ICCS 2009 Encyclopedia Approaches to Civic and Citizenship Education Around the World
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ICCS 2009 Encyclopedia Approaches to civic and citizenship education around the world Edited by: John Ainley Wolfram Schulz Tim Friedman ICCS 2009 Encyclopedia 1 2 ICCS 2009 ENCYCLOPEDIA ICCS 2009 Encyclopedia Approaches to civic and citizenship education around the world Edited by John Ainley Wolfram Schulz Tim Friedman 3 Copyright © 2013 International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA) All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without permission in writing from the copyright holder. ISBN/EAN: 978-90-79549-20-7 Copies of this publication can be obtained from: The Secretariat International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement Herengracht 487 1017 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands Telephone + 31 20 625 3625 Fax + 31 20 420 7136 Email: [email protected] Website: www.iea.nl Copyedited by Paula Wagemaker Editorial Services, Oturehua, Central Otago, New Zealand, and Katy Ellsworth Editorial Services, Delta BC, Canada Design and production by Becky Bliss Design and Production, Wellington, New Zealand Printed by MultiCopy Netherlands b.v. 4 ICCS 2009 ENCYCLOPEDIA Foreword The International Civic and Citizenship Education Study (ICCS) is the largest international study of civic and citizenship education ever conducted. Over 140,000 Grade 8 students, 62,000 teachers, and 5,300 school principals from 38 countries participated in this study, carried out by the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA). The association is an independent, international cooperative of national research agencies, which, for over 50 years, has conducted large-scale comparative studies of educational achievement and reported on key aspects of education systems and processes. ICCS was the third IEA study on civics and citizenship education. The first was conducted in 1971 (nine countries participating) and the second in 1999 (28 countries). Both played an important role not only in terms of initiating or adding to the debate on the education of future citizens but also in terms of triggering education reforms in this area in a number of countries. ICCS was able to help some countries evaluate their reforms 10 years on from the second study and to help several others clarify concepts and policy in preparation for reforms. The ICCS assessment addressed students’ civic knowledge and understanding, perceptions and attitudes, and engagement and behavior. It also collected information on various aspects of students’ home backgrounds. Separate regional modules (Asian, European, and Latin American) investigated issues of specific importance to civic and citizenship education in those regions. ICCS furthermore collected data from policymakers, school principals, and teachers on various civic and citizenship education-related aspects of the participating education systems and their schools and classrooms. ICCS has contributed substantially to our knowledge about civic and citizenship education in schools and about how diverse countries prepare their young people for citizenship. The study’s approach of collecting data at a number of levels and from different perspectives disclosed many issues important for policymakers and practitioners in this area of education. The study’s findings have been published in a series of reports presenting international and regional data on students’ knowledge, attitudes, and behavior, and on related family and school-level factors. This volume presents a broader context within which to review the findings on preparing future citizens. Elements of this context include each participating country’s historical background and political characteristics, the structure of its education system, and the place of civic and citizenship education in its curricula at the time when data were collected from students and their teachers. By complementing the assessment data, this current publication helps education stakeholders and the educational research community, as well as interested others, better understand the associations among civic and citizenship education-related policies, practices, and outcomes. International studies of the scale of ICCS would not be possible without the dedication, skill, cooperation, and support of a large number of individuals, institutions, and organizations from around the world. The study was organized by a consortium of three partner institutions: the Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER), the National Foundation for Educational Research (NFER) in the United Kingdom, and the Laboratorio di Pedagogia sperimentale (LPS) at the Roma Tre University in Italy. These institutions worked in close cooperation with the IEA Secretariat, the IEA Data Processing and Research Center (DPC), and the study’s national research coordinators. 5 I would like to express thanks, on behalf of IEA, to the study’s leaders—John Ainley, Julian Fraillon, and Wolfram Schulz from ACER, David Kerr from NFER, and Bruno Losito from LPS, as well as to all the researchers from the consortium institutions involved in the project. I also extend special thanks to the members of the Project Advisory Committee for the guidance they offered throughout the four years of the study, as well as to other experts who helped develop the instruments and reviewed the reports. The IEA Publication and Editorial Committee provided helpful suggestions for improvement of earlier versions of the report, and Katy Ellsworth and Paula Wagemaker edited the document. Much of the credit for the content of the encyclopedia must be reserved for the authors of the chapters from the participating ICCS countries as well as for Tim Friedman (ACER) and Alana Yu (IEA Secretariat) for preparing chapters for this volume. IEA studies rely on national teams headed by the national research coordinators in participating countries. They are the people who manage and execute the study at the national level. Their contribution is highly appreciated. It is therefore with deep regret that I note the passing away of two of our colleagues, Ms Graciela Sosa Salguerio from Paraguay and Professor Constantinos Papanastasiou from Cyprus. Both were national research coordinators and co-authors of their country’s encyclopedia chapter, and both died in 2012 before completion of this volume. This study would not be possible without the participation of many students, teachers, school administrators, and policymakers within the participating countries. The education world benefits from their commitment. Finally, I would like to thank the study’s funders. A project of this size is not possible without considerable financial support. Funding for ICCS was provided by the European Commission Directorate-General for Education and Culture in the form of a grant to the European countries participating in the project, and by the Inter-American Development Bank through SREDECC (Regional System for the Evaluation and Development of Citizenship Competencies). Funding also came from the ministries of education and many other organizations in all participating countries. Dr Hans Wagemaker EXECUTIVE Director, IEA 6 ICCS 2009 ENCYCLOPEDIA Contents Foreword 5 Introduction 9 Country Chapters Austria 29 Martina Zandonella Belgium (Flemish Community) 39 Saskia De Groof and Eva Franck Bulgaria 51 Svetla Petrova Chile 61 Catalina Covacevic Chinese Taipei 69 Meihui Liu, Tzu-Bin Lin, and Jui-Chun Tsai Colombia 77 Isabel Fernandes Cyprus 89 Constantinos Papanastasiou and Mary Koutselini Czech Republic 101 Peter Soukup Denmark 111 Jens Bruun Dominican Republic 121 Angela Martinez, Josefina Zaiter, Julio Leonardo Valeirón, Ancell Scheker, and Massiel Cohen England 129 Julie Nelson and David Kerr Estonia 139 Anu Toots Finland 151 Pekka Kupari and Annikka Suoninen Greece 161 Gitsa Kontogiannopoulou-Polydorides and Maria Ntelikou Guatemala 177 Mario von Ahn Alburez, Ana Lucia Morales Sierra, and Luisa Müller Durán Hong Kong SAR 185 Wing On Lee and Kerry J. Kennedy Republic of Ireland 195 Kevin McCarthy, Robert Kirkpatrick, Jude Cosgrove, and Lorraine Gilleece Italy 211 Genny Terrinoni and Cristina Stringher Republic of Korea 227 Tae-Jun Kim 7 Latvia 237 Ireta Cekse and Andris Kangro Liechtenstein 249 Horst Biedermann Luxembourg 259 Joseph Britz, Louise Crosby, and Romain Martin Malta 269 Josephine Vassallo and Raymond Camilleri Mexico 281 María Concepción Medina González The Netherlands 293 Ralf Maslowski and Greetje van der Werf New Zealand 303 Kate Lang Norway 313 Rolf Mikkelsen and Dag Fjeldstad Paraguay 323 Graciela Sosa Salguerio, Rosana Marcoré de Martínez, and Lilian Marieli Velázquez López Poland 329 Anna Wiłkomirska and Anna Zieli´nska The Russian Federation 341 Galina Kovaleva, Peter Polodzevets, and Elena Routkovskaya The Slovak Republic 353 Ervin Štava Slovenia 361 Marjan Šimenc and Mitja Sardocˇ Sweden 373 Fredrik Lind Switzerland 389 Fritz Oser and Horst Biedermann Thailand 397 Siriporn Boonyananta and Somwung Pitiyanuwat Appendix 405 8 ICCS 2009 ENCYCLOPEDIA Introduction Overview of ICCS 2009 The International Civic and Citizenship Education Study (ICCS 2009) investigated the ways in which countries prepare their young people to undertake their roles as citizens. It studied student knowledge and understanding of civics and citizenship as well as student attitudes, perceptions, and activities related to civics and citizenship. ICCS also examined