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Outbreaks of Nutritional Cardiomyopathy in Pigs in Brazil

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Outbreaks of Nutritional Cardiomyopathy in Pigs in Brazil Outbreaks of nutritional cardiomyopathy in pigs in Brazil Pesq. Vet. Bras. 38(8):573-579, August 2019 DOI: 10.1590/1678-5150-PVB-6248 Brasil]. [Surtos de cardiomiopatia nutricional em suínos no Original Article Cruz R.A.S., Bassuino D.M., Reis M.O., Laisse C.M.J., Livestock Diseases Pavarini S.P., Sonne L., Kessler A.M. & Driemeier D. 573- ISSN 0100-736X (Print) 579 ISSN 1678-5150 (Online) PVB-6248 LD Outbreaks of nutritional cardiomyopathy in pigs in Brazil1 Raquel A.S. Cruz2 , Daniele M. Bassuino2, Matheus O. Reis2, Cláudio J.M. Laisse2, Saulo P. Pavarin2 , Luciana Sonne2 3 and David Driemeier2* ABSTRACT.- Cruz R.A.S., Bassuino D.M.,, ReisAlexandre M.O., Laisse M. Kessler C.J.M., Pavarini S.P., Sonne L., Kessler A.M. & Driemeier D. 2019. Outbreaks of nutritional cardiomyopathy in pigs in Brazil. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 39(8):573-579. Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a condition that affects the myocardium, seldom reported in pigs. The DCM is characterized by ventricular dilation, which results in systolic and secondary diastolic dysfunction and can lead to arrhythmia and fatal congestive heart studies.failure. This Naturally study describedoccurring thecases clinical, of DCM pathological, in three swine chemical farms and were toxicological investigated findings through of nutritional dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in nursery pigs through natural and experimental piglets,necropsy which (fourteen were divided pigs), microscopic, into three groups virological, of three chemical piglets each. and Group toxicological 1 was fed exams with thefor suspectedthe detection diet of of the the etiology. naturally The occurring experimental cases, studyGroup was 2 with conducted half of the with suspected nine 40 days-olddiet and half of a control diet, and Group 3 received only the control diet. Clinical signs were recorded. All pigs were submitted of euthanized, necropsie and collection sample for laboratories bilateral cardiac dilatation associated to hepatic enhanced lobular pattern (nutmeg liver) andexams, lungs after edema. 15 days Microscopically, of experiment the onset. heart At revealed the necropsy, severe all hypertrophy naturally occurring and vacuolization cases had soybean meal. After the suspected feed was replaced, clinically ill pigs recovered, and of cardiomyocytes, as well as myofiber disarray. Feed analysis revealed low-quality standard and diarrhea. At the necropsy, these animals had similar gross and microscopic lesions to themortality natural ceased. cases. TheAt the nutritional experimental DCM instudy, pigs twomay piglets be associated from Group to the 1 diet had with cough, low-quality dyspnea soybeanINDEX TERMS: meal, Outbreak, as it was nutritional further confirmed cardiomyopathy, through pigs, an Brazil, experimental swine, cardiomyopathy, study. heart, diet, soyben meal, heart failure. RESUMO.- [Surtos de cardiomiopatia nutricional em suínos no Brasil.] Cardiomiopatia dilatada (CMD) é uma condição que afeta o miocárdio, raramente relatada em secundária e pode levar a arritmias e insuficiência cardíaca porcos. A DCM é caracterizada por dilatação ventricular, congestiva fatal. Este estudo descreve os achados clínicos, que resulta em disfunção sistólica e disfunção diastólica patológicos, químicos e toxicológicos da CMD em suínos de creche através de estudos naturais e experimentais. 1 Received on March 12, 2019. Investigaram-se três granjas com surtos de mortalidade Accepted for publication on April 1, 2019. por CMD através de exames de necropsia (catorze suínos), 2 Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Porto microscópicos, virológicos, químicos e toxicológicos para a Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil. *Corresponding author: [email protected] detecção da etiologia. O estudo experimental foi conduzido 3 Laboratório de Ensino Zootécnico, UFRGS, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, dietacom novesuspeita leitões dos decasos 40 naturais;dias de idade, o 2 com divididos metade daem dieta três Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000. suspeitagrupos de e trêsmetade leitões de cada.dieta Ocontrole; grupo 1 efoi o 3alimentado recebeu apenas com a 573 574 Raquel A.S. Cruz et al. MATERIALS AND METHODS Natural cases: clinical, epidemiological and histopathological a dieta controle. Sinais clínicos foram registrados. Todos os features. From 2011 to 2014 eight porcine samples of multiple suínos foram submetidos a eutanásia, necropsia para a coleta organs from three farms in Southern Brazil with high mortality de amostras para exames laboratoriais após 15 dias do início rates of nursery-growing pigs Paraná (A), Rio Grande do Sul (B), do experimento. Na necropsia, todos os leitões dos casos and Mato Grosso do Sul (C)] had microscopical lesions consistent enaturais edema apresentavam pulmonar. Microscopicamente, dilatação cardíaca bilateral o coração associada revelou a with congestive heart failure. On-site visits to the three farms were padrão lobular hepático aumentado (fígado de noz-moscada) performed and data regarding the clinical signs and epidemiology were obtained with the clinician veterinarians. Fourteen piglets hipertrofia severa e vacuolização de cardiomiócitos, bem como with clinical signs of cough and dyspnea from A (4 piglets), B (6) desordem de miofibras. A análise da ração demonstrou que porcoso farelo clinicamente de soja apresentava doentes baixa recuperaram solubilidade e a mortalidadeo que indica baixa qualidade. Após a substituição da ração suspeita, os and farm C (4) were subjected to euthanasia followed by necropsy. apresentaram tosse, dispneia e diarreia. Na necropsia, esses andMultiple eosin tissue (HE). samples Heart weresections collected, were fixed also instained 10% neutral with periodicbuffered animaiscessou. apresentavamNo estudo experimental, lesões macroscópicas dois leitões e macroscópicas do grupo 1 acid-Schiffformalin, processed (PAS) and for histopathology,Masson’s trichrome and stained (MT) with to characterize hematoxylin with Perl’s Prussian blue stain to highlight the congestive heart similar aos casos naturais. A CMD nutricional em suínos pode failuremorphologically lesions (heart the cardiac failure injury.cells). Lung sections were also stained estar associado à dieta com farelo de soja de baixa qualidade, Experimental study. como foi confirmado através de um estudo experimental. during 15 days with nine 40-day-old piglets (15kg of weight), which TERMOS DE INDEXAÇÃO: Surtos, cardiomiopatia nutricional, suínos, The experimental study was conducted Brasil, coração, dieta, farelo de soja, insuficiência cardíaca. INTRODUCTION Thewere suspected further divided feed was into collected three groups: at the farm 1 (suspected B, and was feed), formulated 2 (50% Cardiomyopathy (CM) refers to conditions that cause structural suspected feed + 50% control feed) and 3 (100% control feed). and/or functional abnormalities in the myocardium with their respective diet and water ad libitum with corn, soybean meal and commercial premix. The animals received concomitant dilatation or hypertrophy of one or both ventricles period, were daily monitored and weekly weighed. for the experimental and possibly all four chambers of the heart (Richardson et al. All nine pigs were humanely euthanized as required by current 1996, Elliott et al. 2008, Harvey & Leinwand 2011). It affects legislation under the approval of the UFRGS Ethics and Animal humans and domestic animals and may be categorized into three morphologic forms: dilated (congestive), hypertrophic The carcasses were weighed and at necropsy multiple tissues, were Experimentation Committee (approval protocol number 29467). and restrictive (Richardson et al. 1996, Elliott et al. 2008). Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a primary or secondary each pig was collected and weighed after the blood was drained. collected and fixed in 10% buffered formalin. The whole heart from myocardial disorder of characterized by the reduced contractility and ventricular dilation involving the left or both ventricles determined (Turk 1983, Richardson et al. 1996). The heart weight/body weight (HW:BW) coefficient was then (O’Grady & O’Sullivan 2004, Miller & Gal 2017). It is an important Chemical and toxicological analysis. Liver samples collected cause of congestive heart failure in animals (Czarnecki 1984, Edwards 1987, Lobo & Pereira 2002, O’Grady & O’Sullivan were frozen at -20°C to evaluate vitamin E and selenium levels. Liver from the necropsied pigs of farm B and from the experimental study 2004, Miller & Gal 2017, Collins et al. 2015). DCM is been studied in many species, but it has been determineand heart samplesthe levels previously of other minerals.fixed in 10% Feed formalin samples from from piglets farms of farms B and C and from the experimental groups were used to 2002, O’Grady & O’Sullivan 2004). One form of DCM known as “roundextensively heart studied disease” in hasdogs been (Sisson discovered et al. 1999, in turkeys, Lobo & and Pereira this according to the substances and methodologies shown in Table 1. A andA protein B were analysis collected (proteinogram) for chemical wasand performedtoxicological on analysesthe feed (Czarnecki 1984, Stenzel et al. 2008). In cattle, DCM with a sample from farm B, with the dosage of the following amino acids: familialform of geneticDCM does origin not has
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