DOCSLIB.ORG

Boson W Et Physique Nouvelle

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Boson W Et Physique Nouvelle FR9903328 ORSAY LAL 98-08 n° d'ordre : Avril 1998 UNIVERSITE DE PARIS-SUD CENTRE D'ORSAY THESE présentée pour obtenir Le GRADE de DOCTEUR EN SCIENCES DE L'UNIVERSITE PARIS XI ORSAY par Dirk ZERWAS Energie manquante à LEP2: boson W et physique nouvelle Soutenue le 2 Avril 1998 devant la Commission d'examen M. P. BINETRUY MME. M.C. COUSINOU MM. J.F. GRIVAZ J. LEFRANÇOIS F. RICHARD K. TITTEL 30-39 Abstract In 1995 LEP, CERN's large e+e collider, increased its centre-of-mass energy be- yond the Z boson resonance up to 184 GeV in 1997. The data recorded by the ALEPH detector allow to study the parameters of the standard model and to search for new particles. The mass of the W boson can be determined at LEP via the measurement of the cross section of W pairs at the production threshold. Two selections for the final states Ivlv and ri/qq' are developed. In combination with the other decay channels, the mass of the W boson and its branching ratios are measured. The reaction e+e~ —>• Wei/ gives access to the coupling 7WW. The cross section of this process is measured and limits on the anomalous couplings (A7, K7) are determined. The non-minimal standard model with an extra scalar doublet predicts the existence of charged Higgs bosons. A selection of the final state ruqq' is developed. In absence of a signal, limits on the mass of the charged Higgs bosons are determined. In a supersymmetric theory each boson is associated to a fermion and vice versa. A search for sleptons, the supersymmetric partners of the leptons, is performed. The result is interpreted in the framework of the minimal supersymmetric extension of the standard model (MSSM). Moreover, in the MSSM a practically invisible W decay is possible. This decay can be detected if the second W decays to standard model particles. A limit on the invisible branching ratio of the W boson is deduced. Keywords : ALEPH LEP W boson charged Higgs Supersymmetry QctXarra, 'ââXarrcxl Xenophon, Contents 1 Introduction 1 2 The Standard Model 5 2.1 Particles and Interactions 5 2.2 The Properties of the W± Boson 11 2.3 The Determination of the W* Boson Mass at LEP 15 2.4 TGC at LEP 19 3 Extending the standard model 23 3.1 Extended Higgs Sector 23 3.2 Properties of the charged Higgs boson 26 3.3 Supersymmetry 29 3.4 The M.SSM Particle Spectrum 33 3.5 Supersymmetric Particles and their Properties at LEP 44 4 The Experimental Setup 55 4.1 LEP 55 4.2 ALEPH 58 4.3 Event Reconstruction 64 4.4 The N95 Technique 66 I 5 Physics Processes at LEP2 67 5.1 ff Processes 67 5.2 77 Processes 71 5.3 Four-Fermion Processes 73 6 W* Boson Physics 75 6.1 W± Boson Pair Cross Section 76 6.1.1 tvlv Selection 77 6.1.2 ri/qq' Selection 85 6.1.3 Results . 94 6.2 Single W* Boson Cross Section 98 6.2.1 Leptonic Selection 98 6.2.2 Hadronic Selection 102 6.2.3 Results 106 7 The Charged Higgs Bosons 111 7.1 The Ti/qq' Channel 112 7.2 Results 117 8 Search for Supersymmetry 121 8.1 Acoplanar Lepton Pairs 123 8.1.1 Event Selection 123 8.1.2 Results 131 8.2 Single Visible W± Bosons 134 8.2.1 Event Selection 135 8.2.2 Results 140 9 Conclusions 145 II Chapter 1 Introduction The standard model of elementary particle physics describes matter and its interactions to an unprecedented degree of precision. Matter is built of fermions (quarks and leptons) and their interactions are mediated via bosons. The photon (7) is responsible for the electromagnetic interactions, the charged vector bosons (W±) are responsible for the particles' decay (as in the neutron decay), the Z boson is the carrier of the neutral current. Masses are generated via the Higgs mechanism, leading to an additional neutral scalar particle, the Higgs boson (H). The standard model, in spite of its success, is considered to be insufficient because of theoretical prejudices, one of which can be formulated in the following way: Why is matter built only of fermions and not also of bosons and why are interactions me- diated only by bosons and not also by fermions? The supersymmetric extension of the standard model attempts to solve this apparent asymmetry by introducing a new symmetry, which effectively doubles the particle spectrum: each fermion receives a bosonic partner and each boson receives a fermionic partner. This leads to the predic- tion of several new particles and in particular, as the Higgs sector has to be extended to construct the model, charged Higgs bosons are predicted. Many of today's most precise measurements of parameters of the standard model and interesting results on searches for new physics were obtained at LEP, CERN's large e+e~ collider, where the four experiments ALEPH, DELPHI, L3 and OPAL are recording data. From its inauguration in 1989 to autumn 1995 LEP operated at centre- of-mass energies at and around the Z resonance (91 GeV). An example of the precision measurements of parameters of the standard model is the measurement of the Z boson's mass of 91.1867 ± 0.0020 GeV/c2 and its width of 2.4948 ± 0.0025 GeV/c2 [1]. Precision measurements of the standard model can be viewed in two different ways. They constitute a stringent test of the standard model, but on the other hand they can be used to constrain physics beyond the standard model via higher order effects on the 1 measured quantities. For example, from the measurement of the electroweak parame- ters one can derive a limit on the contribution of new physics or new particles to the invisible width of the Z boson, which must be less than 2.9 MeV/c2 [1]. One attempts to give the limits not in a specific framework, but in the most model independent way. While limits derived from measurements of electroweak parameters are especially well adapted as a parametrisation of a theory whose exact theoretical structure is not known, the approach is not efficient for most cases where new particles with well defined production and decay properties are predicted. The reason is that the effect of the new particles on the measured parameters can be very small and on the other hand, if the particles are light enough to be produced, they can have properties making them easily distinguishable from the known particles. In the completely decoupled environment, the search for the new particles is the only way to verify or falsify the new theory. A highly visible example of a search for new particles, where "new" in this particular case stands for "as yet unobserved", is the search for the standard model Higgs boson. The final result for LEP1 was a mass lower limit of 66 GeV/c2 [2]. No hints for the production of new particles were discovered at LEP1. Starting in late 1995, LEP's energy was increased in a first step to 130 GeV and 136 GeV and in 1996 the threshold for W pair production was reached and surpassed. In 1997 the centre-of-mass energy was once more increased to 183 GeV, passing the Z pair production threshold. Further increases of LEP's energy are foreseen with a final centre-of-mass energy of possibly 200 GeV to be reached in the year 2000. The physics goals of this high energy period have shifted from Z boson physics precision measurements to W± boson physics measurements. The mass of the W* boson is of interest because it is one of the limiting factors in the prediction of the Higgs boson mass via radiative corrections. The measurement of the triple gauge boson couplings (TGC) provides an opportunity to constrain physics beyond the standard model. The new energy regime also extends the kinematic reach of the direct search for new particles. Many of the searches for new particles performed at LEP1 had already reached the kinematic limit after only two years of running [3] due to the large cross sections at the Z boson resonance. In this thesis three ingredients of physics analyses at LEP with the ALEPH detector will be studied: measurements of the W* pair production cross section, measurement of the W* boson's branching ratio, constraining the W* boson's anomalous couplings via the measurement of the single W* cross section, i.e., e+e~ —» We^, and the search for the production of the charged Higgs boson and supersymmetric particles. The thesis is structured as follows: In chapter 2, the standard model and its inter- actions will be described briefly. The focus will be directed to the description of the 2 properties of the W* boson at LEP, i.e., its production, its decay and its couplings. The principles of the measurement of the W* mass via the measurement of the W* pair production cross section at threshold will also be described in this chapter. This will be followed by a brief discussion of the single W* process in view of the measurement of the triple gauge boson couplings. In chapter 3 two related extensions of the standard model will be described. First the Higgs sector will be extended by an additional scalar doublet, which substantially increases the number of physical Higgs bosons. In particular the properties of charged Higgs bosons, predicted by such models, will be described. In a second step the stan- dard model will be extended supersymmetrically.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • People and Things
    People and things On 15 April, Haim Harari of the Weizmann Institute, Israel, was guest speaker at a symposium to mark 20 years of accelerator operation at the Paul Scherrer Institute, Maurice Jacob's roving camera caught Murray Villigen, Switzerland. Gell Mann in a London pub with the manu­ (Photo Armin Muller) script of his book 'The Quark and the Jaguar'. 20 years of PSI In April the Swiss Paul Scherrer Institute celebrated 20 years of accelerator operations. Originally built for particle research, these facilities now extend over a wide spectrum of applications, from molecular structure to cancer therapy. Each year over 400 visiting researchers make use of PSI particle beams. Meetings An international symposium on strangeness and quark matter will be held from 1-5 September in Crete, covering 1. strangeness and quark- gluon plasma, 2. strangeness con­ LAPP, Annecy, well known authority French Academy of Sciences densation, 3. strange astrophysics, 4. on non-Abelian gauge theories, and strangelets, 5. dedicated instrumen­ Michel Davier, long-time specialist in tation for strangeness and quark Among the new corresponding electron-positron collision physics matter. Information from the Secre­ members of the French Academy of and former Director of the Orsay tariat, University of Athens, Physics Sciences (Academie des Sciences Linear Accelerator Laboratory. Other Dept., Nuclear & Particle Physics de Paris) are Raymond Stora of new members are Alain Aspect, Division, Panepistimioupolis, Greece- 15771 Athens, tel. (30-1)7247502, 7243362, 7243143, fax (30- 1)7235089, email gvassils ©atlas, uoa.ariadne-t.gr At a special colloquium held at CERN on 20 April to mark Carlo Rubbia's 60th birthday and the tenth anniversary of his Nobel Prize award with Simon van der Meer, left to right - Canadian TRIUMF Laboratory Director and former UA1 co-spokesman Alan Astbury, LHC Project Director Lyn Evans, Carlo Rubbia, Director General Chris Llewellyn Smith, and former UA 1 co-spokesman John Dowel I.
    [Show full text]
  • Hadronic R Decays and QCD
    FR0005562 LAL 99-78 December 1999 Hadronic r decays and QCD M. Davier Laboratoire de l'Accelerateur Lineaire IN2P3-CNRS et Universite de Paris-Sud, BP 34, F-91898 Orsay Cedex Invited talk given at the &h International Symposium on Heavy Flavour Physics University of Southampton, England, 25-29 July 1999 U.E.R Institut National de de Physique Nucleaire PUniversite Paris-Sud et de Physique des Particules 32/ 05 B.P. 34 ~ Bailment 200 - 91898 ORSAY CEDEX Gestion IH\S Doc. Enreg. I© .iU4/. N* TRN &&.O.O.OSS LAL 99-78 December 1999 Hadronic r decays and QCD Michel Davier Laboratoire de VAccel6rateur Lineaire IN2P3/CNRS et University de Paris-Sud 91898 Orsay, France E-mail: davierQlal.in2p3.fr ABSTRACT: Hadronic decays of the r lepton provide a clean source to study hadron dynamics in an energy regime dominated by resonances, with the interesting information captured in the spectral functions. Recent results on exclusive channels are reviewed. Inclusive spectral functions are the basis for QCD analyses, delivering an accurate determination of the strong coupling constant and quantitative information on nonperturbative contributions. Strange decays yield a determination of the strange quark mass. 1. Introduction Radiative corrections violate CVC, as contained in the SEW factor which is dominated by short- Hadrons produced in T decays are borne out of distance effects and thus expected to be essen- the charged weak current, i.e. out of the QCD tially final-state independent. vacuum. This property garantees that hadronic Hadronic r decays are then a clean probe of physics factorizes in these processes which are hadron dynamics in an interesting energy region then completely characterized for each decay chan- dominated by resonances.
    [Show full text]
  • Prix Andr Lagarrigue 2010
    2010 André Lagarrigue Prize Under the sponsorship of the French Physical Society (SFP) and on the occasion of the 50th birthday of the Orsay Linear Accelerator Laboratory (LAL) in 2006, a prestigious Prize, awarded every second year, was created in honor of Professor André Lagarrigue. Director of LAL from 1969 until his untimely death in 1975. André Lagarrigue discovered, together with an European team, the weak interaction neutral currents in 1973, a crucial step in establishing the present theory of particle physics. The André Lagarrigue Prize rewards a senior physicist who has lead a large experimental project including conceptual design and realisation of a complex apparatus and has extracted the best of it with a strong team spirit and has carried out his work in a French laboratory or in close collaboration with French teams. This prize is co-financed by CEA, CERN, Ecole Polytechnique, IN2P3, LAL and the University Paris Sud 11. The international jury of the Andre Lagarrigue Prize1 met under the chairmanship of IN2P3 director Jacques Martino, and reviewed the nominees proposed by the French community of particles physics following a call for proposal sent to all French lab directors. The winner of the 2010 Andre Lagarrigue Prize is Michel Davier, Professor of Physics at the University Paris Sud 11 and a member of the French Academy of Science. Michel Davier's worldwide authority in the field of particle physics is undisputed and his prominent role is in every way worthy of that of André Lagarrigue. They share the same qualities of deep understanding of physics and of experimental devices of great complexity, of tenacity and pedagogy with the same passion for training young people.
    [Show full text]
  • PDF Version for Printing
    Friday, Jan. 30, 2009 Calendar Feature From ISGTW Friday, Jan. 30 ANL, Fermilab and UChicago Beauty to unlock the mystery of 3:30 p.m. come together for fifth meeting asymmetry DIRECTOR'S COFFEE BREAK - 2nd Flr X-Over In an ongoing effort to keep Illinois a science 4:00 p.m. powerhouse, Fermilab, Argonne and Joint Experimental-Theoretical University of Chicago scientists continue to Physics Seminar - One West look for future collaborative opportunities. Speaker: Michel Davier, LAL, More than 70 scientists from the three Orsay institutions will meet Monday at Argonne for + - → Title: BaBar Results on e e the fifth joint meeting organized to to share π+ π- and the Muon g-2 ideas about future projects and institutions' Prediction strategic plans. Monday, Feb. 2 The meetings, started in 2006 by Fermilab and 2:30 p.m. Argonne, initially focused on accelerator R&D. Particle Astrophysics Seminar While this is still a large focus of the - Curia II collaboration, particularly in regards to Project Speaker: Leanne Duffy, Los X, a series of research grants provided by the Alamos National Laboratory University of Chicago has led to joint projects Title: Phase-Space Structure in other research areas as well. of the Milky Way's Dark Halo The LHCb electomagnetic calorimeter, a device to 3:30 p.m. Proposals for joint projects include the detect electrons, their antiparticles (called DIRECTOR'S COFFEE production of better superconducting cavities, positrons) and photons, particles of light. This BREAK - 2nd Flr X-Over detector R&D, work on the LHC experiments immense array will collect immense amounts of 4 p.m.
    [Show full text]
  • Unified Field Theory Quest Synopsis
    Unified Field Theory Quest Synopsis file:///Documents/TheoryOfEverything/quest.html The Unified Field Theory - Synopsis of a Personal Quest John A. Gowan June 2014 Home Page The Charges of Matter are the Symmetry Debts of Light Papers: Symmetry Principles of the Unified Field Theory (a "Theory of Everything") - Part I Symmetry Principles of the Unified Field Theory (a "Theory of Everything") - Part 2 Symmetry Principles of the Unified Field Theory (a "Theory of Everything") - Part 3 (Summary) See also: NY Times article on Emmy Noether 26 Mar 2012 Neuenschwander, D. E. Emmy Noether's Wonderful Theorem. 2011. Johns Hopkins University Press. Part I: History When I turned 40 (in 1977), I started to build my personal version of the Unified Field Theory. I did so as a faithful disciple of Einstein, attempting to help the scientific hero of my youth reach his unfulfilled goal. At that time the strong and weak forces were just becoming understood, gravity remained where Einstein had left it (with some more recent help from Hawking, Wheeler, and Bekenstein concerning black holes), and the electromagnetic force had long been solved by a parade of many geniuses, beginning with Faraday and Maxwell, and culminating with Feynman, Schwinger, and Tomonaga ("quantum electrodynamics"- QED). Because of limitations of time, intellect, and energy, I decided not to work on those parts of the theory that others had already solved - so far as I could tell - satisfactorily. Accordingly, I accepted most of what had been done with the electromagnetic and strong forces (the Gell-Mann/Zweig colored-quark model for the latter: "quantum chromodynamics" - QCD).
    [Show full text]
  • Electromagnetism and Magnetic Monopoles
    Physics & Astronomy Institute for theoretical physics Electromagnetism and magnetic monopoles Author Supervisor F. Carere Dr. T. W. Grimm June 13, 2018 Image: Daniel Dominguez/ CERN Abstract Starting with the highly symmetric form of electromagnetism in tensor notation, the consideration of magnetic monopoles comes very natural. Following then the paper of J. M. Figueroa-OFarrill [1] we encounter the Dirac monopole and the 't Hooft-Polyakov monopole. The former, simpler { at the cost of a singular Dirac string { monopole already leading to the very important Dirac quantization condition, implying the quantization electric charge if magnetic monopoles exist. In particular the latter monopole, which is everywhere smooth and which has a purely topological charge, is found as a finite-energy, static solution of the dynamical equations in an SO(3) gauge invariant Yang-Mills-Higgs system using a spherically symmetric ansatz of the fields. This monopole is equivalent to the Dirac monopole from far away but locally behaves differently because of massive fields, leading to a slightly different quantization condition of the charges. Then the mass of general finite-energy solutions of the Yang-Mills-Higgs system is considered. In particular a lower bound for the mass is found and in the previous ansatz a solution saturating the bound is shown to exist: The (very heavy) BPS monopole. Meanwhile particles with both electric and magnetic charge (dyons) are considered, leading to a relation between the quantization of the magnetic and electric charges of both dyons and, when assuming CP invariance, to an explicit quantization of electric charge. Finally, the Z2 duality of Maxwell's equations is extended.
    [Show full text]
  • Tau Leptons New Measurements of the Tau Mass
    Tau lineup. At this year's workshop on tau lepton physics, the second in the series, and hosted by Ohio State University, tau pioneer Martin Perl is seen with workshop chairman K.K. Gan (left) and Michel Davier, one of the chairmen of the first workshop, held in Orsay, France, in 1990. At the workshop it also emerged that a large amount of information on the scintillation properties of several materials and ions already has been compiled. In particular, cerium compounds can offer advantages when fast scintillation (some 20 ns) is needed. For ultrafast (nanosecond) scintillation, only crystals exhibiting special 'crossover' transitions can be considered, with the drawback of emitting in the vacuum UV. Similar expertise was gathered from exten­ sive work in solid state chemistry and crystalline defects. The Chamonix meeting was organ­ ized jointly by CERN, the French CNRS and the Italian INFN. The workshop opened with a talk on ment in the precision of the measure­ Tau leptons new measurements of the tau mass. ments, there is still a nagging dis­ At the Beijing electron-positron crepancy. Once an oddity, tau leptons are now collider, seven events were observed Tau decays with one or three being mass produced at electron- in a scan of the tau production charged hadrons in the final states positron colliders, and tau physics is threshold yielding a new measure­ were the subject of two full sessions. becoming daily life. This was re­ ment of the tau mass (July, page 13) New measurements from ARGUS flected at the Second Workshop on an order of magnitude more precise (DESY, Hamburg), CLEO (CESR, Tau Lepton Physics, held at Ohio than the previous measurement by Cornell), and the LEP experiments at State University, September 8-11.
    [Show full text]
  • Recent Progress on Isospin Breaking Corrections and Their Impact on the Muon G −2 Value *
    CPC(HEP & NP), 2010, 34(6): 1{6 Chinese Physics C Vol. 34, No. 6, Jun., 2010 Recent progress on isospin breaking corrections and their impact on the muon g −2 value * Gabriel L´opez Castro1) Departamento de F´ısica, Cinvestav, Apartado Postal 14-740, 07000 M´exico, D.F M´exico Abstract We describe some recent results on isospin breaking corrections which are of relevance for predictions had;LO of the leading order hadronic contribution to the muon anomalous magnetic moment aµ when using τ lepton data. When these corrections are applied to the new combined data on the ππ0 spectral function, the had;LO + − prediction for aµ based on τ lepton data gets closer to the one obtained using e e data. Key words isospin breaking, tau decays, muon magnetic moment, radiative corrections PACS 12.40.Bv, 13.35.Dx, 13.40.Em, 13.40.Ks 1 Introduction τ ππν predicted from e+e− data corrected by IB ! effects was underestimated by more than 4σ with re- Currently, the accuracy of the Standard Model spect to the average of direct measurements [4, 6]. prediction of the muon anomalous magnetic moment Given this `e+e− vs τ discrepancy'2), it is believed aµ = (g 2)=2 is limited by the uncertainties of that τ decay data does not provide at present a re- − had;LO hadronic contributions [1, 2]. The dominant term in liable determination of aµ (currently, other use- had;LO the leading order hadronic contribution aµ and ful contributions from τ decay data involve only the an important part of its associated uncertainty is pro- 2π and 4π channels [2]).
    [Show full text]
  • Orsay Tau Workshop Was Situation Is Far from Clear
    page 3). The RFQ has superseded linear collider ideas aired in reports of the annular coupled structure, a the large high-voltage systems pre­ from SLAC (Stanford), CERN, KEK new coupled-cell configuration. viously necessary in ion accelerator (Japan), and Novosibirsk. Prototyping and construction of injection systems and makes com­ The larger, more exotic and some parts of the JHP linac is un­ pact linacs possible, even for a more expensive these machines derway at KEK. space-based system. Exhibited at become, the more the engineering Linac technology has taken root the conference was the 1 MeV must depart from cut-and-try to ac­ in several fields outside of the par­ RFQ successfully tested aboard a curate design. Thus another tech­ ticle physics laboratories. One new rocket in a Los Alamos defence nological advance is in computer community with more than 16 pro­ technology project. design codes. The newer codes jects represented at Linac90 and Among many other advanced can handle r.f. cavities, beam op­ surveyed by C. Pellegrini (UCLA) is RFQ projects heard at Linac90 tics elements, and beam dynamics developing the free electron laser, were the 250 mA unit at CERN re­ with greater accuracy. This has requiring a high intensity electron li­ ported by M. Weiss; the 100% been important for RFQ and super­ nac. One example, reported by P. duty-factor 75 mA RFQ at Chalk conducting cavity development, O'Shea (Los Alamos), will run 300 River, reported by G. McMichael; and design of any high perfor­ A at 40 MeV. and a variable-energy RFQ for hea­ mance machine.
    [Show full text]
  • Electroweak Symmetry Breaking in Historical Perspective
    FERMILAB–PUB–15/058–T Electroweak Symmetry Breaking in Historical Perspective Chris Quigg∗ Theoretical Physics Department Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory P.O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510 USA The discovery of the Higgs boson is a major milestone in our progress toward understanding the natural world. A particular aim of this article is to show how diverse ideas came together in the conception of electroweak symmetry breaking that led up to the discovery. I will also survey what we know that we did not know before, what properties of the Higgs boson remain to be established, and what new questions we may now hope to address. I. INTRODUCTION The first goal of this article is to sketch how a broad range of concepts, drawn mainly from weak-interaction A lively continuing conversation between experiment phenomenology, gauge field theories, and condensed- and theory has brought us to a radically simple con- matter physics, came together in the electroweak the- ception of the material world. Fundamental particles ory. The presentation complements the construction of the electroweak theory given in my pre-discovery article, called quarks and leptons are the stuff of direct expe- 26 rience, and two new laws of nature govern their in- “Unanswered Questions in the Electroweak Theory”. teractions. Pursuing clues from experiment, theorists Presentations similar in spirit may be found in Refs. have constructed the electroweak theory1–3 and quantum 27,28. Next, I will briefly summarize what we now know chromodynamics,4–7 refined them within the framework about the Higgs boson, what the discovery has taught of local gauge symmetries, and elaborated their conse- us, and why the discovery is important to our conception quences.
    [Show full text]
  • Training Activity Net CONTRACTNO
    lavi Training Activity net CONTRACT NO. 35482 01/10/2009 — 30/09/2010 We report on the fourth year Training and TOK activities of the Marie Curie Research and Training Network FLAVIAnet. The Training and TOK activities have been organized, supervised and coordinated among the several nodes by the FLAVIAnet Training Committee composed by M. Davier (Orsay), S. Descotes Genon (Orsay), P. Krizan (Ljubljana), P. Hernandez (Valencia), T. Mannel (Siegen), C. T. Sachrajda (Southampton) and chaired by N. Brambilla (Technical U. Munich). In the following we report the training and TOK achievements for each of the eleven FLAVIAnet nodes in the period 01/10/2009–30/09/2010. As it is detailed in the several sections of the report, for each node the training and transfer of knowledge program has been articulated at the following levels: • Individual training • Intra-Node Training • Inter-Node Training • Network Training The General Training Measures have been organized in: the Annual General Meeting held at the Technical University in Munich in September 2010 (and detailed in the FLAVIAnet Research Report), the Annual European Flavour Physics School and several Research Training Workshops (detailed in the FLAVIAnet Research Report). The annual Flavianet school took place in Bern, Switzerland, from June 21 to July 2, 2010. This year school was mainly aimed at PhD students and postdocs of the network, but was of course open to external participants. The number of students was 43, of which 18 from Bern, and we had 11 lecturers (for details see the report of Node 9). The school was organized as follows: 2 blocks of 2x45 min.
    [Show full text]
  • Light Cone Gauge Quantization of Strings, Dynamics of D-Brane and String Dualities
    Light Cone Gauge Quantization of Strings, Dynamics of D-brane and String dualities. Muhammad Ilyas1 Department of Physics Government College University Lahore, Pakistan Abstract This review aims to show the Light cone gauge quantization of strings. It is divided up into three parts. The first consists of an introduction to bosonic and superstring theories and a brief discussion of Type II superstring theories. The second part deals with different configurations of D-branes, their charges and tachyon condensation. The third part contains the compactification of an extra dimension, the dual picture of D-branes having electric as well as magnetic field and the different dualities in string theories. In ten dimensions, there exist five consistent string theories and in eleven dimensions there is a unique M-Theory under these dualities, the different superstring theoies are the same underlying M-Theory. 1ilyas [email protected] M.Phill thesis in Mathematics and Physics Dec 27, 2013 Author: Muhammad Ilyas Supervisor: Dr. Asim Ali Malik i Contents Abstract i INTRODUCTION 1 BOSONIC STRING THEORY 6 2.1 The relativistic string action . 6 2.1.1 The Nambu-Goto string action . 7 2.1.2 Equation of motions, boundary conditions and D-branes . 7 2.2 Constraints and wave equations . 9 2.3 Open string Mode expansions . 10 2.4 Closed string Mode expansions . 12 2.5 Light cone solution and Transverse Virasoro Modes . 14 2.6 Quantization and Commutations relations . 18 2.7 Transverse Verasoro operators . 22 2.8 Lorentz generators and critical dimensions . 27 2.9 State space and mass spectrum . 29 SUPERSTRINGS 32 3.1 The super string Action .
    [Show full text]