World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research Purohit . World Journal of Pharmaceutical SJIF ResearchImpact Factor 8.084 Volume 8, Issue 12, 476-492. Review Article ISSN 2277– 7105

A REVIEW OF IMPORTANT MEDICINAL INDICUS L.R.BR. (ANANTAMOOL)

*Dr. Prasanna Purohit

Department of Botany, Sarojini Naidu Govt. Girls P.G. Autonomous College, Shivaji Nagar Bhopal (M.P.)-492021, .

Article Received on ABSTRACT 02 Sept. 2019, Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R.Br. is very useful herb in pharmacology. It Revised on 22 Sept. 2019, Accepted on 12 Oct. 2019, is used a lot due to its medicinal properties. There are many drug

DOI: 10.20959/wjpr201912-16091 preparations perform by using this plant. Plant has various antimicrobial activities that work effectively on many bacteria and

*Corresponding Author fungus. A lot of chief phytochemicals are present in leaves and roots. Dr. Prasanna Purohit This plant has been used since a long time to cure a lot of disease. Department of Botany, Traditionally used of this plant has been done in Srilanka, India and Sarojini Naidu Govt. Girls other country since very long time. It is a very important medicinal P.G. Autonomous College, Shivaji Nagar Bhopal plant in term of human being, so we are studying its review of (M.P.)-492021, India. literature.

KEYWORDS: Hemidesmus indicus (L.), phytochemicals.

1.0 INTRODUCTION Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R.Br. is known as Anantamool. It is placed in Asclepiadaceae family and it is creeper hedge plant. Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R.Br. is recognized as Sugandi in early years. It’s high medicinal value known from 1000 years.

2.0 Vernacular Name Bengali Name- Anantamool, English Name- Indian Sarsaparilla and Gujrati name- Sariva and Name- Anantamool.

3.0 Classification Kingdom –Planate Division - Magnoliophyta

www.wjpr.net Vol 8, Issue 12, 2019. 476 Purohit . World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

Order- Family- Asclepiadaceae Genus- Hemidesmus - Indicus

Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R.Br. is placed in Asclepiadaceous. In recent times pollinial characters found in Plant, hence Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R.Br. is shifted in Periplocaceae.

4.0 Distribution This plant is grows in mesophytic and semi dry conditions in the plains. This plant is found in all over Asia and in Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal and Karnataka (Sasidharan and Siddique 2004 et al., Anonymous, 2005 and Nayar et al., 2006). Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R.Br. is established in all over southern Asia. However it is originated in India, wherever it is still primarily found growing wildly. Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R.Br. is produce in Malaysia, Indonesia and Srilanka. It is old medicinal plant, plant parts has been exported to world.

5.0 Morphology Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R.Br. is slender climber . It is easily expressed in environment condition. Following character is below.

Leaves-The Leaves are trim, soft and oval shaped. They consistent prolong intense green color in all over year.

Stem-It is woody stem and woody stem color is dim red etc. - are beam bottle green surrounded by purple hue.

Flowering- Flowering of plant has continued all over the year.

Seeds-Seeds color is white and enclosed with small silver hairs.

Roots-Roots system is thin, linear and chief root is produces few aspect branches.

These roots odor is sweet, emitting a sweet scent adore mix of vanilla. Dried root woody, cylindrical some-what winding by crosswise spitted, 0.5 to 2 cm in diameter, seldom branched, lateral rootlets wiry, externally dark brown yellowish and brown in color. The taste is acrid.

www.wjpr.net Vol 8, Issue 12, 2019. 477 Purohit . World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

Aiyer (1951), Prasad and Wahi (1965), Warrier (2000) give the morphology of plant. They said that stem is braches and string anticlockwise. It is elongated, narrow, laticiferous and wiry with purple brown colored, nodes have slightly ridge.

6.0 Anatomy Fresh root have regular outline and its transverse section is rounded. It centre have wood stand which is compact and porous, and covered by massive crème colored starch tissue and a peripheral strip of light reddish brown rind (Aiyer, 1951: Sharma et al., 2000: Warrier et al., 2000).

7.0 Chromosome number Chromosome number of Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R.BR. is 2n =22.

8.0 REVIEW OF LITERATURE In the field of medicine, have been used as a medicine since long time. According to World health organization, Still 80% people mainly on traditionally remedies like herbs for their medicines. It is probable that plants get the active ingredients from them and form medicines. Due to high demand of medicinal plants, the cultivation of medicinal plants is increasing nowadays. High demanded plants are collected from uncultivated region. Many reasons like population crush, loss of pollinators and reproduction, low seed germination capability, loss of genetic variability, environment factors, pathological cases (Out break of disease and epidemics), habitat degradation. Due to these species of plants are being eliminated. Distributed species is very important for us in way (Vieira and Skorupa 1993; WHO 2000; Subhose, 2005; Chandra and Bikram, 2007; Ramar et al., 2008). Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R.Br. is general medicinal plant, which are broadly used in Indian system of medicine (Anonymous, 1996 and 2003, British Pharmacopeia). This plant is mainly used as a medicines, so its medicine value is high. There are isolated two main type glycosides (Emidine & Hemidescine) by Chandra et al., 1994, Hemidesminine a new coumarone Lignoid (Mandal et al. 1997 and a new triterpene lactones, has been reported by Gupta et al, 1992).

Roy et al. (2001) have done phytochemicals studies of Hemidesmus indicus L.R.Br. in comparison with other plants equated with Sariva. Studies on triterpenoids from the roots of Hemidesmus indicus L.R.Br. have been reported by Padhye et al. (1973). Isolation of Indicusin-a pregnane diester triglycoside, β-sitosterol and new coumarinolignoids from www.wjpr.net Vol 8, Issue 12, 2019. 478 Purohit . World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

Hemidesmus indicus L.R.Br. has had been reported (Chatarjee and Bhattacharya, 1955; Das et al., 1992; Deepak et al., 1995).

9.0 Ethno botany/ Traditional Knowledge Application of Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R.Br. is reported for many ethno medical practices (Karnick, 1977). Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R.Br. is used for leucorrhoea disease in Bargarh district in Orissa and rural community of Goa (Behera and Sen., 2000 and Kamat, 2001). Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R.Br. is applied for prevent or reduce of fever (Kumar & Singh, 1999). It is reported for hair and scalp preparation at Indian tribal’s (Banerjee and Pal, 1994). Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R.Br. is used by rural communities of dist Ambikapur, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh (Kothari, Moorthy & Singh, 1994). Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R.Br. is utilized for menstrual problems in dist Dhemaji of Assam state of India (Bioassay & Sharma, 2003). Application of Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R.Br. is reported as a ophthalmic medicine in Phulbani, Orissa (Sahoo, 1995). Traditional use of Hemidesmus indicus by the tribal’s of Nallamalais reported by Pullaiah et al, 1994. Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R.Br. is used for fever, headache, asthma, eye disease diarrhea, rheumatism and wound by Bangladesh (Siddique et al, 2004). Application of Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R.Br. is reported for traditional used in Karnataka, Kani tribals, Kouthalai of Tirunelveli hills, Tamil Nadu and dist Amravati Maharashtra (Isaq et al 2004, Rajasab et al, 2004, Ayyanar & Ignacimuthu, 2005, Jagtap et al, 2006). Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R.Br. is mostly significant medicine in India and it is used from many years. Last 30 year, Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R.Br. has been related to wide-ranging clinical, Pharmacology and phytochemicals investigation and lots of researches are reported in various area.

10.0 Medicinal properties Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R.Br. is mostly used in Unani, Sidda and Ayurveda like Blood cleanser diuretic anti rheumatic, anti viper venom activity and anti diarrheoal (Alam and Chopra et al, 1980). It is completed sources of dietary disorder, sweat disorder of body, syphilis, bronchitis, fever, piles, poisoning of rat bite, epileptic fits in child and leukorrea, kapha and vatatridosha disease of blood (Basu & Kirtikar, 1975). It is also used in drinking industry like flavoring agent, food industry and cosmetic factory (Sarasan et al., 1994, Debata & Patnaik, 1996 and Sreekumar and Seeni, 1999). Roots extract has been present very important phytochemicals like oil. It oil is found a 2-Hydroxy 4-Methoxy Benzaldehyde 80%. Stem aerial part of root is mostly significance like milky latex. It is used for treatment

www.wjpr.net Vol 8, Issue 12, 2019. 479 Purohit . World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

of inflamed eyes (Sahoo. 1995). Chopra et al., 1956, Kirthikar and Basu 1980, Anonymous 1986 and 1997, Murugesa Mudhaliar 1988 and Nadkarni 1989 were describe remedial properties of Anantamool. Anonymous 1986 and 1997 and Nadkarni 1989 were found. Its root is blood cleaner, diaphoretic, diuretic, cooling refreshments drink, anti diarrhoeal, astringent and antipyretics. Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R.Br. roots is helpful for syphilis, blood disease, respiratory disease, skin infection, fever, loss of appetite, itching, bronchitis, asthma, eye diease, kidney and urinary related disorder, lburing sensation and rheumatism by Muherjee 1953.

11.0 Vegetative / seed germination Warrier is studied on germ proliferation in 2000. Germ proliferation was 95.33. Albino seeding 1% is reported. Vegetative propagation method results are not satisfactory by stem cutting after treatment. Philip et al., 1991 are reported of vegetative propagation by means of stem and root cutting. Ramulu et al., 2005 is reported of vegetative propagation by stem cutting. Inter specific variability are reported to high occurrence rate. George et al. (2006) reported phytochemicals studies of accessions from different agro climatic zones of India with studies of vegetative and reproductive characters on the basis of Micro and Macro morphological observations. Decruse et al, 1999 is reported effect of cryopreservation on seed germination.

Micropropagation is a term which related to plant biotechnology. Plant tissue culture includes many techniques include many technique like somatic hybridization, cryopreservation and regeneration of transgenic plants. Plant tissue culture is an important element of plant biotechnology. Tissue culture and plant cell play a signification role in crop improvement and has great potential for the future (Singh & Kumar, 1999). In recent year plant tissue culture got attention of researchers, researchers rate tissue culture have increased in whole world (Murashige and Skoog. 1974).

12.0 Tissue Culture Studies Conventional propagation of Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R.Br. (Anantamool) is slow and cumbersome. Phillip et al. (1991) tried to accelerate the vegetative propagation by applying different rooting hormones on the stem cuttings but failed to induce rooting. Application of plant tissue culture technique may help solve this problems.B.K. Debata and J. Patnaik, 1996 have details of micropropagation by auxiliary bud from nodal explants and B.K. Debata and J.Patnaik, 1996 also studies on steroids in tissue cultured and immature plant by Chadha and www.wjpr.net Vol 8, Issue 12, 2019. 480 Purohit . World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

Heble, 1978. Multiple shoot induction starting tips and nodal segment in MS medium with NAA (Naphthalene acetic acid), BA (Benzyladenine) & GA3 (Gibberelic Acid) is reported by Thomas et al. (1996). Micropropagation of Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R.Br.(Anantamool) with axillaries bud is reported by Debata in 1996. Micropropagation of Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R.Br.(Anantamool) with angiogenesis and somatic embryogenesis has reported by Sarasan et al (1991,1994). Malathy and Pai (1988) reported that MS basal medium supplemented with BA (Benzyl-adenine) is used for in vitro micropropagation of Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R.Br.(Anantamool). Shoot thickness and internodes length increased by the addition of low concentration of ammoniums. Sreekumar et al. (1998) reported that micropropagation from the root culture. For cultivation & production of 2- Hydroxy 4- methoxy BA (Benzyl adenine), micropropagation of Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R.Br. was reported by S. Sreekumar, S. Seeni and P.Pushpangadan in 2000. By root segments, which derived from aseptic seedling Ramulu et al. (2003) have reported that regeneration of herbs. Neetha et al. (2003 and 2005) studies the invitro biosynthesis of antioxidants form indicus (L.) R.Br. and clonal propagation improvement. By adenine sulphate.S.Mehrotra, S.K.Datta, Neeta Misra and Pratibha Misra (2004) were reported in vitro biosynthesis of antioxidants, MS medium with different hormonal mixture for roots and leaf of Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R.Br. by shoot and callus are developed. Dixit and Swaroopa (2006) have reported that by leaf culture developed somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration.N.A.Siddique and M.A.Bari (2006) have studied plant regeneration by axillaries shoot segment derived callus. A.K.Shanmugapriya, T.Sivakumar (2011) have been reported nodal and leaves explants by in vitro regeneration of plantlets Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R.Br.

13.0 Phytochemicals and Anti Microbiological studies These plants have reported in bacteriostatic, anticancer, antiviral, antibiotic, ant filamentary and antibacterial property. Anonymous (2001) are chewed leaves and response refreshing, slender leaf in found open country area. Antibacterial studies were carried out by Naovi et al. (1991) and Rajendra Prasad et al (1983). Aqueous extract at 410µg m/l (IC50), methanol extract at 200 µgm/l (IC50) and 50% ethanol extract 320 µg m/l (IC50) was active against streptococcus mutants. Escherichia coli, corynebacterium diphtheria, Diplococcus pneumonia, Staphylococcus aures, C.dipthreria, Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus viridians were completed inactive in ethnolic extracts of 95%.

www.wjpr.net Vol 8, Issue 12, 2019. 481 Purohit . World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

Antifungal activity was studied against Microsporum canis, M. gypseum, Phialophora ieanselmei, and Trichophyla mentagrophytes. Aqueous extract was studied against Candida albicans and C.tropicalis, but the antifungal activities were not effective. Antiviral activity was carried out by Dhar et al. (1968) against Ranikhet. Plaque formation suppressant study was carried out by Namba et. al. (1985). Antifungal activity was studied by Suresh and Rai (1990) it had weak activity against Setaria digitata at a dose of 15000 ppm. The nematocidal activity was analyzed by Ali et al. (1991) with aqueous and methanol extracts against Taxocara canis. Qureshi et al. (1997) found out that the extract does not produce inhibitory activity against kertinophilic fungi. Methanol extract possessed inhibitory activity against S. typhimurium, E. coli and S. flexneri; in invitro cultures by agar well disc diffusion and broth culture has been reported by Das et al, (2003). Jain and Bansal (2003) proved that Hemidesmus indicus L.R.Br. does not inhibit the activity of the anaerobic pathogen Propionibacterium acne, though it has anti-inflammatory properties. Das and Devaraj (2006) are reported that chloroform and methanolic medium are effective against Staphylococcus flexneri.

Das and Devraj (2006b) found out that glycosides present in root and it is inhibited against pathogenesis of Staphylococcus typhimuriumd, by hydrophobicity. Hemidesmus indicus L.R.Br. highly active against ESBL-producing multidrug resistant enteric bacteria by Ahmad and Aqil (2006). Kainthla R.P and Kashyao (2006) studied that ADA activity and Ig released by lymphocytes, promote by herbal extract. Pharmacognostic validation of root. of Hemidesmus indicus L.R.Br. reported by Shanthi. A.R., Radha N. and Jayshree (2010). It reported that additionally useful plant was make uniform based on macroscopic, microscopic, physic-chemical and chromatography evaluate for its microbial limits, pesticides etc. According to Gandhi (1998), endangered medicinal plant Hemidesmus indicus L.R.Br. need to conservation and their fore the research.

14.0 Market Prices Sharma et al., 2000 is studied of market rate of Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R.Br. roots per kg 45 INR and power 90 INR per kg in 1999. Curent rate of Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R.Br. is 800 to 1200 INR per kg as per website name www.indianjadibooti.com.

www.wjpr.net Vol 8, Issue 12, 2019. 482 Purohit . World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

15.0 CONCLUSION Literature search has shown Hemidesmus indicus L. R. Br. is one of the most valuable medicinal herb, produces various phytoconstituents, which are having high demand in local and international trade marketed for their medicinal value.

16.0 REFERENCES 1. Ahmad L, Zaiba AZ and Mehmood Z 1999. Antimicrobial potency of selected medicinal plants with special interest in activity against phytopathogenic fungi. Indian Vet Medicinal J., 23: 299-306. 2. Ahmad, I and A.Z. Beg, 2001. Antimicrobial and phytochemicals studies on 45 Indian medicinal plants against multi drug resistant human pathogens. J. Ethnopharmacol., 74: 113-123. 3. Aiyer, K.N. 1951. Pharmmacogenesis of organic drug of Travancore, Cochin, central research centre Trivandrum, 1: 14-20. 4. Alam MJ, Auddy B and Gomes A 1996. Viper venom neutralization by Indian medicinal plants (Hemidesmus indicus and Pluchea indica). Phytother. Res., 10(1): 58-61. 5. Alam M J, Auddy B and Gomes A 1998. Viper venom induced inflammation and inhibition of free radical (2-hydroxy-4-methoxy benzoic acid) isolation and purified from Anantmool (Hemidesmus Indicus R. Br) root extract. Toxicon, 36: 207-215. 6. Alam MJ and Gomes A 1998. Adjuvant effects and antiserum action potentiating by a (herbal) compound 2- hydroxyl 4- methoxy benzoic acid isolated from the root extract of the Indian medicinal plant Sarsaparilla (Hemidesmus indicus R.Br.). Toxicon, 36: 1423-1431. 7. Anoop, A. and M. Jegadeesan. 2003. Biochemical studies on the antiulcerogenic potential of Hemidesmus indicus R. Br. var. indicus. Fitoterapia, 84: 149–156. 8. Anonymous (1995). Curr. Res. Med. Arom. Pl., Vol. 17, C. I. M. A. P., I-X., C. S. I. R., New Delhi (Rep. Ed.). 9. Anonymous, (2001). The Wealth of India: A Dictionary of Indian Raw Materials and Industrial Products. First Supplement Series (Raw Materials) Vol. 2: Cl-Cy, National Institute of Science Communication, New Delhi, And ISBN: 81-7236-213-7. 10. Anonymous, 2005. Quality Standards of Indian Medicinal Plants. Vol. 2. Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, 119-128.

www.wjpr.net Vol 8, Issue 12, 2019. 483 Purohit . World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

11. Arseculeratne, S.N.A.A.L. Gunatilaka and R. G. Panabokke (1985). Studies on medicinal plant of Srilanka. Part 14: Toxicity of some traditional medicinal herbs. J. Ethnopharmacol, 13: 323-335. 12. Arumugam Krishnan Shanmugapriya, Thirumal Sivakumar, 2011. Regeneration of Invitro Plantlets in Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. through Nodal and Leaf Explants. International Multidisciplinary Research Journal, 1(10): 41-45. 13. Atal, C. K., M. L. Sharma, A. Kaul, and A. Khajuria. 1986. Immunomodulating agents of plant origin I: preliminary screening. J. Ethnopharmacol, 18: 133–141. 14. Austin, A. and M. Jegadeesan (2003), Biochemical studies on the anti ulcerogenic potential of Hemidesmus indicus R. Br. var. indicus. J. Ethnopharmacol., 84: 149-156. 15. Ayyanar, M. and S. Ignacimuthu, 2005. Traditional knowledge of kani tribals in Kouthalai of Triunelveli hills, Tamil Nadu, India. J. Ethnopharmacol, 102: 246-255. 16. Bharathi R. C, Aruna V, Elgin A, and Brindha P 2011. Pharmcognostical and phyto- chemical studies on Hemidesmus indicus root. phor-macognosy and phytichemical research, 3(3): 74-79. 17. Basu & Kirtikar, 1975, Indian medicinal plant book, Volume 3. 18. Bapat V.A., Yadav S.R., Dixit G.B., (2008). Rescue of endangered plants through biotechnological applications. Natl. Acad. Sci. Lett., 31: 201-210. 19. Banerjee, D.K and D.C. Pal, 1994. Plants used by tribals of plain land in india for hair and scalp preparation: Ethno-biology in Human Welfare. Abstracts of the 4th International Congress of Ethno- biology, Lucknow, UP, India. 20. Bopanna, K.N., N. Bhagyalakshmi, S.P. Rathod, R. Balaraman and J. Kannan (1997), Cell culture derived Hemidesmus indicus in the preventation of hypercholesterolemia in normal and hyperlipidaemic rats. Indian J. Pharmacol., 29: 105-109. 21. Bramwell D., (1990). The role of in vitro cultivation in the conservation of endangered species. In: Hernández, B.J.E., Clemente, M., Heywood, V. (Eds.) Proc. Int. Congress of Conserv. Techniques in Botanic Gardens, Koeltz Scientific Books, 3-15. 22. Chatterjee R.C. and Bhattacharya B.K.; 1955. A note on the isolation of sitosterol from Hemidesmus indicus. J. Ind. Chem. Soc., 32: 485-486. 23. Chang C C, MH., Wen and J C Chern, 2002. Estimation of total flavonoid content in Propolis by two comple-mentary colorimetric methods. J Food Drug Anal. 24. Chanda, R.D. Deepak and A. Khare, 1994. Pregnane glycosides from Hemidesmus indicus. Phytochemistry, 35: 1545-1548.

www.wjpr.net Vol 8, Issue 12, 2019. 484 Purohit . World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

25. Chandra, B., Palni, L. M. S., Nandi, S. K. (2003), Micropropagation of Picrorhiza kurrooa Royle ex Benth. an endangered alpine herb, using cotyledonary node and shoot tip explants. Phytomorphology (Communicated). 26. Chandra Prakash, K., and Singh, Bikram. (2007); Revitalizing Indian systems of herbal medicine by the National Medicinal Plants Board through institutional networking and capacity building Current Science, 93: 6- 25. 27. Chopra RN, Nayar SL, Alam and Chopra IC 1980. Glossary of Indian medicinal plants. CSIR, New Delhi. 28. Das P.C., P.C. Joshi, S. Mandal, A. Das and A. Chatterjee, 1992. New coumarinolignoids from Hemidesmus indicus R.Br. Indian J. Chem., 31: 342. 29. Das, S., R. Prakash and S. N. Devaraj (2003), Antidiarrhoeal effects of methanolic root extract of Hemidesmus indicus (Indian sarsaparilla) - an in vitro and in vivo study. Indian Journal Exp. Bio., 41: 363-366. 30. Deepak S,S. Srivastava an d A. Khare, Indicusin-A Pregname diester triglycoside from Hemidesmus indicus R. Br. Nat. Prod. Lett., 6: 981-86. 31. Dhar, M. L., M. M. Dhar, B. N. Dhawan, B. N. Mehrotra and C. Ray, (1968), Screening of Indian plants for biological activity: Part I. Indian Journal of Exp. Bio., 6: 232_247. 32. Evans, W. C. 1989. Basic metabolic pathways and the origin of secondary metabolites. Trease and Evans pharmacognosy 13th edn. 272–301. Evans W. C. London. Bailliére Tindall. 33. Funk, C. and P. Brodelius. 1990. Influence of growth regulators and an elicitor on phenyl propanoid metabolism in suspension cultures of Vanilla planifolia. Phytochemistry, 29: 845–848. 34. Gayathri M and Kannabiran K. 2009. Antimicrobial activity of Hemidesmus indicus, Ficus bengalensis and Pterocarpus marsupium roxb. Indian Journal of Pharm Sci., 71(15): 578-581. 35. Gautheret, R. J. (1939), C.R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sc., 208: 118-120. 36. Ghani, A., 1998. Medicinal Plants of Bangladesh Chemical Constituents and uses. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, 5 Old secretariat Road, Ramna, Dhaka- 1000, Bangladesh. 37. Ghani, A., 2000. Medicinal plants for Drug Development Potentiality of the medicinal plants of Bangladesh. ASOMPSX2000. Tenth Asian Symposium on Medicinal Plants 28- 23 November-2000 Dhaka – 1000, Bangladesh.

www.wjpr.net Vol 8, Issue 12, 2019. 485 Purohit . World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

38. Gopiesh KV and Kannabiran K 2007. Larvicidal effect of Hemidesmus indicus, Gymnema sylvestre and Eclipta prostrate against Culex qinquifaciatus mosquito larvae. African Journal of Biotechnology, 6(3): 307-311. 39. Georage, S., K.P.Unnikrishana, K.V.Tushar, P.S.Udayan., A.Augustine and I.Balachandra, 2006. Morphology and phytochemical charatersation of dofferent accessions of Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R.Br. from . 18th Kerala Science congress, 29-31st January, CESS, Akulam Trivandrum, 544-545. 40. Guha, S. and Maheswari, S. C. (1964), in vitro production of embryos from anthers of Datura. Nature, 204: 497. 41. Gurjar, H. B., P. Giridhar and G.A. Ravishankar (2004). Efficient clonal propagation method for , an endangered shrub, under the influence of phloroglucinol. Indian J. Exp. Bio., 42: 424-428. Glowka L., Burhene-Guilmann F., Synge H., McNeely. 42. Gupta, M. M., R. K. Verma, and L. N. Misra. 1992. Terpenoids from Hemidesmus ndicus. Phytochemistry, 31: 4036–4037. 43. Haberlandt, G. (1902), Kulturversuche mit isolerten Pflanzenzellen. Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wein, 111: 69- 92. 44. Heble, M.S. and M.S. Chadha, (1978). Steroids in cultured tissues and mature plant of Hemidesmus indicus R.Br. Z. Pflazen. Physiol., 89: 401-406. 45. Harleen, K.N (2006); Clonal Propagation of Tylophora indica an important medicinal plant through tissue culture. Desertation Report Department of Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology (Deemed University) Patiala- 147004, India. 46. Halliwell, H. 1994. Free radicals, antioxidants and human disease: curiosity, cause or consequence, Lancet, 344: 721–724. 47. J.A., Gündling L., (1994). A guide to the convention on biological diversity (environmental policy and law paper no. 30), Switzerland. IUCN. 48. Jain, S. P., (1996), Ethno-Medico-Botanical Survey of Chaibasa, Singhbhum District, Bihar. In: Ethnobatany in , Maheswari, J. K. (Ed.). Scienticfic Publishers, Jodhpur, India. 49. Kala C.P., (2005). Indigenous uses, population density and conservation of threatened medicinal plants in protected areas of the Indian Himalayas. Conservation Biology, 19: 368-378.02. 50. Kamat, S.V., 2001. Folk medicines of Sattordem Village GOA. A note on Ethno botany. www.wjpr.net Vol 8, Issue 12, 2019. 486 Purohit . World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

51. Karnick, C.R., (1977). Ethno botanical Pharmacognostical and Cultivation studies of Hemidesmus indicus R. Br. Herba Hungarica, 16: 7-16. Pharmacol, 2006; 38: 190-3. 52. Kainthla R P, Kashyap (2006). Effect of Hemidesmus indicus (Anantmool) extract on IgG production and adenosine deaminase activity of human lymphocytes in vitro. Indian J. Pharmacol, 2006; 38: 190-3. 53. Kothari, M.J., Singh and Moorthy (1994), Ethnobotany in human welfare of Raigard district in Maharashtra State, India. Proceeding of the Ethnobiology in human welfare: Abstracts of the 4th International Congress of Ethnobiology, 1994, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India, 17-21. 54. Kumar, A. and Cocking, E. C. (1987), Protoplast fusion: a novel approach to organelle genetics in higher plants. American Journal of Botany, 74: 1289-1303. 55. Lokesh, G.B. (2004); Cultivation and economic aspects on sweet flag (Acorus calamus L.) Natural Product Radiance, 3: 19-20. 56. Mandal S, Das P C, Joshi P C and Chaterjee A 1997. Hemidesmine, a new coumarine lignoid from Hemidesmus indicus R. Br. Indian J Chem., 30 B: 712-713. 57. Malathy S and Pai JS 1998. In vitro propagation of Hemidesmus indicus. Fitoterapia, 69: 533-536. 58. Mathur N, Ramawat KG & Nandwani D (1995). Rapid in vitro multiplication of jujube, through mature stem explants. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult., 43: 75–77. 59. Merillon, J. M. and K. G. Ramawat. 1999. Mechanism and control. Biotechnology – secondary metabolites, 241–256. 60. Misra, N., P. Misra, S. K. Datta, and S. Mehrotra. 2003. Improvement in clonal propagation of Hemidesmus indicus R.Br. through adenine sulphate. J. Plant Biotechnol, 5: 239–244. 61. Misra Neeta, Prathibha Misra, SK Datta and Shanta Mehrotra, 2005. In vitro biosynthesis of antioxidants from Hemidesmus indicus R. Br. Culture. Invitro Cell. Dev. Bio- Plant, 41: 285-290. 62. Morris, P. 1986. Regulation of product synthesis in cell cultures of Catharanthus roseus II: comparison of production media. Planta Med., 2: 121–126. 63. Mukherjee, K. and L.N. Ray (1980). Screening of some Indian plant species. Q. J. Crude Drugs Res., 18: 77-82. 64. Murashige, T.F. and F. Skoog (1962). A revise medium for rapid and bioassays with tobacco tissue culture. Physiologic Plantarum, 15: 473-497. 65. Murugesa Mudaliar. (1988). Materia Medica, Govt, of Tamil Nadu, India, 311. www.wjpr.net Vol 8, Issue 12, 2019. 487 Purohit . World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

66. Murthi, B. R and T. R. Seshadri (1941). A study of the chemical compounds of the roots of Decalepis Hamilton, Part III comparison with Hemidesmus indicus (Indian Sarasaparilla). Proceedings Indian. Acad. Sci., 13: 399-403. 67. Muherjee, K. and L.N Roy (1953). Screening of some Indian plant species. Q.J. Crude Drug. Res, 18: 77-82. 68. Nadeem, M., Kumar, A., Nandi S. K. and Palni, L. M. S. (2001). Tissue culture of medicinal plants with particular reference to Kumaun Himalaya In: Himalayan medicinal plants: potential and prospects (Samant, S. S., U. Dhar and L. M. S. Palni eds.), Gyanodaya Prakashan, Nanital, 231-268. 69. Nadkarni, A.N., 1989. Indian Material Medica, Vol.I, Popular book depot, Bombay, India. 70. Nagarajan S. and Rao L.J., 2003. Determination of 2- hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde in roots of Decalepis hamiltonii (Wight and Arn.) and Hemidesmus indicus R.Br. J. AOAC Int., 86: 564-567. 71. Nagarajan S., Rao L.J.M. and Gurudutt K.N. 2001. Chemical composition of the volatiles of Hemidesmus indicus R. Br. Flavour Fragrance J., 16: 212-214. 72. Nama, T., M.Tsunezuka, D.M.R.R.B.Dissanayake, U.Pilaptiya, K.saito, N.Kakiuci and M.Hattori, 1985. Studies on dental caries prevention by traditional medicines (Part VII). Screening of Ayurvedic medicine for ant plaque action. Shoyakugaku Zasshi, 39: 146-153. 73. Naovi, A.H., M.S.Y. Khan and S.B.Vohora, 1991. Antibacterial, antifungal and anthemintic investigation of Indian medicinal plants. Fitoterapia, 62: 221-228. 74. Naseer A., Shagufta K., (2012). In vitro seed germination and shoot multiplication of Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb -An endangered medicinal tree. Researcher, 2012; 4(20). 75. Nayar T.S., Beegam A.R., Mohanan N. and Rajkumar G. 2006. Flowering Plants of Kerala, A Handbook. Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Thiruvanathapuram, Kerala. 76. Neeta M, Pratibha M, S. K. Datta, And Shanta Mehrotra, 2005. In vitro biosynthesis of antioxidants from hemidesmus indicus r. Br. Cultures. In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology – Plant, 41(3): 285-290. 77. Padhye, S.M., S.B Mahanto and N.L Dutta, 1973, Ascepiadance Triterpenoids from the roots of Hemidesmus indicus R. Br.Pytochemistry, 12: 217. 78. Patnaik, J. and B.K. Debata (1996-97). Micropropagation of Hemidesmus indicus (L.).R. Br. Through axillary bud culture. Plant Cell Report, 15: 427-430. www.wjpr.net Vol 8, Issue 12, 2019. 488 Purohit . World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

79. Prabakan, M., R. Anandan and T. Devaki (2000). Protective effect of Hemidesmus indicus against Rifampicin and Isoniazid-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Fitoterapia, 71: 55-59. 80. Prakash, K., A. Sethi, D. Deepak, A. Khare and M. P. Khare (1991). Two pregnane glycosides from Hemidesmus indicus. Phytochemistry, 30: 297-299. 81. Prasad, S. and S.P. Wahi, (1965). Pharmacognostical investigation on Indian Sarasaparilla Part I. Root and root-stock of Hemidesmus indicus R. Br. Ind. J. Pharmacy, 37: 35-39. 82. Prasad, N. P., A.J.A. Ranjit, L. M. Narayan and C. R. Natarajan, (1996). Ethnobiology of the Kanikkars of South Tamil Nadu. In: Ethnobotany in South Asia, Maheswari, J. K. (Ed.). Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur, India. 83. Philip, J., GS. Nair, Premalatha and P.K. Sudhadevi, 1991. Standardization of vegetative propagation techniques in some of the medicinal plants grown in Kerala. India Cocoa, Arecanut and Spices J., 15: 12-14. 84. Qureshi, S., M.K. Rai and S.C. Agrawal. 1997. In vitro evaluation of inhibitory nature of extracts of 18-plant species of Chhindwara against 3-Keratinophilic fungi. Hindustan antibiot. Bull., 39: 56-60. 85. Rajasab, a.H and M. Isaq, 2004. Documentation of folk knowledge on edible wild plants of North Karnataka. indian J, trad. Knowledge, 3: 419-429. 86. Ramar P. S., Peter, N. P. and Ponnampalam, G., 2008. A compilation of bioactive compounds from Ayurveda; Current Trends: Bioinformation by Biomedical Informatics Publishing Group, 3(3): 100-110. 87. Ramawat K.G., Merillon, J.M. 1999. Biotechnology, Secondary metabolites. Science Publishers, Enfield, NH, USA, 193(305): 39-69. 88. Ramawat, K. G. 1999. Production in culture: optimization. Biotechnology – secondary metabolites, 123–143. 89. Rama Devi B, C. Mohan, P. Manjula, B. Kiran Kumar, B. Naresh And B. Prathibha Devi, 2014. Phytochemical and micropropagation studies in Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. BR. J. Indian bot. Soc., 93(1 & 2): 76-81. 90. Ramulu D.R., Murthy K.S.R. and Pullaiah T.; 2003. Regeneration of plants from root segments derived from aseptic seedlings of Hemidesmus indicus R. Br. Phytomorphology, 53: 293-298. 91. Ramulu D.R., Murthy K.S.R. and Pullaiah T.; 2005. Vegetative propagation of Hemidesmus indicus R. Br. by stem cuttings. Indian For., 131: 1505-1508.

www.wjpr.net Vol 8, Issue 12, 2019. 489 Purohit . World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

92. Rajendra Prasad, Y., G. S. J. G. Alankararao and P. Baby (1983). Antimicrobial studies on essential oil of Hemidesmus indicus R. Br. Indian Perfumer, 27: 197-199. 93. Ravishankara, M. N., N. Srivastava, H. Padh, and M. Rajani. 2002. Evaluation of antioxidant properties of root bark of Hemidesmus indicus L.R.Br.R. Br. (Anantmul). Phytomedicine, 9: 153–160. 94. Rekha S and Parvathi A 2012. Evaluation of phyto-chemical constituents of Licorice of the roots Indian Sarasaparilla. Biochemistry, 3(2): B 357-361 95. Roy, S. K., M. Ali, M. P. Sharma and R. Ramachandram (2001), New Pentacyclic triterpenes from the roots of Hemidesmus indicus. Pharmazie, 56: 244-246. 96. Sahoo, A.K., 1995. Plants used as Optthalmic durgs in Phulbani, Orissa. Glimpses of Indian ethnopharmacology, Pushpangadan P.et al. (Eds), 173-178. 97. Sasidharan N., 2004. Biodiversity Documentation for Kerala. Flowering Plants. Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Kerala, India. 98. Sarasan V, Soniya EV and Nair GM 1994. Regeneration of Indian sarsaparilla Hemidesmus indicus R.Br., through organogenesis and somatic embryo genesis. Indian. J Exp Biol., 32: 284-287. 99. Satoskar, R. S., L.G. Shah, K. Bhatt and U.K. Sheth (1962), Preliminary study of pharmacologic properties of Anantmul (Hemidesmus indicus). Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 6: 68-76. 100. Sen, S.K. and L.M. Behera, 2000. Ethnomedicinal plants used against lecorrhoea at Bargarh district in Orissa (India). Neo Botanica, 8: 19-22. 101. Sharma, P. K., S. K. Dhyani and V. Shankar (1979), Some useful and medicinal plants of the district Dehradun and Siwalik. J. Sci. Res. Plant med., 1: 17-43. 102. Sharma, P.C and M.B. Yelne and T.J Dennis, 2000. Database on medical plant used in Ayurveda. Vol.1, Centre council for reaserch in Ayyurveda and Sidda, Department of ISM and H, ministry of health and family welfare (Gov of India), 394-403. 103. Sharma, U.K. and C.L. Bioassay, (2003), Menstrual problems: Ethnobotany practices among Missing tribes in Dhemaji District of Assam. Adv. Plant Sci., 16: 17-21. 104. Singh N. P., Chowdhery H. J., 2002. Biodiversity conservation in India. In: Das, A.P. (Ed.), Perspectives of Plant Biodiversity. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun, India, 501-527. 105. Singh & Kumar, 1999. Ethanotherapeutics of some medicine plant used as antipyretic agent among the tribal’s of India. J. Econ. Taxon. Bot., 23: 135-141.

www.wjpr.net Vol 8, Issue 12, 2019. 490 Purohit . World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

106. Singh J. S., Singh S. P., Gupta S. R. 2006. Ecology, Environment and Resource Conservation. Anamaya Publishers, New Delhi, India. 107. Siddique N. A, M. A. Bari, N Khatun, M. Rahman, M. H. Rahman and S Huda. 2004. Plant regeneration from nodal segments derived callus in Hemidesmus indicus (L.). 108. Siddique, N. A. and Bari, M. A. (2006). Plant regeneration from axillary shoot segments derived callus in Hemidesmus indicus L. R. Br. (Anantamul) an endangered medicinal plant in Bangladesh, J. of Plant Sci., 1(1): 42-48. 109. Sivakumar, G. and K.V. Krishnamurthy (2004). In vitro organogenetic responses of Hemidesmus indicus L. R. Br. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology, 51: 790-798. 110. Sreekumar S & Seeni S (1999) A Process for the Manufacture of Medicated Talcum Powder from Biotechnologically Derived Root Extracts of Hemidesmus indicus R. Br. Patent application filed at Regional Patent Office, Chennai, India. 111. Sreekumar, S., S. Seeni, and P. Pushpangadan. 2000. Micropropagation of Hemidesmus indicus for cultivation and production of 2-hydroxy 4-methoxy benzaldehyde. Plant Cell Tissue. Organ Cult., 62: 211–218. 112. Stewards, F. C., Pollard, J. K., Patchett, A. A. and Witkob, B. (1958). The effects of selected nitrogen compounds on the growth of plant tissue cultures. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 28: 308- 317. 113. Subramanian, S. S. and A. G. R. Nair (1968). Flavonoids of some Asclepiadaceous plants. Phytochemistry, 7: 1703-1704. 114. Subhose, V (2005). Bulletin of the Indian Institute of History of Medicine Hyderabad, 35: 83. 115. Sultana, S., N. Khan, S. Sharma, and A. Alam. 2003. Modulation of biochemical parameters by Hemidesmus indicus in cumene hydroperoxide-induced murine skin: possible role in protection against free radicals induced cutaneous oxidative stress and tumor promotion. J. Ethnopharmacol, 85: 33–41. 116. Suresh M. and R.K. Rai 1990. Cardol the ant- filarial principle from Anacardium occidentale. Curr. Sci., 59: 477-479. 117. Veale, D. J. H. 1984. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 36: 185. 118. Vieira, R.F. and Skorupa, L.A. (1993). Brazilian medicinal plants gene bank Acta Horticulture, 330: 51-58. 119. Wahi, A. K., R. L. Khosa and A. K. Mukherjee (1978), Diagnostic characters of Sarvia. J. Res. Ind. Med. Yoga Homoeo., 14: 166-169.

www.wjpr.net Vol 8, Issue 12, 2019. 491 Purohit . World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

120. Warrier, P.K., V.P.K. Nambiar and P.M. Ganapathy (2000), Some important medicinal plants of the Western Ghats, India-A profile. Int. Develop. Res. Centre, 159-174. 121. Wang B.S.P., Charest P.J., Downie B., (1994). Ex situ storage of seeds, pollen, and in vitro cultures of perennial woody plant species. FAO Forestry Paper, 113: 83. 122. Zenk, M. H., H. El-Shagi, and U. Schulte. 1975. Anthraquinone production by cell suspension cultures of Morinda citrifolia. Planta Med., 79–101.

www.wjpr.net Vol 8, Issue 12, 2019. 492