Eili Y. Klein

Fellow, Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy 1400 I Street, NW, Suite 500 202.328.5197 • [email protected]

EDUCATION Princeton University, Princeton, NJ PhD in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 2012 Thesis: Anti-malarial Drug Resistance

Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Relations, Washington, DC Master of Arts, International Health Policy, 2005

Columbia University, New York, NY Bachelor of Arts, Economics, 1998

PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy 2012- Fellow 2010-2012 Research Associate Johns Hopkins University 2012- Faculty, Department of Emergency Medicine 2017- Faculty, Department of Epidemiology Resources for the Future 2005-2010 Research Associate; Research Assistant

RESEARCH INTERESTS Improving policy and clinician decision-making using health information technology and mathemati- cal modeling. Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance. Impact of behavior and social structure on the spread of infectious disease. Impact of antimicrobial drug resistance on ecology and epidemiology of disease. Economic epidemiology. Mathematical and theoretical ecology. Evolution of pathogen-host interactions. Pathogen competition across space and scale. Influenza viral evolution.

HONORS & AWARDS Hartwell Foundation Biomedical Research Fellowship (2015) NIH Loan Repayment Program (2013-15,2016-18) Johns Hopkins Emergency Department Research Day Award for Best Research Presentation (2012) The May Fellowship, Princeton University (2008-09,2010-11) Harold W. Dodds Honorific Fellowship, Princeton University (2011-12) C. Grove Haines Prize, JHU-SAIS (2004)

PUBLICATIONS JOURNAL ARTICLES 2018

Klein Eili Y., Van Boeckel TP, Martinez EM, Pant S, Gandra S, Levin S, Goossens H, Laxmi- narayan R (in press) “Global increase and geographic convergence in antibiotic consumption between 2000 and 2015” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Eili Y. Klein Page 2

Townsend, Jennifer, Kittane Srinivas Vishnupriya, Eili Klein, Brian Spoelhof, Jonathan Zenilman (in press) “Hospitalist ID service in academic medical centers: a win-win for hospitalists and fellows” Southern Medical Journal.

Broniatowski, David A., Eili Y. Klein, Larissa May, Elena M. Martinez, Chelsea Ware, Valerie F. Reyna. (in press) “Patients’ and Clinicians’ Perceptions of Antibiotic Prescribing for Upper Respiratory Infections in the Acute Care Setting” Medical Decision Making.

Klein, Eili Y., Katie Tseng, Daniel J. Morgan, Ramanan Laxminarayan (2018) “Reply to author” Clinical Infectious Diseases ciy119. DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy119.

Klein, Eili Y., Deena Blumenkrantz, Adrian Serohijos, Eugene Shakhnovich, Jeong-Mo Choi, Joo V. Rodrigues, Brendan D. Smith, Andrew P. Lane, Andrew Feldman, Andrew Pekosz (2018) “Stability of the Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Protein Correlates with Evolutionary Dynamics” mSphere 3(1):e00554-17. DOI: 10.1128/mSphereDirect.00554-17.

2017

Robinson, Matthew, Dileep Kadam, Anju Kagal, Sandhya Khadse, Aarti Kinikar, Chhaya Valvi, Anita Basavaraj, Renu Bharadwaj, Ivan Marbaniang, Savita Kanade, Priyanka Raichur, Jonathan Sachs, Eili Klein, Sara Cosgrove, Amita Gupta, Vidya Mave (2017) “Antibiotic utilization and the role of suspected and diagnosed mosquito borne illness among adults and children with acute febrile illness in Pune, India” Clinical Infectious Diseases. DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix1059.

Klein, Eili Y., Nestor Mojica, Wendi Jiang, Sara E. Cosgrove, Edward Septimus, Daniel J. Morgan, and Ramanan Laxminarayan (2017) “Trends in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Hospi- talizations in the United States, 2010-2014” Clinical Infectious Diseases 65(11):1921-1923. DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix640.

Klein, Eili Y., Scott Levin, Matthew F. Toerper, Michael Makowsky, Tim Xu, Gai Cole, and Ga- bor Kelen (2017) “The Effect of Medicaid Expansion on Utilization in Maryland Emergency Depart- ments” Annals of Emergency Medicine 70(5):607-614.e1. DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2017.06.021.

Klein, Eili Y., Elena M. Martinez, Larissa May, Mustapha Saheed, Valerie Reyna, and David A. Broniatowski (2017) “Categorical Risk Perception Drives Variability in Antibiotic Prescribing in the Emergency Department: A mixed methods observational study” Journal of General Internal Medicine 32(10):1083-1089. DOI: 10.1007/s11606-017-4099-6.

Makowsky, Michael and Eili Y. Klein (2017) “Identifying the Relationship between Length of Hospital Stay and the Probability of Readmission” Applied Economic Letters 25(6):375-380. DOI: 10.1080/13504851.2017.1324605.

Gandra, Sumanth, Anna Trett, Eili Y Klein, Ramanan Laxminarayan (2017) “Is Antimicrobial Resistance a Bigger Problem in Tertiary Care Hospitals than in Small Community Hospitals in the United States?” Clin Infect Dis 65(5):860863. DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix413.

Hinson, Jeremiah S., Michael R. Ehmann, Derek M. Fine, Elliot K. Fishman, Richard E. Rothman, and Eili Y. Klein (2017) “Risk of Acute Kidney Injury Following Intravenous Contrast Media Administration: A Five-Year Retrospective Analysis” Annals of Emergency Medicine 69(5):577586. DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2016.11.021.

Larissa May MD, Eili Y. Klein, Elena M. Martinez, Nestor Mojica, and Loren G. Miller (2016) Eili Y. Klein Page 3

“Incidence and Factors Associated with Emergency Department Visits for Recurrent Skin and Soft Tissue Infections in Patients in California, 2005-2011” Epidemiology and Infection. 145(4):746-754. DOI: 10.1017/S0950268816002855.

2016

Logan, Latania K., Sumanth Gandra, Siddhartha Mandal, Eili Y. Klein, Jordan Levinson, Robert A. Weinstein, Ramanan Laxminarayan (2016) “Multi-drug and Carbapenem-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Children, United States, 1999-2012” Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases So- ciety. DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piw064.

Klein, Eili Y., Bradley Monteforte, Alisha Gupta, Wendi Jiang, Larissa May, Yu-Hsiang Hsieh, an- dAndrea Dugas (2016) “The Frequency of Influenza and Bacterial Coinfection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis” Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 10(5):394-403. DOI: 10.1111/irv.12398.

Gandra, Sumanth, Eili Y. Klein, Suraj Pant, Surbhi Malhotra-Kumar, and Ramanan Laxmi- narayan (2016) “Faropenem Consumption is Increasing in India” Clin Infect Dis 62(8):1050-1052. DOI:10.1093/cid/ciw055.

Pant, Suraj, Eili Y. Klein, Sumanth Gandra, Ramanan Laxminarayan (2016) “Tracking trends in antibiotic effectiveness using the Drug Resistance Index” International Journal of Infectious Diseases 45(Supp 1):109. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.02.280.

2015

Levy M, Broccoli M, Cole G, Jenkins JL, Klein EY. (2015) “An Analysis of the Relationship Between the Heat Index and Arrivals in the Emergency Department” PLOS Currents Disasters, Edition 1. doi: 10.1371/currents.dis.64546103ed4fa0bc7c5b779dd16f5358.

Cole, Gai, Dicky Stefanus, Heather Gardner, Matthew J Levy, Eili Y Klein (2015) “The impact of interruptions on the duration of nursing interventions: a direct observation study in an academic emergency department” BMJ Quality & Safety 25:457465.

Klein, Eili Y., David L. Smith, Justin M. Cohen, Ramanan Laxminarayan (2015) “Cost-effectiveness Analysis of Targeting Children Compared to the Whole Population for Continuing Subsidies for ACTs Using a Bioeconomic Malaria Model” Journal of the Royal Society Interface 12(107): 20141356.

Klein, Eili Y., Michael Makowsky, Megan Orlando, Erez Hatna, Nikolay P. Braykov, Ramanan Laxminarayan (2015) “Influence of provider and urgent care density across different socioeconomic strata on outpatient antibiotic prescribing in the USA” Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 70(5): 1580-1587.

2014

Broniatowski, David A., Eili Y. Klein, Valerie Reyna (2014) “Germs are Germs, and Why Not Take a Risk?: Patients’ Expectations for Prescribing Antibiotics in an Inner City Emergency Department” Medical Decision Making 35(1):60-67.

Kouyos, Roger D., C. Jessica E. Metcalf, Ruthie Birger, Eili Y. Klein, Pia Abel zur Wiesch, Peter Ankomah, Nimalan Arinaminpathy, Tiffany L. Bogich, Sebastian Bonhoeffer, Charles Brower, Geoffrey Chi-Johnston, Ted Cohen, Troy Day, Bryan Greenhouse, Silvie Huijben, Joshua Metlay, Nicole Mideo, Laura C Pollitt, Andrew F. Read, David L. Smith, Claire Standley, Nina Wale, Bryan Eili Y. Klein Page 4

Grenfell (2014) “The path of least resistance: aggressive or moderate treatment?” Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series B: Biological Sciences 281(1794): 20140566.

May, Larissa, Gudger G, Armstrong P, Brooks G, Hinds P, Bhat R, Moran G, Schwartz L, Cosgrove SE, Klein EY, Rothman RE, Rand C (2014) “Multisite Exploration of Clinical Decision-Making for Antibiotic Use by Emergency Medicine Providers Using Quantitative and Qualitative Methods” Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 35(9): 1114-1125.

Klein, Eili Y., Serohijos AWR, Choi J-M, Shakhnovich EI, Pekosz A (2014) “Influenza A H1N1 Pandemic Strain Evolution - Divergence and the Potential for Antigenic Drift Variants” PLoS ONE 9(4): e93632.

Smith, David L., T. Alex Perkins, Robert C Reiner, Christopher M. Barker, Tianchan Niu, Luis Fernando Chaves, Alicia M. Ellis, Dylan B George, Arnaud Le Menach, Juliet R. C. Pulliam, Donal Bisanzio, Caroline Buckee, Christinah Chiyaka, Derek A. T. Cummings, Andres J. Garcia, Michelle L. Gatton, Peter W. Gething, David M. Hartley, Geoffrey Johnston, Eili Y. Klein, Edwin Michael, Alun L. Lloyd, David M. Pigott, William K. Reisen, Nick Ruktanonchai, Brajendra K. Singh, Jeremy Stoller, Andrew J. Tatem, Uriel Kitron, H. Charles J. Godfray, Justin M. Cohen, Simon I. Hay, Thomas W. Scott (2014) “Recasting the Theory of Mosquito-Borne Pathogen Transmission Dynamics and Control” Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 108(4): 185-197.

May, Larissa, Eili Y. Klein, Richard E. Rothman, Ramanan Laxminarayan (2014) “Trends in Antibiotic Resistance in Coagulase Negative Staphylococci, United States, 1999-2012” Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 58(3): 1404-1409.

Walker, Josephine G., Eili Y. Klein, and Simon A. Levin (2014) “Disease at the wildlife-livestock interface: Acaricide use on domestic cattle does not prevent transmission of a tick-borne pathogen with multiple hosts” Veterinary Parasitology 199(3-4): 206-214.

Klein, Eili Y. (2014) “Cross-Reactive Immune Responses as Primary Drivers of Malaria Chronic- ity” Infection and Immunity 82(1):140-151.

Klein, Eili Y. (2014) “The Impact of Heterogeneous Transmission on the Establishment and Spread of Antimalarial Drug Resistance” Journal of Theoretical Biology 340:177-185.

2013

Klein, Eili Y., Ramanan Laxminarayan (2013) “The potential impact of age and season on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus prevalence” Future Microbiology 8(7):809-812.

Wells, Chad R., Eili Y. Klein, and Chris T. Bauch (2013) “Policy Resistance Undermines Super- spreader Vaccination Strategies for Influenza” PLoS Computational Biology 9(3):e1002945.

Kouyos, Roger, Eili Klein, Bryan Grenfell (2013) “Hospital-Community Interactions foster co- existence between methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus” PLoS Pathogens 9(2): e1003134.

Klein, Eili Y., Lova Sun, David L. Smith, Ramanan Laxminarayan (2013) “The changing epidemi- ology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the United States: A national observational study” The American Journal of Epidemiology 177(7): 666-674. Eili Y. Klein Page 5

Klein, Eili Y. (2013) “Antimalarial Drug Resistance: A Review of the Biology and Strategies to Delay Emergence and Spread” International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 41(4): 311-317.

Reiner Jr., Robert C., T. Alex Perkins, Christopher M. Barker, Tianchan Niu, Luis Fernando Chaves, Alicia M. Ellis, Dylan B. George, Arnaud Le Menach, Juliet R. C. Pulliam, Donal Bisanzio, Caroline Buckee, Christinah Chiyaka, Derek A. T. Cummings, Andres J. Garcia, Michelle L. Gatton, Peter W. Gething, David M. Hartley, Geoffrey Johnston, Eili Y. Klein, Edwin Michael, Steven W. Lindsay, Alun L. Lloyd, David M. Pigott, William K. Reisen, Nick Ruktanonchai, Brajendra K. Singh, Andrew J. Tatem, Uriel Kitron, Simon I. Hay, Thomas W. Scott, and David L. Smith (2013) “A Systematic Review of Mathematical Models of Mosquito-Borne Pathogen Transmission: 1970- 2010” Journal of the Royal Society Interface 10(81): 20120921.

Braykov, Nikolay, Michael R. Eber, Eili Y. Klein, Daniel J. Morgan, and Ramanan Laxminarayan (2013) “Trends in resistance to carbapenems and third-generation cephalosporins among clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae in the United States, 1999-2010” Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 34(3): 259-68.

2012

Klein, Eili and Ramanan Laxminarayan (2012) “Resistance movement” Modern Healthcare 42(32):22.

Klein, Eili Y., David L. Smith, Ramanan Laxminarayan, and Simon Levin (2012) “Superinfection and the evolution of resistance to antimalarial drugs” Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series B: Biological Sciences 279(1743):3834-3842.

Sun, Lova, Eili Y. Klein, and Ramanan Laxminarayan (2012) “Seasonality and Temporal Corre- lation between Community Antibiotic Use and Resistance in the United States” Clinical Infectious Diseases 55(5):687-694.

Klein, Eili Y., Ian A. Lewis, Christina Jung, Manuel Llins, and Simon A Levin (2012) “Relation- ship between treatment-seeking behaviour and artemisinin drug quality in Ghana” Malaria Journal 11:10.

2007-2011

Tozan, Ye¸sim, Eili Y. Klein, Sarah Darley, Rajashree Panicker, Ramanan Laxminarayan, and Joel G. Breman (2010) “Prereferral Rectal Artesunate for Treatment of Severe Childhood Malaria: a Cost-Effectiveness Analysis” Lancet 376(9756):1910-1915.

Smith, David L., Eili Y. Klein, F. Ellis McKenzie, and Ramanan Laxminarayan (2010) “Prospec- tive Strategies to Delay the Evolution of Antimalarial Drug Resistance: Weighing the Uncertainty” Malaria Journal 9:217.

Chow, Jeffrey, Eili Y. Klein, and Ramanan Laxminarayan (2010) “Cost-Effectiveness of ‘Golden Mustard’ for Treating Vitamin A Deficiency in India” PLoS One 5(8):e12046

Laxminarayan, Ramanan, Ian W.H. Parry, David L. Smith, and Eili Y. Klein (2010) “Should New Antimalarial Drugs be Subsidized?” Journal of Health Economics 29(3):445-456.

Klein, Eili, David L. Smith, and Ramanan Laxminarayan (2009) “Community-associated Methicillin- Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Outpatients, United States, 1999-2006” Emerging Infectious Dis- eases 15(12):1925-1930. Eili Y. Klein Page 6

Saranath Lawpoolsri, Eili Y. Klein, Pratap Singhasivanon, Surapon Yimsamran, Nipon Thanya- vanich, Wanchai Maneeboonyang, Laura L Hungerford, James H Maguire, and David L Smith (2009) “Optimally timing primaquine treatment to reduce Plasmodium falciparum transmission in low endemicity Thai-Myanmar border populations” Malaria Journal 8:159.

Laxminarayan, Ramanan, Eili Klein, Sarah Darley, and Olusoji Adeyi (2009) “Economic Benefits of Global Investments in Tuberculosis Control” Health Affairs 28(4):w730-42.

Klein, Eili, David L. Smith, Maciej F. Boni, and Ramanan Laxminarayan (2008) “Clinically Im- mune Hosts as a Refuge for Drug-Sensitive Malaria Parasites” Malaria Journal 7:67.

Reik, Rebecca, Fred Tenover, Eili Klein, and Lawrence Clifford McDonald (2008) “The Burden of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcal Infections in U.S. Hospitals, 2003-2004” Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease 62(1):81-85.

Klein, Eili, David L. Smith, and Ramanan Laxminarayan (2007) “Hospitalizations and Deaths Caused by Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA, United States, 1999-2004” Emerging Infectious Dis- eases 13(12):1840-46.

Klein, Eili, Ramanan Laxminarayan, David L. Smith, and Christopher Gilligan (2007) “Eco- nomic Incentives and Mathematical Models of Disease” Environment and Development Economics 12(5):707-32.

BOOK CHAPTERS Klein, Eili Y. (2016) “Antibiotic Resistance” In Chanmugam A, Bissonette AH, Desai SV, et al. (eds). Infectious Disease Emergencies, pp. 403-408. New York: Oxford University Press.

Klein, Eili Y., Julia Chelen, Michael D. Makowsky, and Paul E. Smaldino (2015) “The need for more integrated epidemic modeling, with emphasis on antibiotic resistance” In R. Melnik (ed). Mathematical and computational modeling: With applications in the natural and social sciences, engineering, and the arts pp. 121-134. New York: Wiley.

Klein, Eili (2013) “How Misaligned Incentives Influence Antibiotic Prescribing and Resistance” In Emerging and Persistent Infectious Diseases: Focus on Antimicrobial Resistance (pp. 24-28). Washington, DC: Institute on Science for Global Policy (ISGP).

Laxminarayan, Ramanan, Eili Klein and Sarah Darley (2010). “Controlling Tuberculosis: What is the Benefit, at What Cost?” In I. W. Parry and F. Day (eds). Issues of the Day: 100 Com- mentaries on Climate, Energy, the Environment, Transportation, and Public Health (pp. 184-185). Washington, DC: Resources for the Future.

BOOKS AND REPORTS Centers for Disease Control (2013) “Vital Signs: Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae” MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 62:1-6.

Laxminarayan, Ramanan, Jeffrey Chow, Eili Klein and Paula Whitacre (2007) Closing India’s Nutrition Gap: The Role of Golden Mustard in Fighting Vitamin A Deficiency Resources for the Future, Washington, DC.

WORKING PAPERS Laxminarayan, Ramanan, Eili Klein, Christopher Dye, Katherine Floyd, Sarah Darley and Olusoji Adeyi (2007) “Economic Benefit of Tuberculosis Control” World Bank Policy Research Working Eili Y. Klein Page 7

Paper No. 4295, World Bank, Washington, DC

Laxminarayan, Ramanan, Ian W.H. Parry, David L. Smith, and Eili Klein (2006) “Should New Antimalarial Drugs Be Subsidized?” RFF Discussion Paper 06-43.

OTHER PUBLICATIONS Laxminarayan, R., Jeffrey Chow, Eili Klein, and Paula Tarnapol Whitacre (2008) “A Recipe to Fight Vitamin A Deficiency in India: Add Mustard and Stir?” Resources 167 (Fall/Winter).

POSTER PRESENTATIONS • Derek Cummings, Rebecca Pierce, Keith S. Kaye, Connie Price, Loreen a. Herwaldt, Pranavi Sreeramoju, Rekha Murthy, Aaron M. Milstone, Eili Klein, Lisa L. Maragakis, Mark Eick- hoff, Frangiscos Sifakis, Jenna Los, and Trish M. Perl Ventilator Associated Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections among ICU Patients in Six Healthcare Systems: Temporal Trends and Risk Factors IDWeek, Oct. 2016, New Orleans, LA. Poster. (Refereed) • Eili Klein, Sumanth Gandra, Suraj Pant, Nestor Mojica, Elena Martinez, and Ramanan Laxminarayan Global antibiotic use and resistance IDWeek, Oct. 2016, New Orleans, LA. Poster. (Refereed) • Larissa May, Eili Klein, Loren Miller, Elena Martinez, and Nestor Mojica Recurrent Skin and Soft Tissue Infections in Emergency Department Patients in California, 2005-2011 IDWeek, 2016, New Orleans, LA. Poster. (Refereed) • Eili Klein, Elena Martinez, Larissa May, Mustapha Saheed, Valerie Reyna, and David Broni- atowski Categorical risk perception drives variability in clinician antibiotic prescribing in the acute-care setting IDWeek, Oct. 2016, New Orleans, LA. Poster. (Refereed) • Suraj Pant, Eili Klein, Sumanth Gandra, and Ramanan Laxminarayan Tracking Antibiotic Effectiveness Worldwide 1999-2014 Using the Drug Resistance Index IDWeek, Oct. 2016, New Orleans, LA. Poster. (Refereed)

RECOGNITION Committees Collaborating committee for the WHO global antimicrobial surveillance system: IT subcommittee (2016-). Society for Academic Emergency Medicine (SAEM), Web Evolution Committee (2018-).

Invited Talks • Speaker, Models of Infectious Disease Agent Study Meeting, “Superinfection and the evolution of resistance to antimalarial drugs,” Alexandria, VA (11/15/2012 ). • Speaker, American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Annual Meeting, “Reservoir dynamics and evolutionary ecology of multi-strain bacterial pathogens in developing countries,” Atlanta, GA (11/12/2012) • Speaker and Panelist, Institute on Science for Global Policy (ISGP), “How Misaligned Incen- tives Influence Antibiotic Prescribing and Resistance,” Houston, TX (03/20/2013). • Semi-Plenary Speaker, Applied Mathematics, Modeling and Computational Science (AMMCS) conference, Waterloo, Canada (08/27/2013) • Speaker and Panelist, 2015 ONeill Institute Fall Colloquium on Legal & Policy Approaches for Controlling the Antibiotic-Resistance Crisis. Washington, DC (11/11/2015). • Speaker, Health Watch USA Meeting, “Epidemiology and Economics of Antibiotic Resistance” (2/17/2016). Eili Y. Klein Page 8

• Speaker, PAHO Foundation, Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Pre-Summit Planning Meeting, Ft. Lauderdale, FL (2/29/2016). • Speaker, Florida International University, 6th International Conference on Global Health, The Economics of Antibiotic Resistance, Miami, FL (3/2/2016). • Speaker, MISMS Influenza Workshop, “Influenza hemagglutinin protein stability correlates with fitness and seasonal evolutionary dynamics”, Fogarty International Center, National In- stitutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (11/7/2016) • Speaker, University Hospital Zurich, The gist of antibiotic prescribing: Examining clinician and patient behavior, Zurich, Switzerland (1/17/2018).

REFEREE American Journal of Infection Control American Journal of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene BMC Infectious Diseases Bulletin of Mathematical Biology Clinical Infectious Diseases Health Affairs Infectious Diseases of Poverty Journal of Infection Lancet Global Health Malaria Journal MalariaWorld Journal PLoS One PLoS Computational Biology PLoS Medicine Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)