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Insulin Increases De Novo Steroidogenesis in Prostate Cancer Cells

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Insulin Increases De Novo Steroidogenesis in Prostate Cancer Cells Published OnlineFirst July 11, 2011; DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-2470 Cancer Molecular and Cellular Pathobiology Research Insulin Increases De Novo Steroidogenesis in Prostate Cancer Cells Amy A. Lubik1, Jennifer H. Gunter1, Stephen C. Hendy2, Jennifer A. Locke2, Hans H. Adomat2, Vanessa Thompson2, Adrian Herington1, Martin E. Gleave2, Michael Pollak3, and Colleen C. Nelson1,2 Abstract Androgen-dependent pathways regulate maintenance and growth of normal and malignant prostate tissues. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) exploits this dependence and is used to treat metastatic prostate cancer; however, regression initially seen with ADT gives way to development of incurable castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Although ADT generates a therapeutic response, it is also associated with a pattern of metabolic alterations consistent with metabolic syndrome including elevated circulating insulin. Because CRPC cells are capable of synthesizing androgens de novo, we hypothesized that insulin may also influence steroidogenesis in CRPC. In this study, we examined this hypothesis by evaluating the effect of insulin on steroid synthesis in prostate cancer cell lines. Treatment with 10 nmol/L insulin increased mRNA and protein expression of steroidogenesis enzymes and upregulated the insulin receptor substrate insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS-2). Similarly, insulin treatment upregulated intracellular testosterone levels and secreted androgens, with the concentrations of steroids observed similar to the levels reported in prostate cancer patients. With similar potency to dihydrotestosterone, insulin treatment resulted in increased mRNA expression of prostate-specific antigen. CRPC progression also correlated with increased expression of IRS-2 and insulin receptor in vivo. Taken together, our findings support the hypothesis that the elevated insulin levels associated with therapeutic castration may exacerbate progression of prostate cancer to incurable CRPC in part by enhancing steroidogen- esis. Cancer Res; 71(17); 5754–64. Ó2011 AACR. Introduction ticular androgen causes tumor regression; however, this remission is temporary, and typically within 24 months Organ-confined prostate cancercanbetreatedwithradi- patients recur with an increasing PSA level despite castrate cal prostatectomy or radiation therapy; however, 25% to 40% androgen levels in the serum. This is termed castrate-resis- of patients will experience biochemical recurrence with an tant prostate cancer (CRPC) and is currently viewed as increase in serum levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA), incurable (1, 2). The underlying mechanisms for progression used as a marker of tumor growth, and continue to progress to CRPC are complex; however, we have recently shown that with metastatic disease (1). The most common therapy for one major mechanism is that in the face of ADT, prostate progression is androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) usually tumors are capable of synthesizing androgens de novo, administered by luteinizing hormone–releasing hormone reactivating androgen driven processes, and thereby pro- agonists or antagonists that disrupt the feedback loop moting tumor growth (3). This de novo biosynthesis seems to within the hypothalamic gonadal axis to suppress testoster- be further upregulated by androgens, indicating a feed- one production from the testes. Initially, inhibition of tes- forwardloopofsteroidogenesis. In the physiologic setting, the systemic circulating weak androgens derived from the adrenal gland can also serve as substrates for further con- Authors' Affiliations: 1Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre, version to more active androgens within the prostate using Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; 2Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, the steroidogenic enzymes shown to be present (2, 4). The British Columbia; and 3Departments of Medicine and Oncology, Jewish key question remains as to what initiates and augments General Hospital and McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada steroidogenesis in prostate cancer following castration. Note: Supplementary data for this article are available at Cancer Research Although ADT provides control of prostate cancer growth, Online (http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/). the systemic noncancer effects include the induction of the Corresponding Author: Colleen C. Nelson, Australian Prostate Cancer metabolic syndrome with a key consistent feature of hyper- Research Centre, Queensland, Level 1, Building 33, Princess Alexandra Hospital, 199 Ipswich Rd, Brisbane 4102, Queensland, Australia. insulinemia (5, 6). We have hypothesized (7, 8) that these high Phone: 61-0-731-767-443; Fax: 61-0-731-767-440; E-mail: circulating levels of serum insulin may act directly on prostate [email protected] cancer cells and enhance steroidogenic pathways. Herein, we doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-2470 show that insulin treatment on prostate cancer cells increases Ó2011 American Association for Cancer Research. the expression at both the mRNA and protein levels of several 5754 Cancer Res; 71(17) September 1, 2011 Downloaded from cancerres.aacrjournals.org on September 25, 2021. © 2011 American Association for Cancer Research. Published OnlineFirst July 11, 2011; DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-2470 Insulin Increases Steroidogenesis in Prostate Cancer Cells key enzymes involved in de novo steroidogenesis including tive to the vehicle control at the same time point. Data cytochrome p450 family members CYP11A1 and CYP17A1, were analyzed with SDS 2.3 software by means of the ÀDDC RDH5, and hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase HSD3B2 in LNCaP, 2 t method. Experiments were repeated a minimum of VCaP, and 22RV1 prostate cancer cell lines. Furthermore, in 5times. LNCaP cells, insulin promotes the translocation of steroido- genic acute regulatory protein (StAR) to the mitochondria, a Western blotting rate-limiting step in steroidogenesis. We show that synthesis Cells were lysed in radioimmunoprecipitation assay buffer of steroid hormones, including testosterone and dihydrotes- (25 mmol/L Tris-HCl, pH 7.6, 150 mmol/L NaCl, 1% NP-40, 1% tosterone (DHT), are increased in prostate cancer cells with sodium deoxycholate, and 0.1% SDS), and triplicate wells were insulin treatment to levels sufficient enough to activate PSA pooled. SDS-PAGE was used to separate proteins (15 mg/lane), production. In vivo studies of LNCaP xenografts show using standard protocols. Blots were visualized using second- increased expression of insulin receptor, and insulin receptor ary antibodies compatible with LI-COR Odyssey Imager (LI- substrates are associated with progression to castrate resis- COR Biosciences). Antibodies used were as follows: rabbit tance. We conclude from this study that insulin acts directly SREBP1, 1:200 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology); rabbit StAR and on prostate cancer cells to increase de novo androgen synth- CYP17A1, 1:1,000 (kind gifts from Dr. D.B. Hales); rabbit esis in CRPC. CYP11A1, 1:1,000 (Corgen); goat HSD3B2, 1:200 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology); goat SRD5A1, 1:500 (Novus); and RDH5, 1:300 Materials and Methods (Abnova); glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) was used as In vitro model a loading control. Experiments were repeated a minimum of 3 LNCaP cells (passages 36–48; American Type Culture Col- times. lection) and 22RV1 cells were cultured in phenol red–free RPMI 1640 (Invitrogen) and 5% fetal bovine serum (FBS; Mitochondrial fractionation assay HyClone; Sigma). VCaP cells were cultured in Dulbecco's MitoSciences cell fractionation kit was used for mitochon- modified Eagle's medium (DMEM; Invitrogen) containing drial fractionation of LNCaP cells. GAPDH was used as a 10% FBS. For modeling androgen deprivation, cells were control for mitochondrial isolation. plated in FBS and changed to 5% charcoal-stripped serum (CSS; HyClone) media for 24 hours, followed by 24 hours in Steroid quantitation (total steroids) by liquid serum-free media. Cells were treated with 10 nmol/L insulin chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (Sigma) for various times (5, 10, 16, 24, and 48 hours). Insulin Steroid analysis was carried out, as previously described and DHT were refreshed if treatment exceeded 24 hours. Cells (3). Briefly, cells were grown in 15-cm plates and treated were incubated in the presence of 25 mmol/L bicalutamide or with 10 nmol/L insulin, as described previously. Two plates vehicle control for 2 hours prior to the addition of insulin or of cells were washed with PBS and pooled to give one DHT. sample. Media were collected and likewise combined for extraction. Steroids were extracted from the pellet with an Quantitative real time-PCR methyl tert-butyl ether/methanol/water extraction for cell RNA was extracted from prostate cancer cells using TRI lysates of water-equilibrated ethyl acetate for media, which Reagent (Applied Biosystems) before reverse transcription was dried down and resuspended in acetonitrile, sonicated, with SuperScript III Reverse Transcriptase (Invitrogen) dried down, and resuspended in 50% methanol, and then according to the manufacturer's protocol. Subsequent quan- further sonicated and spun to remove any particulates. titative PCR was carried out on 7900HT Fast Real Time PCR Samples were derivatized in 0.2 mol/L hydroxylamine System (Applied Biosystems) with SYBR Green detection. HCl. Samples were run on a Waters Acquity Liquid Chro- Primers (Sigma Proligo) were designed by Primer3 Software matography system
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