas: individual buildings can be use. If by this point in time * Governance: social systems landscaped and planted to create progress in space technologies for decision-making and conflict parkland with trees, bushes, birds has brought down the cost of management and other wildlife. transport to the point that access * Maintaining professional The worldhouse developed in the to Mars is practical, then a expertise: education and division Aridopolis project is a semi-sealed Martian colony may be set up. of labour. This is not realistically likely to environment in which, to all the The importance of the first other recycling mechanisms in happen before the middle of the 21st century, as the cost of access of these is emphasised by use, recycling of air is added. the conflict-ridden history of Full atmospheric recycling is Biosphere-2. The second point not necessary for terrestrial (and in the longer term the first surface living, but is essential for as well) will be strongly affected extraterrestrial colonies. While by developments in artificial it may appear to be a trivial intelligence ongoing at present. matter of converting carbon dioxide back to oxygen and All the trends necessary for scrubbing out impurities, the computationally designed protein, Credit Pablo.gainza/wikimedia sealing off of a low-buffer environment from the global atmospheric circulation Aridopolis are already in introduces issues of progress: urbanisation of microbiology and accumulation the world’s population, food of trace gases which may supply from urban vertical not be so easy to solve. The farms, full air-conditioning in worldhouse can approach this skyscrapers and shopping malls, problem gradually with an air- use of vegetable protein as a conditioning system which makes to orbit still has to fall by two to meat substitute, automating of progressively less use of the three orders of magnitude from its construction through robotics and external desert air. present level. biological production methods, lowering of the cost of access to Thus Aridopolis is intended both Meanwhile the first desert settlements on Earth need to grow space, and experimenting with for its own sake, and as a stage independent habitable space on that leads in due course to its into true cities with thousands of permanent residents in order to the sea surface. The challenge of Martian equivalent: Areopolis. Aridopolis is to bring all of these Two major differences are that demonstrate the attractiveness of the lifestyle. A number of disparate trends together into a on Mars fully hermetic sealing is single settlement. essential, and a ceiling thickness individual worldhouses could be of several metres necessary built adjacent to each other, with Desert location in order both to balance the connecting tunnels or bridges The requirements for a Mars- pressure difference and to making it possible to move from analogue desert colony are: Principium | Issue 18 | August 2017 8 * Stony landscape, free from Asian governments, the Kara- as a statement of permanence. vegetation Kum, Kyzyl-Kum and Gobi Since the citizens of Aridopolis * High altitude above sea level deserts would also be worth will certainly be drawn from * Plentiful sunshine in generally consideration. It is assumed that around the world, as is usual in cloud-free skies China and especially Iran would experiments of this type, a certain be too difficult to work with. amount of language learning will * Negligible precipitation of rain be going on in any case. or snow If the zero vegetation requirement is relaxed, the world’s semi-arid In my own view, this increases the * Subsurface water available steppe regions come into play. attractiveness of Iceland. Others * Cold climate While not simulating the look may disagree, preferring the Gobi * Physical isolation of Mars, these would be equally desert because the Mongolian * Sympathetic government valid test locations for sustainable language sounds like a softer * Local geology suitable for closed-cycle technologies. version of Klingon. extraction of raw materials. Sparsely populated regions in the Neither the cultural identification Subtropical deserts (eg Sahara, UK such as the Scottish highlands with Vikings, nor that with Kalahari, Great Victoria) are at and islands might be attractive, in Mongols/Klingons, is likely first sight unsuitable, being too places where local hydroelectric to reassure those on the Left hot to serve as Mars analogues. As power is available. One notable who worry about imperialist settlement locations in their own possibility, with or without local stereotypes. right they would be difficult to vegetation, is Iceland, due to the Long-term developments availability of geothermal power. keep cool. But note that Sundrop Assuming that the first Aridopolis Farm in Australia has solved Since the present-day population of Iceland is only a third of a functions successfully, after some this problem, which might bring years political constraints are subtropical deserts back into million, there may be more of a political constraint on the growth likely to begin to interfere with its consideration (www.newscientist. growth, even at a desert or semi- com/article/2108296-first-farm-to- of an Icelandic Aridopolis than on one in say Australia or the USA. desert location. What is ultimately grow-veg-in-a-desert-using-only- needed, if political independence sun-and-seawater/). On the other hand, having created one settlement in Iceland, the is to be assured, is a terrestrial Polar deserts in the Arctic and project can then well set up others location outside the jurisdiction Antarctic are unsuitable since at other locations. of any nation state, where growth they have little or no sunshine in can continue into the millions. winter. Their settlement would Aridopolis should not be thought The only location which satisfies require a more advanced power of as a unique experiment, that criterion is the surface area technology, thus nuclear fission but rather as a prototype for a of the tropical oceans, drawing or fusion, or else some means whole new class of cities, whose upon Marshall Savage’s plan in of transmitting power, which technologies and social structures his book The Millennial Project certainly rules them out for the will also find application in to construct floating islands by time being. existing cities. The name will pulling calcium carbonate out not necessarily be used for an Of the temperate zone deserts, and of seawater to make sea-derived actual settlement, since particular taking into account the preference cement. locations may suggest names for a European political presence more in keeping with the local An attempt to realise this vision in the region, the best candidates terrain or culture. is now proceeding under the might then be the Great Basin auspices of The Seasteading and Colorado Plateau deserts in Language Institute (www.seasteading.org/). the USA, the Namib desert in If an Aridopolis settlement is Again, it will be at least some South Africa, and the Atacama created in a non-Anglophone decades before Seasteading has and Patagonian deserts in South country, it will be necessary become a mature technology. America. As noted above, an for the official language of Power supply efficient cooling system would that community to be the local bring the hot Australian deserts national one. This is required Geothermal power is available back into contention. If it proves both as a courtesy to the local at certain locations on Earth possible to work with Central government and population, and (notably Iceland), and probably also at specific locations on Mars Principium | Issue 18 | August 2017 9 The Seasteading Institute - Artist Concept: Artisanopolis - Sustainable Domes and Power-grids Credit The Seasteading Institute and Gabriel Scheare, Luke & Lourdes Crowley, and Patrick White (Roark 3D)

(Zubrin, The Case for Mars, 20% efficiency, the power system require its own research project. chapter 7). But, unless nuclear has an output of 30 W/sq metre. Another question is the power power is available, the only If waste heat from the batteries supply required per person. A power source which is generally can be used for space heating, figure of 5 kW for the present-day accessible in desert environments the photovoltaic cell efficiency UK was used above, but this is on these planets is solar. This would then dominate the overall for industrial power consumption has the advantages of long-term efficiency. only. In addition, that person eats sustainability of the power source The industrial power requirement plant-derived foodstuffs which (the Sun), and of a well-developed per person in the UK is around 5 have used free solar power which existing technology base. The kW. If we apply this to Aridopolis is not accounted for in their disadvantages on planetary then each person will need 170 industrial power allowance. It is surfaces are that large land areas square metres of solar arrays. not yet clear exactly how much are needed for power capture, and A town of 10,000 people will industrial power per person will that batteries, fuel cells or some need 50 MW generated from be needed to manufacture the functional equivalent must be 1.7 million square metres, or a equivalent mass of food through used to convert the intermittent square 1.3 km on a side. (Sundrop artificial means within the colony. input into an output that is Farm generates up to 39 MW, A reliance on solar power would constantly available over the day/ so averaging presumably less force the phase 2 settlement site night and seasonal cycles. than that.) At a moderate urban to be well outside the Arctic Nuclear power is high-tech and population density of 2000 people and Antarctic circles. As noted politically controversial. It is per square kilometre, the solar above, an exception would be a therefore assumed here that the arrays would represent 34% of the settlement in Iceland based on power supply for Aridopolis land area required. geothermal power, which is in use will be drawn from some sort of The solar arrays and power in Reykjavik. batteries, which are recharged storage systems need to be during the day from solar manufactured from local photovoltaic arrays. resources, thus basically surface On Earth’s surface the insolation, rocks, in order to allow the city averaged over day/night and to grow without having to import seasonal cycles, is on the order large quantities of material of 150 W/sq metre. Assuming resources. Designing them, and this is passed to the power grid at their manufacturing plant, will Principium | Issue 18 | August 2017 10 List of biosphere / Mars Biosphere-2: 1991-1994, private missions during the December to simulation experiments venture by Space Biosphere May period (the summer months The following information is from Ventures. Facility at the base of are inconveniently hot for Mars Wikipedia and from the Mars the Santa Catalina Mountains simulation experiments). Society website. The first two (elevation 1.2 km above sea level) listed, BIOS-3 and Biosphere-2, in Arizona, USA. Missions: Mars-500: 2007-2011, Russian/ were focused on closed-cycle (1) 1991-1993: 8 people for 2 European/Chinese space agency biospherics. The remaining years collaboration. Facility set up at the projects focus on the traditional (2) 1994: 7 people for 6 months. Institute of Biomedical Problems space agency Mars mission with in Moscow. Missions with six little interest in closed-cycle Flashline Mars Arctic Research crew members in each case: living, though the Mars Desert (1) 2007: 15 days Research Station does operate Station: constructed 2000, missions 2001 onwards, private (2) 2009: 105 days a greenhouse and carries out (3) 2010-2011: 520 days. experiments in crop-growing. venture by the Mars Society. Facility at Devon Island, Canada. Crews of 6 to 7 individuals live Hi-SEAS: 2013 onwards, NASA/ BIOS-3: 1965-1984, Institute of and work there for typically one University of Hawaii/University Biophysics, Krasnoyarsk, Russia. month during the Arctic summer. of Cornell collaboration. Facility Activities resumed in 2005 in on the Mauna Loa volcano in collaboration with ESA. BIOS-3 Hawaii. Missions: facilities were used to conduct Mars Desert Research Station: (1) 2013: 8 people for 4 months ten manned closure experiments 2001 onwards, private venture (2) 2014: 6 people for 4 months with a one to three man crew. The by the Mars Society. Facility at (3) 2014-2015: 6 people for 8 longest experiment with a three- San Rafael Swell, Utah, USA. months man crew lasted 180 days (in Crews of 6 to 7 individuals live (4) 2015-2016: 6 people for 1 1972-1973). and work there for 2-3 week year (5) 2017: 6 people for 8 months (continues at time of writing) (6) 2018: an additional 8-month mission is planned.

The Edison quote at the head of this article is from: Forbes (1958), p.170; also in American Opinion, vol.22 (1979), p.41; also in T D MacGregor, The Book of Thrift: Why and how to Save and what to Do with Your Savings; a Book of Inspiration and Practical Help (1915), p.344 (according to Facility on the Mauna Loa volcano in Hawaii, izquotes.com/quote/55889). Credit: Hi-SEAS NASA/University of Hawaii

About the Author Stephen Ashworth has been a BIS member since the 1980s, and associated with i4is since its foun- dation. He has written numerous articles for Spaceflight magazine (most recently one on Mars set- tlement in the April 2016 issue), and several of his technical papers have appeared in the Journal of the BIS. He is the author of a full- length science fiction novel, The Moonstormers, available online (www.smashwords.com/books/ view/260248); a novelette, “Half- way There!”, in the collection Vi- sionary, published by the BIS and available on their website; and a short story, “The Marchioness”, inspired by the recent movie The Martian. He blogs at Astronautical Evolution (www.astronist. co.uk/astro_ev/ae_index.shtml). He works in academic publishing at Oxford University and plays jazz saxophone. Principium | Issue 18 | August 2017 11 Interstellar News John Davies and Patrick Mahon with the latest interstellar-related news

Rob Swinney addressing secondary school teachers at UK Space 2017

John, Marc and Terry at NEAS Starfest 2017 i4is Outreach ages and meeting colleagues from astronomers and acquired new The bi-annual UK Space other organisations, especially of friends for i4is. This year we were conference was in Manchester course, the British Interplanetary pleased to be next to Terry Regan, this year - 30 May - 1 June. i4is Society. our favourite model maker, who is was in the Outreach section of The North Essex Astronomical a long term NEAS member. the conference. Rob Swinney, Society held its annual Starfest More about Terry and his Tishtrya Mehta and John Davies on 15 July, Marc Casson and magnificent models in Principium enjoyed talking to visitors of all John Davies met many amateur issues 13-15. Interstellar Workshop, NYC, June 2017 The Foundations of Interstellar Studies Workshop, June 13 – 15, 2017, is extensively reported elsewhere in this issue. We will be featuring more in our next issue. There is also a day by day summary by the co-chair, Kelvin Long, in i4is.org/blog/ - Foundations of Interstellar Studies: Monday 12 June 2017 (social-cultural night & art exhibition) / Tuesday 13 June 2017 / Wednesday 14 June 2017 / Thursday 15 June 2017 ending with Foundations of Interstellar Studies: Solidarity for the Interstellar Vision (see the Statement of Solidarity in this issue) plus a finalFoundations of Interstellar Studies: Post Workshop Wash-Up.

Principium | Issue 18 | August 2017 12 JBIS News cannot be treated as infinite, as in not observing manifestations of The Journal of the British terrestrial stellar navigation. alien civilizations is that they Interplanetary Society (JBIS) Granularity and Ambiguity in are currently (mostly) inactive, continues to feature significant Navigating the Void by Roderick patiently waiting for future cosmic work in interstellar studies. Since A Smith and Robert W Swinney eras. the last issue of Principium in is a companion paper considering JBIS vol 69 No 12 received July May 2017 we have seen - the issues of navigating within 2017 JBIS vol 69 No 9/10, received the generic interstellar void Quantifying the Assumptions May 2017 explaining aspects of autonomous Behind the METI Debate also Staggered Launch Sequences interstellar navigation peculiar to by Stephen Ashworth sets the for Fleets of Interstellar interstellar missions - such that debate about whether or not it is Worldships by our friend and existing techniques will need to be acceptable to transmit speculative colleague, Stephen Ashworth, adapted or re-designed. messages to nearby stars in the also featured elsewhere in this Examination of the Biefeld-Brown hope of attracting the attention of issue. Stephen addresses the Effect for the Case of a Symmetric their hypothetical inhabitants in a problem for worldships that Parallel Plate Capacitor by probabilistic context. fleets are necessary for mutual Curtis L Promislow and Andre P The Oculus Project: Gravitational support but which, due to their Mazzoleni of North Carolina State Lensing, Earth-Like Exoplanets high cost, are constructed and University considers whether and Solar Sailing by P Murzionak launched individually from the an effect traditionally used to and Prof Chris Welch of the Solar System. He considers three describe the force created by an International Space University and scenarios by which such a fleet asymmetrical capacitor might Gregg Matloff of City University, rendezvous may be achieved. have a similar effect in parallel New York describes a conceptual JBIS vol 69 No 11, received June plate capacitors, potentially study to design a solar sailing 2017 leading to propulsion systems that interstellar precursor mission Navigation to the Alpha Centauri could revolutionise space travel. using gravitational lensing of the Star System by Roderick A Smith, That is not Dead Which can Sun to study Earth-like exoplanets Suneel Sheikh and i4is Deputy Eternal Lie: The Aestivation at the centre of the Milky Way. Director, Robert W Swinney Hypothesis for Resolving All the founding members considers that ancient method, Fermi’s Paradox by Anders of i4is are long-established navigation by measuring angles Sandberg, Stuart Armstrong members of the BIS. Why not to known stars which, even for and Milan Ćirković of the join this, the world's longest- the relatively close case of an Future of Humanity Institute, established space advocacy Alpha Centauri journey requires Oxford, and the Astronomical organisation (www.bis-space. refinement since parallax errors Observatory of Belgrade com/eshop/why-join)? occur. Distances to the stars considers that the reason we are

...exoplanets of near-Earth size and in the habitable zone of their star. Credits: NASA/JPL-Caltech

Principium | Issue 18 | August 2017 13 Ten new ‘candidate Earths’ ISU elective 2017 identified in data from The relationship between NASA’s Kepler telescope i4is and the International On 19 June, NASA Space University, Strasbourg, announced the publication dates back to the foundation of the final catalogue of of i4is. In recent years we exoplanets identified by have added a two-week the Kepler telescope during elective for the Masters of the first four years of its Space Studies students to mission, between 2009 and our ongoing supervision of 2013, when it was focused Masters projects. This year on a small patch of sky in we updated the programme the constellation of Cygnus. from 2016 and delivered Preliminary results from this new elements. Modules data have previously been on Advanced Propulsion announced, but the final Systems were expanded publication includes 219 adding - M8-ISR-L15 new exoplanets, of which Advanced EP Systems 10 have been calculated for Interstellar Precursor to be roughly the size of Missions (delivered by the Earth and orbiting at a Angelo Genovese). We distance from their parent added M8-ISR-L19 An star that puts them within Introduction to Radiation its habitable zone, where Shielding (Sam Harrison) temperatures would be and M8-ISR-L20 The suitable for the presence of Local Interstellar Medium liquid water, a likely pre- (Professor Ian Crawford, condition for life to exist. UCL). We also added In total, the catalogue M8-ISR-L21 Artificial includes data on 4,034 Artificial Intelligence in Interstellar Intelligence in Interstellar dramatisation by Holly Spence at ISU exoplanets identified by Kepler, (John Davies with a dramatisation of which 50 are potential Earth by Holly Spence, East 15 Acting analogues. Over half of these School, University of Essex) and the planet passes between the candidates have been verified by M8-ISR-L05 Infrastructure and star and the Earth periodically. subsequent observations. Such a Next Steps (Richard Osborne). The Kepler mission continues, large dataset will help exoplanet but after problems emerged with Red Dots Project aims to find researchers to better understand the ability to point the spacecraft further nearby Earth-like planets the statistical distribution of at a specific target, since 2014 In August 2016, the Pale Red exoplanets in the galaxy, in terms the telescope has been focused Dot project announced through of the average number of planets on new areas of the sky in the the journal Nature that they had per star, their distribution of sizes, plane of the ecliptic, looking in found the nearest potentially from small, rocky planets like particular for exoplanets around habitable exoplanet to our Sun. Mercury or the Earth to large gas- smaller, dimmer, red dwarf stars. Proxima Centauri b, as it has been giants like Jupiter or Neptune, and labelled, is an Earth-sized planet More details can be found at the proportion that might have the orbiting within the habitable zone www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa- potential to harbour life. of the red dwarf star Proxima releases-kepler-survey-catalog- The Kepler telescope identified Centauri, 4.2 light years away. with-hundreds-of-new-planet- these exoplanets using the transit candidates . As a follow-up to this work, the method, where minute but regular Red Dots project has been set up dips in the amount of light to search for further terrestrial received from a star indicate the exoplanets orbiting other red presence of a planet whose orbit dwarfs near our Sun. During 2017, round the star is aligned such that the project will focus on three Principium | Issue 18 | August 2017 14 nearby stars: Proxima Centauri nearest neighbours as it develops. Interstellar Challenge 2017 again, where they are looking for If you’d like to know more, they As we have reported earlier, further planets; Barnard’s Star, are on Twitter and Facebook at @ the second running of the i4is some 6 light years away, where RedDotsSpace, or their website is Interstellar Challenge for Schools the search is on for any planets at at reddots.space. is planned for 2017. However, our planned venue has experienced some internal difficulties so we are looking for an alternative. London is just one option but the venue does need to be an easy day-trip for schools. Please get in touch if you have a venue suitable for 6-8 teams of 6-8 school students later this year - john. [email protected] is the best route.

Dame Jocelyn Bell-Burnell opens a new lab carrying her name at William Perkin High School Founders Day Friday 12 May 2017, Credit: William Perkin High School

RI Space and New Scientist live i4is will be at two very different events in the next 3 months: ReInventing Space (rispace. org), organised by the British Interplanetary Society, is an all; and Ross 154, 9.7 light years "When will we go to the stars?" away, where the rapid rotation of annual conference and exhibition - William Perkin High School dedicated to low cost access the star makes exoplanet detection anniversary very challenging. and utilisation of space. It is the John Davies returned to William largest conference worldwide in The Red Dots project has chosen Perkin High School in west to focus on smaller red dwarf this important sector. This year it London for their annual Founder's runs 24-26 October at Strathclyde stars, rather than those more Day. He talked to two year 9 (age like our own Sun, because the University’s Technology and 13 to 14) groups and one year 8 Innovation Centre, Glasgow, lower mass of these stars – as an (age 12 to 13) group asking When example, Proxima Centauri has a Scotland. i4is will be there. Look will we go to the stars? Founders for us in the Exhibition space. mass only around one-eighth that Day always has a famous guest of our own Sun – means that it and this year we heard is easier to detect the signal of a much history and wisdom small, rocky planet orbiting them from Dame Jocelyn Bell- using the chosen radial velocity Burnell, the pulsar pioneer method, which looks for periodic and powerful advocate Doppler shifts in the light from for women in science - an the host star. inspiring speaker! And One of the most exciting aspects there were presenters from of the Red Dots project, as with the Royal Observatory, its predecessor Pale Red Dot Imperial College and from campaign, is that the team of the Mullard Space Science scientists will be sharing their Laboratory of University observational data over social College London (UCL)so media in real time, so that we were in good company. the entire community can get Logo of ReInvemting Space involved with the search for our

Principium | Issue 18 | August 2017 15 New Scientist Live (live. Awards for i4is Technical Director net/publication/310478449_ newscientist.com) is the major Dr Andreas Hein, Technical Heritage_Technologies_in_ science outreach event from New Director of i4is and currently Space_Programs_-_Assessment_ Scientist magazine. This year it is Acting Executive Director, has Methodology_and_Statistical_ at ExCel in London's Docklands, received the "Willy Messerschmitt Analysis) has numerous 28 Sep - 1 Oct. We aim to be Award" from the Technical references to chipsat system there alongside guests ranging University of Munich (TUM) for design, highly relevant in his from novelist Margaret Atwood to the best aerospace engineering leadership of our i4is work on Apollo 15 Astronaut Al Worden PhD thesis this year. His thesis Project Glowworm (i4is.org/ featuring at the BIS stand. entitled "Heritage Technologies what-we-do/technical/project- in Space Programs – Assessment glowworm). Congratulations to Icarus Methodology and Statistical Interstellar Project Glowworm is currently Analysis" presents a statistical Icarus Interstellar raised their working on a functional prototype analysis of heritage technologies, crowd-funding target of USD for its attosat (<10 gram the “carry-over parts" so often 15,000 (EUR 12,700/GBP spacecraft). The team is also employed in risk reduction for 11,300). Their 2017 event (www. producing a technology roadmap complex space programmes. icarusinterstellar.org/pages/ for attosats to serve as a baseline Andreas' work yields empirical starship-congress-2017) has a very for the project and also for the relationships between these distinguished cast list including attosat community. heritage technologies and the Miguel Alcubierre, most recently Andreas has also received the performance of space programs. mentioned in our last issue. i4is International Systems Engineering Prof. Vogel Heuser gave the wishes Icarus Interstellar all the Honor Society award for an laudatio, saying, "The next best for the show! Exemplary Systems Engineering PhD thesis literally takes us Doctoral Dissertation (omegalpha. to the stars." And Andreas' org/se-dissertation-showcase). thesis (www.researchgate.

Andreas (right) receiving his award at Technical University of Munich (TUM): Left: Prof Dr-Ing Birgit Vogel-Heuser, Chair of the Institute of Automation and Information Systems, Department of Mechanical Engineering Technical University of Munich (TUM) Centre: Prof Dr–Ing Nikolaus A Adams, Dean of the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Chair of the Institute of Aerodynamics and Fluid mechanics, Department of Mechanical Engineering, TUM Photo credit: Tobias Schubert

Principium | Issue 18 | August 2017 16 Vehicle static firing stand at Spadeadam,Cumbria

images: John Davies

Social Bond who provided a substantial A group of old and young briefing based on his experience rocketeers got together in with rocket engine developement Cumbria in July to discuss and for Rolls Royce, who ran the site, reminisce about a time when also featured in the latest BIS the UK built moderately big Spaceflight (A visit to Spadeadam rockets. Organised by the BIS in Spaceflight Vol 60 September History Committee and Executive 2017). Secretary Gill Norman, the visit Pictures from John Davies, who to the former static firing site also remembers Bluestreak, Alan Bond (left) at Spadeadam was led by Alan reminiscing with Europa and Spadeadam. Gerry Webb (umbrella)

And finally, when in Berlin drop in and see the Cosmonaut encountered on a recent trip.

Principium | Issue 18 | August 2017 17 NEWS FEATURE - Headquarters of the Initiative for Interstellar Studies John I Davies The new headquarters of the Initiative for Interstellar Studies is in the English county of Gloucestershire. Informally know as the Mill, it was part of the early industrial revolution. Let's take a look at this historic building before its formal opening on 8 October 2017 featuring Apollo 15 Astronaut Al Worden.

Credit: Kelvin Long

A headquarters building needs to United States ("rockets red glare" of the village of Charfield were be iconic, accessible and practical. and all that) - all these long since presumably built there because The Mill fulfils these criteria with forgiven we hope! of the presence of the Little Avon ease. The industrial revolution had river. The mills included the Pin History and Architecture yielded cast iron but not yet Mill and the Bone Mill, the latter The Mill was built around 1812; mass-produced steel. Steam being our new HQ building. The the Napoleonic Wars (Guerres power was in its infancy and construction mixes brick-enclosed Napoléoniennes) were still industry needed water power rubble for the external walls, raging and Britain even had some as a reliable motive force. The cast iron columns for the vertical unpleasantness with the young small cluster of mills to the north structure internally and large oak

Principium | Issue 18 | August 2017 18 The mill race Credit: Kelvin Long beams supporting the 4 floors - Transport i4is in the Mill apart from one with what must The Mill is 3.5 miles from i4is volunteers and local be very early RSJs - or a later Junction 14 on the M5 motorway contractors have already been replacement. A milestone building with connections to all major busy preparing our new HQ at bringing industry to a formerly centres in the UK. This brings it the Mill. The meeting space and rural area. Unlike the major towns within less than 30 minutes drive library is already in use - though and cities further north, industry from Bristol Parkway station and the shelves are not yet populated. has not persisted in Charfield and thus the main line from London The HQ will be ready for the you approach the small cluster Paddington station. And it's 45 formal opening on 8 October of mills through a short stretch minutes from Bristol Airport and by NASA Project Apollo 15 of countryside north of the main multiple direct flights per day astronaut Al Worden. He famously village. The motive power for from Paris, Frankfurt, Brussels, said “Now I know why I’m here. the mills came from a mill wheel Amsterdam and Munich. Not for a closer look at the Moon, which no longer exists but the Practical but to look back at our home, the mill race and associated sluice are The Mill has four office-style Earth”. still there. floors with no fixed divisions, Watch our blog, Facebook including three floors with 3 m page and Twitter for news ceilings and so it is very practical. of this. Naturally it has to be i4is also has use of the basement an invitation-only event and which will be adapted as lab, invitations will be going out workshop and storage space. soon. The presence of an Apollo astronaut will naturally create wide interest but we can only accommodate limited numbers. Contact us on [email protected] if you have any questions about the opening.

Library and meeting space

Principium | Issue 18 | August 2017 19 i4is & CUNY, NYC June 2017 Report from Foundations of Interstellar Studies Workshop Andreas Hein i4is Technical Director Dr Andreas Hein was at this historic event. Here are his impressions of the first two days.

Opening dinner: Mann, Alex Storer, C Bangs, Kari Day 1: Energetic reaction engines The workshop started with the Weatherbee and others. Last but The first day of the workshop opening dinner at the Harvard not least Kelvin has brought with was opened by the Dean of the Club of New York City in him the original Cosmos starship City University of New York, the Manhattan, a prestigious venue. drawings of Rick Sternbach, who organizing committee and the Entering the Harvard club and has also been a concept artist for session chairman Kelvin Long. back row: Robert Kennedy III, Ron Litchford, Masataka Nishi, Ryan Weed, John Hartley, Harold ‘Sonny’ White, making my way to the dinner Star Trek. The first talk, given by the Andreas Hein (specs), Ralph McNutt, Robert DeBiase, Louis Friedman, Al Jackson, Andrew Higgins, Robert Freeland, Peter Ness (back), Phil Lubin (front, behind Greg), Jeremy Munday, Roman Kezerashvili, Eric Malroy, Glen Robertson, Kelvin F Long ball room, Sonny White, who Musicians played classical front row: Helene Condat, Bridgette Hyde, Carmela Tal Baron, C Bangs, Elena Ancona (in front), Greg Matloff, Alexandra is currently working on warp music in the background Limpert, Kari Weatherbee, Stephanie Thomas mechanics at NASA is handing which contributed to a relaxed me the conference badge and atmosphere that resembled a Elena Ancona, who has been vernissage. More and more people basically responsible for the from the interstellar community conference administration hands arrive, such as Al Jackson, Robert out the conference package. Freeland, Robert Kennedy, Ryan Entering the ball room, a crowd Weed and small groups of people of well-known interstellar people gather in the room, engaging in has already gathered, including conversations. Louis Friedman, one of the co- Dinner is served and people enter founders of the Planetary Society, into conversations around their Phil Lubin and Greg Matloff. table. At the end of dinner, the Robert Kennedy III Various art pieces have been set official part of the evening begins. on fusion fuel in our solar system up in the room, featuring artists Two i4is awards are handed out: such as David A Hardy, Adrian Greg Matloff was awarded the i4is President of i4is-US, Robert Alpha Centauri Pegasus Award Kennedy III, dealt with the Prof A J for his long-term contributions different sources for fusion Higgins, McGill to the interstellar field. C fuel in the solar system. Using University, Bangs, who contributed for plenty of historical analogies looking at the Cosmos many years with illustrations to and examples, Robert presented drawings Greg Matloff’s books, has been the prospects and challenges of awarded the Alpha Centauri obtaining fusion fuels in space. Prometheus Award for her To illustrate his point about the artistic contributions to the difficulty of synthesizing nuclei interstellar field. in industrial quantities as opposed Overall, the opening dinner to mining them he brought foreshadowed the days to with him and passed around the come: An intense exchange of room a transmutation rod that he ideas around interstellar travel designed for a nuclear reactor. It is by some of the key people of filled with plutonium, americium the community. and curium, which ends up

Principium | Issue 18 | August 2017 20 The company at the opening dinner. Credit Elena Ancona

back row: Robert Kennedy III, Ron Litchford, Masataka Nishi, Ryan Weed, John Hartley, Harold ‘Sonny’ White, Andreas Hein (specs), Ralph McNutt, Robert DeBiase, Louis Friedman, Al Jackson, Andrew Higgins, Robert Freeland, Peter Ness (back), Phil Lubin (front, behind Greg), Jeremy Munday, Roman Kezerashvili, Eric Malroy, Glen Robertson, Kelvin F Long front row: Helene Condat, Bridgette Hyde, Carmela Tal Baron, C Bangs, Elena Ancona (in front), Greg Matloff, Alexandra Limpert, Kari Weatherbee, Stephanie Thomas as californium-252 (plus tiny systems, compared to amounts of einsteinium-254 and beamed propulsion fermium-257) that the Department systems. of Energy sells for US$50 million Michel Lamontagne’s per gram. He then passed around a talk featured the latest box of inexpensive laundry borax, results from Project wherein resides his favorite fusion Icarus and more fuel (because it’s aneutronic): specifically the heat boron-11. In the Q&A session, rejection scheme of Phil Lubin remarked that fusion the starship, which is propulsion systems are inherently crucial for the ship not limited in their efficiency due to to get molten. Michel Michel Lamontagne the physics of rocket propulsion presented a high-level on the heat rejection design scheme of a starship along with necessary Project Icarus’ Robert Freeland technologies and heat gave a talk on the plasma exchange medium dynamics in a Z-Pinch fusion for rejecting the huge engine, which is the propulsion heat loads that are system for the Icarus Firefly generated by a fusion starship. Robert presented the propulsion engine. basic physics of the Z-Pinch He furthermore fusion engine that essentially presented a new quenches the plasma to levels design for a fusion- where fusion occurs in it. propelled precursor Regina Sullivan presented the probe “L’Espérence” latest results from Lockheed (Hope), beautifully Martin Skunk Works’ compact illustrated by fusion reactor program that has Robert Freeland explaining himself. received a lot of attention in the Z-pinch physics media. The talk described the

Principium | Issue 18 | August 2017 21 demonstrate day was given by Elena Ancona, the propulsion Spacecraft Controller at European system in Space Operations Centre (ESOC) space. A more for Telespazio-Vega GmbH, a joint advanced piece with Roman Kezerashvili. version is The talk looked at enhancing the a positron- acceleration of solar sail spacecraft induced fusionthat pass close to the Sun by rocket. From exploiting solar radiation heating the author’s and charged particles. Solar radiation Regina Sullivan perspective, heating can be used for evaporating on high beta cusps, a the main coating material on the sail, creating path to compact fusion advantage a thrust. As a second mechanism, concept and initial analysis results of such a rocket would be the sail can be charged and repels for using magnetic cusps for its scalability, compared to particles of the Solar Wind, creating confining the plasma. existing inertial confinement additional thrust. An optimal Ryan Weed, the CEO of fusion schemes where a large combination of these mechanisms Positron Dynamics, presented infrastructure some highly interesting results is needed for for positron-induced fusion and compressing the ultra-dense deuterium that led fusion fuel. Another to a lot of discussions among interesting result workshop participants. Positron that Ryan presented Dynamics, which is now was some initial funded by venture capital, has experiments to succeeded in generating positrons confirm the creation from nuclear material. Using of Ultra Dense a moderator, the positrons are Deuterium (UDD). decelerated to thermal positrons. The creation of UDD The positrons are then stored as has been claimed thermal positrons and can be used by a group of for propulsion. Ryan presented researchers in 2012. two propulsion concepts. The However, it remains first is a CubeSat demonstrator, Ryan Weed to be seen if these in collaboration with Cornell on positron dynamics claims are justified. University, which will The final talk of the could result in a velocity of 0.001 c for the sailcraft. One feature of the workshop was extended discussion sessions throughout the day, which were deliberately started by statements that would be controversial, in order to spur a lively debate. The Day 1 discussion focused on whether or not it would be beneficial to concentrate all work on interstellar propulsion systems on one technology, instead of working on different schemes. Phil Lubin commented that certain

Elena Ancona, technologies could be excluded right combined thermal desorption and away. For example, solar sails could electrical propulsion on sail craft using space not be used for interstellar travel. environmental effects

Principium | Issue 18 | August 2017 22 Greg Matloff argued that they can Sonny White remarked that one as sail areal density and laser and it depends on how interstellar cannot stop people working on the power. Furthermore, it presented travel is defined. If trip times can propulsion system they advocate. some preliminary analysis that exceed the lifespan of a human, He added that the commercial was conducted in collaboration solar sails would be a viable sector matured electric propulsion with the Planetary Society option. Furthermore, he remarked systems and he can imagine that for demonstrating laser sail that a dying star which expands Lockheed develops its fusion propulsion (EBEX), using the before its collapse would provide reactor, which is then used in LightSail 2 mission. Two options ideal conditions for a civilization submarines and airplanes and were presented, based on laser to leave its star system using solar would then be used in space. guiding stars of large astronomical sail. A further comment from the telescopes and a tactical laser of Ralph McNutt remarked that audience remarked that in the the US Army. He also presented the question which interstellar semiconductor industry roadmaps the results of several parametric propulsion system would be are defined in which technology trade studies of Earth Orbit, Solar most promising is a “flight over options are identified and then System, and interstellar solar and napkins”. Using the historical narrowed down and important laser sail missions.

Richard Montgomery, a solar sail roadmap from today to interstellar missions

example of electric propulsion, stakeholders agree on this The second talk was given by he argued that electric propulsion roadmap. Phil Lubin, who is well known systems were shown to be Day 2: Sails and beams for his contributions to Project advantageous for interplanetary Before the talks started, Roman Starshot. He presented his latest missions for a long time but only Kezerashvili gave a short results on laser sail interstellar with getting electric propulsion introduction to the historical roots missions, funded by a NASA systems on Deep Space 1 and of solar and laser sail propulsion, NIAC grant. He mentioned that Dawn provided the proper proof notably Maxwell, Tsiolkovsky, NASA has recently received of concept of its advantages, Tsander, and Perelman who the objective from US House of leading industry to jump on provided the theoretical and Representatives’ John Culbertson the technology. The problem conceptual basics for such to launch an interstellar mission is rather that NASA first raids systems in the 19th and early 20th by NASA’s 100th anniversary the technology budget if there century. in 2069. At the same time, no are issues with a flight program The first talk of the day was specific budget was provided such as cost overruns, making given by Richard Montgomery, for this purpose. Throughout his technology programs vulnerable who presented a solar sail talk, Lubin stressed the principal to budget cuts. roadmap from today to interstellar physics that constrains the Louis Friedman commented that missions, in collaboration performance of certain propulsion solar sailing is somewhat not with Les Johnson. Les is well systems such as rocket-based attractive for agencies as solar known in interstellar circles propulsion systems. Except for system missions can be done with but unfortunately could not antimatter propulsion and laser alternative propulsion systems attend the workshop. The sail propulsion, he does not such as electric propulsion. Only presentation clearly identified see promising candidates for laser sailing would have unique the key parameters for sail- an interstellar mission. After capabilities. based propulsion systems such these propulsion basics, he

Principium | Issue 18 | August 2017 23 Phil Lubin, latest results on laser sail interstellar missions

presented a range of new results Communications, power theoretical and experimental and technologies such as thin- generation, and laser optics. For determination of photon pressure film electronics, a concept for a communications he concludes that on dielectric materials. He also Moon-based laser infrastructure optical communication is clearly presented an experimental setup on the far side of the Moon etc. the winner, although an antenna that is capable of measuring Interestingly, the Moon-based size of at least 1 m will be needed photon pressure on dielectric laser infrastructure has been on the spacecraft. For power materials in the picoNewton (pN previously proposed by the generation, either an external ≡ 10-12 Newton) range that he and Project Dragonfly team from the source such as beamed laser his team have developed at the Technical University of Munich. power or thermo photovoltaic University of Maryland. In the third talk, i4is Director cells are the most promising The discussion session started Andreas Hein presented the options. For the laser optics, large with an exchange of ideas on results of the Andromeda study membrane lenses could be an sail materials. Eric Malroy from that was conducted in March interesting option near term but NASA Johnson Spaceflight Centre 2016 for Breakthrough Starshot more advanced concepts such remarked that he and his team had prior to its announcement in as the “Orbital Rainbow” based developed a prototype of a sail April 2016. Andreas presented on aerosol lenses could also be material that uses graphene as a potential technology options promising. substrate and a reflective metal for three key areas of a laser- After the coffee break,Jeremy coating. He further proposed propelled interstellar probe: Munday gave a talk on the to use carbon nanotubes as a

Andreas Hein on the Andromeda study of March 2016

Principium | Issue 18 | August 2017 24 Jeremy Munday on the theoretical and experimental determination of photon pressure on dielectric materials

secondary structure for absorbing space probes but would not be After the lunch break Gregory shear stress in the sail. Phil Lubin scalable to manned missions. Matloff presented his results on remarked that the requirements He argued that any advanced using enhanced graphene sails for solar and laser sails would civilization would likely develop for interstellar arks. He examined differ fundamentally. Whereas fusion propulsion as they would how different optical values for thicknesses of 100 nm are fine have their star as a “proof of the sail would influence the final for laser sails, solar sails would concept” of nuclear fusion. Phil cruise velocity of the ark. require thicknesses of ~10 nm. Lubin countered that the same To conclude, the combination A shared view was that graphene argument could be used in favour of presentations and extended would be attractive for absorbing of sail propulsion. Andreas Hein discussions, and long breaks stress in the sail structure and it is countered that there would be proved to be ideal for pondering necessary to coat it by a reflective no reason in principle why sail new ideas. I would like to use this material. From sail materials the propulsion could not be scaled occasion to thank the organizing debate moved on to alternative up as Robert Frisbee and Robert committee at CUNY / i4is-US, propulsion systems. Kelvin Long Forward have proposed in their and of course all the presenters remarked that sail propulsion publications. and participants for making this systems are fine for unmanned truly remarkable event possible!

Greg Matloff on sun launched interstellar arks

About the Author Dr Andreas Hein is Acting Executive Director of i4is and Chairman of the Technical Research Committee. He was joint leader with Kelvin F Long, of 2016's Project Andromeda, a very rapid study of a laser propelled interstellar probe presented to Breakthrough Starshot in March 2016. He has a PhD "Heritage Technologies in Space Programs - Assessment Methodology and Statistical Analysis" from the Technische Universität München / Technical University of Munich (TUM) and a degree in Aerospace, Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering, also from TUM.

Principium | Issue 18 | August 2017 25 Statement of Solidarity The following statement was issued at the Workshop on Foundations of Interstellar Studies

FOUNDATIONS OF INTERSTELLAR STUDIES Workshop on Interstellar Flight City Tech, CUNY, New York, USA June 13-15 2017 Institute for Interstellar Studies · New York City College of Technology

STATEMENT OF SOLIDARITY FOR THE INTERSTELLAR VISION Declared Consensus by participants of the Foundations of Interstellar Studies Workshop on interstellar flight, 13-15 June 2017 in the City of New York.

The firmest foundation for interstellar studies is a community united by a common goal, to travel to and explore space beyond the Solar System, but committed to the mastery of their individual fields and interests. We have assembled here in the great city of New York to advance the state of interstellar studies, especially in regard to the type of engines to propel our future vessels across the stars. We educated ourselves, shared knowledge and wisdom with one another, and learned new things — some of which were profound. We observe that many great questions remain unanswered, and we suspect that others are yet unasked. We know that our field is young, and therefore it is premature to close off any avenue of scientific inquiry, or settle on just one approach. Whilst we embrace a spirit of friendly competition to advance all conceptual methods and advance the capabilities critical to achieving interstellar flight, we also observe the need for constructive collaboration that enhances our shared aim. Realizing these things, we must foster the closest co-operation among practitioners, because no one effort will be able to solve all of the problems necessary to conquer one of the most awesome challenges in human history by itself. The interstellar community will succeed in claiming humankind’s place in the stars. Together our open exchange of ideas has also revealed the vital relationship between the sciences and the arts, and we will continue to promote the key visual projects that benefit our aspirational goals. Examining the developments in popular culture within just the last seven years, we have observed that the public mind has changed noticeably in regards to the feasibility and potential for interstellar travel. Our consciousness has been raised thanks to organizations and individuals that anticipated the future and worked towards its fulfillment, as we will continue to work towards the astounding possibilities of existence that await our promising future.

The Foundations of Interstellar Studies Workshop on interstellar flight was organized by City University of New York and the Institute for Interstellar Studies. The declaration was made at CUNY City Tech New York, USA on Thursday June 15 2017.

Principium | Issue 18 | August 2017 26 i4is & CUNY, NYC June 2017, the final 24 hours Report from Foundations of Interstellar Studies Workshop Robert G Kennedy III, PE i4is USA President and New Yorker Robert Kennedy gives us his very personal impressions of the final 24 hours of the Workshop. Our story properly begins the by learning a bit of Albanian the sin of Monday night, wherein night before (Wednesday the 14th (ain’t smartphones wonderful?). $450 worth of wine at the Harvard of June), in the basement of the This was because the entire crew Club went unconsumed. Towards Hotel Sheraton Brooklyn, NYC. of servers were Albanians, living midnight when the servers had Having gotten over the “hump in the borough where I grew up, finished clearing the big room, day”, Your Humble Narrator Staten Island, NYC. they were trundling a cartload of (YHN) and the rest convened in During dinner, “volunteers” YHN, leftover food and wine back to one of the basement ballrooms for Messrs Freeland and Munday and the basement kitchen. Then one drinks, good cheer, a sumptuous Alexandra Limpert) were tapped of the Albanians spotted us and dinner buffet, fellowship, by Kelvin to start composing said, “here − want this wine?” humorous presentation of awards a draft closing statement. Maj Physicists, artists, engineers, especially to the indefatigable Brent Ziarnick (USAF) chipped writers—what could go wrong? Workshop secretary Elena in via email. After shutting The resulting Statement of Ancona, and lots of laughter. down the dinner, we re-located Solidarity for the Interstellar Our table of worldshippers to some settees near a fireplace Vision was agreed by consensus (flanked by the remarkable Robert (fortunately non-functioning as of the workshop and published Freeland and inimitable Michel New York hit 100° F that day) to on the workshop’s website by the Lamontagne) had endeared finish our work. Thirsty, thirsty City University of New York (and ourselves to the Albanian servers work. We did not wish to repeat in this issue of Principium).

Elena and Kelvin's postcard from New York All other pictures credit: Robert Kennedy

Principium | Issue 18 | August 2017 27 The downside of our lubricated in a non-Keplerian orbit, which I slathered with the unique onion approach to creative writing would have to take into account. relish you can only get from a became apparent twice: And here I thought the orbital New York City street cart. I’ve (1) once on the endless slog mechanics of a solar sail the been trying to recreate that relish home to my borrowed (but free, size of Texas would be purely for 40+ years ever since moving see Rule #1**) digs in Bayonne Newtonian. Silly me. I sure hope away from the Big Apple, without across the Hudson River with Roman and I could follow up on quite hitting it). as many wine bottles as I could that. Maybe get Greg involved in Now, by Thursday the 15th, conceal (Rule #1**) from the Port the paper too. the inevitable cancellations and Authority Police in my satchel. We then broke for the final last-minutes changes had stacked The NYC subway never closes, lunch in the nearby cafeteria. No up to create a large gap in the but the tempo sure drops off after complaints about the lunches schedule. Rather than merely midnight. Luckily, I was able to whatsoever. Elena found a fine fill that hole with second-rate pass the time with an immigrant caterer (who in turn managed or extemporaneous talks, the couple on the PATH platform near to get a bunch of really cool organizers came together to where the World Trade Center workshop T-shirts ginned up at produce a wonderful ad hoc thing: used to be. Serbians or Slovenes the last minute.) The chef was an hour-plus-long structured or something. Her English was curious about our interstellar discussion of a few big questions. no better than my Russian, and subject and engaged with Sonny is an excellent facilitator, it he had none at all, but somehow everybody (my only culinary was a pleasure to work with him we communicated just fine. Nice regret on this trip is that I did not and I look forward to working people. manage to consume a hot dog with him in future. (2) again in the morning when this poor engineer had to sit thru four presentations in a row chock-a- block full of general relativity on just one cup of coffee. Oy. Well, the third day was intended to be the most far-out, and it was. (I hope Dr. White, Fearn, Garattini, Kezerashvili, etc will forgive my characterization of a subject they clearly care a lot about.) For several years I had only known of Harold “Sonny” White (who led off the morning’s talk) by reputation. It was a pleasure to finally meet him in person. In addition to his famous technical abilities he displayed a calm professionalism, supporting Kelvin and making the workshop work. Actually, I was most surprised by Roman’s lecture, in which he showed that relativistic mechanics Roman and Kelvin in Roman’s office, lots of would apply meaningfully to my equations on blackboards, own field of geoengineering—as a bottle of Georgian cognac I recall it, there is a measurable and a real Georgian frame-dragging effect on a friendship horn radiated-levitated lightsail flying around the Sun-Earth L1 point

Principium | Issue 18 | August 2017 28 Then the formal program resumed re: restaurants. I had wanted ** the two things you have to with a couple of very big closing to convene some people from remember about me is that I’m presentations, one by Lou the TVIW Worldship tracks cheap and lazy. Friedman about the gravity lens for a “thank-you” dinner and PS What New Yorker does not 550 AU away, the other a broad it worked like a charm. I took recognize the site of the immortal survey by Ralph McNutt of the Michel and his family, as well as Algonquin Round Table? (en. exploration of the solar system. I Cassidy Cobbs and her family, wikipedia.org/wiki/Algonquin_ quite enjoyed those, especially the to “Teresa’s” on Montague Round_Table ) latter. behind the Brooklyn Post Office. At some point, we took another Excellent Polish food & drink, group picture (which became and very good prices! Dessert Postcard from New York on the consisted of vodka, then a first page). 100-meter stroll to take in all of A few of us went up to Roman’s Lower Manhattan at sunset. I hate office, crammed with all sorts driving in the Big Apple (Rule of books, laboratory apparatus, #2**), so this was the perfect gimcracks, tsotschkes, and of end to a perfect event. Большой course lots of equations on спасибо Roman! I’ve known of blackboards. He opened a desk you for many years, almost as drawer and produced a bottle long as I’ve known Greg (1994), of Georgian cognac and a real but I am so glad that contact is Georgian friendship horn, as you personal now. will see on the previous page. Respectfully submitted by Your Before I head off to Africa again, Humble Narrator, I want to commend Roman for Robert his excellent advice in particular

Michel & Cassidy overlooking Lower Manhattan on last day. From L to R: Jean- Daniel, Michel & Diane’s son, Your Humble Narrator, Michel Lamontagne, Diane Lamontagne, Cassidy Cobbs, Cassidy’s mother, Cassidy’s sister- in-law, Random photo-bomber

About the Author Robert G Kennedy III, PE, is President of Ultimax Group Inc and of the Institute for Interstellar Studies - US (i4is-US). He is also Senior Systems Engineer VI at Tetra Tech. And he is current chair of the Asilomar Microcomputer Workshop, now in its 44th year (amw.org), "Celebrating Microprocessor Technology Since the Dawn of Sand!". He is also Vice-Chair of the Environmental Quality Advisory Board of the City of Oak Ridge, TN. He hold a degree in Mechanical Engineering from California State Polytechnic University-Pomona and a Special MA in National Security Studies of California State University-San Bernardino.

Principium | Issue 18 | August 2017 29 i4is & CUNY, NYC June 2017 The Social Side

Andreas Hein reported from the Foundations of Interstellar Studies Workshop, organised by the Institute/Initiative for Interstellar Studies and the City University of New York, but emphasised the value of the informal and sociable atmosphere at the workshop. Robert Kennedy added a mixture of the social and technical. Here are some images illustrating the opening evening, awards given emphasising the social side. All captured by co-organiser Kelvin Long.

C Bangs receives first ever i4is Prometheus award from i4is US President Robert Kennedy

Intense discussion at the opening event

Even more intense discussion!

C Bangs and Phil Lubin at the opening reception

Principium | Issue 18 | August 2017 30 Engineering New Worlds: Creating the Future - Part 3 Dmitry Novoseltsev

Dmitry Novoseltsev (Дмитрий Новосельцев) is Deputy CEO of the Siberian Mechanical Engineering, Non-Profit Partnership (www.npsibmach.ru). His article, which is appearing over three issues of Principium, considers a number of different approaches to increasing the likelihood of intelligent life developing anywhere else in the Universe. The first two parts were in the last issue. In Part 1, The current state of play: an "uncomfortable" Universe he pointed out that the structure of the Universe does not make it a particularly encouraging place to generate intelligent life. In Part 2, "Catalysis": the spread of life, he outlined a two-step project intended to increase the probability of intelligent life forming in the proto-planetary systems around stable stars in our galactic neighbourhood. In this issue he moves on to Part 3, discussing the Shkadov thruster, "star machines" and the architecture of galaxies. In the next issue, Part 4, Cosmological Natural Selection, he will discuss an engineering approach to the creation of a world and Part 5 will speculate on a history of the future we might desire – to create worlds.

All visualisations are by Dr Anna V Sedanova (Анна В Седанова)l

Previously, [1] the author In the short term ESS is offered to a size comparable to that of proposed a scheme for a modified as an engine for spacecraft the orbits of the inner planets of solar sail: an electric solar sail intended to study distant regions the Solar system. For such huge (ESS) which combines the of the solar system, including engines, I have adopted the name advantages of the classical small bodies in the Kuiper Belt. "electric Shkadov thruster” (EST), photonic solar sail and the However, in the longer term as the concept originates with "electric sail" by P Janhunen [2], objectives for space colonization, Shkadov [4]. Such an engine has and could be used for propulsion there is undoubted interest in the the potential to solve some of the by charged solar wind particles. possibility of scaling up an ESS problems of SETI, which are not only scientific but also ideological in nature. The conclusions about SETI which are presented in the article are largely speculative, due to problems of specificity. However, using them we can not only interpret the lack of positive results in a number of SETI projects - for example, [3] - but also clarify the signs to be expected of the possible activities

Principium | Issue 18 | August 2017 31 of cosmic civilizations (CC). kg, the total thrust produced if half radiation - for example, by using Schematic the solar radiation is reflected will thermoelectric converters. In be equal to 1.28 × 1018 N. Over the case of manufacturing a sail The most ambitious example of a million years, this will give a cloth in accordance with [1], of the application of the classical change in velocity of 20 m/s and a pure metallized nanostructured solar sail is the Shkadov distance from the starting position films of the order of hundreds thruster (ST, or stellar thruster), of 0.03 light years. After a billion of nanometers thick, suitable attributable to the star machine years the velocity will be 20 km/s, integrated thermoelectric of Class A (ie intended for direct and the distance from the initial transducers can be bonded directly propulsion) [4, 5, 6]. The classic position, 34,000 light years. to the design sail fabric as a ST is a huge (comparable to the laminate of nanofilms of different size of the orbits of the inner The obvious solution to increase the rate of velocity change and composition. It is also possible planets in our Solar system) to use thin-film solar cells of structure made in the form of a the reduction of travel time for the star is by accelerating ST conventional design, while solar sail, where the light pressure ensuring their sufficient resources. is balanced by the gravitational by using reflection by the sail attraction of the star. As the of not only light emission, but A detailed discussion of the stellar radiation pressure as a also the positively charged solar different types of possible sail result acquires an asymmetrical wind ions. This can be achieved design goes beyond the objectives nature, it creates a pressure by modifying ST into EST, by of this article. One possible option differential and so thrust, and the giving the sail an electric charge. could be considered as self- star will begin to accelerate in that Due to the fact that the expected assembling (and subsequently direction, soaring above the sail. mission requires EST to function self-repairing) canvas sails, This thrust and acceleration will for a long time, it would not be creating relatively small, identical be very small, but such a system advisable to use beta-radioactive self-replicating robotic spacecraft can remain stable for thousands of isotopes, as proposed by the - robots - with at least one flat years. Any planetary star system author for small spacecraft [1], but reflective (working) surface. will move together with its star. placed on the outer side of the sail Primary production of such According to available data for of electron guns, like the design robots can be carried out in the the "photonic” ST, for a star like by P Janhunen [2]. The power for plane of the ecliptic by utilizing the Sun, with a luminosity of 3.85 the electron guns can be provided the material of asteroids, with a × 1026 W and weighing 1.99 × 1030 by utilizing the heat absorbed by further flight to the pole of the the sail structure from the incident Sun (using an ESS integrated into the design of the robot), and the further maintenance of their numbers to repair sails by reusing the materials from faulty robots which cannot be repaired. Thus, the sail cloth that EST is formed of is a plurality of small identical interchangeable ESS, which ensures its high survivability. In contrast to the slow spacecraft for project "Catalysis" (see Part 2 of this article in Principium 17), for the moving of components of the sails of the Shkadov thruster during their flights from the asteroid belt to the pole of the Sun it would be permissible to use concentrated solar, laser or microwave radiation for acceleration. The sail would be located on

Principium | Issue 18 | August 2017 32 the side of one of the poles of rotating parts are "at the edge" of sufficient. “Exo-humanitarian” the star (Sun), referenced to the elements of the sail - on the restrictions on the use of the planetary system’s axis of same principle as window blinds. developed CC bodies in the rotation. Excluding the negative In addition, the dynamic design of planetary system for the extraction climate impact on a habitable the individual elements will create of construction materials (in [8]) planet of reflected sail light and some asymmetry in the sails can be bypassed, for example, ion radiation will require, for and adjust the direction of the by a priority waste facility, example, in the case of the Solar thrust vector. The photon and ion ‘recycling’ any celestial bodies on system, the sail to be positioned components of thrust on the EST a potential collision course with a inside the orbit of the Earth sails should change little over densely populated planet. (and in the case of detection of time (due only to the evolution of It is

even the simplest life forms in the stars). important that in using the EST the upper, relatively cold layers Despite the magnitude of the task the star becomes with a stable of the atmosphere of Venus, as of building the sails, it seems "tail" of relatively slow ions from mentioned hereinafter as "exo- quite solvable. As the proposed the solar wind, reflecting by the humanitarian" reasons - and inside sail design is dynamic and not sail, with typical composition the orbit of Venus, in contrast to rigid, its weight may be much according to the solar wind from the classical astro-engineering lower than for more traditional the star (for example, for the Sun - designs of type class B as a astro-engineering designs. Thus, at [7]) which distinguishes it from Dyson sphere. In this case, if the the volume of the hemispherical a typical star and is different from recycled heat is absorbed in the canvas sails, if the radius is the characteristics of a number sail structure, it becomes a real about 1/3 AU (5 x 109 m) with a of astrophysical processes such challenge. Thus, in the existing thickness of 200 nm membrane, as narrow relativistic jets. The classification EST is a stellar is 3.14 x 1013 m3 . With an search for such "exhaust jets” machine of class C, designed average density of the material of EST could then be one of the not only for propulsion, but also of the membrane equal to that independent tasks for SETI, in for the partial utilisation of the of iron (7800 kg/m3), its mass the same way as you can uniquely star’s energy. It may be possible will be 2.448 x 1017 kg, which identify the fact that a jet aircraft to control the lighting of any is comparable to the mass of the has passed, not just by watching habitable planets with dynamic asteroids Vesta (2.67 x 1020 kg) the actual flight of the aircraft at design of the sails by creating and Eros (6.69 x 1015 kg). Thus, high altitude, but for quite a long in front of them some windows, for the manufacture of these time afterwards by locating the rotating with the same angular sails, at least 100 small asteroids remaining vapour trail. When velocity. In the simplest case, the or one large one would be quite identifying such facilities, the

Principium | Issue 18 | August 2017 33 effects of the interaction of the a Kardashev type 3 CC by the to the above-mentioned problems ion flux with the magnetic field further colonization of space is of the connectivity of the CC of the heliosphere where the flow not possible. As with systematic structure at the galactic scale, is largely dissipated and loses energy-intensive "quick" most of the processes, lasting a its original direction should be interstellar travel relatively small amount of geological and considered. But in this case, due small spacecraft, and in the slow cosmological time (eg the history to the asymmetric heliosphere, movements of base for the CC star of the Earth at the turning point the ion flow will be deformed in in the galaxy with simultaneous of the XX-XXI centuries), the a characteristic manner, and this use of electromagnetic (radio, "galactic cultural field" is simply feature can be used to identify optical) communication channels, not able to register, not to mention the star. It should be noted that it is impossible to preserve the reflect on them, since they will be the traditional photon ST also unity and coherence of CC at completed before the information generates an asymmetric flow of interstellar distances. about them will reach the nearest neutral interplanetary gas whose As one of the variants of the of its elements. formation mechanism is similar to further evolution of organized It is proposed to designate this as the mechanism of occurrence of matter, was proposed and the first (technological) reason for comet tails. convincingly demonstrated a a ban on the existence of the type A possible variant (immediate model of the "galactic cultural 3 CC. For this reason, according term) field", as following after the to author, the emergence of a This part of the article contains technological civilisation level CC exceeding the level of type speculation on the possible ways of organisation of matter, which 2, but not reaching the level of of development of the CC once it can not be reduced to the sum of type 3 (which we will designate has reached level 2 on the scale of the individual CCs, its structural as a type 2+, corresponding to Nikolai Kardashev, including the elements are organised similar to the level of energy use of a star ability to implement a design of neurons [8]. One of the obstacles cluster) is only possible in a fairly EST type. to the formation of a "galactic local scale, and not as a result of cultural field", in addition to expansion of a type 2 CC, but as It is assumed that the fundamental the problems of identification a result of the convergence of a idea of the limitation of the speed of potential partners for CC group of CC. This will require a of information transmission to the for its formation through the harmonized convergence of their speed of light in vacuum remains traditional methods of SETI, is base stars with designs such as valid for the type 2 CC. This is the seen the comparative smallness ST or EST – and, apparently, the first reason for which, according of the velocity of light relative to second option is energetically to the author, the transition to interstellar distances. In addition preferable. Importantly, the

Principium | Issue 18 | August 2017 34 process is self-organizing, ie it sail) with a small blue shift. But in the case of EST, on the does not require a single control At the final stage of construction, other hand, a high velocity of centre. Each type 2 CC directs the stars will be much closer to the star’s movements, in the tens its star to another star which it each other, and they will carry out of km/s and more, is exactly the has identified, using the methods the braking manoeuvre, deploying purpose of such astro-engineering. of SETI, as a base for another the sail in the direction of It is characteristic that, given CC. As a result, over time, a movement (or rather, to remount the above-mentioned values of sufficiently compact inhabited them from the other poles of the traction, achievable for the ST star cluster (with the distances star). At the same time the nearest and EST, for a sun-like star an between the stars of light weeks, star to the observer will look to acceleration to a speed of over possibly light days) forms, in that observer like an infrared 100 km/s will take several billion which both the exchange of source with a red shift, and years, a period sufficiently long information on electromagnetic counter to that - abnormally bright for its evolution into a red giant communication channels, and stars with a blue shift. such as Mira A. the flights of spacecraft may be In this respect, very interesting In [21] L N Philippova presented realizable for CC, leading to the results were obtained in 2007 in the hypothesis of creating radio- early formation of some type 2 the framework of the GALEX emitting CC "electromagnetic CC into a single system – a CC project (www.galex.caltech.edu). monuments" around subgiants or of type 2+. For this artificial When viewed in the ultraviolet red giants evolved from former star cluster can be characterized range, images of the star Mira Sun-like stars. It can be assumed by the ion "halo" in the form of (Omicron Ceti, ο Cet) showed that the establishment of such a individual segments of the ion trace gases extending from the "monument" that can continue to "exhaust jets" that the ESTs leave star for a few light-years; this operate in the conditions present behind. In the later stages of the was not observed in the optical during the further transformation convergence of the stars, when range. A number of impressive of the star into a planetary nebula, braking and positioning relative to images are presented on the and which has sufficient technical, each other, the "exhaust stream" GALEX project website [16, 17, energy and intellectual resources of ESTs will be directed into the etc]. Thus, the technical means to for the maintenance tasks cluster, and an ionic "halo" then detect objects resembling the jet necessary to communicate with becomes continuous. of an EST are currently already other CCs is itself tantamount It can be assumed, and other signs available. to the level of complexity of the of construction of artificial star As known, Mira is a double star, preservation of the base CC - cluster dynamics in the process of consisting of a red giant Mira perhaps on other (non-biological) its completion (when the stars are A and a white dwarf star Mira media. The latter, of course, is for already closer, but still continue to B, and it has a relatively high CC a priority. move). During construction, the rate of movement relative to the In this sense, further observation cluster should include class G and surrounding galactic clouds (130 of Mira and other similar objects K (stable, sun-like) stars, capable km/s). Previously [18, 19, 20] in will be of interest - both in of providing for the long-term the selection of potential sites for the interest of finding possible development of life. The nearest SETI, stars with a spatial speed anthropogenic signals of CCs, star to the observer, moving away of 50-65 km/s or more have taking the above assumptions into from him, will be observed with generally been excluded from account, and to obtain criteria for a small red shift (corresponding consideration. This is based on the safe separation of "decoys" in to the speed of tens of km/s) and the assumption by D Soderblom the search from the signs of work more vivid than in the typical [19], that they would have a processes of EST (in the case of "mass-luminosity" dependence low metal content. According an exhaustive verification of the (due to the reflected light from to L N Philippova ([16]) in the natural character of the observed the sail). Looking more closely overwhelming majority (93%) Mira processes). between them you will notice a of stars with exoplanets in the It should also be noted that when group of stars flying towards the catalogue «Extra-solar Planets the number of CCs simultaneously viewer. They will be visible as a Catalog» as of March 2002, the existing in the galaxy and able weak infrared source (heated by radial velocities were less than 40 to create designs such as EST is radiation from the back side of the km/s. small, and given the extremely Principium | Issue 18 | August 2017 35 large distances between them, the that they ultimately will be also A D Panov in [8]) are justified by duration of convergence of the involved in its formation (the the potentially "exo-humanitarian" stars via EST will significantly "urbanization" of the galaxy). It nature of any CCs type 1 and exceed the time of their lives may be noted that such a process above, where "exo-humanism" is on the main sequence. Then the of localization of the "galactic understood broadly as including artificial clusters which can be cultural field" in a limited area, "any form of control on the collected will not be stable class accompanied by its nonlinear destructive power of technology." G and K stars, but red giants or complication, is similar to the In turn, "exo-humanism" of CCs white dwarfs. At one stage in the process of cephalization in obviously follows from the law of evolution of stars (of duration a biological evolution, by which techno-humanitarian balance by A few tens of thousands of years) in neuronal mass is not evenly P Nazaretyan [9]. the presence of a severe planetary distributed throughout the Given the available detection nebula, the value of the photonic body but is localized in a small methods, like that shown in [3], component of traction for devices specialized organ – the brain – it is obvious that any large-scale such as EST becomes negligible which ensures a much higher astro-engineering activity of compared to the ionic component. speed and intensity of their the classic type 3 CC would be In this case, the most effective co-operation. In this case, any catastrophic for the development device is not the EST (which activity for SETI for CC type of all lower-level CCs in the degenerates into a pure power 2+ can be only extragalactic and galaxy, and perhaps completely plant, the star machine Class B quite formal in nature - in the eliminate the possibility of - for example, the Dyson sphere form of one-way transmission preserving and developing some fragment), but a large (the size with no prospect of an answer, forms of life, which is clearly of a few AU), but in principle, only by "exo-humanitarian” contrary to the principle of "exo- the classic "electric sail» (E-sail) reasons. It can to some extent be humanism". It is proposed to by P Janhunen as a web of thin assumed that a type 2+ CC will identify this problem as a second elongated electrically charged have an introverted character, ("exo-humanitarian") ban on components. This object should leading to the formation around the existence of the CC type 3. be well observed, including an artificial star cluster of an Formation of the "information in the optical range, by how "information barrier" - in the barrier", as noted above, at the asymmetrical (due to the ion jet) a sense that the interaction of same time removes this ban. planetary nebula is. Acceleration individual CCs in the cluster is It may be noted that the of the object continues for several for them an incomparably higher construction of a group of CCs billion years, and the thrust of priority than any activities in the in an artificial star cluster, using the "electric sail" in a planetary surrounding galaxy. According technologies such as EST, to a nebula due to high density of the to the available evidence, this certain extent can be a solution working fluid is much higher than suggests that any type 2+ CCs are to the problem of B N Panovkin, that of EST in normal conditions, currently absent in the Milky Way, according to which "... direct all of which provides a high linear which corresponds to the general and prolonged contact between speed of the object. Thus, in dynamics of its development ([8], civilizations can develop a combination with the high speed, [9], and others). common view of the world and the asymmetry of a planetary It is known that a sufficiently the common system of concepts. nebula can be a very promising large-scale work to find evidence But outside of practical activity sign for the search for artificial of the existence of the CCs type for world transformation, signals - all the more so as in this 3 - such as the recently completed contact (in particular, only by case we can talk about very old research to find high-level mid- the communication channels) and stable CCs able to survive infrared radiation, which could can not be" [14]. Obviously, such catastrophic events as the be interpreted as a side-effect of at the beginning of works on explosion of a star. technological activities in more the construction of clusters for Obviously, in any case, than 100 thousands of galaxies each CC type 2, the issue of the an artificial cluster is easily made using an infrared telescope interpretation (and, in general, detectable and sufficiently WISE [ 3] - have not yielded even the presence) of signals of attractive for the majority of the positive results. other participants in the traditional CC in the galaxy, with the result Currently, a number of studies (eg electromagnetic channels is

Principium | Issue 18 | August 2017 36 irrelevant - it just determines by justified, at the beginning of the such as "earths" and moderately the known methods, directions second half of the XXI century, massive "super-earths" in the for star movements, alleged CC of a third, "postsingular" or "habitation zones" of a number partners and the presence in "exo-humanitarian” sleeve, with of stars give hope for a concrete these stars of a number of signs a non-linear deceleration of definition of this assessment in that can be interpreted as the development, the basic content the foreseeable future.) Thus, at effects of EST. The total system of which will enable the tasks the same time this completely of concepts can be developed in of SETI; and the formation of a bypasses both of the above the future CC group in the final "galactic cultural field" is also prohibitions - both technological stages of building of clusters proposed. Continuing the trend, and "exo-humanitarian" - because with intensive bilateral exchange we can assume the beginning of from that moment, no large-scale of signals, and with a sufficient the fourth sleeve of Universal activities of the CC within the approximation of the stars, evolution once the CCs identify cluster can affect the environment perhaps spacecraft. Favourable each other and the start of of the event horizon. conditions for the possible construction of stellar machines It is very likely that, before accelerated joint development such as EST, ending a non-linear finally being isolated from the of the CCs group of "natural" acceleration of the development outside world in this way, by star clusters has been discussed of CC type 2+ in artificial star "exo-humanitarian” reasons, previously (eg [15]). The latter, of clusters on the scenario presented such a type 2+ CC could position course, does not apply to the CC above. outside the ‘dead zone’ automatic of "anthropogenic” origin, arising A possible variant (long-term) transmitters ("beacons") to from the implementation of the There are some interesting further translate by the known channels of project "Catalysis". As noted electromagnetic communication above in Part 2 of this article, possible ways of developing artificial CC star clusters of type messages containing information they can use a common cultural about the development history of code, provided by "Keepers" of 2+, in terms of interpreting the results of experiments to search all its CCs type 2. the Fleet of Memory (functionally In principle, this is not a similar to, with some degree of for the CCs type 3 such as [3]. With a sufficiently large number compulsory creation of object, approximation, the Roman culture which is a black hole. Solution in early medieval Europe). of stars in the cluster, and if they approach each other closely for of the problem of isolation from Interestingly there is consideration the activities of the CC type 2+ as the environment is possible due of this process from the standpoint a whole, as well as in the presence to a sufficiently strong curvature of Universal evolution (synonyms in the cluster of sufficiently of space around an artificial - Big History, Megahistory et al massive dark matter not just an accumulations, similar to that [8], [9]). Currently, a number of "information barrier", but also a observed in the immediate vicinity studies ([8], and others) allocated physical event horizon might form of the binary pulsar J1906, a two sleeves (invariants) of around these cluster, leading to system consisting of a pair of Universal evolution - its isolation from the surrounding neutron stars [10]. • the development of space. This accumulation might It should be noted that existing a deceleration process be seen from the outside as a black holes (eg in the cores of according to intensity, close to hypothetical supermassive black galaxies) definitely can not be logarithmic, from the earliest hole. (It should be noted that used as a CC type 2+ for this stages of the Universe before the formation of a supermassive purpose. Since the artificial cluster the beginning of the formation black hole with a billion times is a collection of dynamically of elements heavier than iron in the mass of the sun with a low balanced stars with planetary stars - the first sleeve, and average density in the Milky Way systems, moving at low thrust • the development accelerated is formally possible using about at speeds of the order of tens of by a power law with an 1% of the stars, which based on km/s, the gravitational effects of acceleration factor of about 2.7 a rather optimistic but plausible a supermassive black hole would at this moment and until the assumption about the possibility lead to its destruction long before middle of XXI century (for the of the presence of CC, on average, it approached the event horizon. Earth) - the second sleeve. in one out of 100 stars. The latest A supermassive black hole could In [8] the possibility was data on the detection of planets only be artificially generated by Principium | Issue 18 | August 2017 37 the purposeful movement of the CC will match the acceleration Life inside an artificial star stars and their interaction with cluster? of the time in the outer world. In dark matter. Obviously, the collapsed artificial this case, a response to signals The question of the possible star cluster is not required to be sent by any other similar CC existence of an artificial star homogeneous. could be prepared in a very short In addition, this time the very time. When forming a full-fledged cluster in a state of gravitational form of intelligent life has to collapse, and some form of highly change. Initially, presumably, event horizon performing its organized life within it, in the these were biological beings (as CC to complete isolation from broadest interpretation, remains human), "intelligent animals" the surrounding universe can be quite controversial. A number of that need the same ecosystem obtained the maximum amount of in the biosphere. But then, "exo-humanitarian" information papers ([11], [12]) discuss the during the evolution of stars, possibility of the existence, inside their stars have experienced a from all who wished to join with the event horizon of black holes, transformation into red giants, this CC in contact during the of stable or quasi-stable orbits of with the formation of planetary existence of the universe after a rather complex configuration, nebulae and white dwarfs. At this point, including the vaguely this stage of the development distant future. In this case, such which could be positioned as the of civilizations, they themselves planets and stars with planetary had to be changed so that they a risky astro-engineering activity systems (see box). It should be no longer require a biosphere can certainly be justified. Within noted that a star equipped with (and perhaps, they stay on the the framework of the Universal EST engines can maintain its surface of planets, but only to evolution that moment will harvest them as a source of correspond to the "singularity" position indefinitely under certain energy), and can be much more conditions, even in quasi-stable compact. of the hypothetical fourth sleeves orbits. The habitability (or rather, Thus, a significant number of – when the speed and intensity subjectivity) of black holes has white dwarfs, the former "native" of information processing tends been presented under a slightly stars, are no longer needed for to infinity, followed by the CC these CCs. They are collected completely disappearing from the different set of assumptions by in a primary supermassive other authors [13]. Nevertheless, black hole, the core of the new observable Universe. the general attitude to such astroengineering construction at Obviously, this approach a possibility today is quite its central singularity. Its radius completely changes the sceptical. Since the absence is relatively small. relationship of a type 2+ CC to The rest are white dwarfs, on of any possibility of obtaining which live sentient beings, which the SETI question. After taking information about the internal are sent to stable orbits around the decision to conduct such an processes of black holes is their this core, as in model by V I operation, it will be interested in fundamental property, these ideas Dokuchaev ([11], [12]), forming establishing the maximum number are based solely on the results of a very thin outer layer outside of possible contacts, but are not the event horizon of the primary theoretical modelling, and so it is supermassive black hole. limited duration of the period risky even for the CC type 2+. All this together forms a of the signals on intergalactic The more interesting question is, secondary, inhabited black hole distances. The above-mentioned and orbits of "inhabited" white what can be the motive for such "beacons" in this case are very dwarfs are inside of it. energy-intensive facilities, and, action? It is likely that, for all A small portion of white dwarfs the complexity and diversity of from the former artificial star apparently, are the stars with connections in the cluster, like CC cluster remains outside, as EST, remains outside the artificial it will eventually face the problem sources of energy for 'beacons'. supermassive black hole at a of "exhaustion of knowledge" significant distance from the of "information barriers" (as noted (in [8]), when the whole "exo- event horizon on stable orbits. above, all CCs type 2 + a likely humanitarian" information within These objects, in addition to the consequence is deep introversion). the galaxy is integrated and signals supplied by them, with However, relativistic effects assimilated, and the possibility the growth in the future hardware observed in a significant distortion of bilateral contacts with similar capabilities of astronomical of the space around an artificial CCs in other galaxies then tends observations in the optical and cluster could radically change to zero due to the unacceptably infrared, may also be identified the situation. Relativistic time large time of signal transmission from time to time observed dilation from the perspective of and also as a result of the presence as infrared sources of stellar an outside observer to a type 2+ Principium | Issue 18 | August 2017 38 scale (if the reverse side of the classification is itself as CC artificial star cluster beyond in sail is pointed at the viewer) or type 2. Thus, the system of anticipation for 4-5 billion years as visible stars (if sideways to the intergalactic "beacons" may be of its upcoming merger with the observer) or disappearing from the the next hierarchical level of the Andromeda [24]. In this case, observations of a supermassive "galactic cultural field", localized there is a particular problem for dark body. Their signals with in artificial star clusters, and then intelligent life with the unsteady sufficient power for transmission in artificial black holes. We can gravitational interaction of the to the intergalactic distances are assume that, by using the effect stars, but is still a big problem - a likely to be fixed have modern of gravitational lensing by objects sharp increase in radiation flow radio astronomy facilities. It weighing a million solar masses, at the confluence of the nuclei of should be noted that, to be able to "beacons" can effectively transmit galaxies. Along with choosing conduct a dialogue with alien CCs and receive messages within a location at a considerable in the absence of an established the entire observable Universe. distance from the interacting base CC (which can only be With the successful development nuclei, the gravitational collapse one-way communication of of autocatalytic process of of the artificial cluster could be an data transmission over the event emergence of CCs, as initiated by effective measure of protection. horizon), "beacons" themselves the "Catalysis" project, a sufficient Thus, if the emerging type 2+ must have some capabilities - in number of potential sources of CC is observed as a star cluster the sense that is embedded in information, as noted in Part 2 with a number of anomalous the present, in the concept of of this article, may occur in the features, but it is unlikely getting "artificial intelligence", ie they nearest part of the Galaxy. a targeted signal from it, but in must be able to identify and Selecting the location of the above hypothetical case at the decode the signal of "beacon" of the artificial star cluster is final stage of development, such other CC and reply to them. For generally determined by the as the CC may be a supermassive those "beacons", used to maintain initial distribution of CCs in dark object (probably a black the operation and maintenance the galaxy. In the case of our hole) not located in the core of of power transmission of their Galaxy, there seems an obvious galaxies, but on its periphery, may own star, the existing formal need for the removal of the be surrounded by a halo of typical Principium | Issue 18 | August 2017 39 ionic composition at a distance of the first steps towards solving Initiative (Breakthrough Listen) disintegrating into individual the problem of the creation of under the supervision of Stephen streams of such relatively slow robots could be the manufacturing Hawking to intensify of SETI [22] ions, which is a multi-band source and testing of the sail elements of as the basis for the selection of of electromagnetic radiation, from the EST as the first experimental promising future search objects. which can be isolated presumably prototype of small "budget" Positive identification of at least modulated signals. Obviously, the spacecraft with ESS as [1] in the one of the observed objects as two-way contact with the type 2+ coming years in the framework of EST, artificial star cluster or an CC is not possible in principle, advanced space programs to study artificial black hole would have but derived from its "historical" the outer Solar system. a very important philosophical signals in the event of at least It may be noted that the technical significance, since it is an partial decryption could be crucial means for realization of the indirect confirmation of the non- - as "exo-scientific" (according to project could be created in the exclusiveness of modern human [8]) and ideological. near future. The Japanese Space civilization and the possibility of Feasibility variants of Earth Agency JAXA announced a virtually unlimited development civilization as CC project to launch a solar sail- over cosmological eras, and It should be noted that, in addition based spacecraft to the Trojan would be an essential basis for to the formation of the detection asteroids found near Jupiter [23]. social optimism. At the same time, criteria for the activity of one The vehicle must be equipped the beginning of the creation of of the hypothetical types of CC, with a solar sail with thin-film the design of EST as a set of fairly the proposed considerations solar panels. An interesting option simple stand-alone machines with are practical in the future would send a similar craft to one ESS is a practical engineering colonization of space, including body in the main asteroid belt, problem that can be solved in the the development of human followed by going beyond the foreseeable future. civilization to the level of type ecliptic plane and a flight to one 2, and then type 2+. If we have of the poles of the Sun. Further, The author is grateful to the unlimited time, the beginning of the device’s work programme following for their assistance the project to establish EST (and could be to find and study in the in the writing of this part of the our subsequent participation in polar region of the Sun, among article: other things, the influence of the formation of an artificial star - to SETI Science and Culture cluster) seems feasible at the non-stationary processes of solar activity on the device positioning, Centre of the Tsiolkovsky current scientific and technical Academy of Cosmonautics - for level. This requires the solution as well as an assessment of its requirement resource. The process pre-publication of these materials of two problems: the choice of on a portal of Russian SETI the stars - a potential target for of building a Shkadov thruster could thus be simulated. [http://lnfm1.sai.msu.ru/SETI/koi/ the convergence with using of articles/index.html]; traditional methods of SETI, Conclusion - to the honorary chairman of the and to create and run to one Any forecast of the development SETI SCC, PhD, Academician of the asteroids a prototype of of CC using a modified Shkadov of the Tsiolkovsky Academy automated spacecraft (robot) with thruster is largely speculative of Cosmonautics L M Gindilis propulsion type ESS [1] and self- at this point, as it involves the - for his interest in the topic, reproduction function (like von "finality" of some modern ideas promotion of the publication and Neumann machines) using locally about the world and its laws. its discussion; available materials, as a typical However, this forecast allows element of EST. Both problems - to the head of the SETI SCC, us to use a new approach to the Dr, senior researcher SINP A D can potentially be addressed in problem of SETI on the basis of the first half of the XXI century, Panov - for active participation a number of specific properties of in the preliminary discussion of after which the EST project can be the desired objects. performed automatically without the materials for this publication The latter may be particularly and clarification of a number of substantial human intervention - important in the context of the except the coordination of robots’ controversial issues; July 2015 announcement by - to PhD, Associate Professor activities, and may be, tasks of Yuri Milner of the Breakthrough change of their generations. One of the Physics Department of Principium | Issue 18 | August 2017 40 Moscow State University, senior Posobie-CosmicRadiation.pdf циркуляр, № 1357, с. 3-6, 1985. researcher at the Sternberg 8. А Д Панов. Универсальная 16. Johnny Appleseed of the State Astronomical Institute V G эволюция и проблема поиска Cosmos. http://www.galex. Surdin - for information about внеземного разума (SETI). – М: caltech.edu/media/glx2007-04r_ the possibilities of detection of Издательство ЛКИ, 2013. – 208 img01.html gas traces on the example of the с 17. Mira’s Tail There All Along. Mira star research in the GALEX 9. А П Назаретян. Нелинейное http://www.galex.caltech.edu/ project; будущее. Мегаистория, media/glx2007-04r_img07.html - to member of the Scientific синергетика, культурная 18. Филиппова Л Н Выбор Board of the SETI SCC L N антропология и психология в звезд-адресатов для первого Philippova - for participation in глобальном прогнозировании: детского радиопослания the discussion materials. Монография. – М: АРГАМАК- внеземным цивилизациям. Sources of information to Part 3: МЕДИА, 2014. – 512 с http://lnfm1.sai.msu.ru/SETI/koi/ 1. Dmitry Novoseltsev. Small 10. The Binary Companion articles/phil.html unmanned spacecraft with electric of Young, Relativistic 19. A “short list” of SETI solar sail. Space Colonization Pulsar J1906+0746. J van candidates.- Soderblom, D R Journal, Vol. 20, 2014, pp. 3-7 Leeuwen et al. 2015 ApJ Icarus (ISSN 2. http://www.electric-sailing. 798 118. Doi:10.1088/0004- 0019-1035), vol.67, July 1986, com/publications.html 637X/798/2/118 p.184-186) 1986 Icar…67..184S 3. http://ria.ru/ 11. Vyacheslav I Dokuchaev. 20. Леушин В В, Марсаков science/20150415/1058734012. Is there life inside black holes? В А, Филиппова Л Н html#ixzz3XFpGJQLO arXiv:1103.6140v4 [gr-qc] 18 Звезды-адресаты первых Nov 2011 4. Shkadov, L M “Possibility of межзвездных радиопосланий controlling solar system motion 12. V I Dokuchaev. Life inside землян. Критический обзор. in the galaxy, «38th Congress of black holes. arXiv:1203.0878v1 Астрофизический бюллетень , the International Astronautical [astro-ph.CO] 5 Mar 2012 Выпуск № 60-61 / 2006 Federation», October 10-17, 1987, 13. В А Лефевр, Ю Н Ефремов. 21. Филиппова Л Н Дети в Brighton, UK, paper IAA-87-613 Космический разум и черные поисках населенных звездных 5. Viorel Badescu and Richard дыры: миров. Астрофизический B Cathcart, «Stellar engines от гипотезы к научной бюллетень. Выпуск № 60-61 / for Kardashev’s Type II фантастике. “Земля и 2006 Civilization», Journal of the Вселенная», 2000, № 4 22. http://www. British Interplanetary Society 53: 14. Л М Гиндилис. Борис breakthroughinitiatives.org/ 297-306 (2000) Николаевич Пановкин News/1 6. Viorel Badescu and Richard о познаваемости мира и 23. http://www.centauri-dreams. B Cathcart, «Use of Class A and о возможности связи с org/?p=37322, 15 March 2017 Class C stellar engines to control внеземными цивилизациями 24. The Collision Between The Sun movement in the galaxy», (к 80-летию со дня рождения). Milky Way And Andromeda. T Acta Astronautica 58: 119-129 http://lnfm1.sai.msu.ru/SETI/koi/ J Cox, Abraham Loeb (Harvard/ (2006) articles/index.html CfA). arXiv:0705.1170v2 [astro- 7. http://fein.uni-dubna.ru/ 15. Сурдин В Г Шаровые ph] 20 Feb 2008. http://arxiv.org/ document/Programme/Biophysics/ звездные скопления как объекты pdf/0705.1170v2.pdf SETI // Астрономический

About the Author Dmitry Novoseltsev (Дмитрий Новосельцев) is Deputy CEO of the Siberian Mechanical Engineering, Non-Profit Partnership (www.npsibmach.ru). He has a PhD in Technical Sciences, awarded by Omsk State Technical University, for his thesis “Vacuum, compressor technics and pneumatic systems”. He is a regular contributor to the Space Colonization Journal (jour.space). About the Illustrator Dr Anna V Sedanova (Анна В Седанова ) is a Senior Researcher in the Institute of Hydrocarbon Processing, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Omsk, Russia, www.иппу.рф

Principium | Issue 18 | August 2017 41 NEXT ISSUE

Engineering new worlds: creating the future Parts 4 and 5 Art for Interstellar - NYC June 2017 Technical report from the NYC Workshop Opening of the i4is HQ, The Mill and much more!

We'd love to hear your thoughts on Principium, the Initiative or interstellar flight in general. Email - [email protected] - or come along to Facebook(InterstellarInstitute), Twitter (@I4Interstellar) or LinkedIn to join in the conversation.

Principium | Issue 18 | August 2017 42 The Initiative for Interstellar Studies presents

‘BEYOND THE BOUNDARY’ is a ground-breaking new book looking at the possibilities of interstellar fl ight, including BEYOND the technology that will THE BOUNDARY drive our starships, the “A valuable reference for those interested in planets and stars that will interstellar travel” – Les Johnson be our destinations, the sociological basis and Exploring the impact of becoming a science and culture of interstellar spaceflight space-faring civilisation and how our interstellar Edited by Kelvin F Long future is depicted in art and culture.

R O F

E

V

I

T

A

I

T

I

N I

S S T U D I E

R O F E V I

T

• 448 pages, hardback edition A

I

T

I • Featuring 21 chapters written N by i4is’ interstellar experts I S • Topics as diverse as propulsion T U D I E S technology, exoplanets, art and SETI www.i4is.org

Principium | Issue 18 | August 2017 43 Mission The mission of the Initiative for Interstellar Studies is to foster and promote education, knowledge and technical capabilities which lead to designs, technologies or enterprise that will enable the construction and launch of interstellar spacecraft.

Vision We aspire towards an optimistic future for humans on Earth and in space. Our bold vision is to be an organisation that is central to catalysing the conditions in society over the next century to enable robotic and human exploration of the frontier beyond our Solar System and to other stars, as part of a long-term enduring strategy and towards a sustainable space- based economy.

Values To demonstrate inspiring leadership and ethical governance, to initiate visionary and bold programmes co-operating with partners inclusively, to be objective in our assessments yet keeping an open mind to alternative solutions, acting with honesty, integrity and scientific rigour.

Editor: John I Davies Deputy Editors : Andreas Hein, Patrick Mahon Layout: John I Davies

The Initiative for Interstellar Studies is a pending institute, established R O in the UK in 2012 and incorporated in 2014 as a not-for-profit company F limited by guarantee. E V I The Institute for Interstellar Studies was incorporated in 2014 T

A I

as a non-profit corporation in the State of Tennessee, USA. T

I N

Front cover: Fusion pulse starship, painting by C Bangs, www.cbangs.com I Back cover: Ariane 5 80th successful launch Credit- ©2017 ESA-CNES- S ARIANESPACE / Optique video du CSG - S MARTIN T U D I E S

Scientia ad sidera Principium | Issue 18 | August 2017 i4is.org Knowledge to 44the stars