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Penal Substitutionalry Atonement and the New Copyright 2015 Kenneth James Reid All rights reserved. The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary has permission to reproduce and disseminate this document in any form by any means for purposes chosen by the Seminary, including, without limitation, preservation or instruction. PENAL SUBSTITUTIONARY ATONEMENT AS THE BASIS FOR NEW COVENANT AND NEW CREATION __________________ A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary __________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy __________________ by Kenneth James Reid May 2015 APPROVAL SHEET PENAL SUBSTITUTIONARY ATONEMENT AS THE BASIS FOR NEW COVENANT AND NEW CREATON Kenneth James Reid Read and Approved by: __________________________________________ Bruce A. Ware (Chair) __________________________________________ Stephen J. Wellum __________________________________________ Shawn D. Wright Date______________________________ In Loving Memory of my Father James Wesley Reid (May 5, 1940-August 23, 2008) A godly father who helped me to understand The Fatherhood of God TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . vii PREFACE . ix Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION . 1 The Atonement Debate . 1 New Creation Critique . 4 Thesis . 6 Contemporary Critique of Penal Substitution . 13 Methodology . 19 Summary of Contents . 20 2. PENAL SUBSTITUTION DEFENSE . 23 Introduction . 23 Theological Foundations . 23 Penal Substitution in the Old Testament . 28 Penal Substitution in the New Testament . 50 Synthesis . 92 Conclusion . 93 3. NEW COVENANT AND ATONEMENT . 96 Introduction . 96 New Covenant . 96 iv Chapter Page Atonement and New Covenant . 119 Conclusion . 128 4. PENAL SUBSTITUTION AND FORGIVENESS . 130 Introduction . 130 Forgiveness and Atonement in the Old Testament. 132 Forgiveness and Atonement in the New Testament . 141 An Objection and Response . 161 Synthesis . 168 Conclusion . 169 5. PENAL SUBSTITUTION AND TRANSFORMATION . 171 Introduction . 171 Holy Spirit in the Old Testament . 175 Holy Spirit and Penal Substitution in the New Testament . 178 Holy Spirit and New Creation . 202 Conclusion . 207 6. PENAL SUBSTITUTION AND GOD’S PRESENCE . 210 Introduction . 210 Covenant Presence in the Old Testament . 214 Covenant Presence in the New Testament . 219 Covenant Absence and Access . 233 Covenant Presence and Penal Substitution . 247 Conclusion . 249 7. PENAL SUBSTITUTION AND KNOWLEDGE OF GOD . 250 Introduction . 250 Biblical Theology of Knowledge . 250 Covenant Mediators . 266 v Chapter Page Atonement and Knowledge . 280 Conclusion . 283 8. PENAL SUBSTITUTION AND RECONCILIATION . 284 Introduction . 284 Reconciliation in the Old Testament . 284 New Testament Atonement and Reconciliation . 294 Reconciliation and New Creation . 314 An Opposing View . 320 Conclusion . 325 9. CONCLUSION . 327 Summary. 327 Implications . 332 Areas for Further Study . 334 Conclusion . 336 BIBLIOGRAPHY . 337 vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AB Anchor Bible ABR Australian Biblical Review BA Biblical Archaeologist BECNT Baker Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament Bibsac Bibliotheca Sacra CBQ Catholic Biblical Quarterly CTQ Concordia Theological Quarterly CTR Criswell Theological Review CTJ Calvin Theological Journal DBSJ Detroit Baptist Seminary Journal ExpTim Expository Times ICC The International Critical Commentary JETS Journal for the Evangelical Theological Society JSNT Journal for the Study of the New Testament JSOTSup Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement Series JSNTSup Journal for the Study of the New Testament Supplement Series JTS Journal of Theological Studies NAC New American Commentary NIBC New International Biblical Commentary vii NICNT New International Commentary of the New Testament NICOT New International Commentary of the Old Testament NIDNTT New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology NIDOTTE New International Dictionary of Old Testament Theology and Exegesis NIGTC The New International Greek Testament Commentary NIVAC The NIV Application Commentary NTS New Testament Studies NovT Novum Testamentum PNTC The Pillar New Testament Commentary SBET Scottish Bulletin of Evangelical Theology SBLSymS Society of Biblical Literature Symposium Series SBJT Southern Baptist Journal of Theology TDNT Theological Dictionary of the New Testament TOTC Tyndale Old Testament Commentary TrinJ Trinity Journal TynBul Tyndale Bulletin WBC Word Biblical Commentary WTJ Westminster Theological Journal ZECNT Zondervan Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament viii PREFACE I want to thank my professors at The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary for my development as a theologian. I am thankful for my advisor, Dr. Bruce Ware, for his guidance through this program. His excellent theological mind is complemented with a great pastoral disposition for his students. It has been an honor to serve as a Garrett Fellow for four years for Dr. Gregg Allison. I am thankful to him for the lunches and discussions that we had that have shaped my thinking. I also want to thank Dr. Stephen J. Wellum and Dr. Chad Brand for sharpening my theology and upholding excellence in theology, research, and writing. I also wish to recognize Dr. Shawn Wright and Dr. Michael Haykin, who have enriched and deepened my knowledge and love of historical theology, and I thank them for their high standards of scholarship. Before I came to Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, I was shaped by many professors at Dallas Theological Seminary. There are so many to name that space does not allow, but I am very appreciative for the ministry that they have provided for me and my wife there. I am especially thankful to Dr. Glenn Kreider, who was my advisor at Dallas and guided me in my discovery of contemporary theologians. I am thankful to Dr. Scott Horrell for his consultation on my thesis, and I thank him for his lasting friendship. I have a great love for the Word, and I thank my previous pastors for fostering that love for the Scriptures. I thank Dr. Winfred Hope of Ebenezer Baptist Church West for his ministry, where I trusted Christ as my savior. I thank Rev. Joseph L. Johnson of West Oakland Missionary Baptist Church, who continued my development and gave me my first opportunity to teach. I am thankful for the ministry of First Baptist Church of Atlanta for further training in counseling and teaching ministry. I thank Dr. Rodney B. ix Frazier of New Beginnings Community Fellowship, who gave me my first opportunity to preach the gospel and certified my by call by licensing and ordaining me. I thank Dr. Kevin Smith for continued training in ministry and opportunity to share the word at Watson Memorial Baptist Church. And, I thank the ministry of Highview Baptist Church for their support and encouragement throughout my studies. I would like to acknowledge and thank my mother, M. Jewell Reid, for all of her encouragement through the years. She has always believed in me and encouraged me to have faith in God and in myself. I am blessed with a generous mother in many ways. Much of who I am today is because of her and my father’s teaching and support. Finally, I want to thank my wife, Satrina, for all of her support and her assistance. This degree would not have been possible without her tireless work. I thank her for taking the financial burden for our family. But much more than this, I thank her for her unwavering encouragement during moments of doubt and insecurity. She is a treasure that God has brought into my life. Kenneth James Reid Louisville, Kentucky May 2015 x CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION The Atonement Debate At the London Symposium on the Theology of Atonement, held in July 2005, Derek Tidball explained that all respondents agreed to three things: “the central significance of the death of Christ to the Christian faith, the variety and richness of the way the New Testament interprets that death, and the urgent necessity to communicate the message of the cross in a way that is both faithful to the Bible’s revelation and meaningful in the contemporary world.”1As the symposium debated the doctrine of penal substitution,2 some participants questioned if this model of the atonement was biblically accurate or relevant to the modern world. Others argued that because of the variety of expressions in the New Testament, one metaphor is insufficient to express the meaning of 1Derek Tidball, “Preface,” in The Atonement Debate: Papers from the London Symposium on the Theology of Atonement, ed. Derek Tidball, David Hilborn, and Justin.
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