XVI. PATHOGENS OF () a

Mary Ann Strand Boyce Thompson Institute Yonkers, NY 10701, USA and Marion A. Brooks Department ofEntomology, Fisheries, and Wildlife University of Minnesota St. Paul, MN 55101, USA

a The literature for this table and bibliography covers the period 1962-1975.

289 290

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ABSTRACTS

Mary Ann Strand

Anderson, R. S. et al. (1973). In vitro bactericidal capacity of craniifer hemocytes. J. Invertebr. Pathol., 22: 127-135.

The ability of cultured hemocytes to phagocytose various bacteria was tested. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhosa, and Diplococcus pneumoniae were phagocytosed but not killed. However some known pathogens, Staphylococcus albus, Serratia marcescens, and Proteus mirabilis, were killed by the hemocytes.

Bhatnagar, K. N. & Edwards, L. J. (1970). Parasites of the Madagascar cockroach, Grompha- dorhina portentosa. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 63: 620-621.

No external symptoms indicated the presence of the parasites in cockroaches from a stock culture. The nematode Leidynema appendiculata occurred in the gut of all stages and both sexes. A gregarine occurred within the lumen of the mid- and hind-gut. At times the cysts were so dense that they appeared to block the passage of other material through the gut.

Briscoe, M. S. (1971). A survey of the protozoan fauna of the cockroach Blaberus craniifer. J. Invertebr. Pathol., 17: 291.

Eight species of protosoans were found in the gut of the cockroach. The protozoa exhibited some degree of specificity for locations in the gut.

Briscoe, M. S., Moore, R. E. & Puckett, D. E. (1961). Microbial isolations from the gut of Blaberus craniifer Burmeister. J. Insect. Pathol., 3: 254-258.

Seven species of bacteria from the family Enterobacteriaceae were isolated from sections of gut removed from adult roaches. No pathological conditions were observed.

Briscoe, M. S., Moore, R. E. & Puckett, D. E. (1963). The sensitivity to antibiotics of isolated from the gut of Blaberus craniifer Burmeister. AIBS Bull., 13: 27.

Six species of bacteria were isolated from the gut of Blaberus craniifer. Their sensitivity to low and high concentrations of 16 antibiotics was tested.

Brooks, M. A. & Richards, K. (1966). On the in vitro culture of intracellular symbiotes of cockroaches. J. Invertebr. Pathol., 8: 150-157.

Cockroach symbiotes, known as bacterioids because they resemble bacteria, are always found in the ovaries and in the mycetocytes. In vitro culture of the bacteroids was unsuccessful and this study discounts the claims of in vitro culture by other authors.

Cali, C. T. & Mai, W. F. (1965). Studies on the development of Blatticola blattae (Graeffe, 1860) Chitwood, 1932 within its host, Blattella germanica L. Proc. Helminthol. Soc. Wash., 32: 164-169.

Parasite-free roaches were fed eggs of the nematode parasite. The developmental stages of the nematode are described. Hatching occurred in the mid- or hind-gut 2-1/2 to 4 hours after ingestion. Adult female nematodes were recovered from the infected roaches on the 14th day after infection. 298

Dale, P. S. (1966). Blatticola tuapakae and Protrellina gurri n. spp., nematode parasites of the black roach. N. Z. J. Sci., 9: 538-544.

Two new species of thelastomatid nematodes are described from Platyzosteria novaesee- landiae collected in New Zealand. The parasites were common and were found in the hind- gut of nymphs and adults.

Desportes, I. (1966). L'ultrastructure de la jonction entre le primite et le satellite des associations de Gregarina blattarum Sieb. (Eugr6garines, Gregarinidae). C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci. Ser. D Sci. Nat. (Paris), 262: 1869-1870.

A new structure was found at the point of connexion between associated male and female pairs. An electron micrograph of a longitudinal section revealed the new structure.

Feldman, M. R. (1972). Fine structural studies of the intestinal system of the nematode Leidynema appendiculata (Leidy, 1850). Trans. Am. Microsc. Soc., 91(3): 337-347.

Adult female L. appendiculata were obtained from the hind-gut of naturally infected americana and Blattella fuliginosa collected in the New Orleans area. Electron microscopic techniques were employed to investigate the fine structure and function of the intestinal system of the nematode.

Fisher, F. M. jr & Sanborn, R. C. (1964). Nosema as a source of juvenile hormone in parasitized . Biol. Bull., 126: 235-252.

Surgical implants of Nosema in allatectomized cockroaches prevented adult development. Observations indicate that Nosema is capable of replacing the hormone normally produced by the host's corpora allata.

Gabriel, B. P. (1968). Entomogenous microorganisms in the Philippines: new and past records. Philipp. Entomol., 1(2): 97-130.

From new surveys and past records, five species of nematodes, and three species of bacteria are reported to infect cockroaches in the Philippines.

Gobert, J. G. et al. (1974). Etude de l'endoparasitisme experimental de Trichomonas vaginalis chez Blabera fusca. Ann. Parasitol. Hum. Comp., 49(2), 159-174. (French, English.)

T. vaginalis was inoculated into the body cavity of B. fusca. At least 6 x 106 flagellates per insect were required to produce infection. The lesions induced by the parasite and the haemolymph in infected insects are described.

Groschaft, J. (1965). /incidence of nematodes (Oxyuroidea) in laboratory reared cockroaches ()j Cesk. Parasitol., 3, 67-74. (CZ)

Hammerschmidtiella diesingi, Leidynema appendiculata and Thelatoma bulhoesi were found infecting Periplaneta americana and orientalis.

Heitor, F. (1962). Parasitisme de blessure par le champignon Mucor hiemalis Wehmer chez les insectes. Ann. Epiphyt. (Paris), 13: 179-203. (French, English.)

Attempts were made to infect cockroach nymphs with Mucor hiemalis. No pathological responses were seen when the fungus was ingested or when it was in contact with the insect's epidermis. Infection only occurred when the fungus was injected into the haemolymph. Mortality occurred in 20% of the injected nymphs. 299

Henry, S. M. (1965). Intestinal microorganisms of the cockroach with and without intracellular symbiotes. Proc. 12th Inst. Congr. Entomol. (London), p. 748.

Massive quantitites of 6 species of bacteria were fed to the Blattella germanica. Neither aposymbiotic nor normal insects were visibly affected by the bacteria during the 6 weeks following the initiation of feeding.

Hominick, W. M. & Davey, K. G. (1972). The influence of host stage and sex upon the size and composition of the population of two species of thelastomatids parasitic in the hindgut of Periplaneta americana. Can. J. Zool., 50(7): 947-954. The interrelationship of the parasites Hammerschmidtiella diesingi and Leidynema appendiculata and their host is examined. H. diesingi increased in numbers from the 7th instar then decreased in adults. L. appendiculata juveniles could not survive moulting of the host and were uncommon in the nymphs. Their numbers increase in the adults. Competition may occur between the 2 species of nematodes in the hind-gut of the adult. Male and female cockroaches differ in their suitability as hosts. A greater incidence of L. appendiculata was noted in adult females and 8th instar males harboured more H. diesingi. Hoyte, H. M. D. (1961a). The protozoa occurring in the hind-gut of cockroaches. I. Response to changes in environment. Parasitology, 51: 415-436.

The well-being of protozoan parasites was closely linked to that of the host. The effects of extreme humidity and 02 poisoning on the protozoans Lophomonas striata, L. blattarum, Monocercomonoides orthopterorum, Endamoeba blattae, and Nyctotherus ovalis in Periplaneta americana, Blatta orientalis, Blattella germanica, and were tested.

Hoyte, H. M. D. (1961b). The protozoa occurring in the hind-gut of cockroaches. II. Morphology of Nyctotherus ovalis. Parasitology, 51: 437-463. The size and shape of the trophozoite of N. ovalis in different species and cockroaches was found to vary considerably, and this was attributed to the presence or absence of large paraglycogen granules within the ciliate. The constant size and shape of the cysts were not altered when the host moulted, but there was always a decrease in size and sometimes a change in shape when an infection was established in a new host.

Hoyte, H. M. D. (1961c). The protozoa occurring in the hind-gut of cockroaches. III. Factors affecting the dispersion of Nyctotherus ovalis. Parasitology, 51: 465-495.

The only mode of transmission of N. ovalis is by way of ingestion of the encysted stage of the ciliate. It could encyst in any of the 4 species of cockroach, Periplaneta americana, Blatta orientalis, Blattella germanica, and Blaberus giganteus, irrespective of the species of origin. In vivo, the process of excystation took as little as 3 hours for completion.

Huger, A. (1964). Eine Rickettsiose der Orientalischen Schabe, Blatta orientalis L., Verursacht durch Rickettsiella blattae nov. spec. Naturwissenschaften, 51: 22.

Laboratory colony of cockroaches (Blatta orientalis) was infected by a new species of rickettsia, Rickettsia blattae. The number of patently infected individuals remained on the average below 1%. Heavily infected cockroaches appeared swollen; they passed from lethargy to paralysis often with brief periods of symptom remission. The rickettsia appeared in nearly all tissues and organs of the host. They were spindle form, 1-3 M x 0.8-1.7 ju. 300

Jarry, D. M. & Jarry, D. T. (1963). Quelques Thelastomatidae (Nematoda: Oxyuroidea) parasites des Blattides a l'Institut Pasteur de Tunis. Arch. Inst. Pasteur Tunis, 40: 229-234.

Four species of Thelastomatidae were found in the hind-gut of Blatta orientalis and Periplaneta americana. In Tunis only P. americana was found to be infested with the nematodes of the Thelastoma, although B. orientalis occurs in the same niche.

Kloss, G. R. (1966). [Review of the nematodes from the cockroaches in ]7 Pap. Avulsos Dep. Zool. (Sao Paulo), 18 (16): 147-188. (Portuguese.)

Descriptions and notes on habitat and distribution are given for the nematodes infecting cockroaches in Brazil. A table lists host-parasite incidence.

Ladd, T. L. jr and Travis, B. V. (1965). Elimination of gregarines from the cockroach, Leucophaea maderae (Fab.). J. Parasitol., 51: 569.

Adult roaches were examined immediately after the last nymphal moult and were found to be free of gregarines. The midgut epithelium is destroyed by phagocytosis and a new epithelium is regenerated during the moulting process. Most gregarines are eliminated with the epithelium lining.

Leong, L. & Paran, T. P. (1966). A study of the nematode parasites of cockroaches in Singapore. Med. J. Malaya, 20: 349.

Protreffina aurifluus and Severianoia severianoi appear to be specific for Periplaneta americana. Leidynema appendiculata, Hammerschmidtiella diesigni, Schwenkiella icemi, and Thelastoma singaporensis were found parasitizing both Blatta orientalis and P. americana.

Lord, T. H., Foltz, V. D. & Van Sickle, R. (1964). Natural incidence of Staphylococcus aureus Rosenbach in the brown-banded cockroach. J. Insect Pathol., 6: 21-25.

The natural incidence of S. aureus in the cockroach, Supella supellectilium was determined by a trapping experiment. Forty-eight per cent. of the traps caught roaches carrying S. aureus.

Mercer, E. H. & Nicholas, W. L. (1967). The ultrastructure of the capsule of the larval stages of Moniliformis dubius (Acanthocephala) in the cockroach Periplaneta americana. Parasitology, 57: 169-174.

Electron and light microscopy were used to observe the capsule which surrounds the parasite M. dubius in its intermediate host. Encapsulation of invaders is associated with host resistance, however, it does not prevent growth, development, or the uptake of nutrients by M. dubius.

Norris, T. R. (1971). The physical and antigenic structure of the crystalline toxin of Bacillus thuringiensis. Proc. 13th Int. Cong. Entomol. (Moscow), 2: 87.

Intact protein had no effect on nervous transmission of cockroaches. Protein digested with Pieris gut juice yielded a fraction that effectively inhibited their nervous transmission. 301

Pawlik, J. (1966). Control of the nematode Leidynema appendiculata (Leidy) (Nemata:Rhabditida: Thelastomatidae) in laboratory cultures of the . J. Econ. Entomol., 59: 468-469.

The nematode L. appendiculata is an intestinal commensal of the cockroach Periplaneta americana. In laboratory culture, their numbers can be great enough to interfere with research on the digestive tract of the roaches. Antihelminths used on human pinworms were found to be effective controls of the nematode.

Perez-Reyes, R. (1966). Insect protozoa. I. Monocercomonas and other small flagellates of Mexican insects. Proc. 1st Int. Cong. Parasitol. (Rome), pp. 600-601.

Monocercomonas, an entozoic flagellate, was found in the gut of Blabera sp.

Qadri, S. S. & Rao, T. B. (1963). On a new flagellate Polymastix periplanetae from the common cockroach Periplaneta americana. Riv. Parassitol., 24(3): 153-158.

Nearly all of 500 cockroaches collected near Hyderabad, India were heavily infected with a new species of flagellate, P. periplanetae. The parasites were found in the lumen and hind-gut.

Rao, T. B. (1963). On Rhizomastix periplanetae n. sp., from Periplaneta americana of Hyderabad A. P., India. Riv. Parassitol., 24 (13): 159-162.

A new monoflagellate species was found in the common cockroach near Hyderabad. Almost 90% of the 200 cockroaches examined were found to harbour the parasite in the rectum.

Ryan, M. & Nicholas, W. L. (1972). The reaction of the cockroach Periplaneta americana to the injection of foreign particulate material. J. Invertebr. Pathol., 19, 299-307.

Bacillus thuringiensis, Escherichia coli, and Corynebacterium were injected into the hemocoel of P. americana. The material injected was about 1% bacteria by volume. B. thuringiensis was lyzed in the . All cockroaches injected with one of the 3 bacteria died.

Sauerlander, S. & Ehrhardt, P. (1961). Reduzierung der Proteinfraktionen in der HRmolymphe bakterienkranker Blattiden. Naturwissenschaften, 48: 674-675.

The electrophoresis-diagram of the hemolymph of healthy cockroaches, Periplaneta americana and Blaptica dubia, exhibited 3 protein fractions. Only two were found in similar preparations from late instar cockroaches infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Serratia marcescens. The reduction in protein fractions is not dependent upon the time since infection, but rather on the intensity of the disease.

Sauerlander, S. & Kt)hler, F. (1961) Erht)hung der KtSrpertemperatur von Periplaneta americana L. im Verlauf zweier Bakteriosen. Experientia, 17, 397-398.

Two bacterial diseases (Serratia marcescens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) were accompanied by increase in body temperature of the cockroaches. Male adults were inoculated with the bacteria and the temperature increase began about 1 hour after inoculation and continued for at most 10 days. 302

Seaman, G. R. & Clement, J. J. (1970). Tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes in Tetrahymena pyriformis after infection of the cockroach Periplaneta americana. J. Protozool., 17: 287- 290.

Activities of enzymes of the TCA cycle in extracts of T. pyriformis recovered from the hemocoel of cockroaches were compared with activities in ciliates not exposed to the cockroach. Several alterations in activity levels were noted and these alterations persisted for several hundred generations after recovery from the insect.

Seaman, G. R. & Robert, N. L. (1968). Immunological response of male cockroaches to injection of Tetrahymena pyriformis. Science, 161, 1359-1361.

At dosage that kills 50% of the roaches over a 3 day period after injection, ciliates cannot be recovered from the survivors. This suggests that male cockroaches produce an immunological substance against the ciliates. A separated fraction of the hemolymph from the inoculated roaches immobilized S strain ciliates in culture.

Seaman, G. R. & Tosney, T. J. (1967). Alterations in morphology of Tetrahymena pyriformis S after facultative parasitism of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana. J. Protozool., 14 (Supplement): 23-24.

After recovering the T. pyriformis from the roaches, the ciliates were almost completely rounded and contained large numbers of osmophilic granules. As the ciliates became readapted to a free-living existence, the usual pyriform shape was reassumed.

Seaman, G. R. et al. (1972). Infectivity and recovery of Tetrahymena pyriformis strain S from adult female cockroaches (Periplaneta americana). J. Protozool., 19(4), 644-647.

Female cockroaches died within 72 hours after injection into the hemocoel of 5800-8000 cells of T. pyriformis/individual. Injection with smaller numbers resulted in no apparent ill effects and ciliates could not be recovered from the roaches.

Selmair, E. (1962). Uber das Verhalten von Symbionten nach dem Tode des Wirtstieres und bei gleichzeitiger Infektion mit Mikrosporidien. Arch. Mikrobiol., 43: 290-293.

After the death of the host Blattella germanica, the symbiotic bacteria begin to degenerate. Also when the host is infected with the microsporidian, Nosema periplanetae, the symbionts perish.

Steinhaus, E. A. & Marsh, G. A. (1962). Report of diagnoses of diseased insects 1951-1961. Hilgardia, 33: 349-490.

The location, host, submission date, and individual requesting diagnosis are given for each tentative diagnosis. For details see the host-parasite table.

Stejskal, M. (1965). Eine neue Gregarine, Fusiona geusi, n. sp., n. gen., n. fam., n. superfam., aus der Sudamerikanischen Schabe Pycnoscelus surinamensis L. 1758. Z. Parasitenkd., 26: 215-220. (German, English.)

The new superfamily, Fusionoidae, is placed in the suborder Cephalina. The new family, Fusionidae, is characterized by the sexual processes beginning with a fusion of the entocyte. The new species, F. geusi, was found in the gut and coeca of the cockroaches collected in . 303

Tavares, I. I. (1966). Structure and development of Herpomyces stylopygae (Laboulbeniales). Am. J. Bot., 53: 311-318.

Characteristics which separate H. stylopygae from the other species of Herpomyces are given. The fungus is parasitic on Blatta orientalis.

Thomas, G. M. & Poinar, G. 0. jr (1973). Report of diagnoses of diseased insects 1962-1972. Hilgardia, 42: 261-360.

The location, host, submission date, and individual requesting diagnosis are given for each tentative diagnosis. For details see the host-parasite table.

Tuzet, O., Ormieres, R. & Bergoin, M. (1965). Cycle de Gregarina blaberae Frenzel, parasite de Blabera fusca BrUnner (Dictyopteres). Arch. Zool. Exp. Gen., 105: 299-303.

The life cycle of a gregarine found in B. fusca was observed. The authors contend it should be classed as Gregarina blaberae. This contention is in agreement with Frenzel's original description and in opposition to other authors who put it in the genus Pileocephalus.

Ulewicz, K. & Zawistowski, S. (1973). Experimental studies on the epidemiological importance of the cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.) in streptococcal infections on ships. Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Parasitenke Infektionskr. Hyg. Abt. I. Orig. A., 223, 77-82. (English, German.)

Under experimental conditions, oral and anal introduction of the haemolytic streptococci lead to considerable infection in the cockroach. However, the infection was not transmitted to the offspring and did not apparently affect the biology of the insects.

Warhurst, D. C. (1963). The biology of Endolimax blattae Lucas, an endocommensal of cockroaches. J. Protozool., 10 (Supp.): 28.

Endolimax blattae is a small amoeba inhabiting the colon of Periplaneta americana and Blatta orientalis. The colon of Periplaneta is an oxygen poor habitat and tests on agnotobiotically grown E. blatta show that oxygen is toxic to the cysts and its effect is reinforced by desiccation.

Warhurst, D. C. (1966). A note on Polymastix Butschli, 1884, from the colon of Periplaneta americana (Insecta: ). Parasitology, 56: 21-23.

The flagellate was found in stained smears and live preparations from the colons of 3 out of over 200 nymphs. A morphological description of the flagellate is given.

Warhurst, D. C. (1967). Cultivation in vitro of Endolimax blattae Lucas, 1927 from the cockroach hind gut. Parasitology, 57: 181-187.

Samples of the colon contents from living cockroaches, Periplaneta americana and Blatta orientalis, were inoculated into a diphasic serum-saline culture medium. Strains of the amoeba and its microbial associates were isolated. E. blattae will grow in the absence of starch in the medium, but its growth is enhanced by the addition of starch.

Woolever, P. (1966). Life history and electron microscopy of a haplosporidian, Nephridiophaga blattellae (Crawley) n. comb., in the Malpighian tubules of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.). J. Protozool., 13, 622-642.

Cockroaches obtain N. blattellae by ingesting the spores rather than transovarially. All ages and both sexes are susceptible. Progressive infection of the Malpighian tubules appears 15 days after ingestion of the spores. The infection is spread mainly by schizogony. 304

Yarnykh, V. S. & Tonkozhenko, A. P. (1969). §icrobiological method in veterinary insect control]7 Sel'skokhoz. Biol., 4(1): 98-103. (Russian, English.) Results are given of a 3 year study on the use of bacterial preparations against various insects including 3 cockroaches, Blattella germanica, Blatta orientalis, and tartara.

Zuberi, R. I., Hafiz, S. & Ashrafi, S. H. (1969). Bacterial and fungal isolates from laboratory-reared Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus), Musca domestica (Linnaeus) and Periplaneta americana (Linnaeus). Pak. J. Sci. Ind. Res., 12: 77-82.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa was found to occur as part of the normal flora of the cockroach. Various species of Bacillus isolated from insects seemed to be the result of saprophytic contamination of their food. Adult cockroaches harboured Aspergillus niger and A. ustus.