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Biological Invasions: a Temporal, Spatial and Plastic Point of View: the Case of Discoglossus Pictus in Europe

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Biological Invasions: a Temporal, Spatial and Plastic Point of View: the Case of Discoglossus Pictus in Europe Biological invasions: a temporal, spatial and plastic point of view: the case of Discoglossus pictus in Europe Invasions biològiques: un punt de vista temporal, espaial i plàstic: el cas de Discoglossus pictus a Europa Eudald Pujol Buxó Aquesta tesi doctoral està subjecta a la llicència Reconeixement- NoComercial – SenseObraDerivada 3.0. Espanya de Creative Commons. Esta tesis doctoral está sujeta a la licencia Reconocimiento - NoComercial – SinObraDerivada 3.0. España de Creative Commons. This doctoral thesis is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivs 3.0. Spain License. in Europe Discoglossus pictus Discoglossus Biological Invasions: spatiala temporal, and plastic point of view of The case EudaldPujol Buxó doctoral Tesi 2017 Biological Invasions: Eudald Pujol Buxó a temporal, spatial and plastic point of view Tesi doctoral, 2017 ). Discoglossus pictus Epidalea calamita Epidalea as prey for aquatic native for as prey ). Discoglossus pictus Discoglossus and its native competitor ( native competitor its and Discoglossuspictus Discoglossus pictus Discoglossus Alien versus predators: effective induced defenses of an invasive frog in frog invasive of an defenses induced effective predators: versus Alien Preliminary exploration of changes in native–invasive trophic competition competition trophic native–invasive in of changes exploration Preliminary plastic tadpoles’ influence species of nature invasive/native the does How Growth strategies of tadpoles along the pond permanency gradient. permanency pond the along tadpoles of strategies Growth tadpoles. anuran native and invasive between traits trophic Differential after system competitive native–invasive a in responses evolutionary Fast invasive an of preferences breeding the in segregation ecological Mild A genomics study of population structure within the invasion range of the of range invasion the within structure population of study genomics A Geographical variations in adult body size and reproductive life history traits traits history life reproductive and size body in adult variations Geographical Discoglossus pictus) Discoglossus Chapter 9: Chapter predators. native to response predators 8: Chapter to predators? responses PART C: Tadpoles of Tadpoles C: PART anuran ( anuran 7: Chapter history. coevolutionary to according Chapter 5: Chapter coexistence. of generations several 6: Chapter PART B: Intraguild competition intadpoles of PART 3: Chapter 4: Chapter Mediterranean Painted Frog ( Frog Painted Mediterranean Chapter 1: Chapter anuran, invasive an in 2: Chapter PART A: A: Intraspecificvariation along the invasive range of PART Discoglossuspictus Biological invasions: a temporal, spatial and plastic point of view The case of Discoglossus pictus in Europe Invasions biològiques: un punt de vista temporal, espacial i plàstic El cas de Discoglossus pictus a Europa Eudald Pujol Buxó Juny de 2017 Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals Programa de Doctorat en Biodiversitat Biological invasions: a temporal, spatial and plastic point of view The case of Discoglossus pictus in Europe Invasions biològiques: un punt de vista temporal, espaial i plàstic El cas de Discoglossus pictus a Europa Memòria presentada per l'Eudald Pujol Buxó per optar al grau de doctor per la Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona, Juny del 2017 El doctorand El director i tutor de la tesi Eudald Pujol Buxó Gustavo A. Llorente Cabrera Aquesta tesi doctoral ha estat finançada en part pel Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte d'Espanya, mitjançant un ajut contractual de tipus FPU (codi: AP2010-5563). La resta del finançament ha estat donat per la Fundació Bosch i Gimpera, i la Universitat de Barcelona. Agraïments «Canta, oh, deessa, la ira d’Aquil·leu, fill de Peleu, còlera fatal que ocasionà als aqueus innombrables dolors, i estimbà a l'Hades les ànimes valeroses de multitud d'herois, fent-ne pastura de cans i aus» Una tesi doctoral és tota una aventura, i com a tal en té tots els ingredients: una introducció, un nus, un desenllaç, uns personatges bons i dolents, moments d'angoixa i moments d'alegria... o d'alleujament, perquè a vegades ja no et queden energies per l'alegria (article accepted? Pffff ja era hora collonssss que llarg que s'ha fet!!!). I com tota aventura, al final, quan acaba bé (o acaba, vaja, que això ja és bo tant per la Ilíada com en aquest cas), tot s'amoroseix, s'endolceix, es suavitza, el nostre cap fa allò tant típic de començar a esborrar de la memòria les part dolentes de la història. Per més llarga que sigui la llista de successos i personatges, els que passen a la posteritat són els que et donen bons records... junt amb els grans dolents de la pel·lícula. I és que com va dir el gran filòsof Gandalf: «tota gran història mereix ser guarnida». De fet, un dels processos que ajuda a Gandalfitzar la tesi és escriure aquests agraïments. Comences a pensar en els personatges bons i tot va agafant un toc gairebé nostàlgic (i encara no he acabat la tesi ben bé que es digui...), allò de «Òstia vam patir però al final la merda aquella va sortir bé. Quins moments! Hahaha» així amb un to de la típica colla d'homes de mitjana edat explicant històries de la mili. Els humans som així. Així doncs, acceptem-ho, i fem una llista dels personatges bons de la pel·lícula, i que serveixi per arrencar un petit somriure a tothom! Espero no deixar-me ningú. I als grans dolents? No penso fer com l'Homer: regalem-los-hi l'oblit, en aquest cas, expressament. M'aixeco al matí. Tard pel meu gust, com sempre «puta vida, ets una puta marmota, Eudald». És possible que sigui culpa del senyor Dan Simmons o en George RR Martin, entre altres escriptors que fan que m'adormi als matins i que m'agradaria agrair-ne la seva obra. Però a aquelles hores no agraeixo res a ningú. Em dutxo, esmorzo, surto del pis. Arribo al departament, en Gustavo probablement ja fa 1508970832 hores que hi és, si hi ha alguna cosa important per comentar m'hi acosto a la porta, sinó, ens veurem cap allà les tres o les quatre de la tarda que és la hora no-oficial però efectiva de reunions o trobades breus per comentar la tesi, o un article interessant, o rajar dels problemes de la universitat, planificar experiments nous, la vida política del país, que si ara ja no plou com abans, jo què sé. Aquí haig d'admetre que m'ha tocat un bon director i tutor. Me'n recordo no fa massa quan en el moment que li van donar per dir unes paraules a la presentació de la tesi d'en Marc Franch, i ell va fer-ne tot un elogi, i amb raó (després et torno a agrair l'existència, Marc), amb una conclusió clara: «és una molt bona persona». Doncs jo aquí haig de fer el mateix: «Gustavo, ets una molt bona persona», de veritat, sense cap dubte. I a més a més, t'interessa el que fas, el que es fa, el que passa al teu voltant, i ets un bon biòleg amb el qual comentar-hi les discussions més interessants, sobre qualsevol tema. Pot semblar una ximpleria, però per un petit padawan, un mestre jedi amb interès sincer pels resultats dels experiments que tanta suor porten, acaba siguent molt important. Com aquell típic amic amb el qual comentes les aficions frikis, durant una tesi un doctorand necessita algú que quan li dius: «Òstia, els putos capgrossos de Discoglossus dels mesocosmos estan sobrevisquent molt més que els de calamita a la presència de les larves de Sympetrum, crec que és perquè creixen més ràpid i els cicles de desenvolupament no estan ben bé acoblats entre depredador i presa!» en comptes de fer una cara de porteu- lo al manicomi o de no sé de què collons em parles, et comenci una conversa que acaba en especulació d'hora i mitja llarga sobre els capgrossos, les libèl·lules, la saga Star Wars, el funcionament de la investigació actual en biologia i pràcticament sobre la teoria de l'evolució en sí. En fi, que hem fet un bon equip, merci per tot. Per altra banda, el paper de filòsofa-mestra jedi a la meva breu estada a Portugal li va correspondre a l'Antigoni. Tot i que l'hora no oficial de reunions acabava siguent abans de dinar, el cas era el mateix... també som un equip perillós! A pensar idees, experiments, línies científiques, hahaha també podríem encadenar hores filosofant. També t'haig d'agrair el teu exemple de biòloga apassionada, jefa d'estada molt guai (com a jefa i com persona), i la teva empenta de «fes-ho» que m'ha servit per fer-me perdre la por d'anar més i més enllà amb les meves capacitats estadístiques. Vols sentir una punxadeta d'orgull científic? L'apartat «Geometric morphometrics» de materials i mètodes de la tesi, i de molts capítols de la tesi no haguessin estat ni de lluny el que són sense tu, i l'apartat «Permutation tests», bé, potser no hi hagués sigut, simplement. La ciència també és transmetre maneres de pensar entre científics, a nivell personal, i tant Gustavo com Antigoni ho heu fet molt bé. M'heu estimulat les neurones, cadascú amb la seva manera de pensar, o ens les hem estimulat mútuament, i us ho agraeixo molt. El dia segueix el seu curs, i el cuquet de la gana comença a fer forat... les neurones comencen a fer figa. El típic moment que et treus els auriculars i dónes conversa al despatx. I aquí, uf, la de gent que hi ha per agraïr la companyia en moments de baixada de sucre... un toc d'humor àcid amb l'Eloy i la Débora per riure una mica, o uns comentaris sobre morfometria? Yeah, ho trobaré a faltar, una abraçada morfòlegs. Un cafetet amb cara de son, o uns palitos compartits, o uns comentaris trivials sobre herpetofauna? Marc i Olatz, seguiu així de guais, també us trobaré a faltar.
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