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Aquatic Nuisance Species Report ANSAn Update on Sea Grant Research and Outreach Projects 2000 Aquatic Nuisance Species Report An Update on Sea Grant Research and Outreach Projects 2000 This report was prepared by the Ohio Sea Grant College Program for the National Sea Grant College Program. This document is a continuation of earlier research and outreach reports: Showing Our Mussel (TB-026), Zebra Mussel Report: An Update of Research and Outreach (TB-028) and Zebra Mussel Update: A 1995 Report of Research (TB-030). These previous reports document Sea Grant’s research and outreach projects related to zebra mussels and Eurasian ruffe (1995 report) and are available on the Ohio Sea Grant web site at www.sg.ohio-state.edu/publications/topics/fts-nuisance.html. National Offices Funding for this report was provided by the National Sea Grant College Program (grant number NA46RG0482 for project A/NIS-1) to Ohio Sea Grant, with matching funds National Sea Grant provided by the Ohio Board of Regents and The Ohio State University. NOAA/Sea Grant The information in this report was compiled and edited by Karen T. Ricker, Ohio Sea 1315 East-West Highway SSMC-3, Eleventh Floor Grant. In addition, the following report committee members provided guidance, helped Silver Spring, MD 20910-3225 develop the report guidelines, and served as reviewers: Marilyn Barrett-O'Leary, Louisiana Phone: 301.713.2448 Sea Grant; Barbara Branca, New York Sea Grant; Barbara Doll, North Carolina Sea Grant; Fax: 301.713.0799 www.nsgo.seagrant.org/ Mike Liffmann, Louisiana Sea Grant; Doug Jensen, Minnesota Sea Grant; John Schwartz, Michigan Sea Grant; and Peg Van Patten, Connecticut Sea Grant. The committee would also like to thank the following people who reviewed various sections of this report during Media Relations 841 National Press Building development: Jeff Cordell, University of Washington; Jeff Crooks, Smithsonian 529 14th Street NW Environmental Research Center; Carrie Culver, Marine Science Institute, University of Washington, DC 20045-2277 Phone: 202.662.7095 California at Santa Barbara; Charles E. Epifanio, University of Delaware; David Francko, Fax: 202.662-7093 Miami University; Pam Fuller, U.S. Geological Survey, Nonindigenous Aquatic Species www.seagrantnews.org Program, Gainesville, FL; David W. Hicks, Lamar University; Jill E. Jentes, Ohio Sea Grant; Charles Lambert, California State University at Fullerton; Roger Mann, Virginia Institute Sea Grant Library of Marine Science; Phil Moy, Wisconsin Sea Grant; Nancy J. O’Connor, University of University of Rhode Island Bay Campus Massachusetts at Dartmouth; Jeffrey M. Reutter, Ohio Sea Grant; Scott Smith, Washington Pell Library Building Department of Fish and Wildlife; Donald Strong, University of California at Davis; Narragansett, RI 02882 Theresa Talley, Scripps Institution of Oceanography; Clyde Tamaru, Hawaii Sea Grant; Phone: 401.874.6114 Fax: 401.874.6160 Katherine L. Watson, Seaweed Biotechnology Laboratory, Northeastern University; and [email protected] Antonia Witje, California State University at Long Beach. Additional copies of this report are available from Ohio Sea Grant. Ohio Sea Grant College Program The Ohio State University 1314 Kinnear Road Columbus, OH 43212-1194 614.292.8949 Fax 614.292.4364 www.sg.ohio-state.edu Editor: Karen T. Ricker Designer: Cindy Hayter OHSU-TB-046 © 2000 by The Ohio State University Whether they’re called aquatic nuisance species, exotic species, or nonindigenous species, all of these terms describe the same problem — non-native plants and animals that are invading U.S. waterways. In their own native waters aquatic nuisance species (ANS) may be harmless, but when transplanted to other areas, they compete with native animals and plants for food and habitat, taking over the area. ANS are causing significant ecological and economic problems throughout many areas of the U.S. Species such as zebra mussels, round gobies, Japanese shore crabs, green crabs, Eurasian watermilfoil, purple loosestrife, and Asian clams — to name a few — have been introduced into waterbodies in many areas of the country. Once established, these species have the potential to displace native species, drastically alter aquatic ecosystems, and interfere with business and recreational pursuits. Most of the time ANS are transported by human activities such as the dumping of ballast water from transoceanic ships, transporting species via recreational boats, and emptying unwanted bait into water. Some species, such as the sea lamprey, entered into the Great Lakes on their own via canal systems. The story of the zebra mussel's invasion of the Great Lakes is now legendary. Dreissena polymorpha is presumed to have entered Lake St. Clair in 1985 or '86, having been transported there by transoceanic ships that released contaminated ballast water taken from foreign ports. In 1988 the mussel was officially identified and reported in Lake Erie. Today, according to the Sea Grant National Aquatic Nuisance Species Clearinghouse, the zebra mussel has spread outside the Great Lakes to other states and many inland waters (see distribution map on page 56). This report includes projects that began on or before March 1998, but does not include projects listed in previous editions of this report (1988-1995). However, projects that began during the last report phase and continued past that time frame are included in this update, as well as earlier projects that were not listed in previous reports. As this report went to press, information about Sea Grant ANS projects that began in fiscal years 1999 and 2000 became available. A list of these projects is included in the Appendices beginning on page 219. AquaticANS Nuisance Species Report: An Update on Sea Grant Research and Outreach Projects 2000 Federal Initiatives Sea Grant’s Role In response to the invasion of the Great A national program created in 1966, Sea Lakes by the zebra mussel in the mid 1980s, Grant uses research, outreach, and education Congress passed the Nonindigenous to make invaluable contributions to the Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and Control nation in promoting sustainable develop- Act in 1990 (Public Law 101-646). In 1996 ment in our coastal resources. The National the Act was reauthorized as the National Sea Grant College Program is part of the Invasive Species Act (NISA), and included National Oceanic and Atmospheric an amendment that called for the develop- Administration (NOAA), U.S. Department of ment of national voluntary guidelines to Commerce. Sea Grant has been a national prevent the spread of ANS through boating leader, responding to the ANS problem with and fishing, and other recreational activities. research and outreach projects that have On February 3, 1999, President Clinton slowed the spread and reduced the ecologic signed Executive Order 13112 which directed and economic impact of ANS. federal agencies to “expand and coordinate Sea Grant researchers are actively their efforts to combat a serious environmen- working on projects that address problems tal threat: the introduction and spread of caused by at least 22 different ANS species plants and animals not native to the United (as documented in this report). Sea Grant States.” The Order created an Invasive outreach projects such as the National Species Council which works in cooperation Aquatic Nuisance Species Clearinghouse, with a variety of groups including states, Nationwide Zebra Mussel Training tribes, scientists, universities, environmental Initiative, Sea Grant Nonindigenous groups, farm organizations, shipping Species site (SGNIS), and others have interests, and the business community. impacted hundreds of thousands of people in this country and abroad by providing current research results and Sea Grant Aquatic Nuisance Species educational information to inform, combat, Research and Outreach Funding Support and prevent the spread of ANS. Sea Grant funding for research and Fiscal Year Total Funds Expended Research Outreach outreach projects on aquatic nuisance species (in millions) is distributed competitively through a 1991 $ 1.8 $ 1.3 $ 0.5 national call for proposals with an external 1992 $ 2.9 $ 1.9 $ 1.0 peer-review process and by individual Sea 1993 $ 2.8 $ 1.0 $ 1.0 Grant programs. 1994 $ 2.8 $ 1.8 $ 1.0 1995 $ 2.8 $ 1.5 $ 1.3 1996 $ 3.8 $ 2.4 $ 1.4 1997 1 $ 4.1 $ 2.8 $ 1.3 This report documents the results of Sea Grant-funded research and outreach 1998 $ 1.9 $ 1.7 $ 0.2 projects on aquatic nuisance species and 1999 $ 3.3 $ 2.4 $ 0.9 the possible control or mitigation of these 2000 $ 3.1 $ 2.2 $ 0.9 species. Results of Sea Grant research are transferred to the public in the form 1 Approximately $1.1 million of the 1997 funds were pre-awarded to support of outreach programs and materials. 1998 project activities. This report is a testimony to Sea Grant’s efforts to combat aquatic nuisance species. Aquatic Nuisance Species Report: An Update on Sea Grant Research and Outreach Projects 2000 Research and Outreach Projects on Aquatic Nuisance Species Sea Grant has funded research and outreach For each project, participating Sea Grant projects related to aquatic nuisance species programs were requested to submit the following since 1988. Early projects focused solely on information: zebra mussels in the Great Lakes region. • project title; However because more nonindigenous species • project number (if applicable); • starting and ending dates; have appeared in U.S. waterways, projects • principal investigators and affiliation; now encompass 22 species of flora and fauna • project description, research and are being conducted by Sea Grant publications/outreach products; and programs in every region. Sea Grant has also • key word list. funded ballast water initiatives to prevent The research articles and outreach products further introductions. included in this report were comprehensive at The following section is organized by the time of publication. For information about species. For each species, research projects additional journal or conference proceeding articles, appear first and are followed by outreach or other information about the studies listed here, projects (not all species include both research contact the sponsoring Sea Grant program.
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