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Sequence Stratigraphy and Micro-Image Analysis SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY AND MICRO-IMAGE ANALYSIS OF THE UPPER MORROW SANDSTONE IN THE MUSTANG EAST FIELD, MORTON COUNTY, KANSAS By Adam A. DeVries Bachelor of Science in Arts and Science Tennessee Technological University Cookeville, Tennessee May, 2003 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE May, 2005 SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY AND MICRO-IMAGE ANALYSIS OF THE UPPER MORROW SANDSTONE IN THE MUSTANG EAST FIELD, MORTON COUNTY, KANSAS Thesis Approved: Dr. James Puckette __________________________________ Thesis Adviser Dr. Stan Paxton __________________________________ Dr. Surinder Sahai __________________________________ Dr. Gordon Emslie __________________________________ Dean of the Graduate College ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express sincere appreciation to my advisor, Dr. James O. Puckette, for his friendship and guidance throughout this thesis. His unwavering good nature has constantly reminded me that there is more to geology than just completion of a project. I am indebted to my advisory committee Dr. Stan Paxton and Dr. Surinder Sahai for their invaluable suggestions and advice as this project neared completion. I would also like to thank our late Doc Al, whose brief influence on my academic career will be preciously remembered from that point on. A special thanks goes to Mr. Frank Gagliardi for suggesting this project and to Dominion Exploration and Production for providing me with the data set and the technology to process it. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Mary Fetters and Payne Thompson for their technical assistance in preparing this document and to Greg Flournoy of Schlumberger for his assistance in interpreting the image log data. I would like to thank my fellow graduate students, Melissa Stefos and Alischa Krystyniak for their priceless friendship and support over the past two years. Finally I would like to dedicate this thesis to my late father, Daniel M. DeVries. You are still dearly missed everyday. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. Introduction...........................................................................................1 General Statement ..........................................................................1 Objectives........................................................................................3 Study Area.......................................................................................4 Previous Investigations....................................................................6 II. Geologic Setting ...................................................................................8 Regional Stratigraphy......................................................................8 Tectonic Setting.............................................................................10 Paleogeography/Climate ...............................................................11 III. Sequence Stratigraphy .......................................................................15 Introduction....................................................................................15 Incised Valley-Fill / Estuarine Model..............................................20 Upper Morrowan Sediment Supply................................................24 IV. Petrography, Facies Classification and Reservoir Quality ..................26 Core Analysis ................................................................................26 Facies Descriptions/Reservoir Quality...........................................31 Fluvial Facies......................................................................31 Estuarine Facies.................................................................41 Marine Facies .....................................................................45 Summary .......................................................................................45 V. Facies Analysis Using Micro-Resistivity Images .................................49 Micro-Resistivity Tools...................................................................49 Facies Designation by Chromatic Variation...................................51 Image Log Cross-Section Analysis ................................................59 Summary........................................................................................63 VI. Conclusions ..........................................................................................6 iv References Cited........................................................................................... 68 Appendix A: Petrologs...................................................................................72 Appendix B: Formation Micro-Images, Core Photos, Thin Section Locations, and Core-derived Porosity and Permeability............76 v List of Tables Table Page 1. Lithofacies designation, description, and reservoir qualities ...............28 2. Porosity and permeability averages by facies.....................................48 3. Micro-Image log facies characteristics................................................53 vi List of Figures Figure Page 1. Hugoton Embayment and tectonic features of the Mid-Continent.........2 2. Location of the study area.....................................................................5 3. Stratigraphic Column of the Morrowan stage, Mustang East Field, Hugoton Embayment ...........................................9 4. Paleogeography during Morrowan time at periods of relative low sea level (A) and high sea level (B) .................................12 5. Reconstruction of paleogeography, equator position, and plate boundaries during Morrowan time ......................................14 6. Stratal patterns in a type 1 sequence..................................................16 7. Coastal onlap curve for the Carboniferous..........................................19 8. Diagrammatic Morrowan incised valley-fill sequences ........................21 9. Incised valley-fill model .......................................................................23 10. Mustang East upper Morrow sandstone net isopach. Cored wells highlighted in red .............................................................27 11. Core photographs and facies designations. Dominion Blout 3-5…………………………..…………………………….30 12. Core photographs and facies designations. Dominion Blout 6-5…………………………..…………………………….32 13. Core photographs and facies designations. Dominion Blout 7-5…………………………..…………………………….33 14. Photomicrographs of the F1 facies showing detrital vii and authigenic constituents................................................................35 15. Photomicrographs of detrital and authigenic constituents and porosity types in the F1 facies.....................................................36 16. Photomicrograph of fractured clay clasts and micropores in the F1 facies..................................................................................37 17. Photomicrographs of a typical F2 sandstone showing porosity and authigenic constituents......................................................................39 18. Scanning electron microscopy photographs of facies F2 showing detrital grains and authigenic dolomite and clays.................40 19. Photomicrograph showing porosity, detrital and authigenic constituents in facies F3.....................................................................42 20. Photomicrographs of a typical F4 sandstone showing detrital and authigenic constituents..............................................................43 21. Photomicrographs of E1 facies sandstone.........................................46 22. Schematic design of a Micro-Imaging tool (Schlumberger, 2002)......50 23. Core photo and static FMI image. Shows 360 degree coverage with facies identified. ..........................................................52 24. Facies F1 micro-image log characteristics .........................................55 25. Facies F2 micro-image log characteristics .........................................56 26. Facies F3 micro-image log characteristics .........................................57 27. Facies F4 micro-image log characteristics .........................................58 28. Mapable, micro-image-log derived facies, Mustang East field............60 29. Map of sandstone thickness shows location of cross-section lines....61 viii List of Plates Plate Page 1. Cross-section A A’ .......................................................................In Pocket 2. Cross-section B B’ .......................................................................In Pocket 3. Cross-section C C’ .......................................................................In Pocket 4. Cross-section D D’ .......................................................................In Pocket 5. Cross-section E E’ .......................................................................In Pocket ix Chapter I Introduction General Statement The objective of this study is to analyze cored lithofacies and interpret reservoir properties of the upper Morrow sandstone within the Mustang East field of Morton County Kansas. The upper Morrow sandstone is an important oil and gas- producing reservoir. This study will focus on deciphering the relationship between depositional facies and the reservoir quality of petroleum-bearing rocks. The upper Morrow has long been a lucrative exploration target within the Hugoton Embayment of the Anadarko Basin (Figure 1). The relatively shallow
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