16 Ings Lane Arksey South Yorkshire

Archaeological Services WYAS Report No. 2794 16 Ings Lane Arksey, South Yorkshire

Archaeological Evaluation

Summary An archaeological evaluation consisting of the excavation of three trenches was carried out on the site. The evaluation revealed no significant archaeological remains or deposits, despite the potential for medieval activity considered to be high within the proposed development area.

Archaeological Services WYAS Report No. 2794 16 Ings Lane Arksey, South Yorkshire

Report Information Client: John Wade Address: The Orchard, Ings Lane, Arksey, Doncaster, DN5 0SZ Report Type: Archaeological Evaluation Location: Arksey County: South Yorkshire Grid Reference: SE 58080 06770 Period(s) of activity represented: None Report Number: 2794 Project Number: 6138 Site Code: ARK15 Planning Application No.: N/A Museum Accession No.: Not allocated Date of fieldwork: 5th August 2015 Date of report: September 2015 Project Management: Jane Richardson PhD MCIfA Fieldwork supervisor: Ross Bishop BSc Report: Zoe Horn Illustrations: Zoe Horn Photography: Ross Bishop

Authorisation for distribution: ------

Archaeological Services WYAS Report No. 2794 16 Ings Lane Arksey, South Yorkshire

Contents Report information ...... ii Contents ...... iii List of Figures ...... iv List of Plates ...... iv

1 Introduction ...... 1 Site location and topography ...... 1 Soils, geology and land-use ...... 1 2 Archaeological and Historical Background ...... 1 3 Catalogue of Heritage Assets ...... 4 4 Aims and Objectives ...... 7 5 Methodology ...... 7 6 Results ...... 8 7 Discussion and Conclusions ...... 10 Figures Plates

Appendices Appendix 1: Written Scheme of Investigation Appendix 2: Inventory of primary archive Appendix 3: Concordance of contexts yielding artefacts or environmental remains

Bibliography

iii

Archaeological Services WYAS Report No. 2794 16 Ings Lane Arksey, South Yorkshire

List of Figures 1 Site location 2 Trial trench locations 3 Extract from the 1830 Enclosure Plan of Arksey, showing the proposed development area highlighted in blue 4 Extract from the 1849 OS map of Arksey, showing the proposed development area highlighted in blue 5 Extract from the 1904 OS map of Arksey, showing the proposed development area highlighted in blue 6 Extract from the 1928 OS map of Arksey, showing the proposed development area highlighted in blue 7 Extract from the 1948 OS map of Arksey, showing the proposed development area highlighted in blue

List of Plates 1 Trench 1, looking north-east 2 Trench 2, looking north-west 3 Trench 3 looking north-east

List of Tables 1 Trench 1 2 Trench 2 3 Trench 3

Archaeological Services WYAS Report No. 2794 16 Ings Lane Arksey, South Yorkshire

1 Introduction Archaeological Services WYAS (ASWYAS) were commissioned by John Wade to carry out an archaeological evaluation on land 16 Ings Lane, Arksey, South Yorkshire (Fig. 1). The work was carried out in accordance of the Written Scheme of Investigation for the project, prepared by ASWYAS (Appendix 1). In addition to an evaluation by trial trenching, Andy Lines of the South Yorkshire Archaeology Service (SYAS) also required that a detailed archaeological and historical background of the site be undertaken. Site location and topography The small village of Arksey, is located approximately 3km north-east of Doncaster town centre. The site is situated within the centre of the modern settlement, to the south west of All Saints Church. Its south western boundary is Ings Lane. The site is generally flat and covers an area of approximately 175 sq metres. Soils, geology and land-use The underlying bedrock of the site comprises Nottingham Castle Sandstone Formation with superficial silty clay deposits of the Hemingbrough Glaciolacustrine Formation (British Geological Survey 2015). The soils of the area are described as Glaciofluvial drift and comprise well drained sandy and coarse loamy soils (Soil Survey of England and Wales 1983).

2 Archaeological and Historical Background The proposed development area lies within the historic core of the village of Arksey. Arksey is likely to have been a wealthy medieval settlement as indicated by the presence of a large 13th-century medieval church, moated site and the early post-medieval almshouses and school. The potential for medieval occupation of the site was considered to be high although the potential for prehistoric and Roman occupation is less certain. Possible Iron Age or Romano-British enclosures, identified as cropmarks, are recorded to the north-east of the site, highlighting the possibility of that remains of this date may survive within the settlement core. In 2004, an archaeological evaluation was undertaken on the nearby Station Road (110m northwest). The trenching revealed a series of medieval features including gullies, pits and post-holes dating to the 12th and 14th centuries. Evidence of metalworking was also recovered from both medieval and post-medieval contexts, along with environmental material. Prehistoric periods (c. 10,000 – AD 43) The earliest human activity within northern Britain probably followed the retreat of the ice sheets around 10,000 BC, as small nomadic groups gradually moved north with the improving climate. Evidence for human activity in the Palaeolithic period is sparse in South

Archaeological Services WYAS Report No. 2794 16 Ings Lane Arksey, South Yorkshire

Yorkshire and no evidence for Palaeolithic activity has been identified in the vicinity of the study area. The post-glacial landscape largely comprised treeless tundra, but by the early Mesolithic period, about 7600 BC, this gave way to woodland as the climate improved. Such environmental change increased the potential for human activity as the spread of woodland led to the expansion in animal and plant resources. The nomadic nature of the Mesolithic groups meant that they left few remains and archaeological evidence for this period is largely limited to finds of flint implements (Manby et al. 2003). No activity relating to the Mesolithic period is represented near the proposed development area. The Neolithic and early Bronze Age periods are traditionally seen as marking the introduction of farming, as nomadic hunter-gatherer subsistence gave way to agriculture and the domestication of animals. The population probably remained semi-nomadic during much of the Neolithic and sites of this period are typically represented by scatters of flints, pottery and burnt stone (Manby et al. 2003) often associated with single or multiple pit deposits. The period may also be broadly characterised by the introduction of large ceremonial and funerary monuments (Manby et al. 2003). The Bronze Age, by comparison, witnessed an intensification of agricultural practices with increasing clearance of woodland and the establishment of rudimentary field systems, as well as the emergence of small nucleated settlements with evidence for more identifiable domestic structures. Neolithic activity is not represented within a kilometre of the proposed development site, but a Bronze Age pygmy cup was found approximately 200m to the north west of the site. Iron Age and Roman period The typical settlement pattern in Yorkshire by the Iron Age was of rural farmsteads surrounded by field systems and enclosures, linked together by trackways (Haselgrove 1999). Such field systems are extensively documented across much of South Yorkshire (Riley 1980) and are well represented within the immediate environs of the study area (Roberts et al. 2007). By the later Iron Age period, the study area is thought to have fallen within the territory controlled by the Brigantes, who were initially allied to the Romans under their Queen Cartimandua. In AD 69, a dispute between Cartimandu a and her former consort Venutius provided the pretext for Roman invasion which began soon after and was consolidated by AD 72 with the creation of a number of linked forts throughout the area (Ottaway 2003). One such fort was founded at Danum (modern day Doncaster), which formed a central hub for activity being situated at the crossroads of several major road networks, including the Great Northern Road as it became known (Margery 1973), as well as being located at the highest point of the river Don that was navigable by boat. Probable Iron Age or Romano-British field systems and enclosures have been documented 500m to the north-east of the site. Two Roman coins were found to the north of Station Road, approximately 400m to the west of Ings Lane.

Archaeological Services WYAS Report No. 2794 16 Ings Lane Arksey, South Yorkshire

Anglo-Saxon and Medieval periods (AD 410 to c. 1500) While place names in the general area, such as Conisbrough and Mexborough, probably have a Saxon origin there is little archaeological evidence for settlement in South Yorkshire during the post-Roman and Anglo-Saxon periods. It is known, however, that after the withdrawal of the Romans much of West and South Yorkshire came under the domain of the Saxon kingdom of Elmet, which was itself absorbed into the larger Northumbrian kingdom sometime in the early 7th century (Loveluck 2003). While much of northern and central England subsequently fell under the Danelaw established following conquests by the Viking ‘great army’ in the latter half of the 9th century AD (Hall 2003), the resurgent kingdom of Wessex was able to bring the area back under Saxon control and it remained so until the Norman invasion of 1066 AD. Although, no features of Saxon or Viking origin are known from the study area, the site is situated on Ings Lane, which is a Norse wording meaning water meadows and marshes. Following the Norman Conquest Arksey features in the Doomsday book as Archeseia, and being held by a Saxon nobleman named Godric. After this point the area came under the Norman lordship of Roger de Busli although little is subsequently known of the detailed development of the area. The village of Arksey had its origins in this period with the building of Church around 1120. The site of Round About Moat 500m to the north-west of the proposed development area is the only Scheduled Monument within the study area. The monument is a small moated site comprising a rectangular island c.30m x 50m surrounded by a wet moat crossed by a causeway near the centre of the north side. The extension of the moat, evident at its north east corner, represents an integral fishpond. The surface of the island is grass-covered and no evidence of the buildings which formerly occupied the site are visible on the surface. The existence of stonework below the present ground surface however, has been indicated by probing. In addition, 14th and 15th-century pottery sherds have been found in mole upcasts on the island (SMR 00399/01 SM number 1013656). A further moated site Moat Hills (SMR 00397/01 SM number 1013655) is located 1km south-west of the site. Post-medieval and modern period (c. 1500 to present) The landscape of South Yorkshire underwent considerable change, including the immediate environs of Arksey, during the post-medieval period as the more accessible shallow coal deposits, mainly located towards the west of the county, were developed. Growing demand and new mining technologies and infrastructures were developed which facilitated the exploitation of deeper sections of the South Yorkshire Coalfields further to the east (Hill 2001). This rapid expansion of the coalfields mainly occurred during the 19th and into the early 20th century and was accompanied by the growth of established urban areas or in some cases the foundation of entirely new purpose-built villages to accommodate the growing workforce and their families. Cartographic evidence indicates that much of the area extending south from Ings Lane along Arksey Road remained undeveloped until the early 20th century and comprised mainly of enclosed agricultural field systems until this point. Arksey was enclosed in 1830 and maps

Archaeological Services WYAS Report No. 2794 16 Ings Lane Arksey, South Yorkshire show almost the same village layout until 1928, when residential developments began to appear to the south of the site. The proposed development site is undeveloped on the enclosure plan of 1830 (Fig. 3) by 1849 the First Edition Ordnance Survey 6 inch map shows three small buildings (Fig. 4). There is no variation in the boundaries by 1904 (Fig. 5). The 1928 and 1948 Ordnance Survey maps show the same boundary and no further development (Figs. 6 and 7).

3 Catalogue of Heritage Assets Catalogue entries for heritage assets recorded on the SYAS HER and those identified as part of this assessment in a 500m radius of the proposed development area are tabulated below. Each entry includes a National Grid Reference (NGR) number and where appropriate the relevant HER and Listed Building reference numbers. The catalogue of event and monument records held by SYAS are provided first, followed by a catalogue of listed buildings. Event and Monument Records

Name Grid Ref HER Ref. Description Archaeological SE 57962 ESY336 In March 2004 an archaeological evaluation was Evaluation at Station 06825 undertaken at Station Road. The results of the trial Road, Arksey trenching revealed a series of medieval features including gullies, pits and postholes dating to the 12th and 14th centuries. Evidence of metalworking was also recovered from both medieval and post-medieval contexts along with environmental evidence. Archaeological SE 57458 ESY489 In July 1993 a programme of trial trenching was Evaluation of Land 07266 undertaken on land off Stocksbridge Lane in Bentley. off Stocksbridge No archaeological features were located. Lane Archaeological SE 57993 ESY490 In April 1996 an archaeological watching brief was Watching Brief at 06912 undertaken at Church Lane. The excavations revealed Church Lane, Arksey a wall and a well in the northern corner of the site. The site may have formed part of the farm complex adjacent to the site on Church Lane. No evidence suggested that the wall and well were contemporary but both are likely to date to the post-medieval period. Archaeological SE 57944 ESY492 In January 2005 machine assisted removal of topsoil Investigation at the 06885 was undertaken to a depth of 0.4m below the ground Old Vicarage, Arksey surface. No artefacts of archaeological significance were recovered but a well was located probably of pre-modern date. All Saints Church, SE 5791 MSY4062 Norman cruciform church with later additions etc. Arksey 0692 A fine cruciform church of Norman and later date. Only one cross slab, incised on Magnesian Limestone survives.

Archaeological Services WYAS Report No. 2794 16 Ings Lane Arksey, South Yorkshire

Name Grid Ref HER Ref. Description Round About Moat, SE 5772 MSY4065 This is a small moated site comprising a rectangular Arksey 0718 island c. 30m x 50m surrounded by a wet moat, crossed by a causeway near the centre of the north side. The extension of the moat, evident at its north east corner, represents an integral fishpond. The existence of stonework below the present ground surface has been indicated by probing.

Earthworks at Round SE 5773 MSY4066 About Moat, Arksey 0724

Ridge and Furrow at SE 5780 MSY4067 Round About Moat, 0715 Arksey

Possible Fishpond at SE 5780 MSY4068 Round About Moat, 0725 Arksey

Arksey Hall - Late SE 5807 MSY4390 Arksey Hall - late Georgian but with earlier core, Medieval 0708 reputed Tudor. This site is included in a thesis on Halls, Parks and Landscapes in the Doncaster Area of South Yorkshire completed as part of a BA dissertation in 1995 by J.G. Roberts. Stockbridge Farm, SE 5740 MSY4727 Stocksbridge farmhouse -formerly a timber framed Site of Timber 0660 house " ? Part formerly timber framed, replaced in Framde Farmhouse brick".

The Old Vicarage, SE 5810 MSY4745 The Old Vicarage, Arksey. Medieval? "Late 16th/17th Arksey 0670 century".

Iron Age or Romano- Centroid SE MSY5540 Iron Age or Romano-British unclassified cropmark British Unclassified 5859 0726 shown on aerial photographs. Cropmark, Adwick- le-Street / Bentley Stockbridge Possible SE 5740 MSY5734 A possible Medieval deserted village, although not Deserted Medieval 0660 recorded in the Domesday Book and has no church. Settlement

Ridge and Furrow SE 5755 MSY6070 Field with ridge and furrow earthworks. Clearly cultivated land, 0705 identifiable on aerial photographs. Adwick-le-Street / Bentley

Ridge and Furrow SE 5815 MSY6086 Ridge and Furrow Earthworks and Headland. Faint Cultivated Land, 0695 unidentified Earthworks at south-eastern most point Adwick-le-Street/ of Ridge and Furrow area. Bentley

Archaeological Services WYAS Report No. 2794 16 Ings Lane Arksey, South Yorkshire

Name Grid Ref HER Ref. Description Cooke's Almhouses, SE 5787 MSY6222 Almshouses. 1660, gateway rebuilt 1736, 20th- Bentley 0689 century alterations. For Sir Bryan Cooke (d.1660). Cement-rendered magnesian limestone (exposed on right return), 19th-century shaped-tile roof. 12 single- storey dwellings set in U-shaped plan with wing walls to central front gateway enclosing the quadrangle. Roadside front: central gateway has 20th-century wrought-iron gates in renewed ashlar sandstone surround with projecting keystone, pulvinated frieze and plaque with Latin inscription beneath cartouche in coped gable. Terracotta tiles form copings to attached wing walls which link to gable ends of almshouses each having 20th-century casement, shaped kneelers and roll-moulded gable copings. 2 rendered stacks to each ridge. Within quadrangle: central round-arched opening to passage through to rear. Nos 2, 5, 8 and 11 retain cemented chamfered mullioned windows; chamfered door lintels, all painted. Exposed within the passage to rear is the original roof structure with tie beam and rafters pegged at apex. 20th-century additions to rear not of special interest.

Translated inscription of porch plaque cited in Miller (1804) reads: "Bryan Cooke, of Wheatley in the county of York, Esq. by his last will and testament, signed the 3rd day of Jan. A.D. 1660, appointed this building to be erected, a sum of money sufficient for that purposes being bequeathed for the use of twelve persons the most distressed by poverty and age in the parish of Arksey; to each of whom he left 5L. annually, in succession for ever". "Sir George Cooke, Baronet, great grandson of the above named Bryan, rebuilt this porch nearly levelled to the ground by the injuries of time, Oct. 30 A.D. 1736".

Post-Medieval SE 5823 MSY6227 Pinfold. Probably early 19th-century. Rubble Pinfold (Pound), 0671 magnesian limestone with dressed sandstone copings. Bentley with Arksey Circular enclosure approximately 11 metres in diameter with wall approximately 2 metres in height; gate opening in north side with large monolithic jambs; domed copings. This is a particularly well- preserved example.

Archaeological Services WYAS Report No. 2794 16 Ings Lane Arksey, South Yorkshire

Name Grid Ref HER Ref. Description Old Village School SE 5788 MSY6622 School house now youth club. 1683, altered and House, Arksey 0687 extended in 19th century. For Sir George Cooke (d1683). Rubble magnesian limestone, Welsh slate roof. 1 storey, 5 bays; wing to rear right. Large quoins. Blocked central doorway with bolection- moulded surround, pulvinated frieze and broken segmental pediment (formerly with cartouche in tympanum). Other bays have recessed, chamfered surrounds to tall 2-light mullioned windows with 20th-century casements and trefoil-head lights beneath square heads. Continuous cyma-moulded dripmould. Shaped kneelers and triangular gable copings. Tall rendered end stacks with cornices. Rear: one window as front, otherwise altered; wing on left has 5-light window in its return and tall external stack in angle with main range. "Sir George Cooke, Bart. gave by his will £200, and two cottages, for building a fair school-house".

Arksey Hall Park SE 5810 MSY7086 A small park of <20 acres (8ha) shown on 1850's 6" 0710 O/S map. Area has since been turned over to housing.

Medieval Churchyard SE 5793 MSY9303 Socket stone of medieval cross (used as sundial base). Cross, Arksey (base 0690 only) Two Roman Coins, SE 5770 MSY9475 Two coins Angentii of Magnentius (AD 350-353) Arksey 0670 from garden of 50 Station Road, Arskey.

Bronze Age 'Pygmy' MSY9935 Cup, Bentley / Arksey

4 Aims and Objectives The purpose of the intrusive evaluation was to gather sufficient information for the South Yorkshire Archaeology Service to be able to formulate a policy for the management of any archaeological resources present on the site. Evidence was gathered to establish the presence/absence, nature, date, depth, quality of survival and importance of any archaeological deposits present and to allow for the determination of any appropriate strategies to mitigate the effect of the proposed development upon the archaeological resource.

5 Methodology All work was carried out in accordance with accepted professional standards and guidelines, specifically Standards and Guidance for Archaeological Evaluation (Chartered Institute for Archaeologists 2014), Management of Archaeological Projects (English Heritage 1991) and Management of Research Projects in the Historic Environment PPN3 English Heritage:

Archaeological Services WYAS Report No. 2794 16 Ings Lane Arksey, South Yorkshire

Archaeological Excavation (2008). ASWYAS’s own methodologies (ASWYAS 2010) were also adhered to. The three trial trenches were excavated by a JCB excavator equipped with a 1.8m-wide ditching bucket with an archaeologist in attendance at all times. The trenches were positioned to provide a sample of the whole area, with attention paid to the area where the dwelling will be built. The trenches were dug in spits of no more 100mm until natural deposits or the first archaeological horizon was encountered. Thereafter, all investigations were undertaken by hand. Detailed records sheets were completed for each trench and these are included as part of the site archive. All written records were produced on pro-forma recording sheets in accordance with ASWYAS site recording manual (ASWYAS 2010). An inventory of the archive is provided in Appendix 2, with a concordance of contexts detailed in Appendix 3. ASWYAS will hold the archive securely until it is deposited with Doncaster Museum.

6 Results The excavation of the trenches revealed a thin, silty sandy topsoil (100) averaging 0.30m in depth containing demolition rubble, overlying a superficial glacial drift deposit consisting of brown-grey clayey sand with occasional inclusion of demolition rubble, presumably derived from previous land use (101). The natural soil was a sandy clay, brown-yellow in colour with degraded sandstone fragments (102). All three trenches were excavated under bright, dry conditions affording excellent visibility. In the event, however, no archaeological features or artefacts were identified. Below are tables detailing the size and orientation of each trench along with depths of the topsoil and subsoil. Shots of each trench are provided in Plates 1-3, with Plate 2 showing an undulating surface caused by laminated bedrock.

Table 1. Trench 1

Trench 1

General Description Orientation NE-SW

Trench was devoid of archaeology. Average Depth (m) 1.05

Width (m) 2.00

Length (m) 10.00

Contexts

Context Type Length Width Depth Comment No (m) (m) (m)

Archaeological Services WYAS Report No. 2794 16 Ings Lane Arksey, South Yorkshire

100 Layer - - 0.30 Topsoil

101 Layer - - 0.25 Subsoil

102 Layer - - - Natural

Table 2. Trench 2

Trench 2

General Description Orientation NW-SE

Trench devoid of archaeology. Average Depth (m) 0.9

Width (m) 2.00

Length (m) 10.00

Contexts

Context Type Length Width Depth Comment No (m) (m) (m)

100 Layer - - 0.30 Topsoil

101 Layer - - 0.25 Subsoil

102 Layer - - - Natural

Table 3. Trench 3

Trench 3

General Description Orientation NW-SE

Trench devoid of archaeology. Average Depth (m) 0.80

Width (m) 2.00

Length (m) 10.00

Contexts

Context Type Length Width Depth Comment No (m) (m) (m)

100 Layer - - 0.30 Topsoil

101 Layer - - 0.30 Subsoil

102 Layer - - - Natural

Archaeological Services WYAS Report No. 2794 16 Ings Lane Arksey, South Yorkshire

7 Discussion and Conclusions The archaeological evaluation indicates that no significant archaeological remains or deposits are likely to be present within the bounds of the proposed development area. The potential for medieval settlement remains, as found near by on Station Road, site was not realised.

Barnsley Doncaster

SITE

Rotherham

Sheffield

0 10km

SE 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

0 2km Inset see Fig. 2.

Fig. 3. Extract from the 1830 Enclosure Plan of Arksey, showing the proposed development area highlighted in blue

Fig. 4. Extract from the 1849 OS map of Arksey, showing the proposed development area highlighted in blue Fig. 5. Extract from the 1904 OS map of Arksey, showing the proposed development area highlighted in blue

Fig. 6. Extract from the 1928 OS map of Arksey, showing the proposed development area highlighted in blue Fig. 7. Extract from the 1948 OS map of Arksey, showing the proposed development area highlighted in blue Archaeological Services WYAS Report No. 2794 16 Ings Lane Arksey, South Yorkshire

Appendix 1: Written Scheme of Investigation

16 Ings Lane Arksey South Yorkshire

Written Scheme of Investigation for an Archaeological Evaluation by Trial Trenching

Prepared by: Archaeological Services WYAS PO Box 30 Nepshaw Lane South Morley Leeds West Yorkshire LS27 0UG

On behalf of: John Wade

July 2015

Archaeological Services WYAS 16 Ings Lane, Arksey

Written Scheme of Investigation for an Archaeological Evaluation by Trial Trenching at 16 Ings Lane, Arksey

1. Introduction 1.1 This Written Scheme of Investigation (WSI) has been prepared by Archaeological Services WYAS (ASWYAS) for John Wade to carry out an archaeological evaluation in advance of ground works associated with the erection of a single detached dwelling at 16 Ings Lane, Arksey (planning application 12/01519/FUL). The archaeological work will comply with the relevant standard of the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (2014a-c), English Heritage’s best practice documents (1991, 2006, 2008) and the “Regional statement of good practice for archaeology in the development process, Yorkshire, the Humber & the north east” (available for download from the ‘Technical Documents’ page of the SYAS website).

2. Site location, topography and land-use 2.1 The proposed development area (PDA) is located in Arksey, an area of Doncaster, approximately 3km north-east of Doncaster town centre. It is situated to the south of Ings Lane, surrounded by residential properties to the south, east and west. The site is centred at NGR SE 58080 06770 and lies at a height of approximately 3m OD.

3. Geology and soils 3.1 The underlying bedrock of the site comprises Nottingham Castle Sandstone Formation with superficial silty clay deposits of the Hemingbrough Glaciolacustrine Formation (British Geological Survey 2015). The soils of the area are described as Glaciofluvial drift and comprise well drained sandy and coarse loamy soils (Soil Survey of England and Wales 1983).

4. Archaeological background 4.1 The proposed development area lies within the historic core of the village. Arksey is likely to have been a wealthy medieval settlement as indicated by the presence of a large 13th century medieval church, moated site and the early post-medieval almshouses and school.

4.2 In 2004, an archaeological evaluation was undertaken on the nearby station road (110m northwest). The trenching revealed a series of medieval features including gullies, pits and post-holes dating to the 12th and 14th centuries. Evidence of metalworking was also recovered from both medieval and post- medieval contexts along with environmental evidence.

Archaeological Services WYAS 16 Ings Lane, Arksey

5. Aims and Objectives 5.1 The overall aim of the trial trench evaluation is to provide information on the presence or absence and the extent, character, chronology, depth of burial and degree of archaeological survival across the site. The results of the trial trenching will be used to inform the level and type of archaeological investigations that will be required to mitigate further extraction.

6. Methodology 6.1 All work will be undertaken in accordance with the relevant standards (CIfA 2014a-c; English Heritage 1991, 2006, 2008). The evaluation will be conducted by an appropriately qualified and experienced archaeologist who will be present during all ground works.

6.2 The trial trenches will be opened and the topsoil and recent overburden removed down to the first significant archaeological horizon in successive level spits of a maximum 0.2m thickness, by the use of an appropriate machine using a wide toothless ditching blade. Under no circumstances will the machine be used to cut arbitrary trenches down to natural deposits. Any machine work will be carried out under direct archaeological supervision and the machine halted if significant archaeological deposits are encountered. The top of the first significant archaeological horizon may be exposed by the machine, but will then be cleaned by hand and inspected for features.

6.3 Any archaeological features/deposits will be manually excavated in an archaeologically controlled and stratigraphic manner, in order to meet the aims and objectives outlined above.

6.4 No archaeological deposits will be entirely removed unless this is unavoidable in achieving the objectives of this evaluation, although all features identified are expected to be half-sectioned and the full depth of archaeological deposits will be assessed.

6.5 Features will be sample excavated employing the following strategy:

 Linear features: sufficient excavation will be carried out to investigate the depth, profile and fills of a ditch or gully and to recover dating and environmental evidence from its fills. Normally this will involve a minimum of 10% sample dispersed along the length of the feature (each sample section to be not less than 1m), With respect to trial trenches, one 1m section will be located and recorded adjacent to the trench edge. Feature intersections will always be excavated in such a way to determine a stratigraphic relationship.

 Discrete features: pits, post-holes and other discrete features will normally be half-sectioned to determine and record their form with a minimum sample of 50% of discrete features in each area. The complete excavation of such features may be appropriate, but only following consultation with SYAS.

Archaeological Services WYAS 16 Ings Lane, Arksey

6.6 A full written, drawn and photographic record of all material revealed during the course of the work shall be made. The excavation limits will be surveyed using electronic survey equipment with larger scale hand drawn plans of features, at 1:20 or 1:50, being created as appropriate. Sections of linear and discrete features will be drawn at 1:10 or 1:20. All sections, plans and elevations will include spot-heights related to Ordnance Datum in metres as correct to two decimal places. Tie-in information will be undertaken during the course of the evaluation and will be fixed in relation to nearby permanent structures and roads and to the National Grid. The photographic archive will comprise monochrome negative photographs at a minimum format of 35mm, augmented by digital photographs taken using cameras with a resolution of at least 10 megapixels.

6.7 All excavated archaeological contexts shall be fully recorded by written records, giving details of location, composition, shape, dimensions, relationships, finds, samples, and cross-references to other elements of the record and other relevant contexts, in accordance with best practice. All contexts, and any small finds and samples from them will be given unique numbers. Bulk finds will be collected by context.

6.8 All artefacts will be removed from the site for assessment and analysis, and where it is appropriate, their find spots shall, if appropriate, be recorded three dimensionally. Non–modern artefacts from the excavated topsoil and subsoil will be collected. Finds material will be stored in controlled environments, where appropriate. All artefacts recovered will be retained, cleaned, labelled and stored as detailed in the guidelines laid out in the CIfA (20014b). Any necessary conservation work will be undertaken by approved conservators working to UKIC guidelines.

6.9 A soil-sampling programme shall be undertaken during the course of the investigation for the identification and recovery of carbonised and waterlogged remains, vertebrate remains, molluscs and small artefactual material.

6.10 In the event of human remains being discovered they will, in the first instance, be left in situ, covered and protected. The removal of human remains will only take place in compliance with either a faculty issued by the Chancellor of the Diocese, or the Burial Act 1857. In the case of the latter (i.e. in the absence of a faculty) an exhumation licence must be obtained form the Ministry of Justice prior to the removal of the remains.

6.11 All finds of gold and silver and associated objects shall be reported to HM Coroner according to the procedures relating to the Treasure Act 1997.

6.12 Illustrated notices will be displayed around the site (with the client’s agreement), explaining what work is in progress and why, to keep members of

Archaeological Services WYAS 16 Ings Lane, Arksey

the public informed. The notice will be a minimum of A3 size, with font at a minimum size of 16 point.

6.13 Appropriate specialists will visit the site to advise on sampling strategies and their suggested strategies will then be implemented.

6.14 Provision will be made to recover material suitable for scientific dating. Contingency sums will be made available to undertake such dating.

6.15 Further contingency provision will be made for additional specialist advice, e.g. for finds analysis and conservation.

7. Analysis and Reporting 7.1 Following the conclusion of the fieldwork a report shall be produced. For all categories of material recovered, including finds, palaeo-environmental, industrial and other specialist samples, an assessment by an appropriately experienced specialist will be undertaken. Samples must be processed and sorted, and any artefacts recovered provided to the appropriate specialist(s) to be considered alongside the hand-recovered material. Basic stratigraphic information will be supplied to the project specialists. All finds are to be treated in accordance with current best practice guidance, including English Heritage’s 'Investigative Conservation'. Finds are to be cleaned and marked, according to accepted principles and in line with appropriate period/material guidelines. For ceramic assemblages, recording shall be carried out in a manner compatible with existing typological series in local pottery reference collections, e.g. the South Yorkshire and north Derbyshire medieval ceramics reference collection. All ferrous objects and a selection of non-ferrous objects (including all coins), will be x-radiographed. Where material suitable for scientific dating was recovered, sufficient dating will be undertaken to meet the aims of the evaluation. Where further fieldwork is not to be undertaken and assessment has identified the need for further analysis, this will be completed drawing upon the contingency allowed.

7.2 The site archive will be assembled in line with the recommended composition provided in English Heritage PPN3 (2008) and UKIC’s document Guidelines for the Preparation of Excavation Archives for Long Term Storage and the CIfA’s “Standard And Guidance for the creation, compilation, transfer and deposition of archaeological archives.

7.3 In addition to the site records, artefacts, ecofacts and other sample residues, the archive shall contain all the data collected during the fieldwork, including records, finds and environmental samples. It will be quantified, ordered, indexed and internally consistent. Archive consolidation will be undertaken immediately following the conclusion of fieldwork and will involve:

Archaeological Services WYAS 16 Ings Lane, Arksey

 the site record being checked, cross-referenced and indexed as necessary;

 retained finds being cleaned, stabilised, marked and packaged in accordance with the requirements of the recipient museum;

 retained finds being assessed and recorded using pro forma recording sheets, by suitably qualified and experienced staff. Initial artefact dating will be integrated within the site matrix; and

 environmental samples being processed by suitably experienced and qualified staff and recorded using pro forma recording sheets.

7.4 In addition to the site records, artefacts, ecofacts and other sample residues, the archive shall contain:

 a summary report synthesising the context record;

 a summary of the artefact record; and

 a summary of the environment record.

7.5 The integrity of the primary field record will be preserved. Security copies will be maintained where appropriate.

7.6 Provision will be made for the deposition of the archive, artefacts and environmental material in Doncaster Museum, subject to the permission of the landowner. The museum will be contacted to ascertain their requirements for the archive (e.g. marking and labelling requirements, accession number). The archive will otherwise be prepared in accordance with the UKIC (1990), the Museums and Galleries Commission (1994) and CIfA (2014c) guidelines. Provision will be made for the stable storage of paper records and their long- term storage.

7.7 Upon completion of the investigations, the artefacts, ecofacts and stratigraphic information shall be assessed to ascertain their potential and significance for further analysis.

7.8 An assessment report will be prepared within an agreed timescale following the completion of on-site archaeological investigations and include the following:

 a non-technical summary of the results of the work;

 a summary of the project's background;

 the dates the fieldwork took place;

 the site location, including National Grid Reference;

Archaeological Services WYAS 16 Ings Lane, Arksey

 an account of the method;

 the results of the evaluation, including phasing and interpretation of the site sequence;

 conservation assessment;

 an assessment of the stratigraphic and other written, drawn and photographic records;

 a catalogue of the archaeological material recovered during the evaluation;

 assessments of each material category of finds recovered, including their types, quantities and concentrations, illustrations and/or photographs as appropriate;

 a summary of the contents of the project archive and its location.

7.9 The report will be produced within an agreed time-scale. It will be supported by an overall plan of the site, accurately identifying the location of the evaluation and any findings.

7.10 The report will outline the archaeological significance of the deposits identified, and provide an interpretation of the results in relation to other sites in the vicinity.

7.11 Bound copies of the report will be supplied to John Wade and the South Yorkshire SMR. A digital copy will also be supplied to SYAS and to Historic England’s’ Regional Science Advisor.

7.12 Upon completion of the work, the archaeological contractor will make their work accessible to the wider research community by submitting digital data and copies of reports online to OASIS (http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/project/oasis/).

7.13 It is possible that the excavation findings will warrant wider publication. This may be effected through publication with Archaeology in South Yorkshire.

7.14 A recommendation on whether further investigation or preservation is considered appropriate will first be discussed with SYAS and then be clearly expressed in the report.

7.15 The evaluation report will include a detailed context index and an index to the archive.

7.16 A printed and bound copy of the report must be supplied to SYAS for incorporation into the South Yorkshire Sites and Monuments Record. A digital copy of the report must also be supplied to SYAS and to the HE Science Advisor.

Archaeological Services WYAS 16 Ings Lane, Arksey

7.17 A summary report of an appropriate length, accompanied by illustrations (at 300dpi resolution), must be prepared and submitted in digital format, for publication in the appropriate volume of Archaeology in South Yorkshire.

7.18 Provision will be made for publicising the results of the work locally, e.g. by presenting a paper at South Yorkshire Archaeology Day and talking to local societies.

7.19 The archaeological contractor must complete the online OASIS form at http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/project/oasis/.

7.20 Where further fieldwork is not to be undertaken and further analysis is completed, contingency will be made for the preparation and submission of a separate report on the results.

7.21 Where further fieldwork does not take place, a contingency will be made for the preparation and publication, in a local, regional or national journal, of the results of the evaluation.

8. Copyright, Confidentiality and Publicity 8.1 Copyright in the documentation prepared by the archaeological contractor and specialist sub-contractors should be the subject of additional licences in favour of the repository accepting the archive to use such documentation for their statutory educational and museum service functions, and to provide copies to third parties as an incidental to such functions.

8.2 Under the Environmental Information Regulations 2005 (EIR), information submitted to the HER becomes publicly accessible, except where disclosure might lead to environmental damage, and reports cannot be embargoed as ‘confidential’ or ‘commercially sensitive’.

8.3 Requests for sensitive information are subject to a public interest test, and if this is met, then the information has to be disclosed. The archaeological contractor should inform the client of EIR requirements, and ensure that any information disclosure issues are resolved before completion of the work. Intellectual property rights are not affected by the EIR.

8.4 Unless the client commissioning the project wishes to state otherwise, the copyright of any written, graphic or photographic record and reports will rest with the originating body (Archaeological Services WYAS).

9. Health and Safety 9.1 Archaeological Services WYAS has its own Health and Safety policy which has been compiled using national guidelines. These guidelines conform to all relevant Health and Safety legislation.

Archaeological Services WYAS 16 Ings Lane, Arksey

9.2 In addition each project undergoes a 'Risk Assessment' which sets project specific Health and Safety requirements to which all members of staff are made aware of prior to on-site work commencing. Health and Safety will take priority over archaeological matters. Necessary precautions will be taken over underground services and overhead lines at the outset of the project.

10. Insurance 10.1 Archaeological Services WYAS is covered by the insurance and indemnities of the City of Wakefield Metropolitan District Council. Insurance has been effected with: Zurich Municipal Insurance, Park House, 57–59 Well Street, Bradford, BD1 5SN (policy number RMP 03GO39–0143). Any further enquiries should be directed to: The Chief Financial Officer, Insurance Section, Wakefield MDC, PO Box 55, Newton Bar, Wakefield WF1 2TT.

11. Monitoring 11.1 Access to the site will be arranged through John Wade.

11.3 The project will be monitored by the South Yorkshire Archaeology Service to whom notification will be sent before the start of the work. A minimum of one week’s notice of the commencement of fieldwork is required.

11.4 If appropriate, the advice of the Regional Advisor for Archaeological Science (Yorkshire and the Humber Region) at Historic England will be called upon.

11.5 Archaeological Services WYAS will ensure that any significant results are brought to the attention the client and their main contractor as soon as is practically possible.

11.6 SYAS will be responsible for monitoring the evaluation. A minimum of one week's notice of the commencement of fieldwork must be given by the archaeological contractor to the SYAS in order that arrangements for monitoring the fieldwork may be made.

11.7 Site inspections will be arranged so that the general site stratigraphy can be assessed in the initial stage of trial trenching and/or so that the site can be inspected when fieldwork is near to completion but before any trenches have been backfilled.

11.8 An interim note will be submitted to SYAS within a fortnight of fieldwork finishing. This will include:

 A brief summary of fieldwork results

 A basic description of material recovered

 An initial assessment of character and significance

Archaeological Services WYAS 16 Ings Lane, Arksey

 A sketch plan of archaeological features on the site

 An updated post-excavation timetable

11.9 A progress update will be supplied to SYAS, in writing, on a monthly basis following this until submission of the full report on the evaluation.

Archaeological Services WYAS 16 Ings Lane, Arksey

Bibliography

Association for Environmental Archaeology, 1995, Working Paper No. 2, Environmental Archaeology and Archaeological Evaluations

British Geological Survey, 2015, http://mapapps.bgs.ac.uk/geologyofbritain/home.html

CIfA, 2014a, Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Excavation

CIfA, 2014b, Standard and Guidance for Collection, Documentation, Conservation and Research of Archaeological Materials

CIfA, 2014c, Standard and Guidance for Creation, Compilation and Deposition of Archaeological Archives

English Heritage, 1991, Management of Archaeological Projects

English Heritage, 2006, Management of Research Projects in the Historic Environment. The MoRPHE Project Managers’ Guide

English Heritage, 2008, Management of Research Projects in the Historic Environment. Archaeological Excavation (PPN3)

Museums and Galleries Commission, 1994, Standards in the Museum Care of Archaeological Collections

National Planning Policy Framework, 2012

Soil Survey of England and Wales, 1983

UKIC, 1990, Guidelines for the Preparation of Excavation Archives for Long– term Storage, United Kingdom Institute for Conservation

Archaeological Services WYAS Report No. 2794 16 Ings Lane Arksey, South Yorkshire

Appendix 2: Inventory of primary archive

Phase File/Box No Description Quantity Evaluation File no.1 Context register sheets 1 Photo register sheets 1 Drawing register 1 Context sheets (nos. 100-101) 3 Trench sheets 3 Permatrace drawing sheet 1

Archaeological Services WYAS Report No. 2794 16 Ings Lane Arksey, South Yorkshire

Appendix 3: Concordance of contexts yielding artefacts or environmental remains

Context Trench Description Artefacts and environmental samples 100 1-3 Topsoil - 101 1-3 Subsoil - 102 1-3 Natural -

Archaeological Services WYAS Report No. 2794 16 Ings Lane Arksey, South Yorkshire

Bibliography ASWYAS, 2010, Archaeological Recording Manual, ASWYAS (Unpubl.) BGS, 2015, http://www.bgs.ac.uk/opengeoscience/home.html?Accordion2=1#maps (Website accessed 1st September 2015) Chartered Institute for Archaeologists, 2014, Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Evaluation Davies, G., 1996, ‘Stage 1 archaeological field evaluation at Bentley Sewage Works, Bentley, South Yorkshire’, ARCUS unpublished client report 264. English Heritage, 1991, Management of Archaeological Projects, London English Heritage, 2008, Management of Research Projects in the Historic Environment, (MoRPHE), PPN3: Archaeological Excavation Soil of Survey England and Wales, 1983, Soils of Northern England, Sheet 1 Hall, R.A., 2003, ‘Yorkshire A.D. 700-1066’, in T.G. Manby, S. Moorhouse, and P. Ottaway (eds) The Archaeology of Yorkshire: an assessment at the beginning of the 21st century, 171-180, Leeds, Yorkshire Archaeological Society Occasional Paper No. 3. Haselgrove, C., 1999, ‘The Iron Age’, in J. Hunter and I. Ralston (eds) The archaeology of Britain: an introduction from the Upper Palaeolithic to the Industrial Revolution, 113- 134, London, Routledge. Hill, A., 2001, ‘The South Yorkshire coalfields: a history and development’, Gloucestershire, Tempus. Le Patourel, H.E.J., 1973, ‘The moated sites of Yorkshire’, The Society for Medieval Archaeology Monograph Series No 5. Loveluck, C., 2003, ‘The archaeology of post-Roman Yorkshire, AD 400 to 700: an overview and future directions for research’, in T.G. Manby, S. Moorhouse, and P. Ottaway (eds) The Archaeology of Yorkshire: an assessment at the beginning of the 21st century, 151- 170, Leeds, Yorkshire Archaeological Society Occasional Paper No. 3. Magilton, J., 1977, ‘The Doncaster District: an archaeological survey’, Doncaster, Museums and Arts Services Publication. Manby, T.G., King, A. and Vyner, B., 2003, The Neolithic and Bronze Ages: a time of early agriculture’, in T.G. Manby, S. Moorhouse, and P. Ottaway (eds) The Archaeology of Yorkshire: an assessment at the beginning of the 21st century, 35-113, Leeds, Yorkshire Archaeological Society Occasional Paper No. 3. Margary, I. D., 1973, ‘Roman Roads in Britain’, John Baker Robinson, G., 2004, ‘Station Road, Arksey, South Yorkshire: Archaeological Evaluation’, NAA Report. O’Neill, R., 1998 ‘Arksey Lane, Bentley, South Yorkshire’ ASWYAS Report 636. Ottaway, P., 2003, ‘Roman Yorkshire: a rapid resource assessment’, in T.G. Manby, S. Moorhouse, and P. Ottaway (eds) The Archaeology of Yorkshire: an assessment at the beginning of the 21st century, 125-150, Leeds, Yorkshire Archaeological Society Occasional Paper No. 3. Pidcock-Burn, M.L., 1996, Burghwallis and Bentley: A comparative study of the development of two South Yorkshire parishes, unpublished M.A. thesis.

Archaeological Services WYAS Report No. 2794 16 Ings Lane Arksey, South Yorkshire

Riley, D.N., 1980, ‘Early landscapes from the air: Studies of crop marks in South Yorkshire and North Nottinghamshire’, Sheffield, The Department of Prehistory and Archaeology at the University of Sheffield. Roberts, I., Deegan, A., Berg, D. and Ford, L., 2007, ‘Archaeological Cropmark Landscapes of the Magnesian Limestone. A study of the cropmark regimes of the Magnesian Limestone belt and its margins in South Yorkshire, West Yorkshire and parts of North Yorkshire and north Nottinghamshire’, Archaeol. Services WYAS, unpubl. Soil Survey of England and Wales, 1980, Soils of Northern England Sheet 1 South Yorkshire Archaeological Unit, 1992, ‘A report on the Archaeological evaluation of land off Jossey Lane, Scawthorpe’, unpublished and un-authored client report.