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Temporal Variation of Groundwater Resources in Ilesa West Local Government, Osun State Nigeria

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Temporal Variation of Groundwater Resources in Ilesa West Local Government, Osun State Nigeria Nigerian Journal of Technology (NIJOTECH) Vol. 39, No. 1, January 2020, pp. 315 – 324 Copyright© Faculty of Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Print ISSN: 0331-8443, Electronic ISSN: 2467-8821 www.nijotech.com http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v39i1.35 TEMPORAL VARIATION OF GROUNDWATER RESOURCES IN ILESA WEST LOCAL GOVERNMENT, OSUN STATE NIGERIA O. O. Fadipe 1, * and K. T. Oladepo2 1, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, OSUN STATE UNIVERSITY, OSOGBO, OSUN STATE, NIGERIA 2, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, OBAFEMI AWOLOWO UNIVERSITY, ILE-IFE, OSUN STATE, NIGERIA E-mail addresses: 1 [email protected], 2 [email protected] ABSTRACT The study was carried out to investigate the different groundwater resources and to generate the temporal differences over the different seasons in Ilesa West Local Government, Osun State, Nigeria. The LGA has not been provided with municipal pipe-borne water supply for over 30 years, hence they are exclusively using groundwater in form of boreholes, dugwells and springs. The physico- chemical and heavy metal parameters were determined over a period of one year covering the rainy and dry seasons. A total of 69 drinking water points which comprises of 63 dugwells, 5 boreholes and 1 spring were used for the study and they were selected to represent the built-up part of the entire study area adequately. Parameters analysed were pH, electrical conductivity (EC), temperature, total dissolved solids (TDS), chloride, sulphate, nitrate, sodium, potassium (K), calcium, magnesium, hardness, alkalinity, bicarbonate using standard methods. Analysis of heavy metals (Fe, Cr) was carried out with atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) and microbiological analysis was conducted using most probable number (MPN) of counting coliforms. The data generated were subjected to descriptive statistics and line graph. The analysis of the different groundwater resources revealed a good water quality but the values of pH, TDS, EC, K, were higher than the permissible range. The concentration of Fe and Cr is very high and could constitute some health hazards in some sources. The temporal variation of the water quality parameters did not follow any definite trend but the pH, NO3, TDS, HCO3, SO4, Fe, Cr were highest in the dry months of April and December, while Ca, Mg, K, Na, hardness, and alkalinity were highest in the rainy months of June and August. The percentage of microbial distribution was highest in the months of June in the boreholes and the spring but the distribution in the dugwells was entirely different. The water from the boreholes and dugwells were generally soft and should be checked for plumbo-solvency. It is recommended that a routine monitoring of all the sources should be carried out and a treatment that will reduce the heavy metals concentrations be enforced. Keywords: Groundwater resources, physico-chemical parameters, temporal variations, dugwells, boreholes and spring. 1. INTRODUCTION increasing in Nigeria because of the dwindling supply Drinking water is generally obtained from two of pipe borne water especially in urban areas where principal natural sources which are surface water population growth kept increasing. Contrary to the such as fresh water lakes, rivers, streams and widely held theoretical view of groundwater being the groundwater such as borehole, dugwells, springs and safest and better water for consumption, some wells infiltration galleries [1]. Around the world, are found to be polluted in terms of temperature, groundwater became a preferred source of drinking mineral contents, heavy metals, organic matter and water because of its convenience, availability and bacterial concentration [2]. Groundwater is derived good quality. The demand for groundwater is from precipitation and from surface water bodies * Corresponding author, tel: +234 – 803 – 453 – 9764 TEMPORAL VARIATION OF GROUNDWATER RESOURCES IN ILESA WEST LOCAL GOVERNMENT, OSUN STATE NIGERIA, O. O. Fadipe, et al such as lakes and streams that soak into the bed rock 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS and stored in tiny spaces between rocks and particles 2.1. Study Area of soil. Most times, naturally occurring substances are The study was conducted in Ilesa West Local dissolved or suspended as fine grained solids in Government Area (LGA) in Osun State, South groundwater and in many cases, some water Western Nigeria (Figure 1) from September 2016 to treatment is necessary before groundwater becomes August 2017. Geographically, it is located within acceptable for drinking purposes. The extraction of coordinates 070 36’ N and 0040 40’E and 070 42’N and ground water is mainly by dug wells, drilled wells, 0040 46’E and has a total area of 63 km2. The LGA boreholes while ground water that flows naturally belongs to a humid tropical type with humidity from the ground is called a spring. Dug well is a throughout the year and a mean annual rainfall of shallow excavation up to about 10 m deep that 1600 mm/year. It has two dominant seasons; a rainy penetrates an unconfined aquifer. Dug wells are not season which is usually between May and October dependable source of water because of the seasonal and a dry season from November to April. variation in the depth of the water table and the well Geologically, the study area is within the basement susceptibility to pollution [3]. Deep wells are those complex of the crystalline rocks of Nigeria and it is that are more than 30 m deep, and are mostly underlained by mainly biotite-gneisis schist and commonly used for public water supplies. The amphibolites complex [9]. composition of groundwater is used to determine its potability and serves as a tool to determine the 2.2. Sample Collection and Analysis sources of naturally occurring and human related Water samples were collected from 63 dugwells, 5 contaminants. The chemical parameters of boreholes and 1 spring (Table 1) for one year. The groundwater play a significant role in classifying and water points (Figure 2) were selected to cover all the assessing water quality. Season is believed to 10 wards of the local government area and to show influence the concentration level of the physico- a fair representation of authority managing it chemical and bacteriological loading in water sources. including individually owned, privately owned and Agbaire and Oyibo [4] reported that concentration of community. For the dugwells, well depths and water dissolved solids were low in the dry season. Ocheri, level were measured with a solinst water level meter et al [5] found out that 80% of the wells had nitrate at each sampling period. Water samples were taking concentrations above the WHO allowable limit for from standpipes of boreholes and some wells while drinking water for wet season. Egbulem [6] reported those without any were taken using bucket drawals. that pH, total dissolved solids, total alkalinity, Water samples were collected in 2.5 litre plastic potassium, iron, sulphate have higher concentration bottles that have been prewashed and rinsed with the in wet season, and temperature, turbidity, total sample water prior to sampling. After sampling, water hardness, chloride, magnesium, electrical samples were kept in ice packed containers and conductivity, sodium, nitrate have higher transported to laboratory for analysis. The pH,TDS concentrations in the dry season. Ishaka and and temperature were measured onsite- using Ezeigbo [7] studied some hand-dugwells and found multipurpose portable pH meter. Parameters out that wells were all contaminated, and that analysed in the laboratory were sulphate, nitrate, bacterial loadings increases from dry season to rainy chloride, calcium, magnesium, hardness and season between 1998-2002. In Jemeta area of Yola alkalinity and bicarbonate. Sulphate was analysed town, [8] found concentrations of chloride, nitrate, using Turbidimetric method [10]; nitrate was total dissolved solids and coliform to far exceed the analysed using Brucine method; chloride was WHO allowable limit for drinking water in the wet analysed by using mercury (II) nitrate; calcium, season. The present study is to investigate the effect magnesium and hardness were analysed using of time and season on the quality of the different titrimetric method. Other cations (Na, K) and heavy groundwater resources in Ilesa West Local metals were analysed using AAS and microbiological Government. analysis was performed with MPN method of counting coliforms The data generated were subjected to statistical analysis (descriptive,) using SPSS and Excel sheet. Nigerian Journal of Technology, Vol. 39, No. 1, January 2020 316 TEMPORAL VARIATION OF GROUNDWATER RESOURCES IN ILESA WEST LOCAL GOVERNMENT, OSUN STATE NIGERIA, O. O. Fadipe, et al Fig. 1: Map of the study area Fig. 2: Map of the sampling points in the study area Table 1: Water points and street names S/ Map Elevati North Easter Street name S/ Map Elevati North Easter N no on (m) ern n Street name N no on (m) ern n 3 A506 400 692024 844390 Igbogi Ogbon egebe 1 D194 375 691099 843001 4 B038 396 692089 844027 Olomukogun oke-iyin 2 D230 387 691273 843952 Oromu 5 B046 387 692150 843490 Adeti 6 A498 389 692052 843081 Itabalogun Nigerian Journal of Technology, Vol. 39, No. 1, January 2020 317 TEMPORAL VARIATION OF GROUNDWATER RESOURCES IN ILESA WEST LOCAL GOVERNMENT, OSUN STATE NIGERIA, O. O. Fadipe, et al S/ Map Elevati North Easter S/ Map Elevati North Easter Street name Street name N no on (m) ern n N no on (m) ern n Awolodu, 7 B023 376 691688 843033 Odoiro 46 D281 370 689717 843933 muroko 8 E344 391 690742 847272
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