(Sud Est Tunisien) : Implications Géodynamiques Et Intérêts Pétroliers

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(Sud Est Tunisien) : Implications Géodynamiques Et Intérêts Pétroliers THÈSE pour obtenir le grade de Docteur de l’Université Paris-Est Marne-La-Vallée Spécialité : Sciences de l’Information Géographique Présentée et soutenue publiquement par Rim GHEDHOUI Apports de l’imagerie sismique et des SIG à l’étude morphostructurale de la Jeffara (Sud Est tunisien) : Implications géodynamiques et intérêts pétroliers Le 27 Novembre 2014 Jean CHOROWICZ, Professeur Emérite, Université Paris 6 Rapporteur Fouad ZARGOUNI, Professeur, Université Tunis El Manar (Tunisie) Rapporteur Jean Paul RUDANT, Professeur, Université Paris-Est Examinateur Benoît DEFFONTAINES, Professeur, Université Paris-Est Co-Directeur de thèse M.Chedly RABIA, Professeur, Université la Mannouba (Tunisie) Co-Directeur de thèse Rim GHEDHOUI Université PARIS-EST Remerciements La thèse n’est pas une expérience solitaire et que voilà l’agréable moment des remerciements est enfin venu… Au cours de ces dernières années de recherche, plusieurs personnes ont croisé mon chemin scientifique et méritent d’être remerciées. Tout d’abord, mes remerciements et ma gratitude s’adressent à Benoît DEFFONTAINES, Professeur à l’Université Paris-Est et directeur de la présente thèse, à qui je dois beaucoup. C’est grâce à lui que j’ai pu mener à terme ce long travail de recherche, malgré mes nombreuses tentatives d’abandon pendant les moments de découragement. Il a su diriger ce travail, avec beaucoup de professionnalisme, de technicité, de gentillesse et d’humour. Il m’a fait partager sa riche expérience multidisciplinaire et son aisance sur le terrain. Il m’a été d’une grande aide scientifique et un soutien moral incontournable. Merci pour tout : vous étiez toujours mon ange gardien…vous m’avez tant appris aussi bien sur le plan scientifique qu’humain. Je tiens aussi à remercier, particulièrement, Mohamed Chedly RABIA, Professeur à l’Université de la Mannouba (Tunisie) et co-directeur de thèse, de m’avoir fait confiance en me proposant le présent sujet. Il a mis à ma disposition les moyens logistiques nécessaires pour mes missions de terrain dans le Sud tunisien, malgré les contraintes et l’instabilité politique de la Tunisie en 2012. Nos échanges scientifiques et humains étaient vraiment appréciés. Je remercie également Jean CHOROWICZ, Professeur Emérite Université Paris 6, pour avoir accepté de rapporter cette thèse et d’en être le président du jury. Je lui témoigne ici ma profonde gratitude. Mes remerciements sont aussi adressés à Fouad ZARGOUNI, Professeur à l’Université Tunis El Manar (Tunisie), pour avoir accepté de juger ce travail et d’être membre rapporteur pour le jury, malgré ses innombrables responsabilités et engagements. Je témoigne ma gratitude à Jean Paul RUDANT, Professeur à l’Université Paris-Est, avec qui j’ai fait mes premiers pas dans le domaine de la recherche par le biais de l’ancien Master 2 Science de l’Information Géographique (M2-SIG) (actuellement Master Information Géographique, M2-IG). Je le remercie pour avoir accepté d’examiner cette thèse, en dépit de ses responsabilités et de ses multiples déplacements à l’étranger. Je tiens à remercier l’Entreprise Tunsienne d’Activités Pétrolières (ETAP, Tunisie), pour m’avoir fourni des lignes sismique réflexions 2D, ayant permis la validation des interpretations morphostructurales faisant objet de la présente thèse. Je remercie, particulièrement, le personnel de la Direction d’Exploration (DEX) de l’ETAP pour m’avoir accepté en stage et m’avoir fait partager leur riche expérience en interprétation sismique sur CHARISMA et CPS3 (GEOFRAME 4.3, Schlumberger). 3 Youssef BOUAZIZI, Ali JELLALIYA, Rachid MAROUANI, Nourane BOUAJILA et Asma BEN AMMAR, personnel du Centre de Recherche et du Développement Pétrolier (CRDP, ETAP, Tunisie) méritent d’être, spétialement, remerciés pour leur précieuse aide en interprétation sismique. Mes remerciements les plus sincères s’adressent à Mohamed BEN YOUSEF, Directeur Général du Centre de Recherche et des Technologies des Eaux (CERTE, Technopole, Borj Cedria, Tunisie). Sa gentillesse et sa participation enrichissante à la première mission de terrain m’ont beaucoup marquées. Je remercie également Olivier DE JOINVILLE, ex-Enseignant à l’ENSG, pour m’avoir initié au logiciel River Tools. Je tiens à remercier Mahfoudh MENJLI et Salah GHODHOUI (Ministère de l’Agriculture, Tunisie). Nos échanges en ce qui concerne la validité des données de la carte agricole ont été vraiment appréciés. Tout au long de ces années de recherche, j’ai eu le plaisir de connaître beaucoup de doctorants avec qui j’ai partagé de précieux moments, animés par des discussions enrichissantes, et à qui j’adresse mes remerciements les plus sincères. Je citerai Mehdi BEN HASSEN, Fredéric KAVEH, David NIAMIEN, Clélia BILODEAU, Mahran Haidar… Je remercie également Habib ZETRINI, qui m’a toujours accompagné lors de mes missions de terrain dans le Sud tunisien. J’adresse particulièrement mes remerciements à Katy : les moments que j’ai partagés avec toi me sont vraiment chers…Entre autre, je n’oublierai jamais nos échanges sur le chemin de la cantine. Voilà, les quelques lignes qui me tiennent vraiment à cœur vont enfin être rédigées, me permettant, de remercier des personnes proches à qui je dois beaucoup : - Maman et papa. Votre amour, votre patience, vos encouragements m’ont donné la volonté de continuer. Merci pour tout ; - Papi. Tu étais mon premier maître…tu m’as beaucoup appris, me voilà enfin arrivée à terme de mon travail. Merci de m’avoir tant soutenu…je te serai toujours reconnaissante ; - Salim. Merci d’avoir cru en moi et de m’avoir tant soutenu aussi bien moralement que financièrement. Ton amour m’a procuré une force inouïe ; - Mehdi et Meha. Certes, la rédaction en votre présence était difficile ; mais c’est grâce à l’amour inépuisable que vous me procurez que j’ai pu continuer ; 4 Rim GHEDHOUI Université PARIS-EST - Nidhal et Roua. Votre amour, vos encouragements et vos sacrifices resteront toujours gravés dans ma mémoire ; - Raja, Adel, Ghada et Alla. Merci pour votre amour et votre soutien ; - Je remercie, enfin, toute ma famille en Tunisie et en France et ma belle famille, pour leurs encouragements. A vous tous, je dédie ce travail. Enfin, je remercie toute personne, que j’ai omis de citer et qui a contribué de prés ou de loin à l’élaboration de ce travail 5 Rim GHEDHOUI Université PARIS-EST « Ce n’est pas dans la science qu’est le bonheur, mais dans l’acquisition de la science » (Edgar Allan Poe, 1809 – 1849) 7 Rim GHEDHOUI Université PARIS-EST TABLE DE MATIERES RÉSUMÉ ................................................................................................................................. 17 ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................ 21 PREMIÈRE PARTIE ............................................................................................................ 25 INTRODUCTION GÉNÉRALE .......................................................................................... 25 CHAPITRE 1 .......................................................................................................................... 27 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 27 1. Problématique ................................................................................................................... 27 2. Objectifs de l’étude ........................................................................................................... 28 3. Choix de la zone d’étude ................................................................................................... 30 4. Approche méthodologique ................................................................................................ 31 CHAPITRE 2 .......................................................................................................................... 33 CADRE GÉOGRAPHIQUE ET GÉOLOGIQUE DE LA JEFFARA ............................. 33 1. Cadre géographique et géologique de la zone d’étude ..................................................... 33 1.1. Présentation géographique ............................................................................................. 33 1.2. Présentation des ensembles morphostructuraux du Sud tunisien .................................. 35 2. Cadre géologique de la Jeffara .......................................................................................... 37 2.1. Historique des travaux ................................................................................................... 37 2.2. Aperçu structural et néotectonique ................................................................................ 40 2.3. Aperçu géodynamique ................................................................................................... 41 2.4. Stratigraphie et paléogéographie ................................................................................... 45 3. Intérêts économiques de la Jeffara .................................................................................... 69 CHAPITRE 3 .......................................................................................................................... 71 DONNÉES ET OUTILS ........................................................................................................ 71 1. Collecte de données disponibles ....................................................................................... 71 1.1. Données de surface (Base de données carto,
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