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Download an Example File with Cardiology and Hypertension (PDF) Legal Disclaimer All diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in the field of science and medicine are continuously evolving: Therefore the herein presented medical evidence is state of the technical and scientific art at the time of the editorial deadline for the respective edition of the book. All details provided herein related to a particular therapeutic mode of administration and dosing of drugs are screened employing utmost measures of accuracy and precision. Unless explicitly specified otherwise, all drug administration and dosing regimens presented herein are for healthy adults with normal renal and hepatic function. Liability cannot be assumed for any type of dosing and administration regimen presented herein. Each reader is advised to carefully consult the respective market authorization holders directions for use of the recommended drugs, medical devices and other means of therapy and diagnosis. This applies in particular also to market authorization holders summaries of product characteristics for pharmaceutical products. Despite all care, there may be translation errors. The reader is advised to carefully check information related to the indication for use, contraindications, dosing recommendations, side effects and interactions with other medications! All modes of medication use and administration are at the consumers risk. The author and his team cannot be held responsible for any damage caused by wrong therapy or diagnosis. Please refer to, i.e: www.leitlinien.de or www.guideline.gov The trade name of a trade name registered product does not provide the legal privilege to employ the trade name as a free trade mark even if it is not specifically marked as such. Drugs which are sold as generics are referred to throughout the book by their generic name and not necessarily by a particular brand name Remark: ICD 10 code version 1.3 has been employed for the index. Since in the current edition ICD 10 code version 2.0 was used, different code numbers may have been assigned to indexed items! No part of the book - neither in part or in toto - may be reproduced in any format (print, copy, microfilm, electronic storage, use and/or distribution by any electronic format including the internet) in the absence of an explicit written permission by the editor. Be careful about reading health books. You may die of a misprint. (Mark Twain) 7 Abbreviations AAA Abdominal aortic aneurism F Female AB Antibodies FFP Fresh Frozen Plasma ACE Angiotensin converting enzyme FH Family History ADB Anti-Desoxyribonucleotidase B FUO Fever of unknown origin ADH Antidiuretic hormone GBM Glomerular basement membrane AET Aetiology GFR Glomerular filtration rate AF Atrial fibrillation GI Gastrointestinal AG Antigen GN Glomerulonephritis AIDS Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome HBV Hepatitis B Virus AIHA Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia HCT Haematocrit AN Autonomic neuropathy HI Histology ANA Anti nuclear antibodies HIT Heparin induced thrombocytopenia ANCA Anti neutrophile cytoplasmatic antibodies HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus ANP Atrial natriuretic peptide HLT Half life time A.O. And others HPV Human Papilloma Virus APC Activated Protein C HSV Herpes Simplex Virus APS Antiphospholipid syndrome HUS Haemolytic uraemic syndrome APPROX Approximately HX History ARDS Adult respiratory distress syndrome IA Interaction ARF Acute renal failure IBS Irritable bowel syndrome ASAP As soon as possible ICA Internal carotid artery ASD Atrial septum defect ICD Implantable Cardioverter - Defibrillator ASL Antistreptolysin ICF Intracellular fluid AT Antithrombin ICP Intracranial pressure ATP Adenosine Triphosphate ICU Intensive care unit AXR Abdominal X-ray IFAT Indirect immunofluorescence antigen test BBB Bundle Branch Block IG Immunoglobulin BMI Body Mass Index IHA Indirect Haemagglutinin test BMT Bone marrow transplant i.m. Intramuscular BNP brain natriuretic peptide INC Incidence BP Blood pressure IND Indication BU Bread unit INR International normalised ratio BW Body weight ISF Interstitial fluid C Celsius ITP Idiopathic thrombocytopenia CA Carcinoma IU International units ca. Circa I.V. Intravenous CDC Centres for disease control IVF Intravascular fluid CH Carbohydrate LAB Laboratory tests CHD Coronary heart disease LAS Lymphadenopathy syndrome CI Contraindications LBBB Left Bundle Branch Block CK Creatine Kinase LDH Lactate Dehydrogenase CL Clinical picture LDL Low density lipoprotein CMV Cytomegalovirus LDV Lymphocyte doubling time CNP Type C natriuretic peptide LMWH Low molecular weight Heparin CNS Central Nervous System LOC Localisation CO Complications M Male CON Contagiousness MDS Myelodysplastic syndrome COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease MI Mentzer index COX Cyclooxygenase MI Myomyocardiac infarction CRF Chronic Renal Failure MIO Million CRP C-reactive protein MM Multiple myeloma CSE Cholesterol Synthesis Enzyme MOA Mode of action CSF Cerebrospinal Fluid MRI Magnet resonance imaging CT Computer tomography MW Molecular weight CU Carbohydrate unit NK (cells) Natural killer (cells) CVI Chronic venous insufficiency NSAID Non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug CVP Central venous pressure OAC Oral anticoagulation CXR Chest X-ray OAD Occlusive atherosclerotic disease DD Differential diagnosis OCC Occasionally DEF Definition OCC Occurrence DHD Dengue haemorrhagic fever OD Overdose DHS Dengue haemorrhagic shock PA Pulmonary artery DI Diagnosis PAT Pathogen DIC Disseminated intravascular coagulation PAT Pathology DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid PCR Polymerase chain reaction DSA Digital subtraction angiography PE Pulmonary embolism DVT Deep vein thrombosis PEP Post exposure prophylaxis EBV Epstein Barr Virus PET Positron emission tomography ECF Extracellular fluid PFO Persistent foramen ovale ECG Electrocardiogram PG Pathogenesis EEG Electroencephalogram PI Protease inhibitor EF Effects PID Pelvic inflammatory disease EF Ejection Fraction PM Pacemaker EHEC Enterohaemorrhagic E. coli PMC Pseudomembranous Enterocolitis ELISA Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay PMH Past Medical History EN Enteral nutrition PN Parenteral nutrition ENT Ear Nose & Throat PNH Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria EP Epidemiology P.O. Per os ESP Especially POSS Possibly ESR Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate PPC Phenprocoumon ET Etiology PPH Pathophysiology EU European Union 8 PPSB Prothrombin proconvertin Stuart-Prower factor SVT Supraventricular Tachycardia antihaemophilic factor B SYM Symptoms PRG Prognosis SYN Synonym PRO Prophylaxis TAA Thoracic aortic aneurism PTCA Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty TCA Tricyclic antidepressants PTH Parathyroid hormone TEA Thrombendarteriectomy PTS Post Thrombotic Syndrome TEE Transoesophageal echocardiography PTT Prothrombin time TH Therapy RA Rheumatoid arthritis THR Total hip replacement RBBB Right Bundle Branch Block TIA Transitory ischaemic attack RES Reticular Endothelial Syncythium TOA Thrombangiitis obliterans RF Rheumatoid factor TOS Thoracic Outlet Syndrome RNA Ribonucleic acid TPHA Treponema Pallidum Haemagglutinin RS Raynaud’s Syndrome TPN Total parenteral nutrition RV right ventricular TSH Thyroid stimulation hormone S.C. Subcutaneous TURP Transurethral resection of the prostate SE Side effects UFH Unfractioned Heparin SIADH Syndrome of inadequate ADH secretion URTI Upper Respiratory Tract Infection SK Streptokinase US Ultrasound S.L. sublingual UTI Urinary tract infection SLE Systemic lupus erythematosus UV Ultraviolet SOB Shortness of breath VF Ventricular Fibrillation SPECT Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography VT Ventricular Tachycardia SR Slow release VUR Vesico-ureteric-renal reflux SR Sinus rhythm VV Varicose veins ST Stage VZV Varicella Zoster Virus STD Sexually transmitted disease WHO World Health Organisation SU Sulfonyl urea Y Year Find more medical abbreviations at www.medizinische-abkuerzungen.de Find more general abbreviations at www.acronymdb.com www.chemie.fu-berlin.de/cgi-bin/acronym 9 II. C A R D I O L O G Y Internet information: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Kardiologie [German Cardiology Association]: www.dgkardio.de Course of a cardiological examination I. Medical History II. Clinical Examination 1. Inspection 2. Palpation of the precordial thoracic area and pulses Five pulse states: - Frequency: rapid - slow - Regularity: regular - irregular: respiratory arrhythmia premature ventricular beats (extrasystoles) absolute arrhythmia - Strength: hard (high systolic pressure) soft (low systolic pressure) - Amplitude: large (high) - small (diminished) - Celerity (speed of upstroke): rapid - slow In cases of high pulse rate and normal blood pressure, the pulse upstroke will be rapid and the amplitude high; in cases of volume deficiency, however, the pulse upstroke will be rapid, but the amplitude will not be high. In aortic insufficiency with normal heart rate, the pulse upstroke is rapid and the amplitude high (due to the high blood pressure amplitude). 3. Cardiac percussion: Determination of the pulmonary-liver border; this can also be used to some extent on the left side. A) Determination of relative cardiac dullness by percussion from the outer cardiac border inwards. B) Determination of absolute cardiac dullness by percussion from inside (at the sternum) and proceeding outwards. Severe obesity and emphysema may make percussion impossible. Cardiac percussion must be regarded as imprecise. 4. Cardiac auscultation with a stethoscope: High-pitched frequencies are better heard with the membrane of the stethoscope while low-pitched frequencies are better heard with the bell and no membrane. Disadvantage of auditory
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