<<

Amphioxus Metaspriggina Arandaspis 92 Poraspis 76 Drepanaspis 100 Birkenia 92 66 Thelodus GLAHM–V8304 66 Hemicyclaspis 99 100 Yanosteus Pseudoscaphirhynchus 99 Loganellia 64 100 99 Rhincodon Chimaera Manta Belantsea 96 91 Helodus Falcatus Iniopteryx Bandringa PF8442 100 98 98 Heterodontus 73 80 Cladoselache Chlamydoselachus Family Tree 87 73 Doliodus 93 Akmonistion Megachasma 93 96 97 Xenacanthus 85 Squalus Tristychius 82 Pachycormus 68 95 Squatina Peters 2020 1659+ taxa, 235 characters 91 Hybodus fraasi 85 Aetobatus 70 Hybodus basanus Sphyrna Protosphyraena 96 93 77 Isurus 77 91 Polyodon adult Rhinobatos 89 Polyodon hatchling Bandringa PF5686 * red taxa have too few traits to include on this list, but were tested with small subsets 58 Gregorius 100 Gymnothorax <50 Eurypharynx

<50 Proamia 100 59 Amia Anableps 67 Trachinocephalus 92 Anguilla 97 Lepidogalaxias 100 100 Electrophorus 67 Chiasmodon Gymnotus Malacosteus 95 54 99 Chirocentrus 74 Salmo Chauliodus 95 Albula 62 Flagellipinna 100 Bonnerichthys Osteoglossum 100 Portheus Xiphactinus Tarrasius 98 Pholidophorus <50 Elops 68 Robustichthys 89 Lepidotes 85 Hydrolycus 53 69 99 74 Dapedium BRSLI M1332 65 100 Lepisosteus Serrasalmus 83 Semionotus 99 Scomber <50 Cheirodus 51 Thunnus Austroptyctodus 94 98 Heteronectes <50 Coccosteus Psettodes 82 78 Mcnamaraspis 58 Hippoglossus Dunkleosteus Coryphaena 84 Romundina 100 96 72 Anarhichas <50 Bothriolepis Pseudoestias 78 Dicksonosteus 79 Channa 88 Qilinyu 57 <50 Menaspis Rachycentron 95 85 92 Sphyraena 85 Entelognathus 89 Istiphorus 85 Lunaspis 98 Opisthomyzon Hoplosternum Remora 85 unnamed catfish 98 74 Clarias Perca 99 51 Stensioella 52 Cyprinus <50 ‘Thelodus’ dorsal eyes <50 KGM 1983 306 100 Ictalurus Esox 100 Dicrolene 87 Brachyacanthus <50 Seriola zonata 62 Ischnacanthus 65 Gasterosteus Hippocampus 79 Mesacanthus 90 88 Regalecus 71 Notopterus 81 Perleidus Plectocretacicus Cheirolepis 100 100 Rhombichthys 89 95 Mimipiscis Megalops 88 100 Moythomasia 100 Scombermorus 100 Pteronisculus 93 Aphanopus 96 98 Coccocephalichthys 82 Engraulis 92 Xiphias Thoracopterus 95 Saurichthys Tylosurus Barameda <50 88 <50 Strunius Seriola rivoliana 64 Onychodus Gnathonemus Allenypterus 50 Lampris 66 73 Exocoetus 74 94 Quebecius 83 Holoptychius 92 Mola 92 Miguashia Balistes 98 <50 Latimeria 98 Polydactylus 100 Prionotus 76 Kenichthys 84 Youngolepis 67 Dactylopterus 88 98 Tungsenia 100 Diodon 58 Guiyu Lagocephalus Psarolepis 62 94 Periophthalmus Powichthys 89 Antennarius 90 94 Gemuendina 1 99 Bathypterois Polypterus Lophius 94 85 Erpetoichthys 85 Uranolophus 89 Dipnorhynchus Howidipterus

100 Eldeceeon 1990.7.1 Gogonasus 99 99 Diplovertebron 97 Cabonnichthys Eldeceeon holotype 61 Romeriscus 99 Osteolepis 91 62 100 Bystrowiella 95 Eusthenopteron Solenodonsaurus 85 88 Tinirau 94 Westlothiana 95 Chroniosaurus PIN3585/124 100 Koilops Casineria 100 100 Chroniosaurus 98 99 Elpistostege 84 Brouffia 100 Tiktaalik Chroniosuchus 93 77 Coelostegus Spathicephalus Panderichthys 91 78 99 66 Anthracodromeus 100 Trypanognathus 99 MCZ1532 Laidleria Protorothyris CM 8617 95 86 Isodectes 85 87 98 94 Acroplous Protorothyris MCZ 2149 Batrachosuchus 99 80 Vaughnictis 94 Siderops 100 Plagiosuchus 62 66 Elliotsmithia Antarctanax 92 Deltaherpeton <50 Apsisaurus Cabarzia Pholidogaster Aerosaurus Milosaurus 100 88 86 91 Colosteus Varanops Aytonerpeton 67 90 Varanodon Greererpeton Varanosaurus FMNH PR 1760 57 Ossinodus 85 84 Dendromaia (small roommate) Megazostrodon Tinodon 83 91 Parmastega Varanosaurus BSPHM 1901 XV20 100 MGUH-VP-8160 89 93 Sinodelphys Acanthostega Archaeothyris 100 89 99 Juramaia Shuotherium Ichthyostega Ophiacodon 75 82 70 Chaoyangodens Ausktribosphenos 82 Pantelosaurus 68 100 Eoherpeton Brasilitherium Amphitherium 91 97 Haptodus 97 95 Kuehneotherium 100 Neopteroplax Docodon 63 80 82 Secodontosaurus Lactodens Anthracosaurus 76 71 100 79 93 Cifelliodon Dryolestes 92 Baphetes 97 Sphenacodon 95 Tachyglossus Megalocephalus Ianthodon 88 Akidolestes 80 85 96 100 Pederpes Edaphosaurus Ornithorhynchus 99 95 Whatcheeria 82 Ianthasaurus 99 Ventastega Glaucosaurus Ukhaatherium 93 Patagosmilus Crassigyrinus Cutleria 94 Hadrocodium 87 88 Morganucodon Henosferos 87 Sclerothorax NMK-S 118A Hipposaurus 72 Stenocybus Eomaia Volaticotherium Iberospondylus 80 85 62 <50 Agilodocodon 88 Peltobatrachus 97 IVPP V18117 77 Acristatherium 71 Kenyasaurus 59 Cronopio 65 smns90055 62 100 Laosuchus 82 Galechirus 96 Didelphis Nigerpeton Ambolestes 51 99 100 52 Suminia Saharastega 89 85 Glironia Venjukovia 55 95 Cochleosaurus 83 Marmosops 80 Eodicynodon Marmosa 78 Chenoprosopus 94 83 Asioryctes 100 79 Zatrachys Dicynodon 100 Asioryctes long rostrum 65 Biarmosuchus 78 <50 Perameles 98 87 Edops Titanophoneus Macrotis 100 Procynosuchus 59 Dasycercus 65 Rhineceps 77 Myrmecobius 78 100 Thrinaxodon 84 74 75 Anebodon Prozostrodon Docofossor 72 Sclerothorax HLD-V608 100 Dromiciops 97 69 83 Probainognathus Notoryctes Wantzosaurus 85 <50 84 Potorous 54 <50 Trematosaurus long rostrum 99 86 Chiniquodon Pseudocheirus 82 Neldasaurus Castorocauda Dasyuroides 77 87 98 Haldanodon 97 Paedotherium 96 Pseudotherium 100 Groeberia 71 Pachygenelus Vintana Therioherpeton Priacodon 85 Balbaroo 81 Heleosaurus 88 76 87 Perryella Mesenosaurus OMNH 73209 Sinoconodon Trioracodon 86 Phalanger 81 Brasilodon 81 92 Dactylopsia 95 9 4 96 99 Mycterosaurus FMNH UC169 98 Haramiyavia 72 Petaurus 97 82 81 Nikkasaurus Thylacoleo 89 Microdocodon 65 <50 Broiliellus Mesenosaurus PIN 3706/4 Oligokyphus 94 Mesenosaurus PIN 3717/1 88 100 Kayentatherium 97 Fedexia 94 87 <50 Phascolarctos Ecolsonia Mesenosaurus PIN 158/1 Tritylodon Vombatus 97 <50 98 Chaliminia 64 74 89 Tambachia 79 Niaftasuchus <50 Riograndia Pyrotherium 84 Acheloma 100 Spinolestes 74 57 Platyhistrix <50 Diprotodon 96 Jeholodens Propalorchestes Anningia 81 100 Georgenthalia 88 <50 Palorchestes Micromelerpeton 89 Archaeovenator Yanoconodon 96 Interatherium 95 Orovenator 90 88 Origolestes 98 Maotherium 77 Hegetotherium 98 Pyozia 76 100 92 Gerobatrachus Gobiconodon 84 Mesotherium 71 Asaphestera 100 Broomia 80 80 Andrias 83 Liaoconodon <50 100 Euygenium Utaherpeton 89 Milleropsis BPI-720 52 Toxodon <50 Necturus 60 Repenomamus robustus Karaurus 88 76 98 Erpetonyx 98 80 giganticus 55 Procoptodon Celtedens Llistrofus 54 Monodelphis Nambaroo 100 Rana 100 87 Ascendonanus MNC-TA0924 87 Chironectes 91 80 Proargyrolagus 99 Dendrolagus 97 Huerfanodon 67 Eudibamus 61 Macropus Euryodus primus 97 100 Aphelosaurus 92 Vincelestes 100 99 83 Conoryctes Kirktonecta 92 83 <50 87 Araeoscelis 99 Schowalteria Dasyurus 69 Balanerpeton Scincosaurus Thylacosmilus 86 77 Spinoaequalis Sinopa Cimolestes 91 Caerorhachis 74 77 99 91 Galesphyrus 100 Sarcophilus 94 Stegostretus BPI 3859 Ernanodon Platyrhinops 85 94 Batrachiderpeton Acerosodontosaurus 66 Thylacinus 80 100 94 Utegenia 2 100 72 85 Thadeosaurus 82 89 Thylophorops Utegenia 1 100 not Amphicyon <50 78 Diplocaulus Hovasaurus 61 95 Ariekanerprton Diploceraspis 83 90 99 75 Deltatheridium Kotlassia 98 Adelosaurus Caluromys Austraolhyaena 91 91 91 95 Ptyonius 100 Atopodentatus 53 Loxolophus 84 Oxyaena Discosauriscus 98 Arctocyon 75 69 73 Sinosaurosphargis Vulpavus Makowskia Acherontiscus 100 54 98 Deltatherium 63 100 Rileymillerus 72 Largocephalosaurus Seymouria.tadpole Omphalosaurus 97 97 Protictis 100 Mayulestes 76 98 Phlegethontia CGH129 <50 77 Nandinia 80 Masrasector 100 Eusauropleura 92 Phlegethontia AMNH6966 Anarosaurus Borhyaena Lethiscus 99 80 86 100 Diandongosaurus Hyaenodon Tulerpeton Oestocephalus 82 Callistoe 86 77 Palatodonta 99 Talpa Eucritta 86 Stegops <50 Microbrachis 98 Pappochelys 96 Prohesperocyon 91 Gephyrostegeus bohemicus <50 Adelospondylus Palacrodon Eupleres 78 Adelogyrinus <50 Majiashanosaurus 99 Cryptoprocta 96 Chinlestegophis 97 Paraplacodus 71 Herpestes 99 98 85 Brachydectes Pachypleurosaurus Placodus inexpectatus 93 Procyon 72 99 99 Puijila 93 97 100 Qianxisaurus 83 Placodus gigas 95 Ailurus 72 Neotherium Cartorhynchus 98 Henodus 88 <50 Eocaecilia 99 Ailuropoda 80 99 Ursus arctos Reptilia Dermophis 94 Sclerocormus 100 Placochelys Keichousaurus Mustela Ursus maritimus 100 100 Cyamodus 71 84 Dianmeisaurus 100 Dawazisaurus 75 95 Gulo Silvanerpeton 97 Arctodus 60 100 Hanosaurus 53 76 Lariosaurus 87 Kerberos 98 Bobosaurus 90 Patriofelis Corosaurus Sarkastodon 100 <50 87 Cymatosaurus 57 Lepidosaurmorpha Sachicasaurus 87 Machaeroides 80 Ectoganus Urumqia <50 Nothosaurus 100 Bruktererpeton Wangosaurus 66 62 Stylinodon 100 Simosaurus 63 97 Thuringothyris MNG 7729 82 81 Amphicynodon 89 Paludidraco Psittacotherium 82 Thuringothyris MNG 10183 79 84 Hauffiosaurus 93 Megistotherium 98 Anningsaura 93 Acostasaurus 91 Palaeosinopa Pistosaurus 98 Phoca Saurorictus 64 90 Thalassiodracon Odobenus 99 99 Cephalerpeton 75 Yunguisaurus 70 <50 95 Miacis Opisthodontosaurus Rhomaleosaurus Hyopsodus 80 98 81 75 Reiszorhinus 92 Vinialesaurus Enaliarctos 75 Concordia KUVP 8702a Psilotrachelosaurus 99 Desmatophoca 100 61 <50 Tricleidus 96 Concordia KUVP 96/95 PIMUZ AIII 0192 59 Plesiosaurus 77 74 Pithanotaria 69 51 Zalophus Romeria primus 96 SMF R 4710 Libonectes 99 Romeria texana Stereosternum 97 Albertocnectes 74 96 Speothos Protocaptorhinus 76 99 Brazilosaurus holotype 50 Styxosaurus 66 79 Mesosaurus Simolestes 82 97 Proteles 86 Paracaptorhinus YAGM V1401 Canis 98 83 96 Eocaptorhinus 72 81 Trinacromerum Daphoneus Dolichorhynchops 93 99 Serpianosaurus 85 Amphicyon major 83 95 Peloneustes 84 Hesperocyon Gunakadeit 98 99 Tetraceratops Megacephalosaurus ?Hapalodectes IVPP V5235 78 Panthera 100 Concavispina 87 94 Brachauchenius 80 94 Palaechthon Crocuta 98 Xinpusaurus kohi 83 92 Stenorhynchus Cynocephalus 89 Amphicyon galushi 100 77 Xinpusaurus suni Pliosaurus kevani 90 97 54 Chriacus Amphicyon idoneus Feeserpeton <50 Thalattosaurus Kronosaurus 94 79 Orobates 50 Australothyris Zhangheotherium 87 Wachtlerosaurus 98 99 Tseajaia Eocasea 100 79 99 Metachcheiromys 73 100 81 Delorhynchus Dendromaia (large roommate) Clarazia Manis Milleretta RC14 85 Microleter 91 Onychonycteris 98 Milleretta RC70 Acleistorhinus 62 72 97 83 Icaronycteris 100 68 54 100 Pteropus Eorhynchochelys 100 Miodentosaurus 100 Eusaurosphargis juvenile 61 Rousettus 100 Choeronycteris Eusaurosphargis holotype 93 79 88 Oedaleops Mystacina Notharctus Eothyris 100 Helveticosaurus 50 95 Indri 73 99 Myotis Colobomycter vaughni 92 Lemur 81 91 Tadarida Colobomycter pholeter Wumengosaurus 100 Perodicticus Datheosaurus 94 Hupehsuchus Galago 81 70 Parahupehsuchus 84 74 Ennatosaurus Smilodectes Casea 100 Eohupehsuchus 84 84 65 100 Alouatta 83 Eretmorhipis WGCS V26020 79 Cotylorhynchus Thaisaurus 77 Rooneyia 100 Xinminosaurus Aotus 98 62 CM25471 91 Aegyptopithecus Shastasaurus alexandrae 56 67 Archicebus 71 Silvadectes absitus MNG 8853 93 97 Phonodus <50 Shastasaurus pacificus UCMP 9017 94 Darwinius Teilhardina 67 92 Macgowania <50 Tarsius 96 Bolosaurus 78 Grippia Belebey Macaca 56 85 Mikadocephalus Ptilocercus 100 Proconsul 98 Oradectes sanmiguelensis YGMIRSPCV03108 68 91 55 54 Pan 58 Diadectes UC706 Parvinatator 80 Tupaia 66 Gorilla 78 Diadectes sideropelicus Chaohusaurus 97 Macroscelides 100 Ardipithecus 52 <50 75 Chrysochloris Homo sapiens 65 Procolophon 82 Besanosaurus 100 57 69 Kapes Qianichthyosaurus CMNH V1412 98 Necrolestes 73 98 98 Scolaparia NSM 99 GF82.1 Qianichthyosaurus IVPP V11839 85 Palaeothentes 98 Leptopleuron 95 Phalarodon fraasi 80 64 100 Trogosus 99 Pentaedrusaurus 98 Contectopalatus Apatemys <50 100 Kudnu Hypsognathus 60 'Phalarodon' nordenskioeldii 75 Heterohyus Carbonodraco Mixosaurus 80 82 99 Caenolestes 62 Cymbospondylus petrinus Rhyncholestes 85 Stephanospondylus 79 Shonisaurus sikanniensis 98 78 Uropsilus 87 Provelosaurus 97 Guanlingsaurus GNG dq-50 Scutisorex Deltavjatia KPM232 62 Guanlingsaurus YGMR SPC V03107 77 68 81 100 97 Limnogale Scutosaurus Platypterygius 77 79 Microgale cowani Bradysaurus NHMW 84 Wimanius 66 Youngina SAM K7710 80 81 Potamogale Anthodon Guizhouichthyosaurus tangae IVPP V 11853 Micropotamogale 91 Youngina BPI 375 81 'Cymbospondylus' buchseri Pareiasuchus 88 66 76 99 58 Pumiliopareia Sclerosaurus AMNH 9502 Shonisaurus popularis 75 Sphodrosaurus 87 Ichthyosaurus communis Henkelotherium 57 89 Ophthalmosaurus Solenodon 81 Bunostegos 100 Arganaceras Czatkowiella 55 78 93 Elginia wuyongae 90 85 Malerisaurus Leptonectes tenuirostris 82 <50 Zalambdalestes Odontochelys 78 71 Hauffiopteryx 85 100 57 Ozimek 62 87 Ochotona Brachyerix Elginia mirabilis Ocepechelon 80 84 BRLSI M1399 63 94 95 79 91 Prolacerta BPI 1/471 60 98 Gomphos Echinops 90 Trionyx ‘Vellbergia’ 94 Eurhinosaurus Oryctolagus 96 Asfaltomylos Niolamia 98 Erinaceus Perochelys 99 Suevoleviathan GPIT 328/4/5 Pholidocercus 51 Meiolania NHMW 1943I4* 100 98 84 Suevoleviathan SMNS15390 61 Echinosorex Proterochersis Boreopricea 73 96 90 Deinogalerix 64 Protorosaurus NMK S 180 <50 95 Arvinachelys 51 100 Litorosuchus 91 Thomomys Kallokibotion_UBB ToK-2 <50 Jaxtasuchus 73 Heterocephalus 72 79 Kayentachelys Baena 99 Protorosaurus WMsN P47361 Ceratogaulus 79 95 98 Coendou Glyptops 74 Maiopatagium 89 Mongolochelys Youngina TM 3603 Pectinator 100 81 78 93 Allactaga 93 Chubutemys 95 Santanachelys Youngopsis rubidgei RC90 Desmatochelys Youngopsis kitchingi TM1490 93 Pedestes 77 74 100 Neoreomys 75 Chelonia Youngoides RC91 84 Chinchilla 73 Dermochelys 87 Youngina AMNH 5561 100 Cavia 95 Carettochelys Youngoides UC1528 Hydrochoerus 73 Macrochelys temminckii 82 96 Rattus Terrapene carolina 94 89 BPI 1 4016 Eliomys 96 Foxemys 69 100 Mus Pelomedusa 87 100 Chasmatosaurus QR 880C.500 Paramys 94 95 Chasmatosaurus SAM PK 11208 73 Araripemys 91 97 Ratufa 88 Ignacius 100 Chasmatosaurus TM 201 Chelus 75 71 Sciurus 93 Plesiadapis Proterosuchus RC96 88 Daubentonia Bashkyroleter 95 Chasmatosaurus NMQR 1484 72 71 95 Carpolestes Macroleter Teyujagua Paulchoffatia Arboroharamiya 72 Elaphrosuchus RC59 74 75 Emeroleter 88 Jeholbaatar 88 Lanthanosuchus 100 Shenshou 89 55 Nycteroleter 93 Proterosuchus SAMPKK10603 95 Vilevolodon Nyctiphruretus holotype Megaconus 67 89 97 Xianshou 78 Nyctiphruretus PIN 4659/1 86 99 Youngina BPI 2871 94 Elachistosuchus Rugosodon 100 Catopsbaatar Owenetta rubidgei Tchoiria 94 63 98 92 Owenetta kitchingorum 91 96 Ikechosaurus 88 74 99 99 Candelaria 88 99 Yubaatar 85 Simoedosaurus Barasaurus 95 90 99 Coeruleodraco Kitchingnathus 86 Pseudictops 93 Philydrosaurus Maelestes Santaisaurus 87 97 <50 ?Hapalodectes IVPP V2385 100 89 Lazarussuchus Sauropareion 59 68 Anagale 85 Hyphalosaurus Siamotherium Coletta GMV216 99 100 83 Leptictis Monjurosuchus NMM3671 82 Rhynchocyon 86 95 <50 Carsioptychius 96 95 93 Diandongosuchus 91 Sinonyx 92 Mesorhinosuchus Harpagolestes macrocephalus 93 Tridentinosaurus 91 78 100 Andrewsarchus 74 100 81 100 Mecistotrachelos Hemicentetes 57 90 Tenrec Lanthanolania Proterochampsa PVSJ 77 51 92 95 Leptictidium 97 93 Icarosaurus 83 Proterochampsa PVSJ606 87 Indohyus 63 Pseudochampsa PVSJ 567 Kuehneosaurus 90 99 Gualosuchus 100 Pakicetus Xianglong 88 Cerritosaurus Maiacetus 94 100 Mystacodon 95 Tropidosuchus PVL 4601 Tropidosuchus PVL 4602 94 Llanocetus 74 95 Hypuronector 85 Zygorhiza 98 65 Coronodon 100 70 SAM PK K6047A Aetiocetus Vallesaurus 97 90 55 82 Euparkeria SAM PK K5867 Chonecetus Avicranium 78 Osmolskina 100 Physeter Tasmaniosaurus Orcinus 94 56 Tursiops BRSUG 29950-12 99 64 96 91 62 Megachirella 94 Fugusuchus 99 Delphinapterus 70 Pleurosaurus Monodon 90 82 Colobops 97 Vjushkovia 100 Conoryctella Onychodectes 97 81 <50 Gephyrosaurus 96 99 Luperosuchus Alcidedorbignya 80 Ectoconus 91 Ankylosphenodon 96 Barylambda 100 71 Pantolambda 87 Paleopleurosaurus Glyptodon 97 <50 Planocephalosaurus 100 98 Paramylodon 80 Heleosuchus 66 Youngosuchus 67 Bradypus 77 100 Kallimodon 84 73 85 79 Peltephilus Sphenodon 80 84 Fruitafossor 88 Brachyrhinodon 96 78 Arizonasaurus 93 72 97 Clevosaurus Holmesina 88 Teleocrater Sphenotitan 64 60 Chlamyphorus Yarasuchus 97 69 100 95 Sikannisuchus Orycteropus 62 Leptosaurus 95 72 Qianosuchus 98 75 Vadasaurus Dasypus Nundasuchus 95 Smok 53 95 <50 99 Myrmecophaga Ticinosuchus Teratosaurus 98 Tamandua 91 Sapheosaurus 51 100 Titanoides Noteosuchus Hemiprotosuchus CM73372 Cyclopes 90 75 80 Orthaspidotherium 100 Shringasaurus 77 92 Meniscotherium 99 Aeotosauroides 75 Astrapotherium 100 Phenacodus Teraterpeton 79 90 Pagosvenator 76 81 71 Thomashuxleya 100 Eohyosaurus Turfanosuchus 98 Pleuraspidotherium 57 86 89 Periptychus Priosphenodon 70 66 75 Gobiatherium 85 99 100 PVL 4597 87 Arsinoitherium articeps 90 99 Lotosaurus 100 Coryphodon Bentonyx 92 98 90 67 100 Uintatherium 65 Junggarsuchus 100 Bathyopsis 51 YPM VP 057 103 94 Saurosternon 88 Pseudhesperosuchus 83 Agriochoerus Palaegama Carnufex Trialestes 88 Merycoidodon 91 100 Tijubina 99 Mesonyx 81 MCZ4116 Harpagolestes 73 Simbakubwa 73 88 macrodactylus 89 Gracilisuchus 76 Ocepeia 88 <50 Yonghesuchus 100 Dinocephalosaurus 99 Merycopotamus <50 <50 Saltopus 53 Hippopotamus LPV 30280 w embryo 92 66 T2472 84 99 Cornwallius 76 77 94 55 55 Cambaytherium 96 Macrocnemus T4822 Fruitachampsa Macrocnemus T4823 71 82 Anthracobune 59 69 Pectodens 84 64 100 Janjucetus k and q SMNS12591skull Mammalodon 91 99 Tanytrachelos 87 Aenigmaspina 95 Neoparadoxia 75 Triopticus 89 64 Tarjadia 79 Paleoparadoxia 55 Desmostylus Macrocnemus BES SC 111 96 Parringtonia 97 P10121 74 Litargosuchus 98 Caperea 70 84 Eubalaena 82 Langobardisaurus MCSNB 2883 Langobardisaurus MCSNB 4860 100 77 Kayentasuchus 99 Behemotops RBCM sp. 84 Langobardisaurus MFSN1921 SMNS12352 68 Miocaperea 100 Cosesaurus 66 53 99 Eschrichtius 99 99 97 Oculudentavis 89 Isanacetus 87 Kyrgyzsaurus 73 Pedeticosaurus Balaenoptera 77 Sharovipteryx 77 75 Cetiotherium 93 97 78 Sitsqwayk 92 67 Tokarahia 96 Bergamodactylus 84 90 Orthosuchus 100 Yamatocetus 100 Maiabalaena 100 Preondactyluis 100 Dimorphodon Saltoposuchus 95 Homalodotherium Lacertulus Miocochilius 90 90 66 Fraxinisaura Protypotherium 81 90 Dyoplax 94 Schoenesmahl (formerly Bavarisaurus) 100 Cainotherium Indrasaurus Pelagosaurus 93 <50 Sus 91 100 98 Teleosaurus 60 99 Meyasaurus 97 Danjiangia 98 Dakosaurus 93 80 Daohugou IVPP V13747 Hoyalacerta Lambdotherium <50 97 Metriorhynchus 88 87 Carusia Sebecus Ancodus 98 Anthracotherium IPB R 535 Homoeosaurus tail 90 96 82 <50 98 Homoeosaurus solnhofensis Isisfordia 100 Archaeotherium 95 100 Crocodylus niloticus IVPP V14386 Dinohyus 99 97 Araripesuchus 60 Dalinghosaurus 89 Camelus Simosuchus Micromeryx MFSN 19235 88 Gnathovorax 99 Armadillosuchus Giraffa 65 Scandensia 93 96 Mariliasuchus 100 92 Ectocion cedrus UM 8615 57 Calanguban 67 91 100 Caipirasuchus Ectocion ralstonensis JZC Bu1803 - amber 87 82 54 78 Baurusuchus 52 Radinskya 76 Liushusaurus Tawa 83 78 97 Procavia 76 60 Purbicella 85 Notostylops 93 95 Not Ascendonanus MNC TA1045 97 75 96 Moeritherium 95 85 Prorastomus 99 94 Dusisiren 100 Elephas Hongshanxi 95 85 Gomphotherium 88 66 Euposaurus Paleomastodon 69 65 78 Dracoraptor 95 83 85 Zupaysaurus 94 Diadiaphorus Pristidactylus 83 Litolophus 57 Basiliscus 82 74 99 Anisodon grande 55 95 Anolis 99 Chalicotherium? goldfussi 68 Chlamydosaurus 70 98 Theosodon 70 Lyriocephalus Macrauchenia 83 Draco volans Moloch 77 85 Protapirus 83 Dilong 88 100 Phrynosoma Murusraptor 94 Tapirus 92 92 76 85 Lophiodon Trioceros 55 57 77 78 Heptodon 84 JZC Bu154 in amber 100 79 Polychrus 67 Hyracotherium Acanthodactylus 75 95 Dorsetisaurus 62 74 Uintaceras 88 88 Saichangurvel 55 Hyracodon Magnuviator 86 Tupinambis <50 85 98 Eolacerta Buriolestes CAPPA/UFSM 0035 77 Hyrachyus <50 62 Tanycolagreus Lacerta 74 Buriolestes ULBRA-PVT280 67 62 91 Ceratotherium 100 Slavoia holotype ZPAL MgR-I/8 99 Metamynodon 67 88 Barberenasuchus <50 Slavoia ZPAL MgR-III/77 96 Aceratherium 92 95 Macrocephalosaurus 93 83 Embolotherium Tianyusaurus 51 Pampadromaeus 92 97 triassicus 56 Eotitanops 53 70 Sinosaurus sinensis Amynodon Tchingisaurus 93 64 Mesohippus Chometokadmon Saturnalia 71 87 95 Efraasia 80 97 Equus Gekko smithii 55 95 79 Macrocollum 79 100 Lialis 74 Miohippus 96 95 Gekko 96 Pappoceras 88 holotype 77 Fostercooperia Eublepharis Pantydraco 88 60 Leyesaurus 98 Pelecanimimus 98 Juxia Norellius Paraceratherium 74 74 89 Massospondylus adult 98 73 99 91 Massospondylus embryo 55 schroederi 63 Yizhousaurus 87 Eichstaettisaurus gouldi 88 98 Fukuivenator 99 100 86 95 94 Jucaraseps 86 100 99 JKZ Bu267 -amber Camarasaurus Huaxiagnathus 94 100 98 Aphanizocnemus Brachiosaurus 67 99 98 Adriosaurus 97 altai 97 Chilesaurus 98 98 Pontosaurus 99 100 100 Primitivus 93 81 Jeholosaurus 84 Barlochersaurus 62 Tetrapodophis 87 Haya 100 57 Compsognathus CNJ79 95 94 Dinilysia Pachyrhachis 93 Scelidosaurus 100 73 Emausaurus 66 87 98 Boa 91 100 Minmi 97 Crotalus 61 Convolosaurus 63 98 Najash 85 68 Jianchangosaurus 100 Agilisaurus Loxocemus 94 84 100 86 Stegoceras 100 85 Xenopeltis 100 Anilius 894 Kulindadromaeus Cylindrophis 93 83 100 Heterodontosaurus Scriurumimus 99 Uropeltis 86 95 94 Lesothosaurus 80 STM5-32 100 Anomochilus 98 Leptotyphlops Scutellosaurus Microraptor IVPP V 13352 98 100 Microraptor M V1002 93 Liaoningosaurus 100 75 86 Stegosaurus 98 holotype IVPP V13284 76 61 Balaur Sinornithosaurus NGMC 91 Sakurasaurus 95 Changchunsaurus 79 Dryosaurus 80 Bahndwivici FMNH PR2260 98 91 93 77 Edmontosaurus 94 Halszkaraptor Aigialosaurus 96 62 100 Laquintasaura Sauronithoides 98 Tethysaurus 79 Aquilops 86 Tylosaurus 68 Hexinlusaurus 89 50 IVPP V14378 Plotosaurus Yinlong 77 74 90 Anchiornis PKUP V1068 96 mongoliensis Saniwa ensidens FMNH 76 98 Liaoceratops Estesia 82 89 86 Auroraceratops 81 Daliansaurus 96 Varanus komodensis Anchiornis LPM B00169 81 Leptoceratops 81 Aurornis 60 Varanus griseus 84 Stenopelix 55 Almas 63 77 Shinisaurus 89 100 Triceratops adult 82 88 Wulong Heloderma Triceratops juvenile Anchiornis BMNHC PH804 100 100 <50 <50 Herperornithoides 65 Lanthanotus 100 Chasmosaurus adult albersdoerferi Daiting 61 78 90 Anniella Chasmosaurusjuvenile 91 84 Gobiderma 80 Ostromia - Haarlem 79 Ophisaurus 55 Kuroyuriella 76 Archaeopteryx siemensii Thermopolis 77 Archaeopteryx siemensii Berlin 83 Elgaria Myrmecodaptria 100 embryo 100 82 Archaeopteryx London Cryptolacerta 89 75 Chongmingia 96 Sulcavis Chalcides ocellatus 69 <50 Chalcides guentheri 87 96 57 Cathayornis 93 100 Gymnophthalmus Avimaia 96 ‘Microcursor’ MPCM-LH-26189 Vanzosaura Alcmonavis 86 87 87 Sirenoscincus Archaeopteryx bavarica (Munich) 93 63 Chiappeavis 58 Slavoia MGR-I-112 83 prima 70 77 Sineoamphisbaena 70 78 Jeholornis curvipes 94 Hong Kong specimen Crythiosaurus 66 99 Archaeopteryx 12 private Spathorhynchus 59 Mei 100 Tamaulipasaurus 85 99 83 Serikornis 94 Ambopteryx Dibamus 73 62 97 99 Archaeopteryx recurva (Eichstätt) 99 92 Bipes 99 57 98 Jianianhualong Amphisbaena Liaoningvenator Omnivoropteryx 86 Archaeopteryx #11 65 97 IVPP V13276 Sapeornis DNHM-F3078

90 Archaeopteryx (Wellnhoferia) grandis 90 Zhongornis 68 GMV-2132 77 Confuciusornis MBAv1168 78 Changchengornis Archaeornithura 78 Vegavis Rhynchotus 100 Pseudocrypturus 55 Eudromia 93 93 Apteryx 98 Casuarius Bootstrap scores are based on testing overlapping subsets 92 Rhea 64 Palaelodus 71 Megapodius 79 Aepyornis <50 Cryputurus 94 due to limitations in computing power. 94 89 Dingavis Struthio 99 Rhamphocephalus <50 100 Hongshanornis 95 Eogranivora 76 Longicrusavis Jinguofortis 82 Juehuaornis Changzuiornis 95 85 69 Jiangchangornis 76 100 85 89 Archaeovolans (=Yanornis) Yanornis STM9-52 95 Skull Tree (TST) 98 100 72 taxa - 78 skull traits tested 83 Cariama 75 Phoenicopterus Protorothyris Sylviornis 84 Archaeothyris 73 Llallawavis 80 73 Sagittarius Varanosaurus Pandion Ophiacodon 89 87 86 Falco 79 Haptodus 88 Torgos 88 86 Dimetrodon 92 Buteo Edaphosaurus 77 Tyto 96 Aegotheles Cutleria 87 Apus Parargornis 83 Hipposaurus 94 Ardeotis 84 98 Ciconia Stenocybus 60 94 IVPP V18117 97 Butorides 90 83 91 Galechirus Ardea Galepus 87 Musophaga 93 100 Galeops 75 Psophia Patranomodon Menura 53 79 98 Eodicynodon 99 Semioptera 93 Colobodectes 52 87 Paradisaea 60 Dicynodon 83 Eozygodactylus 95 Suminia <50 Geococcyx <50 67 Otsheria 93 Monias Eofringillirostrom <50 Venjukovia Coccyzus Crex 84 84 Anhima 99 Anomocephalus Pterocles Tiarajudens 91 96 Helornis 88 96 Fulica 52 Raranimus Asteriornis <50 98 Ictidorhinus 88 Meleagris Herpetoskylax 93 81 Crax 63 Lemurosaurus 85 95 Gallus Proburnetia Pavo 100 92 Burnetia Tetrao 88 98 Biarmosuchus Passer 98 97 Macrocephalon Eotitanosuchus 100 Opisthocomus Inostrancevia 100 Dinornis 83 Aloposaurus 89 Gastornis 82 Ara macao Cyonosaurus 75 92 100 Melopsittacus 98 92 Scymnognathus 97 81 Oedicnemus Nestor 81 Gorgonops Quiscalus 92 Aelurognathus <50 72 Corvus 80 Turdus 84 55 Promoschorhynchus Cyanocitta 94 92 59 Regisaurus 98 Melanerpes Charassognathus Sitta 95 Bauria Hirundo 95 95 60 Lycosuchus 96 Cinclus Abdalodon Troglodytes 96 66 Procynosuchus Aramus 73 70 90 Thrinaxodon Rallus 90 Chiniquodon <50 93 Chroicocephalus 100 Dvinia 69 98 Eocypselus 73 78 Pachygenelus <50 Archilochus Megazostrodon Himantopus 65 68 Balearica 78 IVPP V18119 89 Jacana Charadrius 66 83 Microurania IVPP V18120 91 Eurypyga Grus <50 Sinophoneus 96 Thalasseus 93 Deuterosaurus 84 Rhynochetos 100 Estemmenosuchus uralensis 67 70 Aptornis Estemmenosuchus miribilis 98 Gavia 100 Styracocephalus? BPI/I/7141 81 Aechmophorus Styracocephalus SAM PK 8936 98 Jabiru 77 Megaceryle Phthinosuchus 72 82 Uria 64 Archaeosyodon Aptenodytes 94 Syodon 77 58 Australosyodon BP/1/7874 67 Threskiornis 80 Titanophoneus 94 Platalea 80 Pumiliornis 95 Anteosaurus magnificus 78 Anteosaurus abeli 85 Presbyornis 51 95 Mergus 88 83 Biseridens Jonkeria Anser 77 Struthiocephalus Septencoarcias 98 Struthionops 57 91 74 Cyrilavis 93 Moschops 61 100 Buceros Ulemosaurus 67 Pteroglossus 67 Upupa <50 98 Pharomachrus Colius 61 Phaethon Psilopogon

Scopus 64 97 Didunculus 98 Pezophaps 82 Raphus 100 Columba 95 Caloenas 87 Goura 64 89 Coragyps Vultur 90 Balaeniceps Note: Pelecanus 78 Fregata 63 Phalacrocorax This tree does not support DNA topologies over long phylogenetic distances. 64 71 Catharacta Macronectes Certain dental traits are convergent and do not define . 63 85 Morus 73 91 Puffinus Pelagornis 95 Fraterculus 93 Pinguinus Rynchops