EDUCATIONAL STRUGGLES - Close to half a million African American and Puerto Rican students participate in a one-day protest and 1-----1 boycott of New York's public schools that paralyzes the system. The protestors were demanding an end to 1 964 United Bronx Parents, Inc. (UBP) is founded by Evelina Lopez lingering segregation practices in the city's public schools that deprived them of a quality education. Antonetty. UBP fought for community control of schools, the hiring I of minority teachers, bilingual education, and improving the educa­ Hostos Community College is established in the , J65 ~ tion of children in the schools of the South Bronx. I' South Bronx as part of the City University of New York (Photo of LOpez Antonetty with future congressmen Hernan Badillo on (CUNY). As the first bilingual higher education her left, and Jose E. Serran o on her ri ght, 196S). [UBP] institution in the country, the College was created to I serve the educational needs of Puerto Rican and other Latino students. [Photo of Hostos Community College] -rl 1968 ~ The Bilingual Education Act is approved by the U.S. Congress to allow bilingual instruction in public schools for children with limited English language ability. Some programs were established in New York City schools as a ASPIRA of New York goes national and becomes ASPIRA of America (currently known as result of the demands of Puerto Rican parents, community activists, and educators. The ASPIRA Association). The organization now has offices in Delaware, Florida, Illinois, 1968 -....11 Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Puerto Rico, and Washington, DC. ,.....__,1 1969 1-1--1 1969 ----------- -.-~/ Puerto Rican students form the Puerto Rican Student Union (PRSU) to mobilize the Bronx 1969 communities in combating discrimination, raising political consciousness, and advocating for Boricuas Ocupan Students at City College takeover the institution. Among their demands were an open admis­ equal rights for the poor. That same year, many of these students created the New York Chap­ sions policy for Puerto Rican students at CUNY colleges, the establishment of Puerto Rican Bronx College ter of the Young Lords Party. (Cover of Palante, 20 11; photo by Michae l Abramso n, 1971) [Reproduced Studies and educational opportunity programs, and increasing the hiring of Puerto Rican faculty by permission from Haymarket Books] and staff. The first Puerto Rican Studies programs are established at City College and Lehman College. Programs were established later on at other CUNY and State University of New York (SUNY) Albany and Buffalo campuses, Fordham University, Rutgers University, and at a few other Founding of Boricua College in New York, a private arts and sciences institutions in the Northeast and Midwest. higher education institution aimed at serving the needs of Puerto (Headline from El Diario-La Prensa about a Puerto Rica n student takeover of 1974 1-T--1 Bronx Community College in 19 70; photo by M. Santini) Rican and other Latino students. (Image of Boricua Co ll ege sea l) 1992 The Puerto Rican Studies Association (PRSA) is created as a professional organi­ I Aspira v. the Board of Education court case leads to the Aspira Consent Decree ruling that zation that promotes research, teaching, and activism. 1992 1974 established the right of any New York City public school student with limited English profi­ . ciency to receive bilingual instruction . (Photo of Virginia Sanchez Korrol, first President of PRSA; photo by Christine E. Bose, 1992). [EAB] '' INSTITUTION BUILDING AND NEW TRADITIONS The first Desfile Puertorriqueiio in New York took place in 1958, marking the I The city of Philadelphia has been attracting Hispanic immigrants since beginning of the Puerto Rican Day Parade tradition. It took only a few years 1---Early 1960s the late 1800s and early 1900s, including a sizeable number of Cuban, for the Parade to grow and achieve more visibility and recognition. Held annu­ Puerto Rican, and Spanish cigar makers. Significant increases in the ally the second Sunday in June, the Parade is now one of the largest ethnic Puerto Rican population occurred during and after World War II with the cultural events in the city and attracts hundreds of thousands of spectators recruitment of workers to support the city's industrial sector. In 1962, from the United States and Puerto Rico the Council of Spanish-Speaking Organizations (Concilio) was founded to represent the community's socioeconomic and political con­ (Ph ot o of the cover of t he Parad e Pro gram , 2006). [NPRDP] 1962 f---- 1 cerns, foster cultural and educational programs, and provide human ser­ 1967 vices to a growing Puerto Rican and Latino population. The Concillo initi­ The Puerto Rican Traveling Theatre is created by ated the annual Puerto Rican Festival celebration in 1964 and the Puerto Rican actress Miriam Colon to bring Puerto Rican Day Parade became the highlight of the Festival. theater to the community. Their first production was (Photo of a Hijos d e Ariasco ho m et own club float at t he Philad elphia Puerto Rican Day Parad e). [OGPRU S] free of charge and a catalyst to the growth of His­ panic theater in New York and other parts of the country. The Museo del Barrio is founded in East Harlem (Pho to o f Pue rto Rican Traveling Theatre p oster). by Puerto Rican activists and becomes an impor­ [Miriam Co l6 n Collection] 1969 ~ tant cultural institution for the community. 1971 (Post ca rd of fro nt entrance t o El Museo d el Barrio). [MDB] The Taller Boricua [Puerto Rican Art Workshop] is established in New York to promote the arts within the community. The Taller is currently housed at the Julia de Burgos Latino Cultural Center in East 1971 Harlem. I A group of Puerto Rican lawyers create the Puerto Rican Legal Defense and (Post er by Fernando Salicrup, 1977). [MDB] Education Fund (PRLDEF) in New York to offer legal support to the community. 1973 1972 PRLDEF represented ASPIRA in the legal case that produced the Aspira Con· sent Decree (1974) court ruling. In 2008, PRDELF changed its name to I LatinoJustice PRDELF. (Photo of cover of PRLDEF Repo rt). [PRLDEFJ The Nuyorican Poets Cafe is founded in New York to provide a community 1973 space for creative expression and performance. Best known for its poetry The Centro de Estudios Puertorriqueiios slams, the Cafe has become a major cultural venue for poets, actors, musi­ [Center for Puerto Rican Studies; Centro] is cians, and visual artists from diverse ethnic backgrounds. established at CUNY under the leadership of (Photo by Ed die C. Ong). [PJHq Frank Bonilla. Born in New York in 1925 from Puerto Rican migrant parents, Bonilla served in the U.S. armed forces during World War II. After the war he went to college, received a doctoral degree from Harvard University, and became a 1 980s-201 Os prominent scholar. In the early 1970s, he From the 1980s to the present, the magnitude of the Puerto Rican population joined the CUNY faculty and was named Direc­ growth in the state of Florida--particularly in Orlando, Kissimmee, Miami, Ft. Lau­ 1980s-201 Os tor of Centro. derdale, and other parts of Central and South Florida--exemplifies the changing (Photo of Bo nilla; students holding a Ce ntro ba nner at the Puerto Ri ca n Day Parade, c. 1978 [FBP; Centro] i patterns of settlement and geographic dispersion of Puerto Ricans from New York City to other old and new locations throughout the United States. Smaller num­ bers of Puerto Ricans have been arriving in Central Florida since the 1940s. The Institute for Puerto Rican Policy (currently the National Institute for Latino Policy) is estab­ 1982 lished in New York City. The Institute is a nonpartisan policy-focused enterprise aimed at drawing The Asociacion Borinqueiia de Ia Florida Central (ABFC), founded in 1977, attention to relevant issues and needs of the Puerto Rican/ Latino community. has been a leader in promoting and delivering family services to the community and a major center of cultural activity. In South Florida, the Puerto Rican Profes­ I 2000 The Puerto Rican Heritage Society is created in Hawaii by librarian , educator, and com­ sional Association (PROFESA), created in 1999, fosters professional and busi­ 1983 ~l!t munity activist Blase Camacho Souza to document and preserve the Puerto Rican pres­ ness networks, community empowerment, and cultural awareness. ence and contributions to Hawaiian society that began in the early 1900s (We lcome to Ce ntral Flori da postca rd, Centro Journal Cover, Spring 201 0). [Centro] (Cover of Puerto Rican Centennial Cal endar Celebrating 100 Yea rs in Maui, 2000). [EAB] 1986 ~---------------------------------- Beginning of the Comite Noviembre [November Committee] Puerto Rican Heritage The Humboldt Park-Division Street Puerto Rican neighborhood in Chicago is Month tradition in New York to foster cultural awareness and recognize the accom­ ~kli>-1., I ,,H.... ~i>-~f,,..... officially named Paseo Boricua. Two big metal flags of Puerto Rico were plishments and contributions of prominent Puerto Ricans. C~N~1112 installed across Division Street at the beginning and end of the strip. 1-----1 199 5 IJ,.kt.ll......,:,..~...,. (Cover art work by Ernesto Ra mos-Nieves). [Co mite Noviembre] ""'_,., o( ....... (Murai "Sea of Flags" by Gamaliel Ramirez at El Paseo Boricua, 2004). [PRCC] - Poster Col)tent by Ed!'a Acosta-Bele,n Poster Senes Design by )orge Fish Rodrigue Poster Content: The Puerto Rican Heritage Poster Series was developed by Dr. Edna Acosta-Belen, Disti nguished Professor in the Departments of Latin American, Caribbean, and U.S. Latino Studies (LACS) and Women's Studies at the University at Albany, SUNY. Acknowledgments: We want to acknowledge the valuable assistance of the Centro library and Archives and Centro Publications staff; of doctoral student Jacqueline Hayes at the Center for Latino, Latin American, and Caribbean Studies (CELAC) and Dr.