Speculative Separation for Privatization and Reductions
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Chinese Privatization: Between Plan and Market
CHINESE PRIVATIZATION: BETWEEN PLAN AND MARKET LAN CAO* I INTRODUCTION Since 1978, when China adopted its open-door policy and allowed its economy to be exposed to the international market, it has adhered to what Deng Xiaoping called "socialism with Chinese characteristics."1 As a result, it has produced an economy with one of the most rapid growth rates in the world by steadfastly embarking on a developmental strategy of gradual, market-oriented measures while simultaneously remaining nominally socialistic. As I discuss in this article, this strategy of reformthe mere adoption of a market economy while retaining a socialist ownership baseshould similarly be characterized as "privatization with Chinese characteristics,"2 even though it departs markedly from the more orthodox strategy most commonly associated with the term "privatization," at least as that term has been conventionally understood in the context of emerging market or transitional economies. The Russian experience of privatization, for example, represents the more dominant and more favored approach to privatizationcertainly from the point of view of the West and its advisersand is characterized by immediate privatization of the state sector, including the swift and unequivocal transfer of assets from the publicly owned state enterprises to private hands. On the other hand, "privatization with Chinese characteristics" emphasizes not the immediate privatization of the state sector but rather the retention of the state sector with the Copyright © 2001 by Lan Cao This article is also available at http://www.law.duke.edu/journals/63LCPCao. * Professor of Law, College of William and Mary Marshall-Wythe School of Law. At the time the article was written, the author was Professor of Law at Brooklyn Law School. -
Speculation: Futures and Capitalism in India: Opening Statement
Laura Bear, Ritu Birla, Stine Simonsen Puri Speculation: futures and capitalism in India: opening statement Article (Accepted version) (Refereed) Original citation: Bear, Laura, Birla, Ritu and Puri, Stine Simonsen (2015) Speculation: futures and capitalism in India: opening statement. Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East. pp. 1-7. ISSN 1089-201X (In Press) © 2015 Duke University Press This version available at: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/61802/ Available in LSE Research Online: May 2015 LSE has developed LSE Research Online so that users may access research output of the School. Copyright © and Moral Rights for the papers on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. Users may download and/or print one copy of any article(s) in LSE Research Online to facilitate their private study or for non-commercial research. You may not engage in further distribution of the material or use it for any profit-making activities or any commercial gain. You may freely distribute the URL (http://eprints.lse.ac.uk) of the LSE Research Online website. This document is the author’s final accepted version of the journal article. There may be differences between this version and the published version. You are advised to consult the publisher’s version if you wish to cite from it. Speculation: Futures and Capitalism in India Opening Statement Laura Bear, Ritu Birla, Stine Simonsen Puri Keywords: Speculation, Divination, Finance, Economic Governance, Uncertainty, Vernacular Capitalism Speculation: New Vistas on Capitalism and the Global This special section of Comparative Studies in South Asia, Africa and Middle East investigates speculation as a crucial conceptual tool for analyzing contemporary capitalism. -
Advanced Data Structures
Advanced Data Structures PETER BRASS City College of New York CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521880374 © Peter Brass 2008 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published in print format 2008 ISBN-13 978-0-511-43685-7 eBook (EBL) ISBN-13 978-0-521-88037-4 hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Contents Preface page xi 1 Elementary Structures 1 1.1 Stack 1 1.2 Queue 8 1.3 Double-Ended Queue 16 1.4 Dynamical Allocation of Nodes 16 1.5 Shadow Copies of Array-Based Structures 18 2 Search Trees 23 2.1 Two Models of Search Trees 23 2.2 General Properties and Transformations 26 2.3 Height of a Search Tree 29 2.4 Basic Find, Insert, and Delete 31 2.5ReturningfromLeaftoRoot35 2.6 Dealing with Nonunique Keys 37 2.7 Queries for the Keys in an Interval 38 2.8 Building Optimal Search Trees 40 2.9 Converting Trees into Lists 47 2.10 -
Fast As a Shadow, Expressive As a Tree: Hybrid Memory Monitoring for C
Fast as a Shadow, Expressive as a Tree: Hybrid Memory Monitoring for C Nikolai Kosmatov1 with Arvid Jakobsson2, Guillaume Petiot1 and Julien Signoles1 [email protected] [email protected] SASEFOR, November 24, 2015 A.Jakobsson, N.Kosmatov, J.Signoles (CEA) Hybrid Memory Monitoring for C 2015-11-24 1 / 48 Outline Context and motivation Frama-C, a platform for analysis of C code Motivation The memory monitoring library An overview Patricia trie model Shadow memory based model The Hybrid model Design principles Illustrating example Dataflow analysis An overview How it proceeds Evaluation Conclusion and future work A.Jakobsson, N.Kosmatov, J.Signoles (CEA) Hybrid Memory Monitoring for C 2015-11-24 2 / 48 Context and motivation Frama-C, a platform for analysis of C code Outline Context and motivation Frama-C, a platform for analysis of C code Motivation The memory monitoring library An overview Patricia trie model Shadow memory based model The Hybrid model Design principles Illustrating example Dataflow analysis An overview How it proceeds Evaluation Conclusion and future work A.Jakobsson, N.Kosmatov, J.Signoles (CEA) Hybrid Memory Monitoring for C 2015-11-24 3 / 48 Context and motivation Frama-C, a platform for analysis of C code A brief history I 90's: CAVEAT, Hoare logic-based tool for C code at CEA I 2000's: CAVEAT used by Airbus during certification process of the A380 (DO-178 level A qualification) I 2002: Why and its C front-end Caduceus (at INRIA) I 2006: Joint project on a successor to CAVEAT and Caduceus I 2008: First public release of Frama-C (Hydrogen) I Today: Frama-C Sodium (v.11) I Multiple projects around the platform I A growing community of users. -
Speculation in the United States Government Securities Market
Authorized for public release by the FOMC Secretariat on 2/25/2020 Se t m e 1, 958 p e b r 1 1 To Members of the Federal Open Market Committee and Presidents of Federal Reserve Banks not presently serving on the Federal Open Market Committee From R. G. Rouse, Manager, System Open Market Account Attached for your information is a copy of a confidential memorandum we have prepared at this Bank on speculation in the United States Government securities market. Authorized for public release by the FOMC Secretariat on 2/25/2020 C O N F I D E N T I AL -- (F.R.) SPECULATION IN THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT SECURITIES MARKET 1957 - 1958* MARKET DEVELOPMENTS Starting late in 1957 and carrying through the middle of August 1958, the United States Government securities market was subjected to a vast amount of speculative buying and liquidation. This speculation was damaging to mar- ket confidence,to the Treasury's debt management operations, and to the Federal Reserve System's open market operations. The experience warrants close scrutiny by all interested parties with a view to developing means of preventing recurrences. The following history of market events is presented in some detail to show fully the significance and continuous effects of the situation as it unfolded. With the decline in business activity and the emergence of easier Federal Reserve credit and monetary policy in October and November 1957, most market elements expected lower interest rates and higher prices for United States Government securities. There was a rapid market adjustment to these expectations. -
Rockjit: Securing Just-In-Time Compilation Using Modular Control-Flow Integrity
RockJIT: Securing Just-In-Time Compilation Using Modular Control-Flow Integrity Ben Niu Gang Tan Lehigh University Lehigh University 19 Memorial Dr West 19 Memorial Dr West Bethlehem, PA, 18015 Bethlehem, PA, 18015 [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT For performance, modern managed language implementations Managed languages such as JavaScript are popular. For perfor- adopt Just-In-Time (JIT) compilation. Instead of performing pure mance, modern implementations of managed languages adopt Just- interpretation, a JIT compiler dynamically compiles programs into In-Time (JIT) compilation. The danger to a JIT compiler is that an native code and performs optimization on the fly based on informa- attacker can often control the input program and use it to trigger a tion collected through runtime profiling. JIT compilation in man- vulnerability in the JIT compiler to launch code injection or JIT aged languages is the key to high performance, which is often the spraying attacks. In this paper, we propose a general approach only metric when comparing JIT engines, as seen in the case of called RockJIT to securing JIT compilers through Control-Flow JavaScript. Hereafter, we use the term JITted code for native code Integrity (CFI). RockJIT builds a fine-grained control-flow graph that is dynamically generated by a JIT compiler, and code heap for from the source code of the JIT compiler and dynamically up- memory pages that hold JITted code. dates the control-flow policy when new code is generated on the fly. In terms of security, JIT brings its own set of challenges. First, a Through evaluation on Google’s V8 JavaScript engine, we demon- JIT compiler is large and usually written in C/C++, which lacks strate that RockJIT can enforce strong security on a JIT compiler, memory safety. -
Transforming Government Through Privatization
20th Anniversary Edition Annual Privatization Report 2006 Transforming Government Through Privatization Reflections from Pioneers in Government Reform Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher Governor Mitch Daniels Governor Mark Sanford Robert W. Poole, Jr. Reason Foundation Reason Foundation’s mission is to advance a free society by developing, apply- ing, and promoting libertarian principles, including individual liberty, free markets, and the rule of law. We use journalism and public policy research to influence the frameworks and actions of policymakers, journalists, and opin- ion leaders. Reason Foundation’s nonpartisan public policy research promotes choice, competition, and a dynamic market economy as the foundation for human dignity and prog- ress. Reason produces rigorous, peer-reviewed research and directly engages the policy pro- cess, seeking strategies that emphasize cooperation, flexibility, local knowledge, and results. Through practical and innovative approaches to complex problems, Reason seeks to change the way people think about issues, and promote policies that allow and encourage individuals and voluntary institutions to flourish. Reason Foundation is a tax-exempt research and education organization as defined under IRS code 501(c)(3). Reason Foundation is supported by voluntary contributions from individuals, foundations, and corporations. The views expressed in these essays are those of the individual author, not necessarily those of Reason Foundation or its trustees. Copyright © 2006 Reason Foundation. Photos used in this publication are copyright © 1996 Photodisc, Inc. All rights reserved. Authors Editor the Association of Private Correctional & Treatment Organizations • Leonard C. Gilroy • Chris Edwards is the director of Tax Principal Authors Policy Studies at the Cato Institute • Ted Balaker • William D. Eggers is the global director • Shikha Dalmia for Deloitte Research—Public Sector • Leonard C. -
The Many Sides of John Stuart M I L L ' S Political and Ethical Thought Howard Brian Cohen a Thesis Submitted I N Conformity
The Many Sides of John Stuart Mill's Political and Ethical Thought Howard Brian Cohen A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctorate Graduate Department of Political Science University of Toronto O Copyright by Howard Brian Cohen 2000 Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bbliogmphïc Services services bibiiimphiques The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une Iicence non exclusive licence allowïng the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distriiute or seil reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microfonn, vendre des copies de cetté thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/nlm, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownefship of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. This study is an attempt to account for the presence of discordant themes within the political and ethical writings of John Stuart Mill. It is argued that no existing account has adequately addressed the question of what possible function can be ascribed to conflict and contradiction within Mill's system of thought. It is argued that conflict and contradiction, are built into the -
Monetary Theory
MONETARY THEORY Henry H. Villard I. I ntroduction In t h e social sciences our accumulated knowledge is so small and the unexplored areas so vast that of necessity we measure progress by the understanding we obtain of particular and pressing problems. Thus Adam Smith did not write primarily as a scholar but rather as a social surgeon to remove from the body politic the surviving malignant remnant of Mercantilism, while the emphasis of Ricardo and Mill on diminishing returns and the rent of land directly reflected their interest in the ulti mately successful campaign of the rising business classes to end the im pediment to further industrialization represented by the Com Laws. In the same way recent monetary theory direcdy reflects the unprece dented depression which rocked the industrialized world during the nine teen-thirties; in the United States, perhaps worse hit than any other country, the increase in productive capital, which had averaged 6 per cent a year for the first three decades of the century, over the ’thirties as a whole was negligible in amount. As a result the center of interest has in general shifted from the factors determining the quantity of money and its effect on the general level of prices to those determining the level of output and employment. In addition, the purely monetary devices for control, on which great store had been laid, were found to be broadly ineffective, taken by themselves, in bringing about recovery from the Great Depression. And finally, as a result of the way in which the war was financed, it seems quite likely that it will prove impossible to use such devices for the effective control of a future boom. -
Download/Repository/Ivan Fratric.Pdf, 2012
UC Irvine UC Irvine Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Binary Recompilation via Dynamic Analysis and the Protection of Control and Data-flows Therein Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4gd0b9ht Author Nash, Joseph Michael Publication Date 2020 License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ 4.0 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE Binary Recompilation via Dynamic Analysis and the Protection of Control and Data-flows Therein DISSERTATION submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Computer Science by Joseph Nash Dissertation Committee: Professor Michael Franz, Chair Professor Ardalan Amiri Sani Professor Alexander V. Veidenbaum 2020 Parts of Chapter3 c 2020 ACM Reprinted, with permission, from BinRec: Attack Surface Reduction Through Dynamic Binary Recovery., Anil Altinay, Joseph Nash, Taddeus Kroes, Prahbu Rajasekaran, Dixin Zhou, Adrian Dabrowski, David Gens, Yeoul Na, Stijn Volckaert, Herbert Bos, Cristiano Giuffrida, Michael Franz, in Proceedings of the Fifteenth EuroSys Conference , EUROSYS 2020. Parts of Chapter5 c 2018 Springer. Reprinted, with permission, from Hardware Assisted Randomization of Data, Brian Belleville, Hyungon Moon, Jangseop Shin, Dongil Hwang, Joseph M. Nash, Seonhwa Jung, Yeoul Na, Stijn Volckaert, Per Larsen, Yunheung Paek, Michael Franz , in Proceedings of the 21st International Symposium on Research in Attacks, Intrusions and Defenses, RAID 2018. Parts of Chapter4 c 2017 ACM. Reprinted, with permission, from Control-Flow Integrity: Precision, Security, and Performance, Nathan Burow, Scott A. Carr, Joseph Nash, Per Larsen, Michael Franz, Stefan Brunthaler, Mathias Payer. , in Proceedings of the 21st International Symposium on Research in Attacks, Intrusions and Defenses, ACM Computing Surveys 2017. -
Speculative Business Loss from Trading in Shares Cannot Be Set-Off Against Profits from the Business of Futures and Options Prio
22 May 2019 Speculative business loss from trading in shares cannot be set-off against profits from the business of futures and options prior to amendment in Section 73 of the Act – Supreme Court Recently, the Supreme Court in the case of Snowtex activities pertaining to futures and options Investment Ltd1 (the taxpayer) dealt with the issue of (derivatives) could not be treated as set-off of loss arising from trading in shares speculative transactions. The AO held that the loss (speculative business loss) against profits from the arising from share trading was speculation loss, and business of futures and options relating to the period such speculation loss cannot be set off against the prior to the amendment2 in Section 73 of the Income- profits from derivative business. The Commissioner tax Act, 1961 (the Act). The Supreme Court held that of Income-tax (Appeals) [CIT(A)] upheld the order of the loss which occurred to the taxpayer as a result of the AO. its activity of trading in shares (a loss arising from the business of speculation) was not capable of being The Tribunal held that the claim of the taxpayer for set off against the profits which it had earned against setting off the loss from share trading should be the business of futures and options since the latter allowed against the profits from transactions in did not constitute profits and gains of a speculative futures and options since the character of the business. The Supreme Court held that the activities was similar. The Tribunal held that the amendment introduced [with effect from 1 April 2015] taxpayer which was in the business of share trading in the Explanation to Section 73 of the Act, with had treated the entire activity of the purchase and respect to trading in shares, could not be regarded sale of shares which comprised both of delivery as clarificatory or retrospective in nature. -
Practical Analysis of Framework-Intensive Applications
PRACTICAL ANALYSIS OF FRAMEWORK-INTENSIVE APPLICATIONS by BRUNO DUFOUR A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL –NEW BRUNSWICK RUTGERS,THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW JERSEY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY GRADUATE PROGRAM IN COMPUTER SCIENCE WRITTEN UNDER THE DIRECTION OF BARBARA G. RYDER AND APPROVED BY New Brunswick, New Jersey January 2010 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Practical analysis of framework-intensive applications by BRUNO DUFOUR Dissertation director: Barbara G. Ryder Many modern applications (e.g., web applications) are composed of a relatively small amount of application code that calls a large number of third-party libraries and frame- works. Such framework-intensive systems typically exhibit different characteristics from traditional applications. Current tools and techniques are often inadequate in analyzing applications of such scale and complexity. Approaches based on static analysis suffer problems of insufficient scalability and/or insufficient precision. Purely dynamic analy- ses, introduce too much execution overhead, especially for production systems, or are too limited in the information gathered. The main contribution of this thesis is a new analysis paradigm, blended analysis, com- bines elements of static and dynamic analyses in order to enable analyses of framework- intensive applications that achieve good precision at a practical cost. This is accomplished by narrowing the focus of a static analysis to a set of executions of interest identified us- ing a lightweight dynamic analysis. We also present an optimization technique that further reduces the amount of code to be analyzed by removing infeasible basic blocks, and leads to significant increases in scalability and precision of the analysis.