CENSUS OF KND][A 1981
Part - xC
SERIES 22 UTTAR PRADESH
SURVIEY REPORl ON VillAGE NAGlA BIERlij
Drafted by
BUDH SINGH Assistant Director
SupeNised & Edited by
R. K. SINGH Deputy Director
Guided by
CHANDAN GOPAL Of the Indian Administrative Service, DIRECTOR OF CENSUS OPERATIONS UTTAR PRADESH
CONTENTS
Pages
Foreword (v)
Preface (vii)
Acknowledgements (ix)
Village at a glance (xi)
Map (xiii)-(xv)
Chapter I Introduction 1-18
Chapter II Social Demography and Vital Statics 19-57
Chapter III Economy 59-121
Chapter IV Social and Cultural Life 123-174
Chapter V Conclusion 175-177
Diagrams 179-181
Appended Tables 183-197
Bibliography 199
iii
FOREWORD
The Indian Census has a long tradition of providing population figures separately for rural and urban areas. There has been a. growing need for such a dichotomous data especially after independence to formulate different policies and programmes for planned development especially in regard to rural areas. There has been, however, a dearth for data relating to the way of life of the rural masses for making cross-cultural and cross regional comparisons to understand the imbalances in the level of socio-economic development achieved by the people living in Indian villages situated in different geo graphical areas. To bridge this gap a socio-economic survey of about 500 villages from different parts of the country was taken up fdr study by the census organisation in connection-with the 1961 census. ' . The villages thus studied were selected on purposive sampling basis in order to give representation in the sample to villages with diverse" socio-economic characteristics. These included multi-ethnic villages, tribal villages, Villages inhabited by potters, fisher men etc., villages situated ne?r urban centres and those situated in remote areas where people had-been living'in a ~tate of isolation and continued economic and educational backwardness. It was envisaged that this study would provide bench-mark data on the living conditions of the peopl~ inhabiting different geographicalareas of the country under diverse socio-economic conditions. After independence, the country pursued the path of planned development for improving'the quality' of life of her citizens and this transformation was sought to be achieved through the implementation of Five Year Plans. Economic emancipation, the main thrust of Five Year Plans was to be realised by increasing agricultural and industrial outputs as well as by generating more employment opportunities. While enhanced irrigation facilities a~d improved methods of farming were introduced to boost up agricultural production, generation of employment opportunities and increase in indus trial output were to be realised largely through industrialisation. Besides, a number of other social welfare programmes were implemented to provide additional facilities in the area of education, health, transport and communication, drinking water 'and power" supply. Of late, family welfare programme was also introduced to check population explosion which h~d all along been nUllifying the results of planned development. By the time of 1971 census, it was envisaged that the socio-economic life of the peopl~ e:~peGia,lIy of villages would show perceptible changes under the impact of Five Year Plans. It was, therefore, decided to undertake a re-study of some of the villages which had been surveyed in connection with the 1961 census to understand the manner and direction in which the Indian villages are changing under the influence of different de velopmental i,!puts. The main focus of this, study, apart from probing deep into the patterns of change taking place in the life cycle events and economic pursuits, was to question penetratingly into matters relating to availability of amenities and services in the villages covered under these studies, attitude and opinion of the villagers in regard to
v education, health care activities and attitude, awareness and acceptance of family planning methods. In short, the study was <;limed at to bring to relief the socio-economic processes taking place in the rural environment under the influence of planned d~velop ment as well as industrialisation and urbanisation.
The villages selected for the study were those which are situated either near to an urban centre or away from any urban centre or those which are located in an already identified dry belt area or in areas covered by Integrated Rural Development Programme and served by minor irrigation projects and rural electrification programme. Some of these criteria for the selection of villages for the study were adopted at the instance of the Planning Commission. Although 78 villages were initially identified for the restudy, due to certain constraints this project could not make much headway. Therefore, it was decided to continue these studies as an aqjunct to the 1981 census.
The researCh design, tools for data collection formats for tabulation of data required for: the conduct of the socio-economic survey of villages taken up in connection with the 1961 census were framed by Dr. B.K. Roy Burman, who Was then heading the Social Studies Division, as Dy. Registrar General. His successor Dr. N.G. Nag, assisted by Dr. K.P. Ittaman, the present Dy. Registrar General,' extended technical guidance to the Directorates of Census Operations for undertaking the re-study of the villages. I take this opportunity to congratulate all of them for organising these studies.
The work relating to the scrutiny of the draft reports received from the Directorates of Census Operations and communication of comments thereon was undert~ken by Shri M. K. Jain, Senior Research Officer, Social Studies Division under the guidance of Dr. K.P. Ittaman. Shri Jain was assisted in this task by Investigators Shri V.K. Jain and Shri S.C. Madan. I am thankful to all of them.
The present report is based on a re-study conducted on the village of Nagla Beru by the Directorate of Census Operations, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow.
I take this opportunity to thank all my colleagues in the Directorate for the efforts taken by them for bringing out this publication.
New Delhi V.S. VERMA Dated the Registrar General, India 1st June, 1988
vi PREFACE
After attaining the independence India adopted the path of planned development under the set democratic system of government at the Central and the States level. More than three-fourths of the population lived in rural areas, hence it was but natural to focus utmost attention for the uplift of rural masses. The first step in this direction was abolition of Zamindari system. Thereafter several concessions and facilities have been provided to the farmers in order to mitigate their grievances.
Indian Census is the largest administrative exercise with glorious past tradition. It is in fact a rich data bank. During 1961 inter-censal period several studies relating to towns, villages and craft etc. were taken up as an ancilliary to main census operations. Nagla Beru, a small village in Sadabad tahsil of Mathura district in Uttar Prade?h was taken up under the village study programme of 1961 Census. This village has again been taken up in 1981 Census under the village re-study programme. The aim being to assess the dimensions of change in the village life after a lapse of more than two decades.
The present study has revealed that agriculture continues to be the main occupation of the villagers. However, a few have taken up the job of rearing cattle and selling milk. The people have now become more conscious about their democratic rights through the institution of village panchayats. Their awareness about several social legislations, which effect the way of life in general has equally increased. Their literacy and economic status have also shown significant improvement due to their frequent contact with the urban people around them.
I am grateful to Shri V.S. Verma, Registrar General, India, Dr. K.P. Ittaman, Deputy Registrar General (Social Studies) and Shri M.K. Jain, Senior Research Officer for their valuable suggestions and guidance in conduct of the survey and finalizing the draft report
Shri R.K. Singh, Deputy Director of this Directorate also deserves thanks for his prompt supervision and finalization of draft report. Shri Budh Singh, Assistant Director, \ who supervised field work, tabulation and pains taking job of preparing the first draft of report also deserves thanks. Shri J.C. Srivastava, Research Officer (Map) and his colleagues in Map section deserve appreCiation for timely preparation of maps, diagrams and charts etc.
I am also greatfull to S/Shri R.K. Singh, Deputy Director, R.S. Pandey, Assistent Director and R. K. Saxena, Senior Technical Assistent (Printing) who had kept a constant watch upon the quick printing of this report. Acknowledge the contribution of all those associated with this project. Their names are listed separately in this volume.
lucknow CHANDAN GOPAl Dated : Apirl 2, 1989 Director of Census Operations, Uttar Pradesh, lucknow.
vii
Acknowledgements
Field work and tabulation 1 Shri A.B. Yadav, Investigator 2 Shri G.t. Gupta, Statistical Assistant 3 Shri K.G. Awasthi, Statistical Assistant 4 Shri A.C. Baranwal, Statistical Assistant 5 Shri Raman Lal, Statistical Assistant 6 Shri Ram Nihore Ram, Computor 7 Shri A.B. Yadav, Computor ' 8 Shri S.P. Singh, Computor 9 Shri N.C. Jain, Computor
Typing 1 Shri Suresh Singh, Computor 2 Shri SK Sharma, Lower Division Clerk 3 Smt. Manjeet Khanna, Jr. Stenographer . 4 Shri Anant Ram, Lower Division Clerk
Maping/Sketching 1 Shri Dashrath Singh, Sr. Geographer 2 Shri VK Jain, Sr. Artist 3 Shri N.C. Bose, Aitist 4 Shri Suresh Ram, Draftsman
Printing· 1 Shri Nanhaku Singh, Statistical Assi~tant 2 Shri Thakur Prasad, Statistical Assistant 3 Shri Rasheed Ahmad Khan Proof Reader 4 Shri Durga Prasad, Assista~t Compiler
ix'
VILLAGE AT A GLANCE Particulars (as per 1981 Census)
1. Population 855 2. Area (hectare) 128.29 3. Sex ratio (Females per 1000 males) 831 4. Density (persons per sq. Kms.) 666 5. Number of households 138 6. Percentage of workers 24.68 7. Literacy rate 18.13 8. Decadal growth rate (1971-81) 31.13 9. Percentage of Scheduled Castes 9.47 10. District Headquarter Mathura (51 Kms.) 11. Tahsil Headquarter Sadabad (6 Kms.) 12. Nearest Town Sadabad (6 Kms.) 13. Nearest Railway station Jalesar Road (11 Kms.) 14. Means of Transport Ekka/Cycle/Bus 15. Approach to the village Pucca Road 16. Nearest Police Station Sadabad (6 Kms.) 17. Nearest Branch Post Office Nagla Beru (0 Kms.) 18. Nearest Primary Health Centre Sadabad (6 Kms.) 19. Nearest Veterinary Hospital Sadabad (6 Kms.) 20. Nearest Telephone Centre Sadabad (6 Kms.) 21. Nearest Radio Station Agra (31 Kms.) 22. Nearest Television Centre Agra (31 Kms.) 23. Nearest Educational facility at degree level Hathras (19 Kms.) 24. Nearest Market Sadabad (6 Kms.) 25. Religious institution Nagla Beru (0 Kms.) 26. Nyay Panchayat Art! (2 Kms.) 27. Co-Operative Society Mangroo (2 Kms.) 28. Major crops Wheat and Bajra
xi
LOCATION OF NAGLA BE.RU IN TAHSIL SADABAD DISTRICT MATHURA
N
AI .rr'/"\·"'· \. < l.";) /" \., .~ \ c:...\
State Boundary District Tahsil Vikaskhand .. , Villoge Headquarters District; Tahsil ;Vikas khand; @; 0 ; ® Road Metalled Railway Line
River ~ Location of selected village ..
VILLAGE NAGLA BERU N TAHSIL SADABAD DISTRICT MATHURA (NOT TO SCALE)
s
VILLAGE BOUtIJDARY _._._._ BRANCH POST OFFICE B.P.O.
METALLED ROAD HANDPUMP KACHCHA ROAD ------~ ------WELL 0 CANAL , PRIMARY SCHOOL GARDEN c£? c:fP-0/ fil TEMPLE PUCCA HOUSE 0 Gt PUCCA HOUSE (INCOMPLETE) IS KUTCHA HOUSE 11
A distant view of the village
An aerial view of the village Scence of a pucca road
Traditional horse-cart (Tonga) as means of Transport
2 CHAPTER-I
INTRODUCTION
Locatio!'\ Rainfall
Village Nagla Beru, locally known as Berua, is The rainf~1I is generally poor. The data in respect of situated on the outskirts of Sadabad town in Mathura Mathura district as a whole for the period 1982 to 1986 district of Bundelkhand Region. The district headquar collected from the Meteorological Centres, Civil Airport, ters Mathura lies at a distance of 51 Kms., connected by Lucknow is presented below. pucca road, while tahsil headquarters Sadabad is at a distance of six Kms. from the village. Table 1.1 Average[f0tal rainfall of Mathura District .' Rainfall (m.m.) The business centres near to the village are Sad Year Average Total abad (6 Kms.), Sahpau (~Kms.) and Hathras (10 Kms.). 2 3 Administrative centres su'ch as Police Station, Primary 1982 594 700 Health Centre and Block Development Office are located 1983 594 813 at Sahpau. The headquarters of the Nyay panchayat is 1984 544 413 located at Arti Village. Agra city, renowened place of 1985 593 587 attraction for the tourists is merely 31 Kms. from the 1986 593 410 village. Jalesar Road is the nearest railway station at a distance of eleven Kms. connected by kuchcha road, Note: Average rainfall is calculated for th~ last fifty while the credit and co-operative society is functioning in year from the refemmt year. Mangroo village, which is about two Kms. away from the village. Itmay be seen th(\t the rainfall during the last three years has been quite inadequate i.e. much below the Nature of terrain average rainfall in the district.
The district Mathura lies in the basin ofthe Yamuna Temperature which transverses through the central part of the district from north to south and divides the district into two The data pertaining to temperature in respect of physical units-the eastern or transyamuna and the west Mathura district during the preceding five years is given below: ern or cisyarnuna tracJ~. The district is more or less a ~ } f"_ , plain, slopping at the rate of 0.25 metre per kilometre in )~~ " . ~,,'" TabJe 1.2 MaximunYMinimum temprature of the direction of river's course. The highest elevatipn ~ Mathura district above 'sea level is about 1-78 metres near Kotban on the Agriculture year Temperature Gurgaon'border and the lowest 171.6 metres near Jale sar road railway station at the extreme eastern end of the (July to June) (in Centigrades) district. Geologically the district forms a part ofthe Indo Maximum Minirpum Gangetic alluvium which consists of sand, clay, Kankar 1982-83 44.9 '3.0 and reh. The soil of the village Nagla Beru lying in the 1983-84 47.1 1.8 eastern part of the district in tahsil Sadabad is loamy, 1984-85 46.1 3.0 generally fertile and favourable for growing most of the 1985-86 46.1 1.0 local crops. 1986-87 ' 47.6 2.0
Climate Source: Board of Revenue, U.P. Lucknow. The climate of the village is dry and hot which ,is similar to the other parts of the district. Summer is A Glance at the above data shows that the maxi extremely hot and longer, while winter is very cold but mum temperature has touched the level of 47.6 centi autumn season is pleasant. grade during 1986-87 while the minimum was recorded survey in 1961 include construction of a pucca road from Flora and Fauna Sadabad via Nagla Beru upto Bahardoi village and open ing of a branch post office. The other notable activities The most common animals found in and around are allotment of land for cultivation purposes and dwell the village are buffalo, cow, camel, horse, pony, bullock, ing units to the weaker sections, reconsolidation of land dog, cat, goat, hare and squirrel etc. Some of the wild holdings, strengthening up activities of a multipurpose animals and reptiles are also seen in the neighbouring co-operative society at village Mangroo to facilitate availa fields. These are jackal, fox, blue bull, lizard, snake and bility of essential commodities to the adjoining villages, mongoose etc. distribution of sewing machines and smokeless Chulhas and installation of a gobar gas plant in the village. The birds commonly seen in the village are spar row, peacock, duck, crane, parrot, crow, owl cuckoo, Aeasons for selection of village partridge, quail, woodpecker etc.
Nagla Beru was one of the villages selected for There is no regular forest area in the Vicinity of the study under 1961 Census. It was an old and settled multi village. Only common type of trees such a babool (Aca ethnic village mainly dependent on agriculture. The se cianilotica), goolar (Ficus glonerate), Mango (Mangifera lection of the village for restudy in 1981 Census was indica) Sheesham (Dalbergia sissoo), Neem (Azadira made to know the dimension~ of change in respect of chta indica), Pipal (Ficus religiose), Jamun (Syzygium socia-economic life ofthe village situated at a distance of cuomini) and Bargad (Ficus bangalensis) etc. are seen in six kilometres away from the effective small tahsil town of the village. Sadabad. The climate ofthe village isdry and hot as in the case of the district as a whole. The rainfall is poor and A variety of fruit and other trees are grown in the erratic. privately owned garden such as Karonda (Carissa apina rum), Plum (Zizphus mauritiana) Tharu apple (Datura Micro-topography stramonium), Rendi (Ricimus communis), Lemon (Cit rus aurantium). Banana (Musa paradisiacal, Guava (psid A large pipal tree (ficus religiousl atthe half way of lum guajava), Fig (Ficus carica), Mango (Manglfera in the pucca road stretching from Sadawd town to Bahar dica), Custard-~pple (Annona squamosa), Ashok (Sar doi village serves the purpose of a mile stone indicating ace indica). Chakotra (Citrus grand is) , Khirni (Mahieara the location of village Nagla ~eru.ln fact, the tree is atthe hexanbra) and Lishoda (Cardia dichotoma) etc. door step of the village. Athatched shop for repairing the Settlement pattern motor-cycle and cycles and a Barbar's shop are situated under this tree. A little ahead is a privately maintained Streets inside the village are narrow and zig-zag. garden which presents beautiful scenery. The village is Provision for drainage of rainy water is lacking. The surrounded byfields from all the sides. After reconsolida village consist of a single cluster of dwelling units belong tion of land holdings, separate areas have been ear ing to different castes/communities. The village is sur marked for different purposes around the village. The rounded by Shahbajpur, Prem Singh V-a Nagla and Arti burial ground of Muslim and cremation ground of the villages in the East, Parsaura in the south, Ughai and Doli Hindus are situated in East of the village. The burial Ka Nagla In the West, Chhatara and Mangroo in the ground is near a pond and the cremation ground is North-West and by Rajnagar Baru from the North. across the pucca road. Most of the houses are made of mud with thatched roof, while pucca houses are com Settlement History of various Ethnic Groups paratively less in number. In the village there is a pucca The Thakurs of this village are saia to be decen primary school building, a temple of Lord Shiva and a dents of Maharana Pratap and they migrated from Ra Chabutra of goddess Pathwari under a pipa! tree. There jasthan after the battle of Ha!dighati. The Baghels (Gad are three ponds in the village from where water and mud erial also claim their caste status as Baghel Thakurs. But is used for construction of kuchcha houses and washing they are treated as backward caste in the village. They clothes. In addition to this domestic animals reared by also migrated to this village from Rajasthan. villagers drink water from the ponds.
4 as 1.0 centigrade during 1985-86. This indicates that temples of Lord Shiva and Hanuman can be seen. The summer is very hot and winter is extremely cold. bullockcart which was the main source of transportation atthe earlier survey, has almost disappeared. The pucca Transport and Communication road connecting the village has now provided several options of quick transportation. For example one can The village is now connected by a tweleve kilom now use jeep, motar cycle, truck, tractor, scooter art! etres long pucca road from Sadabad to Bahardoi, while horse cart. Apart from this it is expected that the Kuchcha atthe time of 1961 surveytilerewas onlya kuchcha road. road presently connecting the village with Sadabad In addition to this, the village is connected to Sahpau by Hathras road would be made pucca and will furtherfacili another road via Sadabad by Mathura-Jalesar road, from tate approach to the village. where regular bus service is available. Sahpau is about nine kms. from the village while going from Sadabad. Demographic trends One has to use Kharkhara (wooden cart driven by horse or pony) or by own bicycle for reaching the village, since The data pertaining to the village Nagla Beru for local bus service Is very poor. The road passes through 1961, 1971 and 1981 Censuses are given in Table 1.3. the villages of Salempur and Ughai. On the way, several
Table 1.3 Population variation, sex ratiO, household congestion and density of population in Nagla Beru 1961, 71, 81 Censuses
Census Population Decadal Sex No. of No. of Conges- Density year variation Ratio houses house- tion of population percentage holds index (per sq. Km) P M F 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1961 561 292 269 921 93 104 1.12 437
1971 652 357 295 16.22 826 96 116 1.21 508
1981 855 467 388 31.13 831 137 138 1.01 666
The population of Nagla Beru is showing a steady hold size of 6.20 persons. rising trend. During the dacade of 1961-71 the population of the village rose by 16.22 per cent while corresponding The density of population has been rising with the rise in the next decade was 31.13 per cent. It implies that growth of population at each of the last three consecutive the percentage growth over a period of twenty years was censuses. It was 437 in 1961 census and rose to 508 in around 52.41 per cent. 1971 census. The 1981 census revealed a density of 666 persons per sq. km. The sex ratio was 921 at 1961 census, which de clined (826) during the 1971 census. However, the posi Level of Development tion slightly improved to 831 during the 1981 census. (i) Integrated Rural Development Programme The household congestion in the village in 1961 was 1.12 with an average household size of 5.39 per Nagla Beru is one of the villages under the Inte sonS.ln 1971 there were 1.21 households in every house grated Rural Development programme (IRDP). Besides with an average household size of 5.62 persons. At the this programme, several other developmental agencies last census the level of household congestion came are also at work mainly through the Block Development down slightly to 1.01 households, with an average house- Office located at Sahpau. For the provision of intrastruc-
5 Smokeless Chulha
Aview of Kuchcha drain in the street
6 A pillar with inaguration stone of residential houses under Indira Awas Yojna
A scence of incomplete houses under Indira Awas Yojna
1 A pucca village well
A Diesel operated TubeweH
8 ture for economic development and other welfare schemes (iv) Co-operative society Gram Sabha is taken as a unit. Gram Sabha of Nagla Beru includes village Chhatara also. In these two villages There is a co-operative society named Atm Nirbhar 130 smokeless Chulhas have been distributed through Sahkarl Samity, which is functioning In a nearby village the Pradhan of the village. Similarly, a Gobar gas plant viz Mangroo. It supplies essential commodities such as was installed in the village a few years ago. But during the sugar, kerosen oil and fertilizers to several villages, in survey it was found that neither the Gobar gas plant was cluding Nagla Beru.ltwas reported byafewvillagersthat in working order nor smokeless Chulhas were much in the society is,-bowever, not providing desired help to use. Only a small portion of stre~t in the village has been them. paved with bricks during 19~while the major portion of the streets is still in bad shape. Among the weaker Thpugh there is development in various aspects of sections, light Bhaisa Garhi (dunlop wheel cart pulled by village life, the developmental schemes have, however, buffalo) casting Rs. 6,000 each were distributed to lan yet to yield the desired results. dless and marginal farmers of Nagla Beru. In addition to this, fifteen buffaloes costing Rs. 3,500 each with insur (V) .Irrigation facilities ance coverage were distributed to the·scheduled castes and backward castes at subsidised rates. The rebate was Presently there are about sixty tube-wells operated 50 per cent for, scheduled castes while for backward by diesel engine for irrigation purposes as against only castes it was 25 per cent only. The rate of interest on the fourteen wells available atthe time of 1961 survey. Char._as amount of advanceforthis purpose was 10 per cent only. or Pur and Rahat (Persian wheels) were then tne main Two beneficiaries, whose buffaloes died, were giVen the source of irrigation. The use of Persian wheels-has now inS/urance claim. Two horse-driven carts (Tanga Garhl) been abondened due to its' costly maintenance. Apart costing Rs 6000 each at 50 per cent subsidy were given from the pucca wells there are now seventy hand-pumps to the members of weaker section (Dhobis). In 1986, In the village. eight sewing machines were distributed among the poor women of the village at fifty per cent subsidy. Similarly, Cultural and religious activities under Twenty Point Programme 26 la~dless persons were given land for residential purposes and other eight No signifi~nt historical or political events were persons were provided land for agricultural purposes on reported to have occurred in ,the recent past. Some lease basis. The other major developmental activity taken o cultural and religious activities were, however, observed up under Indira Avas Yojna was construction of six in the area. Two Yagyasha/as were constructed with the dwelling units with all facilities for the scheduled castes; but cooperation of villagers from Nagla Beru, Mangroo and the construction work had been stopped due to tussle Chhatara for pleasing the God of rains and also with a between the Block Development Office and Pradhan on view to purifying the atmosphere. The worship c:I Goddess one ground or the other. Pathwari is very common not only in this village, but in the neighbouring villages also. It is the belief of the villagers (Ii) Drinking water facility that breakout of smallpox is controlled by this Goddess. The young ladies offer clean water to the Goddess on Under Twenty Point Programme, the Block Devel every Monday after taking bath. Similarly, people wor opment Office, Sahpau constructed a well during 1975- ship in Vankhandhi Mahadev temple located near Mari 76 in the locality of the scheduled castes for providing groo village with the sacred 'Ganga Jal' brought from drinking water to them. In April 1987, an additional hand Ganga river flowing near ·Saron town about fifty Kilom pump was installed in their locality by the Government. etres away by walking bare foot day and night without any halt. The pitchers used for bringing holy water Qo During discussion the Pradhan of the village re cally known as Kanwar) are preserved in the temple with vealed that a plan for providing nutritious food to the apeep sense of devotion. However, this ritual is confined sC,hopl going children of this village was under consid to the Hindus belonging to high castes. eration. Outstanding Developments . '(iii) Electric supply has not yet been made available in the village. The major development in the village after its first
9 A village lady offering water to goddess 'Pathwari'
Inner scence of Vankhandi Mahadev Temple at Mangroo Village
10 Village Branch Post Master at work
Distant view of aprivate garden
11 Burial ground of the Muslims
A view of Kuchcha houses
12 '"~.
~ \ { :" .,, ~
o a .c u (/) 0.,.' 2:"- en E .~ I 0.. Q) 0>en :>
13
RELIGION/CASTE/CO MMUNITY -WISE OISTRI BUTiON
OF POPUl,..ATION 1961 & 1987
260 t-. CD 01 240 .... ~ MALE
[2J. FEMALE IJ) 220
200 · . Z . '. 180 · . · . 0 160 · . · . 140 · . · . III · . 120 · . · . ex 100
80 w 60 a. 40
20 eJ] g_, 0 JJ ~ ~ H N 0 U M US LIM ... t,.01 d en 0.. c .. 01 0 0 .. 0 ...... E E ::J 0 0 ~ .li: .. ~ .01 :0 .;: ~ 'tJ 0 01 0 E 0 .. .li: 0 ~ s::. 0 ::J 0 ~ 0 0 (!) IJl.. 0 0 !II: !II: Z ... !II: u.. ~ The Brahmins came from Ughai and other nearby Ethnic Composition villages and settled here. The other Hinde castes such as Dhobi, Kori, Dheemar, Kumhar and Nai have no idea Nagla Beru is a multi-ethnic village. The table 1.4 about history of their origin. They belong to the serving shows number of households and population of various category of the high castes, and they migrated to this castes/communites belonging to Hindus and Muslims village because of their economic needs from the nearby based on the data collected during the surveys of 1961 areas. and 1987. The muslims migrated from Agra in search ofwork.
Table 1.4: Religion/caste/community wise distribution of population at 1961 and 1987 surveys
SI.No. Name of the Survey No of. Population Decadal Religion/Caste/ year households Total Males Females Percentage Community growth
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Hindus
1. Baghel 1961 16 101 56 45 135.64 (Gaderia) 1987 35 238 132 106 2. Brahmin 1~1 24 137 76 61 88.32 1987 39 258 140 118 3. Dheemar 1961 1 5 3 2 180.00 1987 2 ~4 10 4 4. Dhobi (S.C:) 1961 13 61 32 29 27.87 1987 13 78 35 43 5. Kori (S.C.) 1961 2 7 5 2 ~5.71 1987 5 20 12 8 6. Kumhar 1961 2 11 7 4 18.18 1987 3 13 7 6 7. Nai 1961 2 12 7 5 58.33 1987 2 19 11 8 8. Thakur 1961 15 107 60 47 62.62 1987 29 174 93 81 9. Karhare 1961 2 11 5 6 81.82 1987 2 1 1 Muslim
10. Fakir 1961 11 62 29 33 64.52 1987 13 102 53 49 11. Teli - 1961 5 24 14 10 116.67 1987 6 52 29 23
~, I' Total 1961 93 538 294 244 1987 148 970 523 447 SO.30
16 Statue of Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar at Arti village.
17 Out of 148 households a sample of 100 covering a cides for increasing their agricultural production. The population of 623 was taken up for the present re-survey. Bhumi Vikas Bank, Sadabad has supplied pumping sets on subsidised rates to the farmers for agricultural pur The growth of population between 1961 and 1987 poses. With the involvement of more people in dairy surveys was 80.30 per cent but there was decline of activities, their economy has gained momentum. (-)81.82 per cent in Karhare population due to their out migration in large numbers. The population of Kumhar, a In the premises of primary school at Nagla Beru, backward caste of Hindus has increased by 18.18 per only a Verandah has been added. The number of pucca cent. The low level of rise in their case too was due to their wells and hand pumps has Increased. out-migration to other places in search of seasonal work. In case of Kori (S.C.) growth of population was the The Dhobis and Karis are scheduled caste3 in highest 185.71 per cent. Among other major castes, the Nagla Beru. Various Welfare 'Schemes have Improved growth of population was about 88 per cent for Brah their economic status. The planning department has mins, 63 per cent for Thakurs and 136 per cent for Baghel constructed a well in their locality from where they get (Gaderia). Among Muslims the population oftelis rose to drinking water. the tune of about 117 per cent whereas that of Fakir's recorded a growth of about 6\per cent only. The Panchayat elections are contested on the basis of socio-economic position and numerical strength of Origin of the village the respective castes and communities of the village. Due to election process people have become politically As the legend goes a decendent of Maharana quite aware. During election the atmosphere in the area Pratap came here in 1160 AD. from Chittorgarh (Rajast becomes very hectic and tense. But after election, this at han) and settled here. At that time this area was thickly mosphere returns to its natural calmness and people live covered by Beris (thorny bushes) and due to the abun amicably. However, the persons of the caste whose dance of Beris the village was popularly called as 'Berua' candidate gets defeated in the election do not fully co and later on got its present name Nagla Beru. Thakurs operate with the elected Pradhan and there by hamper together with Brahmins were dominating castes for a the desired level of developm.ent of the village. long time. Initially lower castes were non-existent. But with the passage of time and growing domestic needs, The Scheduled castes have improved their social, for agricultural and allied requirements a few traditional ·9ducational and economic poistiOn with the passage of castes, such as Nai, Kumhar, Dhobi, Dheemar etc., were time after independence. Installation of statue of Dr. attracted to this village. The Dhobis, a scheduled caste Bhim Rao Ambedkar, the founding father of the Indian belong to Mahuria sub-castes migrated from Mathura constitution at the Nyay Panchayat Office at Arti village tahsil of the district. Similarly, some Muslims locally symbolises the social and cultural mobiltty in the area of known as Telis and Fakirs settled in thb village because these people. of their economic needs. The muslims also have their own well. Although General feel of the village Hindus do not accept cooked food from them, but their social relation are quite amicable. In all there was no The villagers are now adopting modern agricultural communal tension in the village and people live peace implements and using chemical fertilizers and insecti- fully.
18 CHAPTER -II
SOCIAL DEMOGRAPHY AND VITAL STATISTICS
Analysis of changil)g levels of socia-economic and negligible scheduled tribes in rural areas of the district. demographic features over a period of time provide an No scheduled tribe population was reported in rural 'opportunity to evaluate the level of development that areas of tahsil Sadabad and village Nagla Beru. The occurs in a particular village. Besides this, it is equally percent of scheduled caste pOiJulation residing in the important to compare the relative position of that village village is quite low (9.47 per cent) as compared to the with surrounding villages. It is, therefore, imperative to state, district and tahsil, percentage. know the pace of development and changes that have occurred in village Nagla Beru after the first survey in Work participation rale 1961 and its relative position among surrounding vil lages. For this purpose six villages of different size group Table 11.2 shows work participation rate in 1981 of population (below 500, 500-1000 and 1001-1500) Census in rural areas of state/district/tahsil and Nagla located at different range of distaRCes and under the Beru. influence of same town (Sadabad) have been selected. They are, Chhatara, Arti, Mangroo, Bahardoi, Ughai and The percentage of main workers in rural areas of Sahbajpur. These villages are situated within the range of state was 29.71 whereas the corresponding percentage 5 to 16 kilometres from Sadabad town. for the Mathura district was 27.79 while 26.38 for tahsil and 24.68 for Nagla Beru. A declining trend in the number Primary Census Abstract of Nagla Beru, tahsil, Dis of workers is visible from state to village level. The male trict and State (Rural) 1981 Census workers constitute majority of the workers while the par ticipation of females has declined sharply. It is evident The Primary Census Abstract of the village and of clear from the table that not even a single female worker the rural population of Tahsil/District/State is given in was found in the village. Table 11.1 The percentage of marginal workers to rural popu The table 11.1 shows thatduring 1981 Census 1.35 lation of the state was 1.75 only. The percentage of per cent oflotal population of the state resided in Mathura female marginal Workers was more (3.14) as compared district whereas 26.40 per cent of district's rural popula to males (0.51) only. The percentage of these workers tion resides in tahsil Sadabad and only 0.26 per cent of show a declining trend of both sexes in rural areas of tahsil's rural population lived in Nagla Beru. The percent district and tahsil and at village level not a single marginal age of scheduled castes population in the rural areas of worker of either sex was found. the State was 23.09 and that of the scheduled tribes was merely 0.24. The percentage of scheduled castes popu Industrial categories of workers lation for the rural areas of Mathura district was 21.42 while corresponding percentage for the tahsil Sadabad Table 11.3 depicts Industrial categories of workers in was 22.36. For the village Nagla Beru the percentage of the rural areas of State/district/tahsil and village Nagla Scheduled castes population was 9.47. There were Beru at 1981 Census.
19 ..!o , c: :l .6 tU Q) "0 '0 Q) ~ :i ~ 6 e Q) .c .9 c: (II 0 Q) C> 0 "0 C/) ~ -~-8- (') Il. ra (/) ~ Q) .. ,_ a. ~ e. e.
"0 Q) . :i I 'E C/) It) ' OJ It) OJ IX) R ' .c "0 ::;. 'E (/l ~ I1l -.... Q) CD :l CD .g :::::- CD (ij "0 .c -..!'!! -iii ::: 0- "0 .c -c: "§ -iii 20 ~ Q) -'" <0 I'- cry (\J (5 0> .... c: 0 l/) 0 I'- 10 10 I'- <0 coC") "'"<0 ": 8 "": CD'" M ~ as Q. Q. a. C1l I/) III .,~ c: CII 0 Q) ~ ,.... N cry l/) co (ij l/) 5' I'- C") CJ) 0> co E C") 21 Table 11.3 Industrial Category of main workers.. Census-1981 State / district/tahsil Total Cultivator Agricultural Ho"usehold Other [eferrent village workers labourer industry, workers manufac- III, IV turing V(b) and service, VI-IX repairs ,'V(a) 1 2 3 4 5 6 Uttar Pradesh 27,026,505 18,487,896 4,841,198 764,273 2,933,138 (Rural) (68.41) (17.91) (2.83) (10.85) Mathura 342,278 214,025 61,103 11.342 55,808 (Rural) (62.53) (17.85) (3.31 ) (16.31) Sadabad 85,774 52,520 18,182 3,037 12,035 (Rural) (61.23) (21.20) (3.54) (14.03) Nagla Beru 211 133 56 22 The Iable 11.3 shows that cultivations the main The proportion of household industry was around activity. At the state leve168.41 per cent of rural working three per cent of the total workers at state/district and population was engaged in cultivation. The correspond tahsil levels, while none was found engaged in house ing figures for the district and tahsil were 62.53 and 6t23 hold industry in Nagla Beru at the 1981 census. The per cent respectively.Thus the percentage of workers in percentage of "other workers" is around ten per cent in the village engaged in cultivation was higher (63.03) than the state and village level. Their corresponding percent those for the district and tahsil. ages at district and tahsil levels is slightly higher than the village and state levels: The percentage of agricultural labourers to the total workers was about eighteen per cent at the state and Uteracy-rate district level. Their corresponding percentage was higher for tahsil (21.20) and village (26.54). As a matter of fact Table 11.4 shows literacy percentage in rural areas ayriculturallabourers constitute the second main cate- of the state/district/tahsil and village at 1981 census. , goryofworkeraatvU[age, tahsil, district and state levels. Table 11.4 Population-and-number of literates and literacy rate, 1981 Census State /districtjtahsil / Total population Total n,umber of referrent village literates and percentage 1 2 3 Uttar Pradesh (Rural) 90,962,898 20,g74,798 (23.06) Mathura (Rural) 1,231,735 328,995 (26.71) Sadabad (Rural) 325,144 98,731 (30.37) Nagla Beru (Rural) 855 155 (18.13) 22 co cO o III ell III :::I CII co C OJ ~,... CO ,...al '0 I'- aC ,... i:: al... ,... CD ,...al CI C ;: :::I '0 ~ 23 a; 0 It) It) 0 CO CO CO -r:" (l) 0 ~ C') It) CO C') (\J It) ..... ,...... CO CO CO ,.._ ,.._ CO CO CO CO 0 ...,.._ (l) CO CO (\J (\J CO 0 (l) (J, (\j (J) ' co Q) CO \ (\J CO (J) C') ' C') 24 It may be seen that percentage of literates for the villages. In 1981 census the number of households.in rural areas of the tahsil was more than the state and creased by more than 50 per cent and thereby the district while it was lower (18.13) per cent for the village average household size reduced considerably. . Nagla Beru. ·In the other selected villages the average house Average household size hold size was similar .to that of district and tahsil. The data pertaining to the average household size Sex ratio for the village Nagla Beru, other selected villages, tahsil and district during the last three consecutive censuses is .Table 11.6. shows the position of sex ratio in refer presented in table 11.5. rent selected villages/tahsil and district's rural popula tion for 1961, 1971 and 1981 censuses. The table 11.5 shows that the decadal growth of number of households during 1961-71 was the highest A glance at sex ratio shows that during 1961-71 (30.19) per cent in Ughai village and it was the least in decade a declining trend at district, tahsil and all village, Chhatara (-9.84 per cent) village. In Nagla Beru the except Arti and Bahardoi was noticed. In Ughai village decadal growth of households was more than tahsil (8.35 also a marginal improvement in sex ratio was found. per cent) and almost similar to the district. During 1971- However during 1971-81 decade the sex ratio in Arti and 81 decade the growth was almost uniform for the qistrict Bahardoi villages declined along with district and tahsil. and tahsil, while for Nagla Beru it was comparatively of In-all the remaining villages the sex ratio improved signifi- the higher order. cantly. . The average household size for district Mathura, Population variation during 1~61, 1971 & 1981 tahsil Sadabad and for a!most all the villages was around censuses 5 or 6 members during the preceding three decades. During 1971 census there was declinE;! in the number of· The proportion of porulation variation in tne refer households in Chhatara and Shahbajpur and conse rent/selected villages, tahsil and district's. rural areas in quently the average household size increased in these shown in table 11.7. Table 11.7 Variation in popUlation since 1961 Census District/referrent Population Decadal percentage change village /selected villages 1961 1971 1981 1961-71 1971-81 2 3 4 5 6 Mathura Distt. (R) 891,652 1,077,512 1,231,735 20.84 14.31 Sadabad tahsil (R) 246,606 284;916 325,144 15.53 14.12 ~glaBerU 561 652 855 16.22 31.13 9 hatara 350 425 486 21.43 14.35 Shahbajpur 427 629 609 47.31 (-)3.18 Arti 1,067 1,209 1;436 13.31 18.78 Mangroo 821 896 l,f52 9.14 28.57 Bahardoi 921 1,237 1,477 34.31 19.40 Ughai 621 717 918 (~~ijT_ ,. 28.03 25 The growth of population during the 1961-71 dec and Chhatara village, whife In Nagla' Beru, Mangroo and ade for the district was 20.84 per cent and·for the tahsil it Ughai village the decadal variation was more than double was 15.53. The decadal growth In Nagla Beru and Ughai the district/tahsil's. For Shahbajpur village a declining was almost similar to that of the tahsil (15.53 per cent). trend to the tune of (-3.18 per cent) was observed. The highest growth was recorded for Shahbajpur (47.31 per cent) and the least (9.14 per cent) for Mangroo Literacy rate village. Data relating to literacy in the referrent village/ During 197t-81 decade the growth of population selected villages/district/ tahsil's rural population dlJring was almost around 14.00 per cent for the district, tahsil the last three censuses is given in Table 11.8. Table-n.S Number of literates and literacy rates during 1961, 1971 and 1981 Censuses District/re.terrent 1961 1971 1981 village/selected villages 1 2 3 4 Mathura (Rural) 153,408 223,813 328,995 (17.20) (20.77) (26.71) Sadabad (Rural) 49,931 68,089 98,731 (20.25) (23.90) (30.37) Nagla.Beru 142 . 153 155 (25.31) (23:47) (18.13) Chhatara 62 55 135 (17.71) (12.94) (27.78) Shahbajpur ·107 198 222 (25.06) {31.48} (36:45) Arti 204 250 470 (19.12) (20.68) (32.73) Mangroo 215 197 253 (26.19) (21.99) (21.96) Bahardoi 137 212 273 (14.88) . (17.14) (18.48) Ughai 109 214 247 (17.55) (2~.85) (26.9:1) It may be seen from table No. 11.8 that literacy per- Trends in workers ·participa~ion rat~ centages during the last three censuses show an in- . . .. Sexwise participation rate of workers at the last creasing trend in the rural areas for the district and tahsil. three censuses viz 1961, 1971 & 1981 tor the referrentj Except Nagla Beru and Mangroo villages the percentage selected villages/district and tahsil are shown in table of literates show a continuous rising trend. 11.9. 26 It) ci c: Ol It) Ol <0 "t 0 I'- ~ :8 C\I It) ~ ~ ... ~ cO ..; ci ~ cO cO CD Q) C\I C\I C') C\I g C\I C\I "III ~ &i ::J a.. IIIe CD 0 ..II) g) CD 0 <0 C') CO <0 <0 .. 'iii ": "': 0 It) ~ ~ "t l8 e E C\i ci M ci "..III If g)... ,: CD g) CD N 0 C\I CO Ol 0 C\I ... It) Ii) en I'- 'iii 0 I'- C\I M CO "? I'- e Ol oj ex) cO cO oj ~ ,... ex) oj "::: ~ .,. .,. .,. .,. .,. ::J ... "t .,. .,. .,. "...CD ..III C S c: C\I C\I C') Ol 0 C') C') ... 0 I'- C') C\I C\I C') CO I'- I'- III ;; Cl. ';0 o .0 e .r:: C» 'iii as c:as .c: b5 ~ g 27 0 0 Ul 1.n a: C! 0 0 UJl/) C\I Li::J Vi~ l/)~ <(If) ..J r-.. U ...J CO z~~ Q. ::l 0 O'l en -: -: ~ -.t .- -: C7l Q~oa 0 II') C"') C\I C\I -.t a -: I.!) + 1 ~~ II') II') 1 II') ) 0 II') 0 1{) 0 _J - II') -: I") 10 w C"') C\I C\I .... .- 0 :::>01.0 \!) 0 a..ZO"l « 0. Cl o t- C"') c./) 0 W «..J 0 ~ ~ o lO A glance at the above data shows that only male In village Nagla Beru the Brahmins and Thakurs population constitutes the main category of workers dur- constitute the major segment of population. Traditionally ing the last three censuses. However, workers participa- the females do not work outside the house. This results tion rate for total male and female was the highest in 1961 in low female participation among these people. when compared to 1971 and 1981 censuses. The fe- males participation rate at all levels is quite low and show Age, sex and marital status a continuously declining trend. In Nagla Beru during 1961 census the female participation rate (4.09 per cent) The data relating to age, sex and marital status of was higher tha~ the tahsil's (2.67 per cent). While at the the people of Nagla Beru village in the different age- 1981 census not a single female worker was netted in the groups for bo~h the surveys is given in table 11.10 village. Table.ll.10 Distribution of population classified by age, sex and marital status, during 1961 and 1987 surveys Age-group Y~ars Total Population Never Married Widowed married p M F M F M F M F 2 3 4 '5 6 7 8 9 10 11 All ages 1961 538 294 244 150 100 124 124 20 20 1987 623 327 296 197 143 117 130 13 23 0-4 1961 79 45 34 45 34 1987 91 46 45 46 45 5-9 1961 75 35 40 35 40 1987 101 51 50 51 50 10-14 1961 55 33 22 31 22 2 1987 88 49 39 49 39 15-19 1961 54 28 26 18 4 10 22 1'987 60 40 20 34 9 6 11 20-24 1961 52 34 18 8 26 18 1987 53 30 23 12 18 23 25-29 -1961 37 17 20 2 14 20 1 1987 37 16 21 3 13 21 30-34 1961 43 23 20 1 11 20 5 1987 38 17 21 16 _21 1 35-44 1961 51 28 23 4 21 21 ~ 2 1987 49 24 25 22 23 2 2 45-54 1961 44 24 20 3 16 13 5 7 1987 44 23 21 21 17 2 4 55 + 1961 48 27 21 3 18 10 6 11 . 1987 62 . 31 31' 2 21 14 8 17 In 1961 survey out of a total population of 538 there The corresponding population figure at the present sur were 294 males (54.65 per cent) and 244 females (45.35 vey was 623 with 327 males (52.49 per cent) and 296 percent). Out of total 150 males (51.02 percent) and 100 females (47.51 per cent), Oufof total persons 197 males females (40.98 per cent) belonged to the category of (60.24 percent) and 143females (48.31 percent) includ "never married' inclusive of 79 children in 0-4 age group. ing 91 children with age group of 0-4 were found "never 29 marriecf' Sex wise break-up of average age for married per sons belonging to different castes/communities of the It may be seen that the number of females in village is given in table 11.12. creases along with the increase in the age-group after 15- . 19 years, when both sexes star:t marrying. . . The table shows that among the Hindus average age at marriage of males (who were married within 15 The 1987 survey indicates that age at marriage Is years) is comparatively high among Brahmins, Baghels rising in case of both males and females but this trend i~. (Gadaria), Dh9bi and Nai, whereas a slight reduction in more conspicuous in case of males. This is certainly a the average age at marriage is seen among the Thakurs. I step ahead for fertility control and improvement in the Similar is the trend among the Muslim males. status of women. In the 1961 survey there were 20 (8.20 per cent) widows and 20 (q.80 per cent) widowers, while The average age at marriage for females for three corresponding figures at the present survey are 23 (7.77 different intervals of time (columns 7 to 9) of marriage, per cent) and 13 (3.98 per ,cent) respectively. In the shows that those females who were married within a present survey there is decline in the petcentage· of period of fifteen years, were older than those married in widow and wid9wers. oth~r tWoJnte.rvals of time. This was applicable for aU' castes among the Hindus. But among Muslims specially Age at marriage . Telis, the females married within 15 years wer~ younger than those married 30 or more years ago due to less Age at marriage for males and females in village number of marriages. But the average .age at marriage Nagla Beru is given in Table 11.11 for all the females (Hindus and Muslims) show a rising trend. The average age at marriage Within a period of last 15 years for males was 20.6yearswhileforfemales it was Literacy during 1961 and 1987 surveys 16.0 years. As we go back from 15 to 29 years we find that the corresponding figures of average age was 20.2 years During the survey of 1987 in all 100 households out for males and 15.9 years for females. The respective av of total 148 in village Nagla Beru were taken up for erage age figures for marriages that took place more comparing literacy status arJd educational level of villag than thirty years ago were 19.3 years for males and 15.1 ers with that of 1961 survey. Details of the information years for females. The average age for the total dUration collected during the 1987 and 1961 surveys are pre-, of marriages were 20.3 years for males and 15.6 years for sented in table 11.13. females. A comparison: of both sets of surv~y data reveals The comparati~e data .of average age at marriage that there has been a steep rise in literacy level in the for both the sexes under column No.2 and 3 shows that village over the period of last 25 years. Although the total the age at marriage is showing a steady rising trend for population has increased yet the number of illiterates has the last 30 years. The average age at marriage for both drastically come down. Among '327 males now, the the sexes, who were married within the last 15 years is number of literates is 187 (57.19 per cent), as agalnst 93 more than the total average age at marriage of the (31.63 per cent) out of 294 at the 1961 survey. Similarly respective sex. Sexwise break-up of persons married at among females, the number of literates has now gone up specific age-groups shows that nineteen females (12:42 'to 88 (29.73 per cent) from 15 (6.15 per cent) .noted per cent) got married in the age-group of (10-12) years during the 1961 survey. Out of 187 males 36 have primary and fifty-eight (37.91·per cent) in 13-15 years and another level education, 48 middle level, 28 high school level, 6 47 (30.72 per cent) in age-group 16-18 years. Of the each intermediate and graauate level, one post-grad.!J remaining 25 (16.34 per cent) females got married in 19- ate and two persons were found having technical educa 21 years. It is evident that more than 97 per cent femal~s tion. Apart fr~mthese there were 60 male literates without got married between 10 to 21 years. educational level. Among the female literates, 19 were educated upto primary level, 14 middle level, 3 high The comparative data for males' show that more school and two intermediate level. The female literacy than 85.00 per cent of them got married betWeen the age and the educational. levels attained by them has also groups 10-12 to 22-24 years. shown a spectacular rise, when compared with the 30 u. .N + I/) C') u. co u. co I/) o co CD as CD -£ u. I/) in 'C .-=CD iii E CD CO'" .1/) E u. N .S! 'C r: -o as N ~. '80': CD CO'" X. E 'tI C '0 III Qj u. en .... 41en .c III E 1: ::J .. Z III o ..E 41 ~ u. Ol ,.. co Ol (\I u. Ol 6 ,.. co u. II) CD Q) OlOl as Q) (I) .~ u.. o Ol Ol ~ cO iii ~Q). E ~ '0 31 e? (II 0 G) "0 .;;:G) ~ "0 E !!! .~ (II 15 G> Q) ~ » CJ) E (II (II C\I I() Ol (II Ol Ol 0 0 0 0 .;;: 0 (II Ll) 4) :is I') III "0 0 ~ I() t- Cl) u.. C') ~ ~ ~ C') C') ~ C') 11) .~ E '0.._ Cl) .0 0 E I() ex> I'- 0 :J ~ (II C') I'- I') (II (II ~ '" Z '" '" .?;- 'c :? :J iii E "0 E (II 0 0 ~ c: ~ 0 0 ~ lii --... :s Qi 'E E .c :; .§ .s:: Cl) :0 0- .Yo ...... c: III 0 iii ~ C 0> (, E (II :s :.>: (II 32 • [' (l") ex:> (\J (j) to • .- ( • x w U> Gl ~ r-.... IU 00 Gl E >- ClJ Gl CJ) u.. CD ~ ~ )-00 • u ~ CD U~ (j) « • c=: ~ W • t- • - -to ..J ex> Q) (j) Co") • 401 LD O. - 34 corresponding figures of literacy during 1961 survey. going children has declined. The tota.1 number of school The rise in th~vel of education is mainly due to general going children from first to fifth class observed during the awareness a~agers. During discussions it was present survey (1987) is given in table 11.14. observed that t \ mber of drop-out among school \ Table 11.14 No. of students by caste/sex in class at Nagla Beru primary school during 1987 Re-study Religion/caste/ Number of students in class community II III IV V Total M F M F M F M F M F M F 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Hindu Baghel 10 2 3 4 4 3 2 20 10 (Gaderia) Brahmin 2 2 3 4 2. 2 3 3 12 10 Dheemar Dhobi(S.C.) 3 2 5 Kori{S.C.) 2 4 Kumhar Nai 2 Thakur 7 5 7 4 4 4 3 2 2 24 15 Muslim 4 3 8 1 Total 25 10 15 4 . 17 6 14 9 6 7 77 36 The number of female students in classes second who are not sending their daughters to the school. The and third are less as compared to class first. But in fifth reason may be their poor economic condition or utiliza class number of female students surpasses that of males. tion of children by parents for other work to supplement People belonging to all the castes and communities their income. including muslims, are sending their children to the Table 2.15 depicts age-group-wise number of stu school, except Nai, Kari, Dhabi, Dheemar and Kumhar dents studying and not studying. 35 Table 11.15 Number of person by age and sex studying/not studying during 1987 re--study Age-group Total Studying Not studying p M F M F M F 1 2 3 4 5 6 '7 8 5-9 101 51 50 39 21 12 29 10-14 88 49 39 40 19 9 20 15-19 60 40 20 25 4 15 16 20-24 53 30 23 9 21 23 25 + 230 111 119 110 119 Total 532 281 251 ,114 44 167 207 It can be seen that out of 281 males only 114 (40.57 Migration status of students studying in various per cent) are studying while the number of those not classes falling in the age-groups of 5-9, 10-14, 15-19,20 studying is 167(59.43 per cent}. The percentage of fe- and a~ove and their sex-wise place of birth is given in f!lale students is merely 17.53. table 11.16. Table 11.16 Sex wise migration status of students studying and not studying I Migration status Age- Total Number Number not and place of group studying studying birth M F M F M F Non-migrant 5-9 51 50 39 21 12 29 (Born in the 10-14 49 39 40 19 9- 20 same village) 15-19 40 11. 25 4 15 7 20 + 138 1 10 128 1 Total 278 101 114 44 164 57 --.~,- ---_. In-migrant 5-9 (Born in other 10-14 village, other 15-19 9 9 tahsils, district 20 + 3 141 3 141 and state) Total 3 150 3 150 Grand Total 281 251 114 44 167 207 36 The table 11.16 shows that all the three males and females out of 39 are going to schoOls. In higher age 150 females (who came to this village as brides after group the number of female students goes on declining. marriage) are not studying. Out of 281 males 114 are All the students fall in the non-migrant category i.e. all are studying, whereas out of 251 females only 44 are study residing in the village itself. ing. It is note worthy that among students in the age group 5-9 out of 51 males 39 are studying, while 21 The nature of activity of children who are not at females out of 50 are studying. In the next age-group (10- tending school by caste/community in the age-group of 14) out of 49 males forty. are studying, and only 19 5-14 years is presented in Table 11.17 Table 11.17 Nature of activity of children aged 5-14 who are not attending school classified by caste of head of the household Religion/Castel Nature of activity of children not attending school (aged 5-14 years) Community Household Dependent Animal Total duty rearing 2 3 4 5 Hindus Baghel (Gaderia) 11 8 2 21 Brahmin 2 8 10 Dheemar 1 Dhabi (S.C.) 3 3 6 Kori (S.C.) 2 3 5 Kumhar 1 2 3 Nai 2 2 Thakur 5 2 7 Muslims 5 5 10 2 3 5 Total 33 35 2 70 It is observed that out of 70 non-school going attaining higher education. The college is being run by a children 33 are doing household duty and another 35 are prNate management body constituted by the villagers. dependant. Only two are rearing animals. Intermediate classes have not yet been recognised. The chairman of the management body expressed his de- The opening of an Intermediate college in neigh- spair over the lethargic attitude of the concerned au- bouring village, Mangroo has provided an opportunity for thorities for non-recognition of the college at Interme- 37 diate level. However, due to this college there has been Out of 70 children, 21 or 30.00 per cent male an improvement in the educational level of the people of children of school going age (5-14 years) never attended neighbouring villages. school. Seventeen of them did not attend school be cause of poverty. One could not speak properly, two The data collected at the earlier survey relate to 93 were not interested in studies, and one was considered households having 53~ population, while at the present too young by their par,ents. survey the total number of households was 148 but only 100 households covering a population of 623 were se Out of 49 female,'children 42 or 86.00 per cent never lected for re-study. attended the school. Out of them 31 did not go to school because of poverty,three v:ere considered too young, Default consistency and drop-out from School one was deaf and dumb, seven had no liking for educa tion, while two could not attend school as they had to In case children of either sex of the school going work at home. Five female children discontinued their age (5-14 years) are not enrolled in school then the education between the ages of 8 and 14 years. household is treated as default consistency. Distribution of population byage sex and educationar Classification of household's defaulting in enrolling status in 1961 survey and - 1987 re-study survey school going children by caste/community of the head of the household is given in Table II. 18. Comparative data relating to distribution of popula tion byage, sex and educational statusfor1961 and 1987 As per Table No. 11.18 there were 23 households surVeys is giv~n in table 11.20. who had only male children, 16 had only female children, while 36 households had both male and female children It may be seen from the table that in 1961 the in the school going age-group (5-14 years). population in the age-group 0-4 was 79 (14.68 per cent) while the corresponding population of 0-4 year age· Out of 100 sample households 23 had only male group in 1987 survey was 91, (14.61 per cent), showing a children in the school gOing age-group and they failed to slight decreas~. I send their children totheschool. Similarly, there were 16 households having only female children of school going In 1961 survey the total male population was 294 age who failed to send them to school. Another 36 out of which 201 (68.37 per cent) were illiterates and only households who had both male and female children of 93 (31.63 per cent) were literates. Out of total male school going age did not send their children to the literates 33.33 per cent were literate without educational school. Eleven households did not enroll 'any of their level, 60.21 per cent were of basic level, 4.30 per cent children in the school five households' failed to send were high school pass, 1.08 per cent each were Interme some of both sexes children to school. diate and graduates. Two households having both male and female Out of 244 females, only 15 (6.15 per cent) were children of school going age failed to send only male literate, while 93.85 per cent were illiterates. The educa children to school, and another one household did not tional status of all the literate females 15 (100.00 per cent) send some of the male children to school. was literate without educational level. Similarly ten households having both male and The re-study survey data ,shows that out of total female children of school going age did nor send only male population of 327 the number of literates was 187 female children to school, while other seven households (57.19 per cent) and the illiterates were 140 (42.81 per did not send some ofthe female children to school. cent) only. Of the total literates the percentage of those with literate "without educational level" was 32.09 per On the whole the proportion of female children'flot cent. There were 19.25 per ceht Basic, 25.67 per ~ent enrolled in the school,is higher than males. Middle, 14.97 per cent of High school level, 3.21 per cent Never attendance and discontinuation after atten each were of Intermediate and Graduate level. There dance of children by age, sex and reason is given in were 0.53 per cent post-graduates while 1.07 per cent Table 11.19. were having technical degree or diploma. 38 ~ - ~ • ..- I , (¥) "tJ "0'" -C: a ~ z_gci ~ II) u '0 ..c o - +' 0 '0 2l >- 0 m 'N ::> --C: o C 0 Z _g o 1/1 -0'" "0 s:: Ol a ~ C c:i ::J .~ ~ Z _g .c.o '0 c ~ "0 .9 '0 :Q 0 ..c: 0 :c{i '0 {i o (jJ .0 ()) "tJ'" "0 ..c: '0 ~ ci ::J I C\J I r- Z _g ON NN 'ID C'l (') • CIJ ' ID 39 al C iii 0 ~ Q; en v II) E III > ' 40 , , , , , , u. '" v C') ..... co ...... Q) =0 "tl , , , , ~ v , co , 0 C\I ..... ~ .... v '" .... '" .... '" en >- 0 , , , , , , 'lI 'iii u. C') m ..... <0 v (') C as '" ::s --....CO II! >- (ij Q) '"01 E C\I <0 <0 <0 v (') <0 CO C') ct ~ C') ..... '" '" '" ;;l! '" '" '" ~... "5 0 m ..,. (') (') :E ('ij u. It) (\j <0 ..... C\I ..... C\I ..... C\I .: c: ..... f6 .... :; '3: 0 '" Q) 'tI ~ ~ ~ 0 > ::s 4i 0 0 CO .... C\I C\I (') V ..... C\I .2! "tl > :::i! ..... ~ <0 C\I ~ ~ :.:J Q) ~ '" '" '" iii c til i Q) () ::s u. m It) C\I C\I 0 (') CO ..... <0 ~ C') 'tI ~ ., ~ C\I C\I Q) '" '" Gl .... 011 :.:J >C Q) CO C') CO 0 .... 01 <0 CO C\I m C\I (I) ~ ::iE m CO ~ C\I V ..... &l C\I C\I ..... C\I 0 I- '" '" '" '" enca >- .0 i: 0 :;::; til U. .... CO CO It) 0 It) Ol CO ..,. 0 ca Q) &l 0 ~ v ~ C\I C\I ..... C') C\I re C\I (') V "3 C\I C\I '" '" '" '" '" Q. ~ 0 <0 0 <0 .... V C') CO Ol .... V C\I <0 V V .... Q. ::iE 0 V V V C\I C\I C') C\I ~ C\I ~ C\I '" ...0 C 0 :;::; ::s .;:.0 ...1/1 C LL. It) v <0 V It) 0 C\I Ol <0 0 CO C? 0 C\I m V It) C? 0 v m C') V V g C\I C') C\I C\I C\I V V C\I C') C') 'V i5 C\I C\I ~ 0 ::J ::iE V V .... It) CO C') (l) 0 V 0 C') CO m C') (l) ~ a. Ol C\I V V C') 10 C') v re V (') C? ~ C') C') C') V C') 0 C\I C') '" Gl a. :0 a.. C') CO C') (l) v 0 C') CO C\I ~ C') C\I .... 0; .... 0 It) ~ It) g ~ 16 CO .... 18 .... CO ~ I- CO '" '" '" '" '" «i Q) >. >. Q) ...... 2: ;n CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO ::l C\I m (l) (l) m (l) ~ (l) (l) (l) m :g m m m m m m m (J) '" ..... a.til ::s a. 0 ::l 9> e Q) ljll Ol V m v Ol Q) as ...... ~ + V 6 ab ~ j, 0 ~ ~ 6 ~ ~ C\I (') It) 41 ~ 0 (ij 'c0 .c 0 Q) ' u. C') Q) CII 1a ::l ~ "C 0 ~ a.. 0 CII ,.... ,.... ~ CII · · u. N ~ ::l "C !!! ,... .,._ C\j (!) ~ g !O . ' Q; .c OJ . I e ;. a.. u. OJ CII ,... ,.... , .! · · · (1J ~ u (1J ~ Q) "C .~ c: Q) E 0 > Q) 0 ,... !O ,.... . C') (\J .... Q) 'c ~ co ..£ (J) ::> · (5 u. I'- C') (\j ,.... 0 .c · · · 0 (J) .c 0) !O ' (ij Q) >- >-Q) I'- I'- I'- I'- I'- I'- -r-.',.... I'- ,.... I'- 2: ;0 co <0 co ;0 co ;0 !O <0 co !O !O ;0 !O !O !O ::l 0> 0> 0> 0> 0> 0> ~ ~ 0> (J) 0> 0> ,...0> ,....(J) 0> 0>,... ,...0> ,...(J) (J) C\j """' --:- "C "0 c: 0 a.(/) 2- (I) ::l 0 C. ::l e 0 '0 ~ CD CD 9> ,....' 42 Similarly, out of total 296 female population 208 The table indicates that the highest score per head (70.27 per cent) were illiterates and 88 (29.73 per cent) was among supplemented collateral joint household were literates. (1.28) followed by collateral joint (1.14) and.single per son (1.06) household. The least educational score was Of the total literates 56.82 per cent were literate observed in supplemented Nuclear families (0.55). Among without educational level, 21.59 per cent of Basic level, males the highest educational score was observed for 15.91 per cent Middle pass, 3.41 per cent High school head of the households classified as teacher (2.67), while literates with intermediate level of qualification followed by clerk (2.33) and railway gatemen (2.17). The were 2.27 per cent. least was observed among agricultural labourer (0.83), Among females the highest educational score was found The over all improvement in both male and female among barber (nai) (1.75), followed by rentier (1.33). literacy may be due to improvement in their economic teacher and clerk each (1.00). position, government efforts to remove illiteracy, availa bilityof more educational facilities, quick means of trans The average edUcational score per head of the port and contact with the urban people outside the vil households was the highest for barber (nai) (20.00), lage. followed by railway gateman (14.00) and te~cher (1 0.60). T~e average score was the least for washerman (0.50). Educational score Among females the highest educational score was again observed for barber (nai) (7.00) followed by post-master Educational score is an important parametre to (4.00), teacher (2.60) and non-worker (2.40), who was know the educational status of different caste and com doing households duties. munities. According to one's educational level specific , code number is allotted to a person. These code num Distribution of households by type and average bers indicate a-illiterate; 1-literate without educational educational score is given in Table 11.23. level, 2-primary / Junior basic, 3-Matric, 4-Degree or tech nical diploma equal to degree, s-post-graduate or tech Table 11.23 shows that the highest score per head nical courses and 6-Ph.D. or equivalent and higher courses. was among the supplemented collateral joint house 'The cumulative score of all the individuals are divided by holds (1.28) followed by collateral joint (1.14) and single the total number of individuals, males and females, re person household (1.06). The-least educational score spectively to obtain the average per head score'for total was observed in supplemented nuclear families (0.55). individuals, Males and females. According to type of household the highest educa The average educational score based on present tional score was again among supplemented collateral survey data is given in Table 11.21. joint (11.86) followed by collateral joint (7.43) and nu clear (4.23). Among females the score was generally low. The table shows that educational score per head is nigh among the males as compared to total population of Migration females .. Migration is a process of movement from one place The cumulative ed ucational score per household is to other aftar pre-determination by a person or a house highest in respect of Nai (20.00) followed by Dheemar hold due to various reasons. However such movement of (11.00). This may be on account of small number of population is one of the factors which determine the households of these people in the sample size. Among growth level of population of a particular area. remaining Hindus the average educational score per household is highest among Brahmins (7.65) followed by Table 11.24 shows distribution of households classi·· Thakurs (5.40) and Baghel (Gaderia) (3.38). Among Mus fied by number of members and migration status by lims the educational score is higher for Telis than Fakirs. place of their last res:dence. Educational score by occupations is given in the Out of 100 sample households ofthe present Sur Table No. 11.22. vey 85 were from village Nagla Beru. Only 15 were 43 QI .. a) II) (') ~ 'i &II Ql 'C 01 0 10 I/) ",. r-. III .s::. (0 .. CIl ~ m .~ $ r-. 8 (') ~ 1& ~ ~ (I) t') ui c:i t'5 I.") C\i t') t') III '"::l ... .s::.0 C "III di .., 0- :!! 0 .I: 41.. e :I 0 co It) III co 0 0 co 10 ,... 8 ~ r-. 8 ~ .s::. I/) & 0- c? r-: ""C\i ci ci ui C\i ..t ..t .. iii'" "" C\I 0 I: '0 0 III .~ 41 0 .s::. :::J 't:I '0 CIl ~ CD c:: 0) :::J l:! 4) I/) II) II) (\f It) 0 ,.... e gr r-. C') r-; co a ... e ~ II.. V ci 6 6 0 ci c:i cif 0 ...... (l Gl .;;;.a ...... ~ (II (l >- "0 (") 0 0 .a (II rg ~ (") ~ ... "1 II) ~ (") ~ ~ ~ ~ .s::. c:i 6 c:i Gl ";;:: q; ;; 0- 1'1 -aIII III '0 ".s::. QI. (\f C'l (") g a> ::J a. (\f $ l8 ~ ~ ~ LO 0'" ~ ~ ci ci 0 ..c: 0 ci 0 '0 c: 0 :;:; ::J .ll ..::J ..III i5... ~ ~ :? I: Q; ji :::J -0 " OJ {!. E 0 ~ E ~ c: 0 :u ~ lii 1) 'E E .s::. :; ~ .s::. CIl :0 ~ .:.: .5 ~ CD ::I .c 0) CIl 0 E '; III iii ~ 1) ~ iii c OJ e ~ ~ ::l .s::. :I' m {:. m CD 0 0 ~ ~ Z .... u...... t3 %" ~ 44 .:.:III iii E CD C\I 0: u.. I,.... I() .Q>- III 'tI u.. I() ' :is Qj I/) co .D ::I l- 0 I/) ..... ' M 45 <') 0 '<1" I 0 OJ I"- 0 (J) q '"CO "-: "-: <'! Ii) 0 ~ lL c) c) '" ' 0; t (I) "I' ;u cCIl (ij OJ OJ Q) c: C ~ iii (ij (5 Q) .Q :§. Q) :J :J "6 '0 c:: 0 ,§ ,§ ~ (5 '" iii '0 .r:; "'0 c "0 C '0 '0 '0 <10 Q) Eo .$ ! .2! .2! C a. c (ij 0 c: :[ c ... c: I c .!!!- :J C .- Q) CIl f! C!l GI (I) '0 OJ :9. '"0 I IV (ij .r:; E (3 a. E ~ E :§. E 0 E _Ih (ij (I) :J Q) G) (I) Q) (I) 46 'tI (ij C\I C") ' 47 "0 C ttl d It) C') to q- OJ It) to r... r... C\I 5 £ ... C') to "0 .~ ~ 1ii ·iii Q) Ol C. ttl It) C ::> "0'" .Q "0 Q) ,~ >- d III iii .... q- N C') .c £l Q) 0 .. (J) I- ttl 2l '0 ..c: .. 0 .8 ..c: i ...oj :;: <11 e (5 + C') III "0 c: C\i ~ e "0 0 >- ..c: c .~ ~ III :J :; 0 0 "0 ~ ~ '0 .c "0 ... N Q) C ~ -5 ttl SIII <11 (5 Q) '0 Q; OJ 0 C III .0 C ..- III 0 (,) ttl tb *\ C E .0 Q) >- :; Q) .. III :; 0 :::I E c ·iii Q) "III >- .s "0 (/) C Q) , " .. ttl ·iii OJ \ c 0 Q) 0 ..C c 'It "III d ~ >- III .... Q) III "0 1: Q .s ·iii Gl C '"III III '0 ~ III a. (J) OJ '" c Gl III >- 1ii (J) ttl "·iii .c ttl a.. >- OJ ! .. 1ii ~ .s .s -5 .5 (5 ..III ..en c .!! 0 III :;::; .... ,; 0'1 co C :::J C :; ~ .2 "0 Ol S III 1/1 "0 ~ c: .r. c: .. til 0 :;::; C') Cl) Gl co C\I <0 to OJ I'll ">- 0 ~ ~ II) co CD .. c: Q) l- ... 0'1 Q) ~ ~ "0 e III ·iii >- >- III .&:I ~ ~ 1ii + .c '"OJ C') It) co '0 Q; S Q; '" Q) .0 .0 D. 0 + ~ E c: E Q) ... :J (j) ~ ...... _ :b ... z E , 48 migrants to this village. According to their place of last cent of these non-migrant members belonged to the size residence, two belonged to other villages of the same group of 6-10 members. tahsil, one to other tahsil of the same district, ten to other districts of the state and one each were from two other By duration of stay the maximum number of mi stales of Assam and Maharashtra. grants (68) were from rural areas with 21 years stay while only three members were from urban areas, one each Table 11.25 shows ~igration status of households having stayed up to 1-5 years 6 to 10 years and 11 ~20 by place of last residence and duration of stay in the years respectively. A total of 166 persons (163 from rural present residence. areas and only three from urban areas) constituted the migrant segment of population. Out of total 623 persons 457 (73.35 per cent) were non-migrants. Of them 2 (0.44 per cent) belonged to During the last twenty years eleven persons be single member household, 112 (24.51 per cent) to 2-5 longing to ten households of the village left the village member household, 287 (62.80 per cent) to 6-1 0 member permanently. Details regarding their place of migration, household and only 56 (12.25 per cent) to the size of 11 time of migration, caste etc. are given below in table 11.26. and more member household. Thus more than 50 per Table 11.26 Out migration during last 20 years by place of migration, caste/community and nature of work , Time of kea to which out migration took place Name of caste Reason/ migration and number N~ture Tahsil District State of work 2 3 4 5 6 Within 5 1. Etmadpur Agra Uttar Brahmin (one) Got service years Pradesh 2. Aligarh Aligarh Uttar Baghel (one) Got service and Pradesh (Gaderia) living with pre- viously settled son Total households 2 (two) 6-10 3. Aligarh Aligarh Uttar Brahmin (one) At sister's house years Pradesh for cultivation 4. Sadabad Mathura Uttar Nai (one) Barber (hair Pradesh cutting) 5. Sadabad Mathura Uttar Dhobi (one) Working asa Pradesh washerman 6. Agra Agra Uttar Baghel (one) Working asa Pradesh (Gaderia) labourer Total households 4 (four) 11-20 7. Delhi Delhi Baghel (two) In service years Union Territory • Union Territory (Gaderia) 8. Agra Agra Uttar Brahmin (one) Serving as Pradesh a driv!ir in U.P. Roadways 9. Hathras Aligarh Uttar Nai (one) Government Pradesh service 10. Hathras Aligarh Uttar Thakur (one) Poverty (At Pradesh Sister-in- law's house) Total households 4 (four) Grand Total (No. of households involved 10 (ten) 49 Table 11.26 reveals that out of 11 migrants, four these measures. Moreover, there was no trained Doctor, belonged to Baghels (Gaderia), Three to Brahmins, Two Vaid or a Dai to cater to their needs. In case of complica to Nai and one each to Dhabi and Thakur households. tions the patients had to be shifted either to Sadabad or The reason for their leaving the village was either poverty Hathras civil hospitals. The delivery cases were then or search for job. Out of them only one went to Delhi and attended by an untrained traditional Dal by trial and error the remaining to the adjoining tahsils or districts of the method, but now there is a B.M.S. private doctor in the state. Two persons left the village in the first five years, village to give emergency treatment to the villagers . four within a span of 6 to 10 years and the maximum of • five persons left the village during the last 11 to 20 years. Knowledge about family planning methods among the villagers Population control measures, attitude and practice Table 11.27 depicts knoV\4edge about various method KnoV\4edge about the birth control measures among of family planning among persons belonging to different the villagers of Nagla Beru has improved a lot. In the castes arid communiti.es during the present survey. earlier survey of 1961 people '<;lId not know at all about Table 11.27 Knowledge about family planning measures by religion and caste/community Religion and castel Total Number aware of community of number informant of Possibility Family Planning measures informants of preven tion of birth Sterilization Condoms Pills Loop Copper "T" 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Hindu B~lghel (Gaderia) 24 18 16 14 1 5 2 Brahmin 26 25 24 22 3 11 3 Dheemar 1 1 Dhobi (S.C.) 9 8 7 3 3 Kori (S. C.) 4 1 1 Kumhar 3 2 2 1 Nai Thakur 20 20 20 14 12 Muslim Fakir '9 6 4 4 4 Teli 3 3 3 2 1 Total 100 85 79 63 4 39 5 50 The Table 11.27 shows that among 623 persons Practice of family planning in the village covered in the present survey and spread over in 100 households 63 were aware of condoms, five of copper Table 11.28 shows that in actual practice the number ''T", 39 of loop, 4 of oral pills and 79 of sterilization as a of persons adopting the family planning methods was method of birth control. very low. Table 11.28 Practice of family planning measures by religion, caste/com.munlty, age and sex Religion Age-group Number of males adopting Number of females adopting castel measures measures community Vasectomy Nirodh Tubectomy Oral pill 2 3 4 5 6 Hindu , Brahmin Below 20 20-29 30-39 3 40-49 ,2 50+ Dhobi (S.C.) Below 20 20-29 30-39 40-49 50+ Kumhar Below 20 20-29 30-39 40-49 50+ Thakur- Below 20 20-29 30-39 3 40-49 50+ 2 Total 2 2 13 51 (\/ 0 + (\/ o:t C\I u) .... c ~ tV C\I u 0 ~ + C') I) u) ""0 C !II III !II.. s::e Dl :::J ca Z 'C 'C Cca Q; c .a "0 !II !-E It) co .... ro ... 01 co <') M 0 :J -0 t- e: ..Q) (.) (J 0 0 .;:: .2 .g .;:: .D .~ ~ 52 o ,... ,... C\I co <0 .' (") CO CO V <0 (") (") 0 0 () .g .g .~ .g iii 4) iii 4) iii 4) iii 4) ~ ~ > ~ > ~ > ~ 0 0 0 ~ .0 ~ .0 .0 ~ ,.0 0 0 ~ 0 53 III 0) ~ ~ E c t2 :;:0 III e c U 0 0 ~ ., -0 C e c: 0 .0 54 .-N o N N N N co N II) C') N CD II) C') N Cll C') C') CO CO V CD C') C') 0 0..- 0 0 0 0 0 .g -.: -;:: -;:: -.: .... Gl Gl CI) Gl CI) Gl ~ > ~ ~ ~ > ~ > ~ > ~ > ::IE 0 ::IE 0 ::IE 0 ::IE 0 ::IE 0 ::IE 0 E .Jl .Q .Q .Jl .Q .Jl Ol 3:: as 3:: as 3:: as 3:: as 3:: as 3:: C ::J 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 as "C "C "C "C "C "C'" C/) 0 :0 c: :a c: :a C :a c: :a c: :a c: CI) II II as CD Gl as CI) as CI) CD as Gl CI) as 0 0 0 0 0 C/) 0 -;:: -;::'" .g ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ .~ ~ ~ ~ ~ CI) II) CI) Gl Q) Gl CI) .2! ... ~ +' ~ ~ .... ~ ... ~ 0 N ~ :J :E ~ ::J :::: ~ :1 :::: ~ :S :::: ~ ::J :::: ~ ::J :::: J :z -0 13 c: ~ 0 cj iii .... ~ .r:. ::J ei .!<: .§ .... .!!! E -OJ Cii :i: .Q ::J .s:::. ::J as Gi ~ I-'" u. ~ ~ Z :E I- 55 There is neither a maternity nor a health centre in one head of household said that it was essential tor the village. Only two persons out of 327 males were continuation of the family. found using condoms. A total of fifteen persons (13 females and only two males) had under-gone steriliza Similarly 43 heads of households for having two tion operations. Only one female was using oral pills. Not sons and one daughter did not give any reason, two head a single female was found using copper 'T' or Loop. It of the household explained the reason to be proper up may be stated that all the fifteen cases of sterilization bringing. Three head~ of household for having four sons belonged to Hindus. These cases were directly or indi and two daughters'as desirable said that they were rectly motivated to undergo sterilization operation so essential for domestic work. Generally the villagers did that they could avail of facilities granted by the block not give any specific reason and said that the specific development office. It was reported that the officials of number of sons and daughters indicated by them was the revenue department took people to primary health essential for continuation of the family. centre in order to achieve their fixed targets. After opera tion generally no follow up visits were paid to the benefi Birth and. death statistics ciaries. The field staff engag_ed in health and family Data relating to births and deaths at village level welfare programmes need furth~r acceleration, in their was not available. Prior to enforcement of Panchayat Act activities at block level. in Uttar Pradesh this information was being compiled by ·,the village Chowkidar. Now this duty has been entrusted It was revealed during the survey that villagers to the panchayat secretary. However, it was found during gathered knowledge about family welfare methods from the survey that neither the village panchayat nor the their contact with the urban people at block and tahsil panchayat secretary is maintaining any such record. levels. Diseases and treatment DeSirable number of sons/daughters The primary health centre situated at Sahpau is the Desirable number of sons and daughters as re nearest place for getting medical and health aid. But at ported by married persons, classified by religion/caste Primary Health Centre, Sahpu village wise break-up of community and education is given in table 11.29. the patients was not available. The number of patients and names of the diseases forwhich they were treated at It may be seen that out of 100 persons there was the primary health centre during 1986 is given in table only one who did not desire any child. Twenty-one 11.31 .. desired to have one son and one daughter, forty-seven desired two sons and one daughter, one preferred to Table 11.31 Name of disease and number of patients treated have three sons and one daughter, twenty-one desired during 1986 at P.H.C. Sahpau SI. No. Name of the disease _ No. of patients to have two sons and two daughters, six wa~ted three 2 3 sons and two daughters, and three persons desired to 1. Syphilis 4 have four sons and two daughters. 2. Scabbies 98 3. Anaemia 41 The reasons for considering specified number of 4. Skin diseases 18 sons and daughters desirable are given in table 11.30. 5. Toothache 3 6. Otistoctyphyt 26 Reasons for considering number of children desir 7. Bronchitis 23 able 8. Asthma 30 9. Kidney troubles 23 A total of 100 heads of households were qdes 10. Bleeding 3 tioned about desirability of number of sons and daugh ters. 11. Headache 96 12. Tonsils 10 13. Respiratory troubles 74 For having one son and one daughter 19 heads of 14. Infection 91 households did not give any reason. One head of house hold explained the reason as rising price while another 15. Tuberculosis 7 56 Cause of death over a period of last ten and more years are given in table The sex-wise cause of death in village Nagla Beru 11.32. Table 11.32 Sex-wise cause of death during last ten and more years Name of disease Number of deaths Males Females 2 3 1. Fever 14 9 2. Asthma 4 6 3. Tuberculosis 2 4. Small-pox 2 5. Kidney troubles 7 6. Cholera 2 7. Old age- 18 8 8. Stomach-ache 4 1 9. Accidental death 1 4 10. Lack of treatment 2 11. Mental disease 2 12. Delivery 2 13. Cancer 2 Total 56 35 As already stated, there are three ponds situated village, most of the streets during rainy season become within the residential area of the village. They are the water-logged. Cattle sheds are near the dwelling units breeding place for the mosquitoes, which boost up the and dumping of dung for manures makes whole environ incidence of malaria fever. The table shows that fever is ment polluted. In the neighbouring areas incidence of the major killer in this village. Two males died of tubercu scabbies and infection is also on a high side. yvorship of losis in the village. Lack of treatment of other two males Goddess 'Pathwari' is very common in the village. It is was due to their poverty. There is an acute shortage of believed by the people in the local area that 'Pathwari' good drinking water. The water of wells and several Mata is the controller of small-pox. Due to this superstition hand pumps is not clean, which causes ailments like two males and one female died of small-pox and they stomach-ache and Cholera etc. Asthma is second big were burried in the ground after their death. With th loca cause of death in the village. Delivery cases are handled tion of a health or family welfare centre in the village by an, indigenous untrained Dai (mid-wife) in the ab certainly some of the deaths could have been averted. sence of any family welfare centre or a clinic. Two The highest number of persons (18 males and 8 females) females died at the time of delivery. Environmental and died due to old age. Five_persons died due to accidents sanitation conditions in and around the village are and two females each died due to cancer and mental unhygenic. Due to lack of proper drainage system in the diseases respectively. 57 CHAPTER III ECONOMY Economic resources survey wheat continue to relllain the integral part of the staple food, but bajra has been partly replaced by barley. In Nagla Beru most of the people work either as In 1961, canal, persian wheel, tubewell and kuchcha cultivators or agricultural labourers. The farmers of Nagla wells were the main source of irrigation but the re-study Beru own agricultural land is Ughai village also. A few revealithat all the conventional methods have been re people are engaged in retail trade of foodgrains while placed by tubewells, with the result the un-irrigated area others are engaged in transporting foodgrains to nearby has been reduced considerably. Similarly, the cultivable local market by dunlop wheel cart, camel and tractor etc. waste has been reduced (2.84) to almost half of 1971 Similarly, a few others are engaged in transport activities figure (4.45). The area not available for CUltivation in with the help of Ekka, Tonge and Kharkhara while some respect of all the villages has declined except for the are doing petty business of selling utensils and cloth on village Mangroo. The total area of Mangroo village has cycles. been slightly reduced after 1971 Census. Wheat and bajra are the main constituent of stample food. In 1971 Domestic animals are the main assets of the villag the source of irrigation were canal, tube-well and wells ers. Almost every household rears milch animals. Goats etc, but now the whole irrigated land is covered by diesel are reared for'commercial purposes. The daily yield of operated tubewells alone. In 1981 both unirrigat9d and milk has increased to approximately 1050 kgs. A few cultivable waste area have been drastically reduced as households are earning their livelihood by selling milk. In compared to 1971, while in Mangroo village 'area not addition to this cow-dung meets t,he requirements of fuel available for cultivation' has risen from 24.28 to 43.71 for cooking food, plastering kuchcha houses and also for hectares during the same period. The main reason be ,using as manure. hind this is, that a large area has been occupied by the new Intermediate College at Mangroo. In Ughai village, Three ponds in the heart of the village provide the area has increased slightly after 1971, like Mangroo drinking water to the cattle and clay for the construction the main constituents of the staple food are wheat and of kuchcha houses. Seasonal fishing is also done by bajra. In 197-1"canal and wells were means of irrigation, muslims and lower castes of Hindus in the village. A few whereas nowin some villages the electric tubewell and a people such as kori (weaver), kumhar (Potter), dhobi Government canal have replaced them. With the advent (Washerman) and nai (Barber) are engaged in their tradi of new and easy mode of irrigation a large part of tional occupations. unirrigated area has been brought under irrigation. The remaining categories of land i.e. waste and 'not available Land use pattern for cldtivation' have declined. Similarly: in vDlage Sahbajpur the tubewell and Government canal together have be Data on land use pattern was compiled onlyforthe come the predominant source of irrigation. In Bahardoi district level. upto 1961 census. Thereafter from 1971 the Government canal is the main source of irrigation, onwards village level statistics pertaining to land use while in Chhatara the electric operated tubewells are pattern are being compiled in District Census Hand mainly used for irrigation. In Arti village the unirrigated books. Comparative statistics on land use pattern in area has also been reduced substantially. Electric supply respect of village Nagla Beru and its surrounding villages was extended to this village in the latter half of 1987. for 1971 and 1981 censuses are presented in table 111.1 Almost in all the villages, large area is under cultiva Table 111.1 reveals that there has not been any tion. Under 'Indira Awas Yojana' dwelling units equipped change in the total area of the village and area under, with modern facilities have been completed and allotted CUltivation. There is no forest area in any of the villages to the weaker sections of the society in Arti village. chosen for comparision and so is the position of Nagla However, in Nagla Beru the construction of such dwell Beru. In the previous survey the staple food of the ing units was under suspension at the time of present villagers was wheat and bajra whereas in the present survey. It may be mentioned that some portion of the E · Q) !t:: en~ o:::l I « 60 , 'iii :;::;' - ~ "3 '0 0 c: en CO e:? 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('I) ... ~ ..... j:;: ro II OJ OJ OJ ,...~ ~ ~ !!! 'C '0 'lii'" c: ~ 0 ~ Q. (J ~ ~:r: .aCD :J -Gl t- II :ccu t- cci r-: ~ 62 area under 'cultivable waste' and 'not available for cUlti the town Sadabad (tahsil headquarters). vation' has been utilized for the construction of Pucca road passing by the side of Nagla Beru, Arti and Bahardoi Ownership of land and forest etc. villages. Similarly, a marginal variation in the total area of some villages was due to change in their jurisdiction and As stated earlier, there is no forest within the bounda reconsolidation of land holdings, which was completed ries·of Nagla Beru. It is bound from all sides byagricul only in 1986. Beside this, increase in the total number of tural fields. 'Details of the ownership and occupation of houses and the households in all the villages has partly land of theviIJage furnished by the Lekhpa/ ofthe tahsil as been responsible for the slight variation in different land in 1986, are given in Table 111.2. use pattern. All these villages are ~nder the influence of Table 111.2 Ownership and occupation of land Inside/outside the village Type of land Total area owned Inside the village Outside the village (Hectares) (Hectares) 2 3 I. Forest II, Agricultural land 0) Irrigated 109.96 100.85 (ii) Un irrigated III, Cultivable land (a) Covered by orchard of Plantation (b) Current fallow 1.72 (c) Land other than current fallows 'Cultivable land' IV. Pasture and grazing land 0.31 V, Cultivable waste i.e. area under miscellaneous use (i) Plantation 0.19 (ii) Gramvatika 0.05 Qii) Drain and Ponds 1.21 (Iv) Canal 0,08 (v) Primary school 0.Q1 (vi) Road, Passage and lanes 4.70 (vii) For Potters/religious activities (Holi) 0,03 (viii) Playground/worshipping 0.04 (ix) Chak road 1.27 (x) Cremation ground 0,07 (xi) Khalihan 0.74 (xii) Manure pits 0.15 VI. Area not available for cultivation (a) Plea covered by village site 3.69 (b) Barren and uncultivable land 0.30 Grand Total 124.52 100.85 63 Total 111.2 shows that 109.96 hectares of irrigated of residential houses under the Twenty Point Programme. land is owned by the villagers in Nagla Beru and 100.85 Land holdings hectares in other neighbouring villages. The total area of the village as shown in the table has been earmarked for Out of 100 sample households chosen for the various purposes after the reconsolidation of land hold present study sixty eight were owning land. Table 111.3 ings, which was completed in August, 1986. Twenty six gives details of the caste, number of households, area landless persons were allotted land for the construction and nature of right of ownership of land holdings. I Table 111.3 Ditribution of households by nature of right classified by caste/community and area of land owned Name of castel No. of House Hectares of community holds land owned Hindu Baghel (Gaderia) 18 16.42 Brahmin 24 41.06 Dhabi (S.C.) 1 0.28 Thakur 19 '-1.78 Muslim Fakir 4 3.58 Teli 2 2.09 Total 68 85.21 Table 111.3 shows that Brahmins occupy first position with one plot of land of varying size group, while the number twenty four households owning 41.06 hectares of land of households having more than two plots of land of followed by Thakurs. Whose 19 households have 21.78 different sizes was 33. It may be seen that as the size of hectares of land. The third position is enjoyed by Ba~ghels the holdings increases the number of households de (Gaderia) occupying 16.42 hectares of land by eighteen creases i.e. a majority of households own smaller size of households. The remaining land is owned by Dhabi plots. A large portion of the land is in the possession of (S.C.) Fakirs and Telis. Brahmin, Thakur and Baghel households. Distribution of households by size group of land Transfer of land holding and number of plots in occupation of different castes/communities is givenJn Table 111.4. During last 10 years a total of 3.17 hectares of land was transferred to from one cultivator or another by way A study of dispersal'of households by size of the of registry. The details are given in Table ilLS. land holding shows that thirty-five households have only 64 65 Table Ill.S Transfer of land by year, reason and terms and conditions Year Total Land involved in transfer Number of households reporting hectares No. of Area in Transfer Not in- Transfer of land Households hectares due to volved'in on cash owned monetary cultivation needs 2 3 4 5 6 7 1978 1.00 1 1.00 1983 4.50 1.41 1986 3.00 1 0.76 1 Total 8.50 3 3.17 2 3 The table shows that in 1978 one household sold during the period of 1961-86.The climate is dry and the the whole (1.00 hectare) land due to lack of interest in rainfall is very poor. There is no electricity in the village. agricultural operations.!n 1983 one household having a Only private diesel pumps and tubewells are being used total of 4.50 hectares of land transferred 1.41 hectares as for irrigation purposes. he was in need of moneY,and another household owning a total 3.00 hectares of land sold 0.76 hectare!? due to the New implements such as thrashers and improved same reason in 1986. The three households selling land, harrows and tractors are now being used. Besides this, belonged to Brahmins and Thakurs. chemical fertilizers and insecticides have become well known to the cultivators. Female's participation in agri Out of total 100 households of the village sixty eight cultural operations is almost negligible and only male possessed agricultural land in and outside the village. members in the family work on the fields. Koris (S.C.), Nai, Kumhar and Dheemar did not have any agricultural land. Staple food It may be seen from Table No. 111.6 that out of 68 Wheat, Bajra and Barley are staple food. Apart households, sixty three had their agricultural land adja from them Gram, Cotton, Arhar, Masoor, Moong, Urd, cent to the village. Eleven had at a distance of one Mustard, fodder and vegetable crops are also grown. kilometre, whereas seven households had their land at a Sugarcane crop is not grown at all due to lack of market distance of two to three kilometres away from their ing facilities for agricultural produce nearthe village. The house. Thirteen households had their agricultural land at surplus yield is sold in the markets either at Sadabad or two or more than two places. Hathras. A few people in the village are also dOing wholesale business in food grains. Agriculture Manpower engaged in agricultural operations Agriculture is the main source of livelihood of the residents of this village. The soil is flat and loamy. There Table III. 7 shows manpower engged in agricultural has not been any major change in the cropping patt~rn operations" claSSified by caste/communities. 66 Villagers havesting Jawar crop Tractor as means of modern cultivation 67 '0 ~ i :;~ :::I () :t: 1/1 .~ !! IS) 1/1 '0 ..... co 0> '0 CO cq 0 r: 0 q q "0 ...CD ..... 0 c:i c:i ..c :0- CD ~ (5 1/1 CD .s::; :::I ~ CD 0 I/) ..cj CD :::I N 0 CD ""0 i:i) .s::; ..c CD .. CD CD (ij Qi .. :::J g> a. CD .r;; ... ""0 ..c - Q) t:: 11: ""0 ~ .!'1 CD c g) .!'1 CD .!l! Ui () :; c: ~ (I] CD :; "Iii vi ..c -() .. .-E =0 E ... <11 .lc <0 (t) C\I 0 0 (t) >- ..c c: .. (5 C\I 41 £ ..c a. ~ ~ a ;: .a CD CD a. ""3 () .. .2 c: 41 (I] .. >- II]rn :::I :t: "Iii 0 C 0> =0 c C') e :::I <11 IS) C\I <0 .... 0 e .~ c E .s::; .lc :: e ~ iii 0 I/) () ""0 ~ '0 e CD (5 .¥ ..en ..c M III CD () I/) C :::J :2 '0 0 :t: c .c 3: III '5' 0) 41 C ... I/) o 0 CD c: :::J .a ·2 a : &g> ·0 ..c ' 68 Table 111.7 Manpower engaged in agricultural operation by caste/communities Name of castel No. of house- No. of households whose agricultural operational are carried by community hold owing land Family workers Family workers Hired workers alone and hired workers alone 2 3 4 5 Hindu Baghel (Gaderia) 18 s' 13 Brahmin 24 6 14 4 Dhobi (S.C.) Thakur 19 6 12 1 Muslim Teli 2 2 Fakir 4 2 2 Total 68 22 41 5 Out of sixty eight households owning land, twenty castes/communities among Hindus and Muslims work two depend on thierfamily members alone in agricultural as agricultural labourers. During survey it was learntthat operations, whereas 41 households hire workers in addi daily wages for an agricultural labourer was Rs 12.00 for tion to their family workers and only five households get males, Rs 10.00 for females and Rs. 6.00 for children. In their agricultural operations performed exclusively by kind however, .they get 5 kg, 4 kg, and 3 kg of coarse hired workers. grains. It was also informed that at the peak harvesting period additional labourers are required from outside the Crop productions 1 village. Table 111.8 shows crop production, consumptipn and marketing by caste/community. The share-croppers are also closely associated with agricultural production. By mutual agreement with It may be seen from table 111.8 that the annual yield the landlord they get specific quantity of food grains after of various food grains, vegetables and a few cash crops the crop has been reaped. taken together was 296.39 quintals. Out of the total pro duction 202.43 (68.30 percent) quintals were consumed Mutual relations between the farmers and agricul in the village and 93.96 (31 ~70 per cent) were sold either tura"abourers ware found to be cordial. to the village whole-sale dealer or in the market at Hathras, Sadabad or Sahpau. Food grains were trans Forestry ported to marketing centres by dunlop wheel carts, trucks, tractors or by horse driven carts. There is no regular forest area in the territory of the Relationship among various segments of population village. The requirements of wood are met from th vari connected with agriculture. ous bush trees grown in the fields. Ried stalks of Arhar plants are used as fuel. The landless households belonging to various 69 , CJ) ,~ , It) iii co C') ~ co 0 0 10 0 ...... (l) 10 0 0 10 0 CO a; C\I 10 V C') 00 ~ q C') ~ .... '"": Il1 "! ~ ~ "! ell .... "! !6 ci ~ eli ci cO ~ ,... ci r..: "'" C\I "0 C c: 0 '"c E. .2 E a. :::l E c;: :J '" 0 0> 0 0 C') 0 0 0 0 0 C') 0 0 0 (\J 0 0 0> 0 0 C') 0 en '5 "0 (5 ci ' (ij' ...... ·c ~ III II> "0 0 ~ '" .S ~'" :J c '5 Qj Q) E ::I 'E "0 J:: .c. E E C Ol 0 z'" 0 i: m'" eli'" 70 co '~a~gg!O~' ~O~ ~8!Og8 ' cO oo":o('j M ('j 0": C\i o ~ ~ ~ ~ g ~ 0 2 ~ ~. ~ cO ocO,.f('jC\iC\icO('j('j 0 <0 o ~O~R~r::g2~~2 cO cO"':U;('j-.iC\ioj('ju; 0 '01 01.- ~ "iii "iii.... 0 ..0 I- 0 c: I- ~ >- Q) 0 0 1ii 01 1ii 01 ~ ~ 0 1ii Q) 2 E (ii rd ~ E (ij ell :u 01 .!::! t: ell :u 51 .~ 'c;; (ij .~ ~ .s::. «I :::I -0 .r:::. III «I 3: ~ CIl 0 !"!! G) 'iii ~ .,. ~ a'l (II ... 01 ~ -0.... C:' 0 Q (j (j ~ :u ~ (ij Q) E ~ .s::. :; e Q) :0 .¥ .:; ... :c Q) 0 E 01 :i III ..r:::. .c 0 :::I 'iii .c ::J I- ,.- 0 0 ::.:: ::.:: z I- ~ If 71 co 'go o 'g --: I"i cO N CD ~g~~g12 m Ili N cO N I{) (ij (5 u I- >. (ij 1U Q) Q) E t) f! OJ <0 g ~ u '0 c 0 ~ :§ ~ 2 Q) u :a c Females bringing fodder for the cattle 73 74 Animal husbndry and' poultry rearing Buffaloes and cows are reared by almost every household in the village. The daily averagi:l. yield of milk The approximate number of cattle in the village in per cow is about 4 kgs., and in case of buffalo it was 6 possession of different caste/communities alongwith kgs., whereas above one Kg. in each of goat. their average price and nature of use is given in Table 111.9. Table 111.9 Approximate number of cattle possessed by different castes communities with price and nature of use Name of Possessed by Approximate Average price Nature of use cattle caste/community number of per head (Rs.) cattle 2 3 4 5 .Cow All Communities 20 500.00 For milk Buffaloes All Communities 150 2500.00 For milk Goat Baghels (Gaderia) 150 250.00 For milk and sale Sheep Baghels (Gaderia) 20 250.00 For milk and sale Horse Dhobi (S.C.) 8 1500.00 For driving tonga Pony DhobijKumhar 20 3000.00 For carrying (S.C.) luggage etc. Donkeys Dhobi (S.C.) 12 500.00 For carrying cloths Bullocks Thakur, Brahmin 80 1500.00 For ploughing Baghels (Gaderia) the fields Camel 8aghel (Gaderia) 1600.00 For transportation Total daily milk yield in the village comes roughly to milk but mainly for commercial purposes. The other 1050 Kgs., while the average daily consumption in the cattle are IJsed to a large extent by Dhobies and Kumhars. village is only 180 Kgs. (17.14 per cent). The remaining milk in sold through the milkman in surrounding urban Livestock areas. In the neighbouring village 8ahardoi a private 'milk tanker collects milk from the surrounding villages and the Comparative picture relating to livestock in the same is sold in the nearby urban areas. The average village owned by various caste/communities in 1961 income of the villagers has thereby increased. A few survey and at the present survey is given in Table 111.10. buffaloes were also given to weaker sections at sub sidised rate alongwith insurance coverage by the Block The abo~e table shows that out of 100. sample Development Office. Goats and sheep are not reared for households 83 were rearing cows or buffaloes for milk 75 Qj ..0 0- ~ E ' >. ~ «i C\I ..... 0- ...... 0- ..... :::I Gl 10 cO (0 cO 10 cO <0 !Xl 10 !Xl <0 !Xl 10 !Xl 10 !Xl 10 ~ ~ III 0 ~ '- .g_ ·c "iii" t: III 0- 0 > c :::J Gi .~ :u '- II:! 0 ·E E 0- .c :::I III E ::I .c 1J .c CD ;Q -" .c .5 .... :2> 0) CD 0 E ·iii I/) iii ~ E c III .c .c ::I Gi ~ Gi 0 " OJ ~'" cD'" 0 15 ~ ~ Z I--'" ~ ~ I-- I-- a: 0 J: :E 76 requirements. It is note worthy that there is sharp reduc members of eighteen households are earning their bread tion in the number of bullocks due to the fact that they by adopting the occupation of a milkman, whereas, there have now been replaced by tractor. A sHght decline in the was none in this category in the previous survey. A number of ponies, horses and donkeys was due to rise in private tanker collects milk village from Bahardoi . How their cost price and availability of other better means of ever, cooperative movement in the village has yet to see transportation. The number of claves has increased the light of the day in this regard. more than five times. Similarly, the number of goats, ,sheep together with the number of households, owning Trade and commerce them, has shown an upward trend. They are being reared by Dhobies, Fakirs and Telis apart from Baghels (Gad Activities related to trade and commerce by differ eria). Cross-breeding facilities are available at the veteri ent caste/communities observed in the village are given nary hospital, SahpatJ which is guite far off the village. in Table 111.11. Consequently the villagers are not taking the full benefit from it. But several banks and agencies are giving incen Table 111.11 shows that selling of milk has become tive for the rearing of improved breed animals to raise the an important business among almost all the communi milk production. The village falls in Sadabad tahsil of ties. Out of total 26 households engaged in trade and Mathura district, which is famous for it's milk product commerce, 18 are engaged in this occupation. knOwn as 'Peda' throughout India. It is noteworthy that Table 111.11 Activities related to trade and commerce by different castes/communities (1987 survey) Religion/ Total No. of Type of trade No. of households engaged in trade and commerce castel households by value Rupees community engaged less 1001 2501 5001 8001 than to to to & 1000 2500 5000 8000 above , 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Hlindu Baghel (Gaderia) 6 Milk selling 5 Retail trade 1 Brahmin 7 Milk selling 3 Grain trade 2 Grain trade by bullock cart Retail trade Dheemar Milk selling Dhabi (S.C.) 1 Milk selling Kori (S.C.) 2 Milk selling 2 Kumhar 1 Milk selling 1 Thakur 3 Milkselling 2 Mobile cloth seller Muslim Fakir 4 Milk selling 2 Mobile untencil s,eller 1 Retail trade 1 Teli Milk selling Total 26 2 5 13 5 1 ,77 The next important business is that of a retail trade are undertaken due to increased economic needs of the in foodgrains. In the previous survey there was only one households. Such activities are rendered in order to household doing retail trade whereas now their number substantiate their earning and are called subsidiary oc has gone up to three. cupations. Nine households engaged in trading activity were Caste/community Wise detail of occupations fol landless people. Sixteen households owned land up to lowed by the villagers as observed during the present 2.5 hectares and only one household was having 2.6 to survey are presented in Table 111.12 5 hectares of land. Dunlop wheel bullock carts, horses, ponies and donkeys are the prominent means of trans The Table shows that out of total 100 households, portation for carrying out trade. A malority of illiterate 24 belong to the Baghels (Gaderia). Sixteen heads of heads of household are doing the business of milk households are working as cultivators, three as agricul· selling. Seven heads of households of Brahmin commu tural labourers and another two are selling milk, while nity are doing multi-business activity like selling milk and one is a share cropper. Of the remaining two, on~ead grain and retail business. Five head of households be of households in government service and the oUler is longing to Baghel community are selling milk and one working in households. doing retail trade. Amol1g Thakurs out of three house holds two are selling milk and one is selling cloth. Fakir Similar is the case among the Brahmins. Out of head of households are carrying on retail business, seIl their total 26 households, eighteen heads of households ing of milk and aluminium utensils. are working as cultivators. In fact the main occupation of Brahmins in this village is CUltivation. One head of house Industry holds WQfi(Jng as an agricultural labourer. Three head of the households are working as Teachers, three as milk No Industry as such has come up in the village after sellers and the remaining two households are engaged in the last survey in the year 1961,At thattime 19 agricultural service. households were engaged in Gur making, but due to high cost of cultivation and engagement of the field for The main occupation of the Dhobies, a scheduled I the whole year, cultivation of sugarcane has been abon caste, is washing of clothes. Out of their total nine doned. Now this village industry has been replaced by households, only four are doing their traditional occupa milk selling. Only one Kori (S.C.) household is continuing tion. The three heads of households are working as his traditional work of weaving on part-time basis, milk agricultural labourers. Likewise the Koris, who are also selling being his main occupation. Similarly the Telis, scheduled caste, have abandoned their traditional occu- who used to crush mustard and rapeseeds for prepara . pation of weaving. Now all the four head of households tion of oil and Khali (Oil cake) have now taken up the lob are working as agricultural labourers. of selling milk. - Making of earthen pots is the traditional occupation - Only one potter is maintaining his traditional occu- of the Kumhars in the village. Out of their three house pation by preparing earthen pots such as Ghara, Matka, holds. one head of household has adopted the occupa· Handi (for cooking), Bha/ua and Chirag etc. He supplies tion of milk selling. these pots to the villages throughout the year. In lieu of his services he gets food grains from the cultivators and There are 20 households belonging to the Thakurs, cash from others after the harvesting season .. who.areengaged in cultivation. constitute the third majoL caste of the village. Fourteen head of their househo:ds Occupations and occupational Shift are maintaining their traditional main occupation as CUl tivators. Two heads of households are working as agri The main occupation of malor castes of Baghels cultural labourers, and of the remaining, two each are (Gaderia), Brahmins and Thakurs it) Nagla Beru is culti· teachers and engaged in household duties. vation. The second largest category of main occupation of rest of the villagers is agricultural labour. Out of total 12 muslim households belonging to Fakir and Teli communities four are working as cultiva Apart from the main occupations other activities tors and agriculturallat:v jrers while two heads of house- 78 A big grainary (Kuthla) made of clay and mud 79 Washerwomen washing clothes in the village Pond A traditional village potter 80 ell .. >. :::J .. C\I :::J 0 ..... C\I J: '0 '0 . ~ ~ !!! a. QI III Q, 411 .e. :::J en e s:0 0 0 - ::2 c: 1 QI QI lii s: "'"III 0 .. € E ... C\I 0 Ifi ~ 8. '2 :s E . 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They engage themselves in activities different from that of the head of household. Subsidiary occupations Table '111.13 gives detail of such mobility in occupa" It may be seen from Table 111.12 that except Nais tions obs~ived in Nagla Beru during the present survey. almost all the castes and communities are adopting subsidiary occupations. Selling of milk occupies the As large as in t~irteen households belonging to the top position as 13 household out of total 21' are cultivation occupation their oth~r members adopted differ engaged in this activity .. ent occupations viz\ Tailor (1) service (4) rearing of animals (2) business (1) laboufEiJrs (3) doctor (1) and driver (1). Occupational diversity Among two households where the occupation of the head of household was service, one adopted cultivation and Occupational diversity implies adoption of vari- other become a labourer. . T~ble 111.13 Distribution of household classified by number of members and by main occupational diversity (i.e. differentmembers having different occupation) Occupational diversity No. of No. of workers with households different occupations than that of the .. head of househpld .. 1 2 3 1. Cultivation (Head), Tailor(1) , Service (4) Rearing of animal (2) Businessman (1) Labourer (3) Doctor (1), Driver (1) . 13 13 2. Service (Head) Labourer Cultivation 2 3. Share Cropping (Head) rearing of animal 1 1',. 4. Potter (Hearl), Agricultural Labourer 5. Agricultural Labourer, (Head) Tonga Driver, Cultivation 2 2 Total 19 19 Similariy, among the two households where head share-cropper and a potter, became agricultural labourer of the househdds were agricultural labourers, adopted and rearer of animals respectively. The occupational diver cultivation and tonga driving as occupations. Another sity was found among nineteen households in the village two households, where heads of the households were due to economic needs. 83 Inter-generation occupation shift ticipation has also slightly declined to 44.65 per cent while that of females improved marginally to 3.72 per Inter-generation shift takes place when an occupa cent. During 1987 survey workers engaged as cultivators tion other than that of the head of household is adopted (54.14 per cent) and agricultural labourers (17.83 per by various kins in the household. cent) have maintained their supreimacy over other occu pations and percentage share of cultivator has slightly Table 111.14 shows inter generation shift among declined, and percentage of agricultural labourer as im various households in Nagla Beru as observed in the proved to (17.83 per cent) against 12.07 per cent. The present survey among 100 households. Among sixty percentage of wor~ers engaged in "rearing of animals", cases the occupation of the head of the household was barbers. casual labourers and teachers have shown an the same as that of their fatrers while it was different in increasing trend. Some of the categories of occupations case of 40 households. like hawker of vegetable, weavers, grain parcher, oil producer, village level worker, musician and domestic In fifty nine cases the occupation of the head of servant have altogether disappeared. Similarly people household was the same as that of their father's father engaged. in transport services and washerman has de and in 37 cases the occupation was different from them. clined in the present survey. Some members belonging to the occupation of washerman are now doing other Twelve head of households continueq,the occupa work, such as selling of milk or agricultural labourers. 'tion of the son of the head of the household while Similarly, under transport service a drastic change has eighteen heads of households adopted different occu " taken plac~. During the present survey several newoc pation than that of their sons. cupations like mobile utensil seller, tailor, doctor and em ployees belonging to different departments have come Fifty-nine heads of households carried on the up. Five persons have now adopted the occupation of a occupation of mother's father, whereas 34 heads of milkman. The potter and the share cropper have how r.ouseholds persued occupations different from mother's ever maintained their number even after a period of more fathers. than twenty five years (1961 to 1987). f Similarly in fifty six cases the occupation of the The overall pattern of engagement of households head of households was the same as that of their mother's in various occupations indicate emergence of urban brothers, and 33 head of households occupation differed oriented trades, which have helped in boosting the eco from the occupation of their mother's brothers. nomic status of the village community to some extent. The table 111.15 shows that in 1961 there were 174 Employment/unemployment (32.34%) workers out of a total population of 538. Male participation was 56.46 per cent and that of females was Level of employment and unemployment is shown 3.28 per cent. During the present survey the number of in Table 111.16. workers has reduced to 157 (25.20 per cent). Male par- 84 '0 ~ iii Ol .~ E ~ .~ I: IU E Cii .c '" ~ LO C\I ..... I T"" T"'" .... , ... ,..,. Q) E ~ g c --g Q) .s= '0 d 5"0 0 1: .- -0 :i 0 ~.c OK ~ ~ ~.~ () 0 ;t Q) O.c_"O 85 .!!! 'U '0 .c 2l:;, o .c '0 ~ CI) .c Ul <0 ' CI) c i <0 '0 E c: OJ .2 .c 'lii Q, ~ o::J o o CI) £i 'U c ..<0 c Ol l!! ~ '5 :g ~ .!!! c: o i Q, ::J It) 8o ~ .cCI) ~ Ul ~ ....o CI) .8 o CII 0 ' 8 ..III ~ ~ c zo 86 'tl .~ iii 0 >- en C "0 0 II) 0 a. N 0 >- (!) D ·!!! 'tl (5 .c ::s *o .c '0 'tl III Q) .c en ~ ~ 0.. ::s N o o o Q) £: 'tl C II) III E ~ Q) :; 'tl en . , ..tIII .!!! c o ~ , ~ " 0.. co M ::s o o ~ Q) .c i: , ~ en Q) en ~ '0 Ci> D E o z::s II) N ... '0 -g Q) c (5 :c Q) "0 Q) c III Q) ::s .. I: a. o \~ Z ~ 87 SEX- WISE WORKERS IN DIFFERENT OCCUPATIONS 1961 & 1987 NUMBER OF WORKERS It) N N CD o -o III- o 111 CD 0' CUltivator Agricultural Labourer Rearing of Animal, , Live'tock. Shore Crop., Hawker of 'Jegetable, Retail at (4rocery W.anr Potter Groin Parcher Oil Producer Transport Service Banker Ca,ual Labourer Teach.r IIllIage Level Worker Bu, Conductor Mu,lclan Domestic Servant b)?iMi:::~~ FEMALE Railwav Gatlman; Labourer. 1I1 N c Nil I,N Driver ( Tractor) o Service I·~,'"""·,,_.'., "'~"'" :::,::-,:,1r Doctor (B. A. M. SJ Tailor Milkman t~::;::::::::: ::-.::) Hawk"r at Utensils l:j G1 0) , ' G1 (ij , E co It) C\I ~ C\I N If I'- >- I'- ci 01 00 ..> OJ :::I .!: co....." :; OJ a Q) as0 c CI> , Ci ~ ~ II) II) ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ II) ~ "III (ij ..... 0 co C\I ~ ' -Q) CIl (ij C') v .- C\I .- .- C\I ~ C\I .- .- (") C') (") .- ~ ~ C\I II) 10 22 0 C\I Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z 10 ~ IU ~ .- c: 0 C\I II) c;j (") .- .- C\I .- C\I .- C\I (") (") (") .- .- .- C\I ~ 0 91 Table 111.16 Distribution of households by size and number of adult workers No. of Total Number of households by size and number of adult workers number of workers noted in column No.1 in the households household 1 to 3 4 t06 7to 10 11 and above 2 3 4 5 6 Nil 6(7) 2(3) 4(4) Nil Nil 1. 60(159) 14(31 ) 25(64) 21 (64) 2. 19(88) 1(3) 6(29) 9(39) 3(17) 3. 11 (58) 2(9) 9(49) 4. 1(5) 1(5) 5. 2(18) 2(18) 6. Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil 7. Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil 8. 1(8) 1(8) Total 100(343) 17(37) 38(111) 39(152) 6(43) Workers 153(44.61) 16(4.67) 47(13.70) 66(19.24) 24(7.00) Non-workers 190(55.39) 21 (6.12) 64(18.66) 86(25.07) 19(5.54) Note 1. Total number of adults in the table is given in brackets. 2. Figures pertaining to workers and non-workers in the brackets at the bottom are percentages. - Table 111.16 shows distribution of 343 adults in four them, 66 (19.24 per cent) are employed while 86 (25.07 categories of households. Out ofthem 153 adults (44.61 per cent) are non-workers. The supremacy of non-work- per cent) are workers and 190 (55.39 per cent) non- ers is overcome in the last category, where 6 households workers. In 17 households with 37 adults, 16 (4.67 per with 43 adults have 24 (7.00 per cent) workers and only cent) are workers and 21 (6.12 per cent) are non-work- 19 (5.54 per cent) unemployed. ers. In the next category of 38 households with 111 adults, 47 (13.70 per cent) are workers whereas 64 Sex-wise distribution of workers and non-workers (18.66) are non-workers. The third category is having 39 of all age-groups, caste/community wise is given in table households with the maximum (152) adults members of 111.17. Table 111.17 Caste/sex wise distribution of workers/non-workers (1987) Caste/community Total workers (all ages) Total non-workers (all ages) P M F P M F 2 3 4 5 6 7 Hindu Baghels (Gaderia) 44 38 6 118 49 69 Brahmin 39 38 129 52 77 Dheemar 7 6 Dhobi (S.C.) 10 8 2 37 14 23 Kori (S.C.) 7 7 8 2 \ 6 Kumhar 5 4 8 3 5 Nai 5 5 10 4 6 Thakur 30 30 82 26 56 , Muslim Fakir 12 11 .47 19 28 Teli 4 4 20 6 14 Total 157 146 11 466 181 285 There were in all 157 (146 males and 11 females) (28.03 per cent) are among Baghels whereas Brahmins workers out of total population of 623 (327 males and 296 account for larger proportion (27.68 per cent) of non- females). The work participation rate is thus 25.20 per workers. cent. Male workers have predominance (44.65 per cent) over females (3.72 per cent). Castewise breakup of work- Distribution of non-workers by different categories by ers and non-workers shows that the maximum workers age-group is given in table 111.18. 93 Table 111.18 Distribution of non-workers by age group, sex and type of their activities (1987) Age Total Full time Households Dependant Infant Disabled Group non-workers students duty p M F P M F P M F P M F P M F P M F 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 0-14 276 143 133 125 82 43 4 3 88 29 59, 59 31 28 15-19 41 23 18 24 23 15 15 2 2 20-24 32 10 22 ' 9 9 22 22 25-29 '19 19 19 19 30-39 28 27 28 27 40-49 21 21 21 21 50-59 21 21 16 16 .5 5 13 60 + 28 4 24 \ 13 13 3 10 2 Total 466 181 285 158 114 44 138 2 136 109 33 76 59 31 28 2 Table 111.18 shows that the age-group 0-14 ac '. urban areas, while only one employee was working counts for (59.23 per cent) of non-workers. Of them beyond 45 kilometres. males are 30.69 while the females are 28.54 per cent. A larger proportion (45.29 per cent) of non-workers in this Workers/non-workers seeking employment age group are full time students followed by dependents (31.88) and infants (21.38). Most of the non-workers in Table 111.20 shows that in all 29 persons (28 males other age groups are doing household duty. and one female) were in search of work. Distance from place of work Among workers all the 13 persons who were illiter ates and not registered with the employment exchange Distribution of workers in Table 111.19 shows that 84 were seeking work. Another 2 literate without educa cultivators 23 agricultural labourers, three employees, tionallevel and three workers with primary level of educa eight single and nine family workers were working within tion were job seekers. Out of three middle pass workers the village (i.e. 1.9 kilometres away from their houses). two were registered and one was not registered with the Two cultivators, one agricultural labourer and two em employment exchange. Among four matriculates two ployees were working at a distance between 2.0 to 5.0 were registered and two were not registered with fhP. em kilometres from their residence. Agricultural labourer ployment exchange. The remaining three workers with and employees three each, one single worker and five technical qualifications were registered with employ family workers were getting their work between·6 to 9 ment exchnge for seeking better jOb_ kilometres away from their residence. Similarly, agricul tural labour and single worker one each were found There was only one male matriculate non-worker working between 10-13 kilometres distance. There was registered with the employment exchange seeking work only one employee who was working beyond 14 kilom in the village. etres in rural areas. Household income It may be seen that only eight employees out of 17 and two single workers out of 12 are working in urban Average income of 100 households belonging to areas. Both the single workers and two employees were different income groups from various sources in given in working at a distance between 5-14 kilometres one Table 111.21. employee e.ach was working at a distance between the range .of (5-24 kms and 25-34 kms. The maximum 3 Thetable shows that there was only one household employe~s were working between ~5 to 44 kilometre~ in with the sources of income in the income group of upto 94 ..... u. ' .>< <0 It) It) 0 0 ::E ~ .2- 'E If rh 0- It) 0> It) .r ::J (ij Ci5 u.. ' Qj .)< 0 ::E <') <0 CII 0 ~ .¥ (I) ... Cl c ~ CiS 0- (II co CII CII '0 ~ 8 .! Q. 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Four households belonged to the income Household Expenditure group of Rs. 1001 to 2000 and their sources of income were three. In the income group of Rs. 2001 to 5000 Details of various items of expenditure among dif twenty nine households derived their income from leight ferent castes/communities of the village together with sources. Twenty three hosueholds in the income group . percentage break up of expenditure to total expenditure of Rs. 5001 to 7500 had maximum eleven sources of in are given in Table 111.23. come. Eighteen households falling In the income"group of Rs. 7501 to 10,000 earn their income from ten sources. Table 111.23 shows that expenditure on food in The vemaining 25 households get their income from respect of 66 per cent households ranged between 26 to eleven sources, and fall in the income-group of more 50 per cent while iQ.case of 26 per cent if ranged upto 25 than Rs. 1000. per cent of the total annual expenditure. The second im portant item of expenditure was clothing. The annual ex It may be seen that households in the income penditure of 69 per cent households was upto 25 per group Rs 5001 and above earn from thirteen different cent while 31 per cent spend 26 per cent to 50 per cent sources while in the next below group of Rs 2001-5000, of the total annual expenditure on clothing. the various sources of income'are eight only. Out of 100 households 53 per cent households Distribution of households with reference to in ,spent upto 25 per cent on vegetables while other four per come-group, occupation, caste and community of the cent, annual expend~ure on this item was between 26 head of the households is given in Table 111.22. per cent and 50 per cent. Similarly, 60 per cent of the household's annual expenditure on Pulses was upto 25 Distribution of households, by income-groups to per cent while 62 per cent household's expenditure on oil gether with their castes/community in table 111.22 shows and condiments ranged upto 25 per cent of their annual that there was only one Brahmin household in the in expenditure. come-group of upto Rs 1000. In the next income-group of Rs 1001 to 2000, there were only four households. One Upto 25 per cent of the annual expenditure was each of the households belonged to Baghel (Gaderia), spent on education by 59 per cent households of the Dhabi (S.C.), Kori (S.C.) and a Teli respectively. village. Fuel and light was another important item ~f expenditure, on which 49 per cent of the household's The maximum 29 households had their income annual expenditure was upto 25 per cent. Medical atten range of Rs. 2001 to 5000. Out of them nine belonged to dence was another important item of expenditure, on Baghel (Gaderia), three to Brahmins, four to Dhobis, two which 75 per cent households, expenditure was upto 25 to Karis, to Kumhar one, six to Thakurs and four to Fakirs. per cent of their total expenditure. Twenty three Households drawing their income in the income-group of Rs. 5001 to 7500 six belonged to Baghel The other items of expenditure on which the villag (Gaderia), two to Brahmins, one Dheemar, four Dhobis, ers did not spend much include drinks, ornaments, Korione, Kumhar two, Thakurs four, Fakirs two and Telis recreation and other items etc. one households. Similarly, eighteen households belong ing to different caste/communities had their source of Purposes of indebtedness income ranging between Rupees 7501 to 10,000. The remaining twenty five households whose range of in A comparative pIcture of indebtedness showing come was more than Rs. 10,000 belonged tothe cultivat- purpose, amount in Rupees and percentage to total debt . ing castes/communities such as Baghels (Gaderia), Brah during 1961 and the present survey (1987) is give in table mins, Thakurs and Fakir, respectively. 111.24. 100 GI 0 .~ J! 'Ct 4i =~ '$ I:') "" .c::: "- '0 0 Q) "J: c: ti CI !!! ~ CII 1/1 III Q. ::I E'" I) J: c: .... '0 Q) 'f .r. 1 .c::: 0 CI til ~ CII I:') J: ~ ~ III I!!. -0 ~ c ::I 0 ~ e 2 ... e "5 !!! 0 0 ::l 0 U .;: 0 ~ ...... ' .0 $ 0) If .!! 1/1 c: 3 as 0) > c: c .. Cl I:') CII CII " "5 ... co •c 0 () g 0 41 .0 ; clJ 0. (/) :s "0 g ::l 0 (5 :::J co 8 J: .r. 'C 0 (/) .... 0. "0 , III ::I !!! a. 0 0 as a. .. .r. .c::: "- (/) e f' Q) 0 E (/) 0 ::J , U 0 .! c: .5 J: S if~ E'" (0 4) g c 41 I:') I:') CII I:') (0 ::I ..'" "- .Q "5 E 0 is'" ~ c 0 Q, z (/) 2i ::J (/) {! 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CD CD C 0 ~ ::.:: z I- tf l- I- a '0 -= X :E 110 CAUSES OF INDEBTEDNESS 1961 & 1987 CONSTRUCTION & REPAIR OF HOUSE ETC. D BUSINESS MARRIAGE ,DEATH AND OTHER SOCIAL OBLIGATIONS ~- --d· OTHE R CAUSES SICKNESS DOMESTIC WANTS CULTIVATION Table 111.24 Purposes of indebtedness during 1961 and 1987 Surveys Purpose Indebtedness by amount and percentage Survey year Amount of debt Percentage (rupees) to total (debt) 1 2 3 4 Construction and 1961 100.00 0.18 repair of house etc. 1987 Nil Marriage, death and 1961 10,400.00 19.09 other social obligations 1987 13,500.00 7.64 Sickness 1961 300.00 0.55 1987 Nil Domestic wants 1961 17,430.00 32.00 1987 4,800.00 2.71 Cultivation . 1961 22,600.00 41.49 1987 1,09,000.00 61.69 Business 1961 500.00 0.Q2 1987 20,9Q0.OO 11.83 -' Other purposes 1961 3,140.00 5.77 / 1987 28,500.00 16.13 / Total 1961 54,470.00 100.00 1987 1,7'6,700.00 100.00 The information collected during the present sur at the present survey was for byslness./" As" much as 11.83 veyand presented in Table 111.24 revealsthatthevillagers per cent of the loan was taken for business in the present did not take loan for construction and repair of houses study as against less then one per cent reported at the and sickness. Similarly, only a meagre amount (2.71 per 1961 su!Vey. The amount of debt taken for the purposes cent) of debt was taken for domestic needs as against other than mentioned above w_as much more than the 32.00 per cent reported to have been taken in the last debt in the first survey. This indicates economic self de survey. The debt taken due to social obligations such as pendence and improved economic position ofthevillag death and marriage etc. was 7.64 per cent against 19.09 ers. percent in 1961 surveys. Themaximum~mount is61.69 per cent of the total debt was taken for cultivation pur Details in respect of debt of occupations pertaining poses as against only 41.49 per cent reported at the time to 44 households are given in Table 111.25. ofenitial survey The other main purpose of debt reported 112 Table. 111.25 Households under debt by occupations--t987 survey Occupation of the head of Total No. of No. of house- Total amount Percentage household households holds in debt (in Rs.) distribution 2 3 4 5 Cultivators 51 29 1,18,000.00 66.78 Agricultural labourers 17 6 17,200.00 9.74' Milkman 5 3 9,500.00 5.38 Shopkeeper 1 1 800.00 0.45 Potter 2 1 500.00 0.28 Teacher 5 2 14,000.00 7.92 Branch Postmaster 1 1 10,000.00 5.66 Utensil seller 6,700.00 3.79 Total 83 44 1,76,700.00 100.00 The Table 111.25 corroborates the fact that loan Financial assiStance taken by cultivating households and agricultural labour ers together account forthe major portion (76.52) of the Out of total nine households possessing their own total loan. transport such as bullock carts, animals (horses, pony, mule or donkey), Ekka Tonga or a tractor, six have Source of finance received financial assistance from the banks on monthly instalment basis. The main sources of finance were State Bank of India and Land Development Bank, both, located at Apart from the banks, thetraditienal moneylenders Sadabad. Co-operative Bank the "Atm Nirbhar Sahkari in the village continue to enjoy a good reputation among Samiti Mangroo advance minor loans. the villagers as they provide help without much compli. cation. Two of them are registered money lenders. The term and conditions" for repaymer.t of loan. were on monthly instal'h,ents basis with simple interest The securities for getting the loan were surety by upto a specified time. In case of non-payment of interest, reputed person, mortgage of cultivable land, proportion . / compound Interest was charged. of share money and some deposits. Out of forty folM' households who took loan from various agencies, two Table 111.26 shows that out of 44 households 23 reported difficulty in getting the loan. Some had to pay' were paying interest upto 10 per cent. In ten cases the bribe to the officials or middleman for obtaining loan. ratepf interest ranged between 11 to 20 per cent, while in nine cases the rate was 20 per cent and above. The Table 111.27 gives sources of finance for the capital remaining two households who took loan from their expenditure, which include construction and improve close relations did not indicate rate of interest. ment of buildings and other structures, development of land and purchase of livestock etc. Twenty three households had to repay the loan through monthly instalments, while loan of 21 household It is clear that maximum (43.95 per cent) amount of was time bound. finance was met from their personal savingsfollowed by loan from the banks (29.65). The third source or finance Among other terms and conditions of households was borrowing from sale of asset (9.66) as subsidy. Apart who took loan through security of a reputed person, 16 from friends and relatives, the cooperative credit society by mortgaging land, 6 by becoming shar-eholder and 3 and~privata.money landers are also playing important by depositing some sum of money as security, 12 house role. The Atm Nirbhar Sahkari Samiti, Mangroo suppHed holds got loan without any securities. chemical fertilizers, insecticides and other essential . 113 "0c: '5 «I ~ 0 (7) N It) (7) 1ii iI- ..0 ~ 0 (II ....CII N .5 ....,.. 114 co (\j .... ,.- II) .... "U CD :t:: E rJl II) :J 0 .... (\j " <'? en Q. c CD <11 "U .2 c CD ~ <11 -CIl 1; til .c. til 0 ~ ..,. ~ "iii C\I C\I (\j .c. :; .::: <11 so ~ 0 .0 CD en til til ::2 C .s:;0 0 lll\ :J 0 .c al '0 t:: 0 CD ci E Ol <'? co m ' "U ~ C CD 0 (\j Q. !:2 (") <'? ,__ til CD ...GI Q. ~ c: CD ~ (/) >. ! c £! CD S C ~ g e CD .c '6 0 E .... ' :J Cj) <11 Ol Q. .c ~ "S; ~ ~ l:- e ~ CD <11 .s:; m i- .r::. .... ~ ~ CD Ol c <11 "i III c c. "0 C e <;- "ti ~ '6 CIl <11 0 "0 '6 .c 0 .:c 0 "U CiS c 0 m <11 ~ e ..s III ..s e E x en :; <11 0 en 0,'0 Q. c G) CIl' .s:; e 0 0' > Gi til ~ E ~ ~ CD c ~ ~ as :::I Q. ~ -~ iii <11 Gi ~ ~ c: .c (I) as .s:; c: III !S ell ... co E e ~ III > "U ~ a. en "U "U C\I <11 ~CD CD c C § as Q. Q. :~ as E c c $ e <11 m ~m 'N ~ .0 0) .r::. r! CIl CD 0 (/) til ::l .2 x z '6 "U as 0 C .r::. Q. - ~ "f c e "U :::I as x °e 'i' as -CD ~ .::: as CD E 115 ,\11) C 0) 0 <0 § g c? ,..: § c5 § § g Il'i .. Ol C :::I o .... C ~ II) "C E C Q. ~ 0 "C~ § N N II)'" :;> ~ "C C CI$ "C '"C II) it 116 o oL- en c co ::2 a> en co .:; ai .~ a> o() CIJ a> > ~L- a>a. o I 8 '0 en c :0 ·5 £Xl 117 items such as karosene oih _Sugar etc. Bhumi Vikas Bank ent name of the SOCiety is 'Atm Nirbhar Sahkari Samiti advances loans for the purchase of improved agricul Ltd', Mangroo. There are now 655 members as against tural implements and diesel pump sets. only 61 at the time of previous survey. The present share money of the society is Rs 2,93,040.00 which was only Rs Taccavi Loan 1,850.00 h 1961. It ac:tvanced a total sum of Rs 3, 14,369.00 as loan to its members in 1986-87, as against only Rs. It was learnt from the Block Development Office, 8,300.00 in 1961. The 'society is reported to be running Sahpau that during the last five year, i.e. (1982-86) no with sufficient profits in the last year (1986). The society taccavi loan was given to any cultivator in the village. advances short term loans and supplies fertilizers, seeds and grains to the cultivators. It is also running a fair price Change in the revenue rate was made in Fasli year shop in Mangroo village, which sells kerosene oil and (1978-79). The irrigation charges per acre of land in case sugar etc,. at cheaper rate. of private diesel pumping sets ware RURees eleven per hour while for government canal ware Rupees forty per The area of operation of the society is spread over hour. However small farmers having agricultural land Mangroo, Hasanpur Baru, Narainpur Bad, Veer Nagar, less than 3.3 acres were exemp~ed from payment of land Ughai, Nagla Beru and Chhatra villages. Out of a total revenue. members of 655, 143 are from Nagla Beru (including . Chhatra) village. People from almost all the communities Co-operative Societies etc. ~re member of this society. In order to provide credit facilties to the cultivators The details of the advances made to the members a Co-operatives society was registered in 1959. For one from Nagla Beru Panchayat during 1~86-87 furnished by year it worked as primary society and there after it was the Secretary of the society are given in Table 111.28 converted into a s~rvice co-operative society. The pres- Table 111.28 Loan advanced by the 'Atm Nirbhar Sahkari Samiti, Mangroo' to 'members of Nagla Beru Gram Sabha during 1986-87 Particulars Amount (in Rs.) Total number of members during the year 1986-87 143 Number of mellibers to w~ome short term loan was 30 advanced Details of distribution of food grains, seed including fertilizer (a) Food grains 20 Quintals @1 Quintal each (b) Seed 10 Quintals @1 Quintal each (c) Total amount of short term loan on food grain/seeds/fertilizers Rs.31,386-75 Table 111.28 shows that the loan amounting to Rs. On enquiring the details the Panchayat Secretary 31,686.75 was distributed among 30 members of the informed that the amount of loans mentioned above was society in the village. given in kind in the shape of food grains, seeds and fer- 118 tilizers. The commulative value of all these items clubbed Similarly table 111.30 depicts the details of valuable together was reported to be Rs. 31,386.75. The whole assets purchased during the last flVe",years (1982-86) by amount of loan was given during Rabi season In the member of different occupations. shape of short term loan only. Valuable assets worth Rupees 2,25,951 were pur Sale/Purchase of valuable ,ssets during the last five chased by persons belonging to different occupations in years (1982-86) the village during the last fIVe years. For purchasing tractors and pumpin sets 63.86 per cent of the totaf Table 111.29 gives details of the sale of assets with amount was spent, while for purchasing land 12.30 per their money value and number of households together cent was spent. The percentage of amount spent for with time in the village during the last preceding fIVe years purchasing livesto_ck, buildings and ornaments were (1982-86). 19.39 per cent, 3.98 per cent and 0.47 per cent respec tively. Table 111.29 shows that ten h.ouseholds sold live stock worth Rs. 17,100 and three households sold land In order of priority purchase of tractor was given costing Rs. 86,000. There was one household each who first consideration followed by livestock and land. Negli sold building and pumping sets, worth Rs 3,000 and As gible amount was spent on purchase of ornaments. 5,590 respectively. 119 cD Gi :l til '(;j Cl > c: >---:- v 00. cD til ~ cD c: a: (J) ~I/) 11) c. E 0 :l o~ >- ~ ~ l- ll. ~ ~ "Q "0 s:; ;;:; GI :t:. cD 1/1 0 :l :l cD '(;j 0 c. > s:; ~ Cl >---:- .... M c: cD (/1 § § 0 cD '6 c: a: I/) M at C. 0 "Q r/) oS o~ '" CQ ~ ~ Ol ~ ~ ~ GI :2 ~ s:; "0 '0 cD c: '(;j 0 r/) -;:: Cl CQ c: Il. :::J t Col 0 cD Col C. :::J 0 ~ '(;j >- r/) > .c "Q >---:- § § C\I cD til "Q "0 ' :sCQ :::J iii > Cl 120 £I c: Q) E co 0 «I in in E ic: ~ C?- O c- +' Q) '"«I '0 Q) :a .!It .s::. 0 , , , ~ ~ -g Q; :; 0(ij... CD "'0 Ui O. CI) .s::. "0 <11 ..0 !f- "0 .s::. ~ j CD 1ii c: ~ c <1.1 «I 0 ::J 0 e G> 0 (5 a. ::J r.n c -; s:. ~ E 0- 10 ::J CD as ::J CD > Qj "5 .s::. 'iii .s::. E c oQ Ul c E ... ::J f! CD 8 "0 0 ~ m ~ ~ :5 =~ CHAPTER IV SOCIAL AND CULTURAL LIFE Social life coloured clay just before Diwall. Like previous survey, even now the mud floors of the houses are smeared with House is one of the most fundamental needs of the a thin layer of cow dung mixed with yellow mud and human life. It's shape, size and design together with the water. type of material used for construction represent the socio-economic status of different segments of the Thus amenities like a separate kitchen, lavatory, population in village. Sofaras materials used for the con bathroom and water for drinking and washing purposes struction of houses are concerned, thay depend to a not available at the earlier survey, are now in possession greater extent upon the availability. of them in local sur of some households. roundings and economic condition of villagers. At the time of previous survey conducted in 1961 there were The Table IV.2 presents the availability of these pucca, partly pucca and totally kuchcha houses in the amenities by different castes and communities as found village, but there was predominance of kuchcha houses. during the present survey (1987). A few pucca houses belonged to high castes of the Hindus only. But in the re-study survey the number of Table IV.2 reveals that among Hindus 22 house pucca and semi-pucca houses was found to be quite holds of different castes have separate kitchen, whereas high both among Hindus and Muslim communities. number of such households ~mong Muslims is seven. The remaining households are either sharing with others Material of floor. wall and roof of the houses ordo not have them separately. Four households each of Thakurs and Fakir communities and one of Brahmin Use of different type of building materials by castes enjoy the facility of separate lavatory now. The rest ofJhe and communities in the village as observed in the present households of the village continue to go to the open re-study survey are shown in Table IV.1. fields. Nine households have their own bath-rooms and one household shares with others. Similarly, thirty two Table 1\1.1 shows use of mud, wood, bricks, stone, households have separate drinking water facility, while cement and iron for the construction of walls, floor, roof the remaining are sharing with others. Thirty one house and ceiling. Pucca bricks, cement, iron and to some holds have separate facility of water for washing. Elec extent stone also have been out of reach of the weaker tricity is not available to thi.s village as yet. sections in the village. Among Muslims use of these \ materials has shown some improvement. By and large Classification of households according to the availa people belonging to Scheduled castes and backward bility and occupation of rooms belonging to different castes are living in kuchcha houses with mud walls and castes and communities of 1987 survey is given in Table thatched roof, IV.3. The comparative position atthe earlier survey i~ also given at the bottom of this table. Availability of household amenities Table IV.3 shows that the number of rooms occu During the 1961 survey it was found that separate pied by 100 households has slightly declined to 195 as lavatory and bathroom was not available to anyone and against 208 occupied by 93 households in earlier survey. in most of the houses. Cattleshed was adjacent to the The number of households possessing only one room living or sitting room. There was no arrangement for the has also increased from 29 in 1961 to 44 in 1987, while the passage of smoke out of the house, consequently, it population has almost dOUbled. Only 27 households are spread freely in the whole house, but now the traditiQnal now occupying 2 rooms each as against 37 earlier. The chulhas used earalier have been replaced by smokeless number of households occupying three and four rooms chulhas provided by Block Development Office. The each is almost the same, while number of persons living walls of the kuchcha houses were plastered with mud in them has gone up margi,nally. The number of,house mixed with cow-dung and periodically coated or washed holds having five rooms each has remained the same. with clay. Even now the houses are cleaned with mud or An old typical Kuchcha house Traditional Kuchcha Thatched house i24 An old semi-Pucca house A modern Pucca house 125 -,... ,... C")'- - .. o...... C")- C") CD 'C") -. ...... (II 01 '0> C") 0>11) C") .... -C") 'ti '0 c: ~ a::i 1 ~ ~ C» CII .!! 'tJ .5 ! c: J • 1 I .c S ,I. c ~ I ~~~ U) "" ~~ J J J 127 i!- t) -;:: () 10 ?" 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C) C) C)Q.I [E o.~ c: G) -= c: c: G) I/) °i .E I ~ ~ 1 o~ C) I 0) ~ CI C) CI o~ ~ CI c: :I: g'.E c: :I: c: 0:;; ... ~ c: 0;:: :I: c: .!: .... ail o~ III o~ li 0 ~ .c 0 '0 .c ...0 Z :I: C/) Z ~~ Z :I: C/) z :I:D5 C') CII C') "(II C') CII C') CII C') / CII -8 ,; '0c: §_ CII 2: ... ::J .§ GI ..lI:: Ii ... :g :iii .c 129 Q) .l! c: :; 0 Q. c: CO I/) I/) >. 0 0 "U ~ ., c: .~ 0 :u 0 Q) cD 00 Q. 00' 0 130 The number of households under the category of "un village above primary level classes wear pant ,and shirt. specified" has declined. A majority ofthe households (71 The Muslims also generally wear the same dress as the per cent) are Qccupying one or two rooms each. Hindus. They wear payjamas and caps only on ceremo nial occasions. Fuel and lighting The women-folk generally wear blouse, sari and a In ttw absence afforest area people use cow dung, petticoat. On rare occasion the older women mostly wood, stalks of crops, and kerosene oil for fuel and belonging to lower castes, put on lehnga, kamij and lighting requirements. dopatta. Muslim ladies at the time of first sutvey wore tight payjamas generally made of cheap cloth, but now Dress and ornaments this dress is used by a few and that too made of good variety of cloth. Foot-wears like Slippers, Havai chappals There has been a significant change in dress pat Sandals and deshi juti are commonly used by Hindus. tern and use of ornaments after the last survey. A com However, suthana and burkas have been discarded by a mon villager even now wears the same Kamij or Kurta, majority of Muslim women in the village. Dhoti and the foot -wear called "desh; juti". However, the use of cap has now become unpopular as ~nly _a few The Table IV.4 (a) and (b) present data relating to people were seen wearing a cap. Some people wear dresses being prominently used by adults (males and kamij (shirt) or Kurta made of terricot cloth. The school females) and Children as observed during the present going children generally wear payjamas, knickers (half survey. pant) and under-wears. Students studying out side the Table IV.4(a) Male dresses (adults and minors) worn by number Name of dress Adult's Name of dress Minor's number number 1 2 3 7- ",:__ . -4 '-' Dhoti 66 Pant 21 Lungi 14 Lungi ~'1 Kurta 57 ShirtjBushirt 68 Pant 18 Half-Pant 63 Banyan 13 Banyan 14 Shirt (Kamij) 1 Payjama 12 Payjama 21 Kurta - 5 Coat 9 Coat 1 Cap 19 Table IV.4(b) Female dreses (adult and minor) worn by number , - Name of dress Adult's Name of dress Minor's Number. number 2 3 4 Dhoti97 Salwar 35 Blouse 87 Kamij 6 Petti coat 44 Frocks 57 Kamij 7 Kachha 45 Kurta 16 Dhoti 1 -Blouse 1 131 ."t'- A village women in modern dress .132 Oldest man of the village Oldest Woman of the village , 133 The above dresses are uniformlly worn both by Ornaments Hindus and Muslims in aaily use. Similar to earlier survey the ornaments worn bywomen represent their economic Local names and the metal of which the ornaments status. are made, worn by ladies in the village are as under: local name of the ornament . Metal and use Tops, Jhumki and Bali Ear-rings made of gold pr silver. Hansli A round nack ornament of gold, silver or sometime of copper with gold coverings, weighing quite heavy. Kardhani Worn round the waist made of silver. Hac, Seetarami, Matermala, Necklaces of various kinds made of Locket, Janjeer and Shakunt~/~ Mala silver or gold Teeka An ornament worn on the fore-head made of silver or gold. Dastband and Karey Bracelets made of gold or silver worn on the wrists. Loung Nose pin made of gold. Lachhey, Chhel Churi, Worn round the legs near the ankles Karha, Hanjeen, Torhia made of Silver. and Payal Bichhua Worn on the fore-Finger of feet by married Women. Hindu married women, apart from wearing metal rope Charpais has also similarly insreaed. Moreover, 31 ornaments, use invarialbe cosmetic such as Bindi, Sin Newar Charpais were also found among various castes durand Churi (bangles) whereas Muslim women do not and communities. The number of Cycles has gone upto apply Bindi and Sindur on their fore-head. 62 in place of only 19 reported during the the initial study. The other household goods such as Lalten an Stools Household goods among different castesJcommu"ni (Bench) have almost doubled themselves in the present ties survey. Possession of household goods by various com Classification of luxury and costly goods possessed munities in the village as revealed by the survey of 1961 by various castes and communities during 1961 survey and 1987 is given in Table IV.S. and the present survey (1987) is given in Table IV.6 Table IV.S indicate that the number of chairs has It may be seen that in 1Y61 survey there were two increased manyfold, specially among the Brahmins and Gramophones for recreation. While there is decline in Thakurs during the present survey. The number ofT abies their num?er in the present survey, the number of Radio has also increased more than five times. The number of sets has gone up. Except cycles, all the remaining items 134 en j; 0 -I 0 Z 0 ~ ;:s- III ;:s- III Q. I» 0- ::;.III 3 2- it ~ CD :::J -a ~ ~ !!!. 2. :::J .;+ 0 C1I 2: 3 Z ~ CD "0 ~ .!. I» ~ ...... (/) ({) ({) ({) ~ t:: en 3l ~ 3l ~ 3l ~ ~ 3l en en III -.j -.j .... -.j ...... ~ ...... ~ .. <1 C1I '< ~ IT .... i' 11.' .... (.oJ' 1'1) ~ 1'1) (l) 1'1) 1'1) &' en 10 :<(II ;:s- !!. :r c0 III C1I OJ :s- 1'1) ...... ~ .... 1'1) ... 1'1) Dl 2- 1'1) 1'1) OJ ~ en 0 en ~ ~ 0 (.oJ (.oJ 1'1) ;:r a. 3 U) 5' ~ 0 III ;:r "J ~ C1I 1/1 s-0 C1I 1/1 CD C 3 a. !!! ~ s- a. U) 0- ...... 0 '< C «) (.oJ 1'1) 1'1) (.oJ ;:r ~ 0 g ..:::I 2: e: s-'" a '" o .... g- ii' J>, 0 1'1) 6 3 III :::!. 3 III c 3i :::J !. IT i- '< I: s·'" ~ 01 (.oJ 1'1) "3 :s- s: ID !!! C1I ...... III ~ 0 ji) 0 10 :I Z C1I (l) 1'1) 3 !!!. I: :::I C1I III= .... •III 1'1) ... w...... -I s- .... J>, (11 (11 0 (11 J>, 1'1) 1'8 1'1) ;:r 8 III ... ~ :« ~ ... II a.:::I I: .". '"~ (() Ol (l) IN 1'1) ~ G> ~ '< ... (.oJ (11 .... (11 g ...... 8 «) 135 CLASSIFICATION OF LUXURY AND COSTLY GOODS BY I . CASTE AND COMMUNITY 1961 & 1987 NUMBER OF GOODS ' Wrist Watch ;m~~gmim~g~~mmm~~~Jm 1987 Table CLoCk ~~~ \ Radio Set ~;~~~ Gramophone .~ Tope Reco.rder~ Cycle Immm Baghel (Gadorio) ~ Gun C rza Brahmin ~ Dheemar [_N Camera g ~ Dhobi • Kori SteelAlmirah [illill]~- ~ Kumhor ~Noi St eel Box - f22LZ2J~~ ISSJ Thakur llIIllIllI Fok I r • Teli Wooden Sox Ii.hL1~:.N N-Nil Sofa ... ~ of costly good such as, Wristwatches, Table clock, Tape among almost all the castes anq communities except recorder, Camera, Gun, steel Almirah and Boxes and Kumhars, who do not possess any of such items. Sofa etc. are new additions to the village households Table IV.6 ClassifiCation of luxury and costly goods by caste and community in 1961 and 1987 Survey Name of Survey Baghel Brahmin Dheemar Dhobi Kori Kumhar Nai Thakur Fakir Teli Total item year (Gaderia) (S.C.) (S.C.) 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 WristWatch 1961 1987 15 19 2 13 4 55 Table Clock 1961 1987 2 5 5 12 Radio-set 1961 2 2 1987 3 9 9 22 Gramophone 1961 2 , 2 1987 Tape-Recorder 1961 -. 1987 1 Cycle 1961 2 10 5 1 19 1987 18 18 2 15 6 62 Sewing 1961 'Machine 1987 3 10 9 23 Gun 1961 1987 Camera 1961 1987 Steel 1961 'A1mirah 1987 4 5 - Steel Box 1961 1987 11 11 WOoden 1961 Box 1987 2 4 Sofa 1961 1987 Household Utensils For preparing Chapatis dough is prepared either in a Khatoti (made of wood) or Parat made of brass and Utensils commonly used by all the households aluminium for making the Chapa tis. Tawe and Chimta .belonging to various castes and communities are made generally made of iron are used Gilas, Lota and Tontidar of wood, aluminium, iron, brass and stainless steel. T~eir Lota (Badna) etc. are used for drinking water while Ka/sa .possession indicates the economic position of the house and Balti are used for storing the drinking water. Thali hold .. Chamcha Katori, Katara and Bela are-used in serving of 137 Aluminium utensils commonly used by an average household 138 Stainless Steel utensils in use by a high caste household 139 food. Bhagona is used for boiling milk and water. Kator (a yellow clay). dan made of either brass or stainless steel are used for storing the surplus Chapatis etc. . Table IV.7 presents the type of utensils used fOT" . cooking and serving food among different caste, J.nd Apart from metal utensils some other utensils are communities of the village as found in the present study made of clay, seed and mixture of paper and Multan; Mitti (1987). Table IV.7 Classification of households by utensils used for cooking/serving food Name of caste J lotal Number of households where cooking Number of households where utensils for community No. of utensils are made of servicing food are made of House- holds Brass Copper Steel Kansa Aluminium Brass Copper Steel Kansa Aluminium 2 3 4 5 6 7 8; 9 10 11 12 Hindu Bhaghel (Gaderia) 24 21 11 16 15 15 7 2 Brahmin 26 25 2 20 ~ 17 21 3 Dheemar 1 1 1 1 1 Dh6bi (S.C.) 9 6 6 B 4 .8 4 2 Kori (S.C.) 4 3 4 3 2 Kumhar 3 2 3 2 2 Nai 1 1 1 Thakur 20 19 2 11 15 14 17 5 Muslim Fakir 9 6 8 4 5 7 Teli 3 2 3 2 2 Total 100 85 6 52 74 62 70 2 31 6 It may be seen that for preparing food 'the utensils Hindus some Thakurs, Dhobis, Dheemers and Karis are made of brass, copper, aluminium, steel and Kansa are non-vegetarians; by and large all the Muslims are non used by different households according to their eco vegetarians. Seasonal fishing is done by the dhobis and nomic condition. Among 85 of them the utensils are the Muslims in the pond of the village. However, none of made of brass, in 74 of aluminium and in 52 are made of the residents in the village was found to be a regular steel. The use of copper and Kansa utensils was found drunkard. seven households only apart from other metal utensils. Ghee (refined butter) and milk are consumed in While serving the food the use ofthe above utensils well to do households. Milk is generally sold by the poor got reversed inmost ofthe households. Utensils made of people to the milk-lTlan. They however use it during copper were used in maximum households (70) followed illness of self or infants. Cereals produced locally are by brass utehsils in 62 households and the third place in used by villagers. Vegetables are consumed by the order of use in occupied by Kansa utensils used in 31 affluent people, while pulses are mainly consumed by all: hduseholds: The extensive use of steel and aluminium Fruit is not an item of daily use. Onlya few well to dofami utensils has been replaced bycopperand brass utensils. lies take one or other seasonal fruit frequently. During Their respective use in households has come down from mango season, deshi variety of mango grown locally are 52 to 2 and 74 to 6 only. . consumed by the inhabitants. Water-melons available during summer season are also used. They do not take Food and Drinks tea regularly. Rice is cooked on some ceremonial occa sions. Wheat is consumed in well to do households, Majority of the villagers are vegetarians. Among - ,whereas coarse grains, like barley, maize, peas, grams, \ ' ,\ 140 ~ Z ,o ~ ",' ~ ...QI .c O\~ :::J QI o ~ 'C ~ .. 0 ell ... o cD of o '" 'C .. ~ -g 0 o ... '"~ M o QI E ~ '" ell ~ ell 0: z 0. \ W o :::J J: o ~ o U 0 ..... N (/) " o " a. ('. " ~Q~ " o o 0(1.- " - _J U>- _J r.n o w ..... ~ z " Z J: ~ £:) " o c( " r.n UJ W o (/) ..J ...J>-u:; 00: Q. w o eO) W 1: Q. ::> l:: 0: J: - o l/l W UJ J: ~ (/) Z ;:) o o .-... J: ... '0 '" o c ~ E 't:I 0 ~ c OJ OJ o '" ... N ::s :: ~ 0 o ~ a. '0 E .eIl c C .;n QI o :::J ... ~ c II' ... OJ OJ ...... o ... .! OJ .... M a.'t:I 0. ~ 0 :J ._ :::J ... OJ o ~ o ~ ~ u u - U D 0 o 10 HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION BY NUMBER OF MEMBERS 1961 & 1987 45 40 III "0 0 -s::. 30 GI III ::J 0 :c ~ 0 . L. GI 20 .0 E ::J 2 10 o~~~--~~~~--~~~~--~~ 2-3 4- 6 7- 9' 10+ Number of Members ~ 1961 r -: -:1 t981 jwar and bajra etc. are generally used by the poor village life, which determines social, economic and eth people. Normally they do not take break-fast. Chapati nic status. There are single and multi-member families in and dal are the main food items consumed by majority of the village. Members are related to one another in many the households at lunch an dinner. A mixture of wheat ways. Traditionally joint families have been in abundance and gram is the usual diet of the rich, whereas mixture of in the Indian vi:lage life. The parents or some elder barley and gram is the staple food of the poor. A majority members manage the affairs of the whole household and of the villagers take only two meals a day, whereas some generally their actions and decisions are binding and households take three meals daily. honoured by all. A comparative picture of composition of house Household composition holds by type in 1961 and 1987 in Nagla Beru based on Joint family system is a vital force in the Indian survey data is shown in Table Iv.a. Table IV.8 Household composition by type in 1961 and 1,987 SlINey .Survey year Simple (couple Intermediate Joint (couple Others and unmarried (couple, un married sons/ children) married bro daughters & sisters thers/sisters & brothers and one of the parents 2 3 4 5 '1961 (93) 26 12 42 13 1987 (100) 46 31 23 The above table shows that a spectacular rise took almost half of the 1961 survey. place in the number of simple and intermediate house- Housepold composition by number of members is holds whereas the number of joint families reduced to given in Table IV.9. Table IV.9 Household composition by number of members during 1961·1987 Survey Survey year Single member 2-3 member 4-6 member 7-9 member 10+ member and total No. Popula- No. Popula- No. Popula- No. Popula- No. Popula- number of tion of tion of tion of tion of tion of house house- M F house- M F house- M F house- M F house- M F holds holds holds holds holds holds 2 - 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 196'1 (93) 6 5 16 28 15 42 108 94 20 88 69 9 65 65 1987 (100) 4 2 2 13 19 18 38 118 108 33 114 10a 12 74 60 143 It is interesting to note that the number of house pomp and show, while in case of a daughter it isjust in a holds consisting of 'single', "2-3 members", and "4-6 routine manner. The priest suggests a suitable name also members" categories has shcmn a declhing trend, whereas and predicts his future. Friends and relatives are given a the number of households with more than seven mem feast. Mother's father or brother brings some gift for the bers has gone up. It indicates emergence of !ntermediate child and. the mother. They are generally received with a with large member families in the village during 1987 ceremony known as P~chh Pahnava. The old earthen' survey. pots are replaced. This ceremony is also known as Taga, Bandhan. The well from which water is drawn fordrinking Birth and social customs purposes 'is also worshipped. Mundan ceremony is per According to Hindu mythology the wedlock is a formed between the age of one to eight years. The head sacred union of two souls, which cannot be broken of the child is shaved either in a field out-side the vilage during their lifetime. Atthe prime age, the birth ofa child or on the bank of Ganga river. The Bua (father's sister) is further strengthens the mutual love and affection. Male given some gift on this occassion. The Yagyopavit (sacred child is considered essential for continuation of the clan thread) ceremony is generally performed among the while female child for Dan (Kanyad~n). The birth of a male Brahmins before marriage. But now no separate cere child is-welcomed with great joy while that of a female mony is held, rather it has been linked with the marriage without any rejoice. ceremony. With the completion of this ceremony it is expected that the boy will sincerely follow the principles Birth ceremonies of his religion. At the time of delivery an untrained indigenous Dai Among Muslims just after the birth of a child of (midwife) is called from the neighbouring village Chhatara to cut the umbilical cord. If the newly bor,n child is a male, either sex. Azan (an arabic word meaning that only God a Swastika mark (considered auspicious) is put by the is almighty is cited in the ear). The birth of a son is wel sister of the father of the child on the main door of the comed with great joy like the Hindus While that of a female child goes un-noticed. On the seventh day of the house. The detatched cord of a male child is burried , / while that of female child is thrown away. Next day the birth AJ 144 Marriage payment received/given by the households during 10-19 years ago. This category disappears in the marriages performed during 5-9 years interval and Marriage is a permanent wedlock ofthe two (male and within the preceding five years. Similarly, category (b) female) adults. In order to make their future life happy and of payment i.e., between Rupees 200 and 1000 after a smooth some gifts are. given by the parents and other steep rise during 20-39 years interval (75.00 per cent) relatives to the newly married couple. The groom's side declined to merely 31.03 per cent in the marriages gives ornaments to the bride, while the bride's parents and performed within the preceding five years. relatives give the gifts in the shape of utensils, cloth and other essential items of a married couple. The emergence of category (c) i.e. payment of more than Rupees 1000 from 12.50 per cent during It is customary both among the Hindus and Muslims. 20-39 years interval to the maximum 68.97 per cent Among Muslims the amount or other items having cash during the last five years is most conspicuous. value given or promised at the time of marriage of a Muslim bride are called "Mehar". This is due to improved economic condition of the residents of the village belonging to different "During the present survey people were asked to indi castes and communities. cate the amount or items having cash value given/taken during the marriages performed within specific interval of Role of special functionaries times. During the marriages particular persons per Table IV.l0 gives details of amount/cash value re form specific work of ritual. Such persons are known ceived during the marriage of males performed during the as Special functionaries. They are Brahmin, Nai, Kumhar, last forty or more years. The amount or cash value paid/ Dheemar, Dhobi, Kori and Baghel (Gaderia). Except received has been categorised in three categories i.e. (a) Brahmin, all other castes among the Hindus perform payment ranging below rupees two hundred, (b) Payment the service activities. Among the Muslims a Maulvi ranging between Rs 200 to 1000, and (c) payment of more enjoys similar status as a Brahmin among the Hindus. than Rs 1000. Apart from the Maulvi, some other special functionar ies are also invited among the Muslims also. The percentage break up of marriages performed forty or more years ago where payments were received Table IV .12 shows details of the specialfunction show that in maximum 8 (61.54 per cent) households the aries among various castes and communities at the amount of payment ranged between Rs 200 to 1000. Simi time of male persons and time of marriage. lar tre'nd continued during the marriages performed upto 10-19 years ago. But a rising trend in the category (c) i.e. It may be seen that in 19 marriages of Baghel range i.e. of more than Rs 1000 is conspicious. This cate (Gadaria) community 19 Brahmins and 12 Nais were gory surpasses the other categories of (a) and (0) in the called as special functionary. Among 24 Brahmin's marriages performed during 5-9 years ago. It is note worthy male marriages 24 Brahmins and 17 Nais services that the maximum 7 households (58.33 per cent) received were utilized for specific works. Among the marriages payments of cash or kind whose range was more than of Dhobis (S.C.) Koris (S.C.), Nai, Dheemar and Kumhar rupees 1000. Similar is the case of category (b) in COmparI the Brahmin and Nai performed their special role. The son to (a) during this interval. . marriage among the Thakur households are cele brated with the largest number of special functionar Table IV.11 shows break up of payment given at the ies. In 18 marriages 18 Brahmins, 17 Nais, 5 Dhee time offemale marriage among various castes and commu mars, 3 Dhobis and 3 Bhangis performed their specific nities during the specified intervals of time. roles. A glance at the table indicates that category (a) i.e., Among the Muslim Fakir households 8 mar amount given upto Rupees two hundrea in cash or kind riages were performed with the help of 8 Maulvis, 4 shows it's existence from maximum 50.00 per cent forty Nais and Witness and Kumhar one each as special year ago to only 15.38 per cent in marriages performed functionary. 145 oj E; to tor-: CI) C'I l!! III CD ~ C\I co ' ~ co C') C C') C') C') C\I II) :::I E; C'i e C\I e en 0 «i y II) ...... 1\1 >- II) a a ' 146 G) :§: co CIl .~ :; Ul 8 E (ij 8 d Q) co d 0 '0 >- ~ C\I ~ C') co G) E + :;:I 0 ' 147 ...10 .S E i .s E I ...N .5 E i o... .s E 110 C") ~ C") .,...... .E E 10 ~ C") C") l~III c: a .2 .E u a c: III :::I 10 a 0- .,... c: CD &~ III t:: 'C III i E E c: (5 g '!-0 I- E 8. o i= '6 ... 148 iii .s; '0 GI "5 C. ~ to 10 (II I") C/) to (II C ::!: Q; cCl 0 .~ I- '0, 15 (ij to C :J Cl :J Iii ::!: c u.. .s::: W E ~ .9 :J III ~ Cl C 0 Q; .0 "C U) (/) '0 Q) ,s;; I") CD (II III S :J 'j 0 .c CD :5 e GI .s::: ~ iii 'iii ..,. III '0 Z ~ GI GI ~ Cl a. to to ... C/) C :l2 Cl 0 .~ c U If '0, C E to '0 Cl ~ ... C ~ GI W :J (II 10 CO .0 to (\j E ~ :J Z :0 0 .s::: 0 ('I) 0 (II :J "C C '0, :f c to .9 .c rtJ III (l) (II ('I) c 0 Q; .0 "C '0 lii .s::: E GI CD CO (II 10 III CD .- :J .s::: 0 0 ,s;; CD .s:::... e .s::GI ~ 1/1 Q) ,... ,... I") ..,. I") ,... to iii 'iii .- .~ Z '0 ~ a.CD to E :; C/) c ~ 0 '0 to Cl G; .s:: c 15c ,E .0 I- .~ :J E u.. .s::: co co I") ' ,;~ "0 q, "C ...rtJ c Cl .!!! to to ~ "E ~ ~ e e! (II to E 10 to to E c c ~ ~ to ~ ~ ~ .a '0 ~ .c (l) to GI CD ... ~ .- ~ CD III (l) :c c. III I + to E 0 I- i= '0 ~ 10 .- ~ ~ ~ 149 The Brahmins and Maulvi's ritual role in marriages malities at the residence of Dhobis, Kumhars and Koris. is essential and identical among Hindus and Muslims He used to write Peet Patrika and lagan, tell about marriages. auspicious day and date of marriage at his own resi dence after accepting his normal charges. But now he Table IV.13 shows the amount of remuneration goes to the ho.uses of the lower castes and performs paid to the special functionaries and distance from which marriage ceremony~ they came to attend the m~rriages. The Muslims perform their marriage ceremonies A glance at the table shows that the special func within their community members. The Hindus also par tionaries were either from the same village or came from ticipate in their marriage parties. For them special eating a distance of within 5 or more kilometres. Not a single arrangements are made separately and the dishes are' special functionary came from town to attend the mar prepared by a Hindu Ha/wai. riage both among Hindus and Muslims. The minimum remuneration paid was upto rupees five. No feeling of conflict was observed in the village during the present survey. Similar formalities are performed in the marriage of J females by the special functionaries. Death customs Sitting arrangements for categories of participants at Like marriage, death customs continue to be ad marriage feasts hered to by most of th~ castes and communities~ Feasts after death are still arranged in the village by the Hindus The sitting arrangements for participants in the and Muslims as per their tradition. marriage feast is almost uniform in all the castes of the Hindus. First of all members of the marriage party are The mourning period 0f thirteen days is observed in given feast. After feeding the Brahmin (Priest) members all the Hindu castes while the Muslims observe mourning of the lineage of the household are fed. Next to them for three days only. Thereafter purification of the house is affinal kins and in the third ord.er other caste follows are done as per respective customs and traditions. fed. Thereafter high castes i.e. Brahmins and Thakurs oc cupytheir place. Last of all lower castes like Chamar, Nai, Manner of disposal of dead bodies Dheemar etc. are fed. Among the Hindus dead bodies are disposed of in Among Muslim households separate arrangements several ways, depending on the age ofthe deceased and are made for Hindu participants, if any. cause of death. Theidead bodies of thedeceased due to snake-bite, small-pox, chicken pox and the dead bodies Caste/community association in marriages of children upto three years of age are burried, while the \ dead bodies of the persons died in accidents, natural Marriage is such an important event that various death and due to various diseases are cremated. In a few communities participate in conformity with the old age cases due to poverty, the dead bodies are consigned to / customs of the village life in one way or the other. They river water. are inter-dependent among themsetves. Members of almost all the castes and communities participate in all Among the Muslims all the dead bodies are burried. the activities which are directly connected with the village life. Religion, Leisur and Recreation: The Dhobis and Koris have been recognised as Religion scheduled castes in the State of Uttar Pradesh. The residents of Nagla Beru village belong to two In the changed atmosphere of social awakening major religions viz., Hindu and Muslim. Hindu account due to spread of education, their status has improved to ing for 86.7 per cent of total population are segregated some extent. It was reported in 1961 survey that the into castes such as Brahmins, Thakurs, Baghels (Gad Pandit (Priest) did not perform marriage ceremony for- erias), Dhobis, Koris, Kumhars, Nais and Dheemars. The 150 Q) 0>ro '5 Q) .c '5- Q) Q. E ~ .c.~ en -0 o c: ~ 151 rn Ql + c:o 2:- I!) E 152 + '"E <0 II') .::£ C\I CD Cl 2:- .!!! «I 5 c: c: 0 ~ :E '"E ~ U .::£ II') c:Cl c: E c5 ~ II') C\I C') °a .2 ,g CD CD '0 Cl ;t .... c: CD CD 8 .a °E CD "C'" Cl 0i! c: E E E .!!! CD «I ::s 0 «I ' «I 0 Q) a. + (/) '"E II') -" C\j CD Cl 2:- ~ «I os c c 0 ~ :E '"E ~ U ~ .::£ o. 1U c E c5 ~ II') C\I ;t .2 ,g Cl '0 c: .... Q) ~ CD c c CD .a °E Q) Q) CD :§ 0 E E E .!!! Cl ::s 0 «I 0> 02! c: Z 0 en 5 C') CD '>' "iii'" Ci ~ a. "C ::s c E :E «I Q) Q) 1J'" a, > CD 0 c: c <0 0 ~ - «I ::s ...... l!l "C (if E. «I 0;:: c Q) "C '"111 CD 0 0 ~ "0 "C Q. ~ "C '0 CD 111 C') c: U ~ 111 ~ ::s ~ '"0 c iii ~ U ;;:: c °c .s:: Gi °E E iii :5 0 ~ Q) ~ .s:: Q) 'E CD :::I ~ :0 .::£ .5 .... :§> "C Cl Q) 0 E 0(ij «I iii .. ~ ~ :0 E -5 c: 111 ~ ~ ~ ::s ~ :::I Gi I- 111 Gi 0 co co 0 0 ~ ~ Z I- af l- I- a: 0 '0 :i: == 153 (/) + E !O I LO .lI:: ("') !O ("') 0> (/) Cl) ~ .g> 0 (/) c: + E ~ ::l LO .lI:: ("') • <11 ~ 0 til c: c: (/) Q) 0 :E E a. :g E .lI:: 0 (J) c: ~ LO ("') .2 .g .... Ol 0 c: ~ Q) .... 0 Q) "E Q) :0 "~ III .0 E CD 0 Q) Cl) 0 (/) .J::. E E ~ .J::. ::l 0 0> 0 "iii '0 z &:l 5 C\J V LO ~ "0 ";:: '0 '0 Ol "0 c: c: Q) c: !O 0 1ii ::l .0 ~ co <11 C\J z ~ E Ol ~ e v LO c: ....~ "5> 0 c: ....c: ~ :l c: 0 .9 LO "2 a. -... "0 "'C "0 <11 as c: <11 CD "'C .~ 0 0 .J::. (5 .J::. "'C ~ "'C* '0 <11 <.) ~ ("') c: III ~ <11 ~ ::l c: (ij U c: "c 0 ~ iii ...... J ~ .J::. a; E ::l 0 .J::. E CI) ~ .J::. .§ "iii "E Q) ::s .J::. :0 .lI:: .... Q) Q) 0 :2> E .J::. Ol E "(ij <11 iii :i: '0 :is C <11 ~ ..c: .J::. ::::I .s:: :l CIl a; I- <11 a; 0 .. m l- LL. " m 0 0 ::.:: z I- I- a: () '0 :f ~ :::E 154 Muslims being 13.3 per cent oftotai population comprise other means of rest and recreation forthe villagers. There of Fakir and Teli communities. (See Appendix table). is not even a Dharmshala for community activities. Our .. ing discussion with the village Pradhan it was learnt that An old Shiv temple and,a Chabutra of "Pathwari" land has been earmarked for the construction of goddess beneath apipaltree are the two religious places Dharmsha/a. in the village. The people believe that the Pathwari God dess, controls the incidence of small pox. Young women For enjoyment and recreation young boys play after bath offer water on the Chabutra every Mondaywith Kabbaddi etc. and sing traditional songs locally known pious feelings and devotion. Muslims go for Id-nimai to asAllah, Dhola and Baramashi. Some people were seen Sadabad or other areas on special occasions. playing cards, but not for gambling, just for recreation during leisure hours. On ceremonial occasions Ramlila and Nautanki teams are invited from Mathura or Hathras for giving their respective performance. Nowadays a Superstitions are an integral part of the people in few young people assemble in the evening and sing the village, particularly for the women folk. Sneezing at devotional songs known as Satsang for about two to the time of departure for a particular work, seeing of three hours after dinner in the night. empty vessel, crossing of way by a cat from left to right, seeing one-eyed person and aTeli etc. are considered in The young girl after finishing daily domestic worl<' apsPicious. Whereas, meeting a person with filled vessel spend their leisure time in preparing of traditional fans or a suckling calf or small black bird on the right hand, which ere used during summers made from seed of sight of a sweeper etc. are considered good omens. wheat plants. In the local area they are called 'Pankha' or Journeys towards eastern direction on Monday and 'Bayna' Similarly, Ashan (a small carpet'in square form) Saturday are avoided. Similarly, journey on 1st and 16th is made from the leaves and flakes of maiz plant. day of Saka month is considered inauspicious. Married daughters do not leave their parents house on Wednes The old men spend their leisure time in gossip ping, day. Yoke is not put on the bullocks on the 15th day of smoking of Hukka or Mini Hukka and preparing of rope Amavasya of the calender month. However, with the from seed plants for Charpais. passage of time and spread of education and frequent visits to urban areas the faith in superstitions is loosing The ladies repair the walls of the Kuchha house and gripe among the younger generation. their courtyard with a mixture of clay and cow dung (Gobar) in a decorative way. They also spin yarn out of Festivals cotton by traditional-charkhas. All the important Hindu festivals such as Shivratri, Influencial people HoJi, Nag Punchmi, Raksha Bandhan, HariaJi Teej, Jari masthmi, Dussehra and Diwali are observed in the vil The symbol of power and prestige in the village life lage with great pomp and show in the traditional way. is embodied by the place enjoyed by a particular caste in Observance of the festivals infuse a sense of devotion the caste hierarchy. The people belonging to higher and spirit among the villagers. They enjoy them and feel social status, namely Brahmin and Thakurs, are dominat happy. ing the socio-economic arena of the village life. The main source of their power is land. Although, Baghels (Gad Cattle fairs held at various places during the year erias) belongtothe backward category, buttheyalsocall also are means of amusement for the villagers because themselves Thakurs. they sell and buy cattle according to their reqUirements. In the village the most important person is the The Muslims also observe their own festivals. It is village Pradhan, Shri Tursi Raim Sagar, t>elonging to peculiar that the Muslims observe almost all the festivals Baghel (Gaderia) caste. There are a few traditional money of the Hindus and present good example of communal lenders in the village, who enjoy respect and honour from harmony in the village. villagers. Details in respect of some of the prominent Leisure and recreation persons having influence on various aspects of village life bythier caste, age, sex, education, occupation along" Except the celebration of festivals there are no with thier field of activity are given in Table IV.14. 155 A scence of recreation in the night· Specimen of hand-made fans by village girls 156 Girls engaged in preparing "Ashan" A woman at work on spinning wheel 157 ~ A villager smoking a "Hukkah" A villager preparing a rope 158 A woman coating court-yard wall with a mixture of cow-duQg and clay Leading persons of the village 159 m ~ .c: (.) c 8:. Q) g> 'S;: '0 ~ Q) ..c E Q) ~ 160 Table IV.14 leading persons of village Nagla Beru Name of the person Age Sex Caste Education Occupation to the source of income 1 2 3 4 5 6 Shri Tursi Ram Sagar 52 M Baghel 8th Class Cultivator & (Gaderia) Pass Pradhan of the village Shri Rajbir Prasad 55 M Brahmin Branch Post· Master and I cultivator Shri Mahender Singh 52 M Thakur Illiterate Social worker Shri Anup Singh Rana 35 M Thakur B.A. Pass Cultivator and Social worker Shri Ram Bharose 52 M Dhabi Illiterate Labourer (Tonga Driver) Social worker among Ohobis Shri Mahipal Singh 50 M Thakur Below! Cultivator primary Shri Ganga Prasad 60 M Brahmin 8th Class Ctitivator} Both are Pass registered Shri Lakshmi Narain . 58 M Brahmin 8th Class Cultivator lenders Pass The administrative organizations Functioning of traditional panchayat etc. Some of the operating organisations in the village are Nagla Beru is a multi-ethric village. Several castes Block Development Office situated at Sahpau, Nyay and communities of Hindus and Muslims reside amica Panchayat with headquarters at Arti village, Village Pan bly. Traditions and superstitions continue to dominate chayat, Bhumi Vikas Bank, Mathura and Atm Nirbhar the behaviour bf villagers to a large extent. The matters of Sahkari Samiti, Mangroo. Several development works dispute among villagers are decided by the traditional are executed by the B.O.O. Office through Tahsildar, Panc~ayat Its' decisions are generally binding on all such as Twenty Point Programme and the Integrated members of a particular caste. With the enforcement of Rural Development Programme (IRDP). Police admini U. P. Panchayat Raj Act, 1947 the trad itional panchayat is stration is implemented at village level with the help ofthe loosing Its~ hold. village Pradhan, who is a vital force in the village admini stration. Village Panchayat Is a statutory body entrusted 161 with revenue and administrative powers at the village Organization of peasantry workers etc. level. It involves direct participation in the local elections to this body. After 1961 survey, election to the village Most of the people of this village are engaged in panchayat were held in 1972. Details in respect of 1972 agricultural activities either as cultivator or agricultural Panchayat elections are not available at the Block Devel labourer or share cropper. They are un-organised and opment Office Sahpau, (Mathura). However, at the time self-centred and have no organisations. Several milkman of 1982 elections the two villages were divided into four purchase milk at low p~jce from the villagers and sell the wards. Candidates belonging to Thakur, Baghel (Gad same in neighbouring towns of Sadabad or Hathras and erial, Brahmin, Jatavand Muslims contested the elec earn good profit. tions. Shri Tursi Ram Chandra, a Jatav by caste from Chhatara Village was declared elected unopposed as Political parties Up-Pradhan. Two more Jatav candidates and a Thakur lady were also declared elected unopposed. Politic;:tl affiliation of the members of village Pan chayat and other leading persons in this village are At the time of Panchayat ela._ctions, pditical cliques/ found to be associated with the Indian National Con factions specially on caste basis 'become very. active. gress, Janta Party and the Lok Dal. Indepedent candi Actually the elections are contested more on caste basis dates have also 'lVon in the general elections to the State than on political affiliations. It is note worthy that the Assembly and the Parliament as may be seen from Table village Pradhan and Up-Pradhan, both are from lower IV.16. This table gives an idea about the political behavi communities. The economic position of the panchayat is our of the people in different elections. generally poor, consequently no developmental activity could be taken up to proper level. Shri Tursi Ram is Political behaviour in the elections etc. continuing second term of village Pradhan. As stated in the foregoing para the political behavi The composition details of the present panchayat our of the people ranging from village Panchayat to are given in Table IV.15. Parliamentary elections has been fluctuating from time to time. However, the district as. a whole has been a strong Almost all the developmental schemes sponsored hold of opposition parties. by several Govt. agencies are implemented thrOUGh Pradhan. Crimir .'1 and civil disputes are also dealt by him It is observed that during the elections held after initially. Last year (1986) the only dispute referred to the 1961, Congress Party won twice from Sadabad and Mat Nyay Panchayat, Arti proved to be false and baseless. Tahsil in 1967 and 1980. Similarly the Lok Dal (previously The village Panchayat has no building of its own and its known as Bhartiya Kranti Dal) also won the MLA's elec financial position is very poor d ue to non-cooperation by tions in 1974 and 1984. In the elections held after emer the majority of villagers. Consequently at time due to lack gency period, the Janta Party led by Late Sh. Jaya of funds panchayat faces difficulty in implementating Prakash Narain swept all the assembly seats. It is note. some of the schemes and programmes. worthy that Chhata Tahsil has been the stronghold of the oppostion parties. Out of four general elections to the Caste/community association Lok Sabha seat, Congress party had won in the last election held in 1984. There is no association, samiti, clubor other organ isation based on caste or community in the village. Range of contact with outside world Faction and clique Construction of pucca road from tahsil headquar ter Sadabad to Bahardoi village has improved links with On the prima facie, there is no faction or clique the urban areas and various centres of trade and com operating in the village. However, at the time of Pan merce. Hathras and Sadabad are urban centres of inter chayat or other elections the factions/cliques emerge,on action between the villagers and block level and other caste basis but disappear soon after elections are over. officials. Primary Health Centre,Vaterinary Hospital and 162 c: c: 0 0 :; ~ > > ~ :;:; ;;:) :; 0 0 c: >- 0 c: c: c: c: c: c: c: 2 ~ "0 0 0 0 0 (() (i) :J .s::. i :; ~ E E Q) ::J :;:;> :;:;> :;:; 0 0 > > > E (i) (i) (() 0 :;:; ~ ;;:) :; :; ..a ~ ~ "0 Ii) ~ G) E .<:. 1i Ol (ij Ol III a:. _J .s::: c: I- Ol (ij Ol Ci5 .s::: .s::: ';5 _J c: 0 .c Ol .s::: E 0 Ol c: 0 2 d .,..: N ("j u:j .,..: N ("j - 163 s rJ) £ rJ) g[ ~ & OJ '5 Cl) r::i .s ....«I 0 -'" ..... c: ::.:: c: c: -'" 0 ...,«I ]j (!) 8 ai ~ .9 a; > E .!? $ ~ ~ .t::. G) «I :> s I- £ III .~ ll! rJ) "0 G) c: }2 8!. iii «I ~\ r::i C» 0 c: .s c: '0 ~ 1ii co ::.:: -'" ~ 8 ai ~ 8 .9 -srJ) '0 Cii .s::. ~ .D Cl) 1ii c: E «I G) rJ) -<. ::E c: _j «I ::; '"") @ ~ ! 0 ~ aIII 'ii ii• .s:: III 0 I- ~ .5...... III r:: ~ Ol ~ .,... ~...... ,...~ S... 164 Familywelfare Centre etc., are situated at Sadabad town. requirements and also for seeking employment. Nearest police station is also at Sadabad (6 kms.) while Travel Index the Block Development Office at Sahpau is situated about nine kilometres away from the village. ~hev",agers The sex and caste wise travel index is given in table move out ofthe village for purchasing items of domestic IV.17. Table IV.17 Caste/sex wise travel index of villagers Name of castel Travel index of community Persons Males Females 2 3 4 Hindu Baghel (Gaderia) 87.46 112.82 58.87 Brahmins 123.16 177.95 61.22 Dheemars 120.37 73.30 450.00 Dhabi (S.C.) 79.58 139.89 25.00 Kori (S.C.) 40.33 61.67 8.33 Kumhar 127.60 226.60 28.60 Nai 408.64 567.14 131.25 Thakur 216.86 347.83 93.59 Muslim Fakir 121.68 121.15 122.33 Teli 190.48 181.82 200.00 Total 134.46 187.06 75.57 \ The table shows that the travel index for the total Javan, followed by share cropper (770) anda hairdresser population is 134.46 kms., while for males it is 187.06 (750). The lowest was in case of a utensil seller (8), while kms. and for females only 75.57 kms. Thus male have for an Ekka driver it was slightly higher (16). As one would travelled more than females. Males belonging to Nai expect the travel index for females is very low. caste have t~e highest travel index (567.14) while least travel index is for Kori (61.67). However, travel index is Contact with outside world highestfor females belonging to Dheemars (450.00), Teli (200.00) and Fakir (122.33) is higher than their male . A total of thirty-five close relations of the head of counterparts. households are staying outside the village. They are often visited by the head of household and other mem Sex-wise travel index classified by occupation also bers at places of their work. Table IV.18 gives their reveals that the highest index (950) was of a military details. 165 A village utensil seller 166 Table IV.18 classification of close relations by occupation staying outside Name of Father Brother Mother Husband Son Daughter Son's son Husband's occupation (Grand son) brother 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Non-worKers 1. Student 2 2. Dependent 3. Household duty - 4. Retired 1 5. Unemployed Workers 1. Defence SeNice 4 2. Police 2 3. Generator Operator 4. Conductor 5. Indian Navy 2 6. Casual Labourer 2 5 7. Labour by Pony 8. Railway Khalasi 9. Labourer in Textile Mill 10. Cultivator 11. Rickshaw Puller 12. Vegetable Seller 13. Engineer 14. Dairy Farm SeNant Total 3 8 18 1 2 It is interesting to note that out of 18 sons of the head urban life outside the village. Apart from visiting their of households staying out, 16 are employed. Similarly, all close relations, they go out side the village to meet other the eight households staying out side the village are relations and friends on some specific ceremonies and working in different capacities. They are frequently visited religious pilgrimages etc. which affects the outlook of by their family members who in turn are exposed to the the people in the village. 167 There were 27 households in~ the village, whose community wise details are presented in Table IV.19. close relations are staying outside. Their age and caste / Table IV.19 Age and caste wise distribution of head of households whose close relations are staying out Caste I community Total Age of the Head of the households No. of Below 25-29 30-34 35~44 45-59 60+ 25 years years years years years years 2 3 4 5 '6 7 8 Hindu Baghel (Gaderia) 4 2 \ Brahmin 6 2 2 2 Dhobi (S.C.) 4 1 1 2 Kumhar 2 Thakur 7 3 2 Muslim Fakir 2 Teli 2 2 Total 27 1 2 6 6 7 5 It is seen that cIose relations of almost all the uniform. communities are staying outside. In only three house- holds the age of the head of household is below 30 years, Classification of the households by place of last while in the remaining age-groups their number is almost residence is given inTable IV.20. 168 Table IV.20 Caste-wise classification of households whose close relations are staying outside by place of last residence ~ste/communities Total Born in Other Other Other district No. of same village tahsil Etah Agra Mainpuri Aligarh Bareilly house- village in same of the hOlds tahsil district -2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Hindu Baghel (Gaderia) 4 3 Brahmin 6 6 Dhobi 4 KUlT!har 2 Thakur 7 4 2 Vluslim Fakir 2 f Teli ' 2 f 1 Total 27 17 4 2 1 '. The Table IV.20 shows that 17 out of 27 households holds comprised of 3 fathers, 1 mother, 18 sons, one belong to the village, only one is from other tahsil and the daughter, one brother, 8 husbands, 2 grandsons and remaining belonged to other districts of the State. one husband's brother. Table IV.21 shows their length of stay, reason and A total of 35 persons belonging to different house- relation to head of households. 169 ~ (I) 0 L{) I- M ~ CO ~ C\I (') cD Gl .... Ol ..2! :0 Q; CO ~ g III Gl ~ 0 t-- g (/) .s: C\I f!! 0:1 Cl Gl >- c ::J S ~ -0 cD III :x '0 ...0 '0 -0 "'c -0 "0 -0 -0-'" (I) .!:: g c Q; ftS ..c: c: r:: .... 0 .a CD G) (ij ca dGl (ij 1:: oX "'0 ..c: (ij ..c: .a .a..c: ..c: Cl .... c ~ E rtl III .... :J Gl ftS iii Gl :::I :5 c ... Q; ..c: 170 The reason for 3 parents (2 father and one mother) Improvement in the means of transport has now for staying outside is due to their uncordial relation with provided better link with urban areas ";hile during the their sons and only one father's reason is for settlement. 1961 survey traditional bullock CR:",:-: and cycles were the It may be seen that out of 18 sons, eleven are doing two prominent means of transportation. Bullock cart, service and the remaining are either studying or working being replaced by better means of transportation such as as labourer or remain outside due to poverty. Similarly, motor cycle, scooter, tractor, trucks, and buses, has all the 8 husbands are either in service or doing some almost disappeared. All the foregoing developments other work except one, who is out because of poverty. indicate that the village has now developed close links The other kins are either dependent or studying outside with the outside world. the households. Their number by duration of stay is almost uniform in the groups 1-4 and 5-9 and 8 in less Knowledge attitude and opinion about important matters than 1 year. The remaining six members are out-side the village for the last 10 or more years. Details about the knowledge of various social legis lations by castes communities and their educational level The Table IV.18 shows remittances sent by close are presented in Table IV.23. relations by relationship with head of households and It may be seen from table IV.23 that out of 100 present address. households 87"were aware of various social legislations. Only 10 illiterates out of total 48 were unaware. Similarly, Table IV.22 reveals that only sons and husband or out of total 52 literates educated upto Matric or above husband's brother are sending money to their house Matric levels except 3 all of them were aware of the holds in this village and there by helping them economi legislations. cally. Only Kumhar and Dhobis, who are having Ponies and Donkeys migrate seasonally to other places for The detail about their knowledge of various legisla working as labourer at the Brick kilns (Bhattas). tions is given in Table IV.24. 171 172 Table IV.23 Caste/community and education wise knowledge about various social legislations Name of Total No. of illiterates No. of illiterates No. of educated the castel No. of weather upto Matric persons above community infor- awarel not standard aware I Matric level mants aware not aware wno are awarel not aware Aware Not Aware Not Aware Not aware aware aware 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Hindu Dhobi 9 7 1 1 (S.C.) Kori (S.C.) 4 2 1 1 Baghel (Gaderia) 24 14 2 7 1 Thakur 20 5 11 1 3 Brahmin 26 4 15 1 6 Nai 1 1 Kumhar 3 1 2 Dheemar Muslim Teli 3 2 Fakir 9 3 3 3 Total 100 38 10 39 3 10 173 Table IV.24 Knowledge about social legislations by duration Name of the No. having knowledge about social legislation by No. of years Legislation for the . 6-10 years 11 and Total last 5 more years years 2 3 4 5 1. Untouchability 19 39 29 87 (offences) Act 2. Dowry Act 19 30 16 65 3. Child Marriage Act 10 12 5 27 4. Hindu Marriage Act 4 4 5. Medical Termination of Pregenancy Act 3 3 Sixty five households are aware of the law prohib inadequate, but they could not suggest any way out for iting dowry, whereas at the time of previous survey, making them more effective; people were almost unaware of it. Legislations relating to Child Marriage Act and Medical Termination of Prege A few cases of disputes relati,ng to implementation nancy Act are additions to the knowledge of the villagers of these legislations were reported to t~e police station, during the present survey. About 92 per cent of the but they were settled by mutual compromise, and no informants considered the above mentioned legislations case was referred to the court of law. adequate. Whereas only 8 per cent cosidered them 174 CHAPTER V CONCLUSION The study of village Nagla Beru was conducted in ates which was 31.63 per cent atthe time of first study has 1961. It is situated in Sadabad Tahsil and located at a gone upto 57.19 per cent. Similarly, there has been di.stance of six kilometres away from there. It has ag3in appreciable rise (from 6.15 to 29.73 per cent) in female been studied in 1987 in order to review the socio-eco literacy. nomic and demographic changes specially with refer ence to six neighbouring villages va, Chhatara, Shahbajpur, On the contrary so far as involvement of villagers in Arti, Ughai,Bahardoi and Mongroo. All these villages are economic activities is concerned, there has been a mar situated on either side of a pucca road stretching from ginal decline in the proportion of male workers. As a Sadabad to Bahardoi. matter offact the proportion of male workers, which was 56.46 per cent at the time of previous study has now During 1981 census the population of the selected declined to 44.65 per cent. This is mainly due to the out village Nagla Beru was 855, while it was least in Chhatara migration of male population in search of seasonal and (486) and the maximum in village Bahardoi (1477). The regular employment out side the village. On the other sex ratio of the village was 831 while for Chhatara village hand there has been slight increase in female workers. In it was least (755) and the highet was for Bahardoi (858). the initial study out oftotal244 females there were only 8 The number of literates was the least (18.13 per cent) in (3.28 per cent) workers, whereas their corresponding Nagla Beru and the maximum in village Shahbajpur number at the presant survey was not much different (11 (34.45 per cent). Similarly, the percentage of workers workers out of 296 females). was again least in Nagla Beru (24.68 per cent) and maximum (30.30 per cent) in Mangroo village. Agriculture is the back-bone of the village econ omy. Population has been rising fast and the literacy The total population of the village at the time of re standard, specially among the females after the 1981 study (in 1987) was 970, living in 148 households. As per census has kept the same pace. The participation rate of criteria adopted for the re-study, a sample of 623 persons males is significantly higher than females. Infact, slightly spread over in 100 households was taken up. All the more than one-fourth of the total population is ongaged findings of the present study are based on this sample. in economic activity. The present study has revealed that out of total The family size continues to be lerge. Feasts on the population of 538 at the initial study, the males were 294 occasion of death ceremony continue to be observed (54.65 per cent) as against 244 females (45.35 per cent). among villagers. In the absence of electricity and forest There has been a slight increase in the percentage of areas, people use cow dung cakes as fuel to a large females in present study. Out of total population of 623 extent. An old primary school is the only educational in there were 327 males (52.49 per cent) and 296 females stitution in the village. There is neither a health clinic nor (47.51 per cent). a family welfare centre in the village. The traditional way of life should not be taken to indicate that transformation Cultivation continues to be the main occupation of in village life has been at the lowest ebb. In fact, various livelihood in case of most of villages. At the initial study economic activities have gained momentum, occupa the cultivators were 105 (60.34 per cent) out of 174 total tional mobility has taken place rapidly, specially among workers. The corresponding number of cultivators out of the landless people. The agricultural yield has increased total 157 workers in the present study was 85 (54.14 per and many people are now engaged in activities other cent). The second largest category of workers were ag than agriculture, such as retail trading and transporta- riculturallabourers. Their proportion to total workers in , tion. People have now become well conversant with the initial survey was 21 (12.07 per cent) which rose to 28 various social welfare legislations, including family wel (17.83 per cent) in the present study. fare measures. There has been remarkable improvement in the The village is showing an increasing urban out literacy level in the village. The proportion of male liter- look. Construction of a pucca approach road to the village has facilitated it's link with the urban life. The Almost the entire agricultural land belongs to the number of pucca houses' has incre~sed both among Brahmins, Thakurs and Baghels (Gaderia). Major seg Hindu and Muslim households. Similarly, severel furni ment of population in the village is either working as ture and luxury items such as Table, Chair, Newar cots, cultivators or agricultural labourers. Their mutual relation Bicycles, Wrist watches, Radio-sets, Camera, Steel Almirah is very cordial. There has never been communal tension and steel boxes etc. are in possession of villagers. They among the Hindus and Muslims. On the contrary, they are now using stainless steel utensils instead of tradi are so intermixed that unless specifically asked for, it is tional utensils made of brass or aluminium. People are difficult to identify between a Hindu and a Muslim resi now well dressed and getting essential commodities dent of the village. Their house type, dress and even through agricultural mUlti-purpose co-operative society. names are similar to a large extent. The villagers are getting loan from the banks apart from traditional money lenders of the village. Agricultural Village Panchayat and Nyay Panchayats are two operations have been modernized with the adoption of political institutions at the village level. Direct invoive modern agricultural implements and use of chemical ment of villagers in various local and Tahsil IDistrict level fertilizers, insecticides and improved variety of seeds. elections during the last more than two decades has Dunlop wheel carts have almost replaced the traditional strengthened the process of democratic life in the village. bullock-cart. At nearby village Mangroo an Intermediate college n,Ow provides better educational facilities to vil The election of the village Pradhan is contested lagers. Many people are having separate facilities of purely on castel community basis based on their numeri bath-rooms and drinking water. cal strength. In fact the status attached to a specific caste , is source of p,?wer and prestige in the village life. Some In order to make optimum use of the amenities and times conflicts in the elections at village leval create after infra-structure of growth available to the Villagers, several effects. The villagers belonging to the caste of defeated agencies have provided help. The Bhumi Vikas Bank has candidate generally do not co-operate with the elected supplied pumping sets on subsidised rate. Under the person, which ultimately retards the progress of the vil Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP), Block lage. Dhobis and Karis have been recognised as sched Development Office, Sahpau has supplied smokeless uled castes in the state. The Jatavs, also a scheduled Chulhas in the village and installed a Gobar Gas Plant. caste in the neighbouring villages are in prestigious po However, both these items are not much in use. Almost sition. Due to rise in the level of education and strong every household has a milch animal, and sell milk in order economic position, they have gained s~lf respect, confi to supplementtheir families income. A private milk tanker dence and courage, collects milk from the nearby villages for selling in the urban areas. After land-holdings under Twenty-Point There is no regular forest area in the village and Programme, landless persons were allotted plots for female participation in work force is almost negligible. residential, and agricultural purposes. But later on it was Fam!ly size due to rising trend of population continues to found to be merely a paper transaction in many cases, be large. Cultivation along with animal husbandry are beceuse they could not get the physical possession. major sources of earning the livelihood. Duelto poor rain Sewing machines were distributed among the poor la fall and lack of electricity, diesel pumps and tubewells are dies of the village. Buffaloes were made available to the the main sources of irrigation in the village, Bajra, barley weaker section with insurance coverage at fifty percent and wheat constitute staple food of villag~rs. \ subsidy. Similarly, Ekka-tongas were made available to a few people for transportation purposes. 176 Enterance gate of Intermediate College at Mangroo village. Graduates with highest academic qualifications in the village 177 WORKERS AND NON-WORKERS BY SEX AND AGE 1961 AND 1987 280 260 240 220 200 . 180 .. 160 (I) Z 140 o (I) Q: 120 w a. 100 80 60 l,O 20 ,WNWWNW WNWWNW WNWWNW 1961 1987 1961 1987 1961 1987 o 14 15 - 59 6'0 + AG E - GROUP D FEMt\LE MI':" WORKERS :r ~ MALE NiW - NON-WORKERS ..o o o... o a. ... o co w o ~ '.' . t-- « ... ~ w o u. \D 0 Ln 0 ....r "CD 0 01 C"'I .- 0 (\J 0 \I) Q. Z :::> 0 0 01 -t 01 -t - ~ C"'I .- 0 ~ + 1 cJ) w 0 I.P I.P ~ ~ ...;t C"'I -to « 0 .z en a:: o - 0 w I- Q. « 0 ..J C\I :::> 0 a.. C"'I o 0 a.. ..;t ~ 0 01 Ln 0 CD 0 " , ' APPENDED TABLES Table No.1 Distribution of members classified by age, sex and relationship to head of household where the head Is male Table No. 2 Distribution of members classified by age, sex and relationship to head of household where head is female ·TableNo.3 Type and number of families Table No. 4 Distribution of households and population classified by religions, caste/community and sex TabteNo.5 Distribution of students by course/level/class and age Table No.6 Distribution of population by broad age-groups, sex, religion and caste/community and educational level Table No.7 Distribution of workers and non-workers classified by sex, caste/community and broad age-groups Table No. 8 Particulars of close relations staying outside the household classified by occupation of head of the household and nature of relation with head of the household TableNo.9 Important tools and equipment for agriculture as related to religion and caste/community of head of the household 183 Qj .s:: '0 0 (\I -t It) .... :::?! 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