Folk Medicines of Bafra (Samsun-Turkey) Bafra'nın (Samsun-Türkiye) Halk Ilaçları

Turk J Biochem 2017; 42(4): 381–399

Research Article

Elif Karcı, İlhan Gürbüz*, Galip Akaydın and Tuğba Günbatan Folk medicines of Bafra (Samsun-Turkey) Bafra’nın (Samsun-Türkiye) halk ilaçları https://doi.org/10.1515/tjb-2017-0172 value = 0.23), Urtica dioica (UV value = 0.19), Sambucus Received July 3, 2017; accepted August 1, 2017; previously published ebulus (UV value = 0.18) and Allium cepa (UV value = 0.16) online August 30, 2017 were the most cited species in Bafra. Abstract Conclusion: Once again, the present investigation has highlighted the gradual reduction in the use of folk medi- Objective: In this study, determination and documenta- cines, and ethnobotanical knowledge has been falling tion of folk medicines that are being used by indigenous into oblivion rapidly. Therefore, ethnobotanical inventory people in Bafra was aimed. surveys should be undertaken throughout Turkey before Materials and methods: Scientific trips were organised this important cultural heritage becomes lost. to the region and folk medicines were identified by inter- Keywords: Folk medicine; Medicinal plants; Bafra; Ethno- viewing individuals which have knowledge of folk medi- botany; Turkey. cine. One hundred and fifty-five plant samples were collected during the study. Obtained data were statistically analysed by using four quantitative indices; “informant Özet consensus factor”, “use value”, “relative frequency of citation” and “cultural importance index”. Amaç: Bu çalışmada Bafra’da yerel halk tarafından kul- Results: Fifty-three genera and 62 taxa belonging 33 fami- lanılan halk ilaçlarının belirlenmesi ve belgelenmesi lies were recorded to be used in the treatment of different amaçlanmıştır. diseases. The usage of five species (Anthemis coelopoda Materyal ve metod: Bölgeye bilimsel geziler düzenlenmiş var. coelopoda, Tanacetum corymbosum, Quercus frainetto, ve halk ilacı konusunda bilgi sahibi kişilerle görüşülerek Salvia forskahlei and Lavatera punctate) as folk medicine halk ilaçları tespit edilmiştir. Çalışma esnasında 155 bitki was previously undocumented in Turkey. In addition, örneği toplanmıştır. Elde edilen veriler 4 kantitatif indeks new usages of 13 folk medicines [Allium porrum, Brassica kullanılarak istatiksel olarak analiz edilmiştir: “Fikir oleracea, Corylus maxima, Foeniculum vulgare, Helian- birliği faktörü”, “Kullanım değeri”, “Bağıl alıntılanma thus annuus, Melissa officinalis subsp. altissima, Petrose- sıklığı” ve “Kültürel önem indeksi”. linum crispum, Plantago major subsp. intermedia, Prunus Bulgular: 33 familyadan 53 cins ve 62 taksonun çeşitli has- avium, Punica granatum, Sedum pallidum, Vitis sylvestris talıkların tedavisinde kullanıldığı kaydedilmiştir. 5 türün and Zea mays] in Turkey were also detected. Folk medi- (Anthemis coelopoda var. coelopoda, Tanacetum corymbo- cines are mostly used for muscle-skeletal (F = 0.6935), IC sum, Quercus frainetto, Salvia forskahlei ve Lavatera pun- respiratory (F = 0.6909) and dermatological system dis- IC ctate) Türkiye’de halk ilacı olarak kullanımına daha önce orders (F = 0.5555). In addition, Cydonia oblonga (UV IC rastlanılmamıştır. Ayrıca, 13 halk ilacı için [Allium porrum, Brassica oleracea, Corylus maxima, Foeniculum vulgare, *Corresponding author: Prof. Dr. İlhan Gürbüz, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helianthus annuus, Melissa officinalis subsp. altissima, Department of Pharmacognosy, Gazi University, Etiler, Ankara 06330, Petroselinum crispum, Plantago major subsp. intermedia, Turkey, Phone: +90 312 202 31 79, Fax: +90 312 223 5018, e-mail: [email protected] Prunus avium, Punica granatum, Sedum pallidum, Vitis syl- Elif Karcı: Samsun Alaçam State Hospital, Pharmacy Unit, Alaçam, vestris ve Zea mays] Türkiye’de daha önce kaydedilmeyen Samsun, Turkey, e-mail: [email protected] yeni kullanımlar da tespit edilmiştir. Halk ilaçları en çok Galip Akaydın: Faculty of Vocational Education, Department of iskelet-kas (FIC = 0.6935), solunum (FIC = 0.6909) ve dermato- Biology, Hacettepe University, Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey, lojik sistem hastalıklarında (F = 0.5555) kullanılmaktadır. e-mail: [email protected] IC = Tuğba Günbatan: Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Ayrıca, Cydonia oblonga (UV değeri 0.23), Urtica dioica (UV Pharmacognosy, Gazi University, Etiler, Ankara, Turkey, değeri = 0.19), Sambucus ebulus (UV değeri = 0.18) ve Alium e-mail: [email protected] cepa (UV değeri = 0.16) Bafra’da en çok rapor edilen türlerdir. 382 Elif Karcı et al.: Folk medicines of Bafra (Samsun-Turkey)

Sonuç: Bu çalışmayla halk ilaçlarının kullanımındaki of cultural wealth and rich flora could be accepted as the azalma ve etnobotanik bilginin hızla kaybolmaya yüz tut- main reasons of richness of Anatolia’s traditional medi- ması bir kez daha vurgulanmıştır. Bu nedenle bu önemli cine culture. kültürel miras yok olmadan önce etnobotanik envanter Despite its cultural wealth and rich flora; organized çalışmalarının tüm Türkiye’de yapılması gerekmektedir. and comprehensive ethnobotanical investigations could not be carried out in Anatolian Peninsula (Turkey) until Anahtar Kelimeler: Halk ilacı; Tıbbi bitkiler; Bafra; Etno- the mid of 1980s, due to lack of attention of the official botanik; Türkiye. authorities. First organized and comprehensive ethno botanical investigation in Turkey was conducted by Ekrem Sezik, Erdem Yeşilada and their research group in 1986 Introduction [1, 4, 8, 9]. Subsequently, this surveys attracted the attention of Turkish researchers and folk medicine surveys has Since the ancient times, plants have been an indispen- gained acceleration. sable source on issues like material production, food, As mentioned above, ethnobotanical surveys have remedy etc. for humankind with their rich chemical and been performed in some parts of Turkey, however there biological diversity. Plant samples that have been found are still too many regions that have not been studied in in a Neanderthal grave (Shanidar Cave, at southern of terms of folk medicine. Due to modernism, fast-urbanisa- Hakkari, Turkey) support this hypothesis [1, 2]. Develop- tion, easy access to physicians and pharmacies, folk med- ments on the medicine and phytochemistry in the recent icine knowledge has been disappearing [10]. Therefore, past, thereby better understanding the healing potential ethnobotanical documentation surveys should be carried of plants, attention to traditional and herbal medicine is out rapidly throughout Turkey, before this precious herit- increasing in the whole world. Following these improve- age disappears. ments, a new science named ethnopharmacognosy, ethno According to our literature survey, an ethnobotanical pharmacology, ethnobotany has emerged by the efforts research that focused on Bafra (Samsun, Turkey) could for documentation and inventory taking of folk medicines not be found, hence, we aimed to determined and docu- after 1980s [1]. These studies are extremely important in ment folk medicines that are being used in Bafra district terms of the basis for new drug discovery. Antiarrhythmic with the present study. By comparing our results with agent digoxin (from Digitalis sp.), narcotic analgesic mor- previous folk medicine investigations, finding new folk phine (from Papaver somniferum L.), antimalarial drug medicines and new usages of plants that have previously quinine (from Cinchona sp.), analgesic, antipyretic drug been determined as folk medicines were aimed as well. aspirin (from Salix sp.), another antimalarial drug arte- Additionally, in order to increase the reliability of results, misinin (Artemisia annua L.) are only a few examples of obtained data was evaluated quantitatively with different these discoveries that are based on ethopharmacological statistical methods. investigations [3]. Due to its strategic location, Anatolian Peninsula has been the host for a high number of civilizations such as Hittites, Ionians, Greeks, Romans, Persians, Arabs and Materials and methods Turks. Each civilization has played an important role in the formation of this culture blend [4]. Plant sourced Study area remedies were mentioned on achieved records from Sumerians, Hittites, Greeks. Hippocrates and Dioscorides Bafra district (Samsun), is surrounded Black Sea in the described several herbal medicines; especially, most of north; Kavak, Havza, Vezirköprü districts in the south; 19 these 600 plants mentioned in the “de Materia Medica” Mayıs district in the east; and Alaçam district in the west of Dioscorides originate from Anatolian Peninsula [2, 5]. (Figure 1). The district is situated at A5 square (Figure 1) In addition to its cultural richness, Anatolia is one of the in Davis’s grid system [11]. Its total area is 1750 km2 and regions which lies under the influence of three different distance from city centre is 51 km. The most important phytogeographical regions (Euro-Siberian, Mediterranean stream of region is Kızılırmak and it generates a lot of and Irano-Turanian phytogeographical regions). Accord- lakes (e.g. Balık, Karaboğaz, Dutdibi, Liman, Hayırlı, ing to latest records, there are 11707 taxa belong to 1320 Çernek, Uzun, Tombul and İnce Lakes). Summers are genera and 167 families in the flora of Turkey; and the rate hot and winters are wet in the region [12]. Mean yearly of endemism is also quite high (31.12%) [6, 7]. Combination temperature is 13.6°C [13], mean humidity is 73%, mean Elif Karcı et al.: Folk medicines of Bafra (Samsun-Turkey) 383

Figure 1: The position of Bafra district (Samsun) in Turkey and visited locations. annual absolute humidity is 5.0 g, and annual rainfall is 611 taxa belonging to 331 genera and 90 families were about 700 mm [14]. recorded [17]. There are 115 villages in the district. According to 2010 records, population of Bafra is 144.465 and most of this population resides in the centre of the district Ethnobotanical survey (86.569) [15]. In Bafra, half of the land is cultivable and liveli- Data were collected by face-to-face interviews during hood mainly depends on agriculture. Tobacco is the scientific trips that were organised to 72 villages and four major agricultural product. Though the industry is not towns in July 2010 and June 2011. These locations were well developed, confection, flour, sunflower oil and labelled on a map given in Figure 1. In every settlement forest products factories are found among the industrial area, in order to identify experts in the use of medicinal branches [16]. plants, mukhtars (the head of a village or neighbour- Forty percent of the surface is covered with forests hood in Turkey) or elders were consulted and interviews and these forests mainly consist of beech, oak, pine and were carried out with suggested individuals. The inter- fir trees. At the lowlands fruit trees are dominant, while view methodology followed in the field studies was reeds and shrubberies are the major vegetation around described by Sezik et al. and direct survey applications the lakes [16]. Floristic researches that embrace whole of were avoided during face-to-face interview. Open and the district could not be found. However, in an investiga- semi-structured questionnaire were used to obtain infor- tion that was carried out on the flora of Nebyan Mountain, mation related to folk medicines [9]. Questions included 384 Elif Karcı et al.: Folk medicines of Bafra (Samsun-Turkey) data on plants utilised medically, purpose of usage, used to 1) represents the acceptance of a taxon in the treatment parts, preparation and application methods, collection of particular illness by the participants; while low degrees sites. In addition, demographic information of partici- (close to 0) indicates the disagreement on which plants to pants was obtained during these interviews. After each use [20–22]. interview, the plants that are being used as folk medi- The “UV” demonstrates the relative cultural impor- cine were collected from their locations under guidance tance of each folk medicines known locally and is calcu- of informants or samples were received from the dried lated as follow: plant materials which are found at their homes. Botani- UV = Σ(/Un). cal identification of obtained plant specimens was performed by Prof. Dr. Galip Akaydın using the “Flora of “U” refers to the number of use-reports cited by each Turkey and the East Aegean Islands” [11, 18, 19]. After participant for a taxon and “n” refers to the number of botanical identification, herbarium specimens were pre- informants taking part in the survey. High use value dis- pared and preserved in GUE (Gazi University Faculty of plays that the mentioned folk medicine is more preferred Pharmacy Herbarium). in the studied population [22, 23]. To assess the local importance of folk medicines, “RFC” was calculated as follow: Statistical analyses and quantitative indices RFC/= FC N. To assess the reliability of results, four ethnobotanical indices were calculated: “informant consensus “FC” is the number of informants that cited a spe- factor (F )”, “use value (UV)”, “relative frequency of IC cific folk medicine; while “N” is the total number of citation (RFC)” and “cultural importance index (CI)”. informants [24]. “F ” indicates the agreement among the informants IC “CI” was another index that has been calculated for concerning the use of a plant for each use category. estimating the cultural significance of each taxon with the Disorders were grouped into 12 categories (Table 1) following formula: and FIC was calculated for each category by using the = following formula: İ NU URi CI =  ∑ N F(IC =−ηηur tu)/(1η r − ). İ=1

ηur is the total number of use reports for each pharma here, N stands for number of informants; while URi cological category and ηt is the number of taxa used in stands for the use report in each pharmacological that pharmacological category. Increase at FIC value (close category [24].

Table 1: Pharmacological categories and FIC value of folk medicines used in Bafra.

Pharmacological categories Number of taxa Number and FIC value and percentage in percentages of all species citation

n % n %

Musculoskeletal system disorders 20 32 63 26 0.6935 Respiratory system disorders 18 29 56 23 0.6909 Dermatological system disorders 21 34 46 19 0.5555 Gastrointestinal system disorders 18 29 37 15 0.5277 Genitourinary system disorders 9 14 10 4 0.1111 Central nervous system disorders 3 5 9 3 0.7500 Eye-ear disorders 4 6 7 3 0.5000 Metabolic disorders 4 6 4 2 0.0000 Cardiovascular disorders 4 6 4 2 0.0000 Immunity disorders 2 3 3 1 0.5000 Mouth and tooth disorders 2 3 2 1 0.0000 Animal disorders 1 2 2 1 1.0000 Elif Karcı et al.: Folk medicines of Bafra (Samsun-Turkey) 385

Table 2: Demographic characteristics and some other statistics Results about the habits of using folk medicines.

Eighteen scientific trips were conducted in 72 settlements Female Male Total % in June and July between 2010 and 2011. During these sci- Age (n = 95) entific trips, interviews were conducted with 95 residents. ≤35 3 0 3 3.1 Information about folk medicines, as well as demographic 36–50 11 8 19 20.0 properties of the participants were obtained. Collected 51–65 23 9 32 33.7 data is presented in Table 2. As could be seen in Table 2, 66≤ 25 16 41 43.2 32.0% of participants are emigrant; while the 18.0% of Education (n = 94) Illiterate 11 1 12 12.8 them were Laz. Considering the age distribution, 43.2% Literate 12 6 18 19.1 of persons who are knowledgeable about folk medicine Primary school 31 14 45 47.8 are older than 66 years old. 33.7% of the participants are Middle school 6 10 16 17.0 51–65 years old, 20.0% of participants 36–50 years old; High school 0 1 1 1.1 while persons under the age of 35 only constitute 3.1% of University 1 1 2 2.2 = the participants. Approximately one third of participants Employment (n 90) Farmer 53 27 80 89.0 were male (62 females, 33 males). When we consider the Housewife 2 0 2 2.2 educational status, 79.7% of the individuals were primary Retired 2 3 5 5.5 school graduates or less. Most of the participants were Other 0 3 3 3.3 farmer (89.0%). Interviewed people expressed that they Inhabitancy (n = 50) have learnt folk medicines from their elderly relatives Native born 10 7 17 34.0 Laz 5 4 9 18.0 (61.0%), their society (17.9%) or media (13.7%). To prevent Emigrant 10 6 16 32.0 contamination of traditional knowledge, media sourced Albanian 3 2 5 10.0 folk medicines are not included in this paper. 54.8% of Other 7 4 11 >22.0 interviewed people firstly consult a doctor in the case of Other 4 4 8 16.0 an illness. In addition, 87.3% of the participants expressed Whom the folk medicines have been learned from? (n = 95) that they use plants as medicine and food, but number of From elderly relatives 43 15 58 61.0 Society 10 7 17 17.9 people who declare that they use plants as only medicine Media 7 6 13 13.7 or as only food is few (1.1% and 11.6%, respectively). Not remembered 2 4 6 6.3 After identification of 155 specimens collected during Other 0 1 1 1.1 scientific trips, 53 genera and 53 species (62 taxa) in 33 fami- Which purposes are the plants used for? (n = 95) lies were determined to be used in the treatment of different Medicine 1 0 1 1.1 Food 7 4 11 11.6 disorders. In the Table 3, folk medicines are presented with Medicine and food 53 30 83 87.3 their localities, local names, the parts used as medicine, Where are the plants that are used as folk medicine supplied from? therapeutic uses etc. As it could be understood from Table (n = 92) 3, Rosaceae (eight taxa), Lamiaceae (seven taxa) and Aster- Around the village 16 12 28 30.4 aceae (five taxa) are the most referred families in our study Market place 8 12 20 21.7 area. Folk medicines are mainly used after being processed Town 15 10 25 27.2 Around the village and market place 10 8 18 19.6 like decoction, infusion or maceration (91%). Decoction is Other 0 1 1 1.1 the most preferred method for preparing folk medicines In the case of illness, firstly … (n = 93) (34 taxa are used with this type of preparation). Eighty-five He/she goes to the doctor 30 21 51 54.8 percent of the plants are used alone, while the remaining He/she searches his/her own remedy 0 0 0 0.0 take part in polyherbal medicines or are used with animal He/she goes to the doctor and 30 12 42 45.2 searches his/her own remedy products like yoghurt. Considering the used plant parts, folk medicines are mainly prepared from leaves (32%) and followed by fruits (19%) and aerial parts (13%) (Figure 2).

Sixty-two percent of folk medicines are herbs; 8% are considering the FIC values, this order is different; animal shrubs and 29% are trees. Evaluation of folk medicines disorders is located at the first place (FIC = 1.0); and fol- according to pharmacologic categories revealed that plants lowed by central nervous system (FIC = 0.75), musculoskel- are mostly used for dermatological disorders (21 taxa, 34%), etal and respiratory system disorders (FIC = 0.69) (Table 1). musculoskeletal disorders (20 taxa, 32%), respiratory and The highest UV are observed with Cydonia oblonga Mill., gastrointestinal system disorders (18 taxa, 29%). However, Urtica dioica L., Sambucus ebulus L. and Allium cepa (0.23; 386 Elif Karcı et al.: Folk medicines of Bafra (Samsun-Turkey) CI 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.06 0.01

UV 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.07 0.01

RFC 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.06 0.01

N.r. N.r. For cough and tonsillitis [36] tonsillitis and cough For For abscess, scabies, rheumatism and cancer [28, 34, 35] cancer and rheumatism scabies, abscess, For inflamed stomach-ache, flatulence, cancer, breast For [37] rheumatism and wounds, N.r. Previously recorded folk medicine usages medicine folk recorded Previously rheumatism, obesity, diseases, gastrointestinal For anti- analgesic, as disorders, system urinary antitussive, antiseptic, diuretic, antilithic, inflammatory, [25–28] sedative and galactogogue hearth stimulant, stomach- haemorrhoids, health, eye eczema, For breath, of shortness diseases, kidney infection, ache, system urinary inflammation, urethral in mouth, sore [28–33] diuretic as and vaginitis infections, N.r. [25] fever and diseases tract respiratory For [37] aphrodisiac as tuberculosis, bite, snake itching, For

a a a a a a a a a c For increasing milk supply of cow; cows are are cows cow; of supply milk increasing For it with fed For kidney stone; as tea as stone; kidney For For sinusitis; d. sinusitis; For For earache; dripped on ear dripped earache; For For decreasing high blood glucose level: d. level: glucose high blood decreasing For juice lemon fruit with For inflammation; d. inflammation; For For itching on feet; d., feet are kept on it kept are d., feet on feet; itching For d. expectorant; as and constipation For Petroselinum Petroselinum for described as throat; sore For crispum Helianthus Helianthus of F.o. with roasted throat; sore For on neck annuus , wrapped cepa Allium in finger; whitlow and abscess For White on ember. put and up scooped B. were annuus Helianthus from obtained F.o. and soap it. a.a.a. of inside put are crushed, granatum Punica of F.s. alopecia; For added, a.a.a. is annuus F.o. Helianthus For burns; boiled with white soap and white white and soap white with boiled burns; For a.a.a. fax, roasted L. are porrum Allium throat; sore For annuus , Helianthus from obtained F.o. with on throat wrapped as and dyspepsia pain, abdominal For d. carminative; Utilisation, preparation and application application and preparation Utilisation, method For constipation; d. constipation; For

c H. L. F. F.o. A.p. F. L. L. F.o. L. A.p. F.o. F.o. F.o. F.o. F. Used part

b 1 3 9 1 39 39 61 26 51 39 45 39 39 45 29 4, 8 Loc.

Sütlü ot, süt ot, süt Sütlü düven Fındık Fındık Papatya Dereotu, doruk doruk Dereotu, otu Papatya Papatya Zakkum pancarı Deve Maydanoz Maydanoz çiçeği Ay Papatya Papatya Local name Local

L. foetida subsp. Crepis (Bieb.) rhoeadifolia 3061) Celak (3060, Boiss. Boiss. coelopoda Anthemis (3046) coelopoda var. Mill. Mill. vulgare Foeniculum (3085) Sch. parthenium Sch. Tanacetum (3163) Bip. D. orientalis Trachystemon Don (3175) (Mill.) (Mill.) crispum Petroselinum (3123, 3124) Nyman annuus L. Helianthus (3086) (L.) corymbosum Tanacetum (3162) Bip. Sch. Mill. (3059) maxima Mill. Corylus Betulaceae Asteraceae L. (3112) oleander Nerium Apiaceae Apocynaceae Boraginaceae Folk medicines used by indigenous people in Bafra district (Samsun, Turkey). (Samsun, district in Bafra people indigenous by used medicines 3: Folk Table name scientific and Family no) (GUE Elif Karcı et al.: Folk medicines of Bafra (Samsun-Turkey) 387 CI 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.09 0.01

UV 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.18 0.01

RFC 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.09 0.01

– N.r. For abdominal pain, diarrhoea, bronchitis, common common bronchitis, diarrhoea, pain, abdominal For hyperglycaemia, diseases, flu, cardiac cough, cold, as stroke, sun inflammation, urinary nephritis, [26, 28, 30, 32, 35, 37, 39–43] antipyretic antifungal, For bruises, nausea, wounds [33, 36, 38] wounds nausea, bruises, For For abscess, hordeolum, cough, high fever, pneumonia, pneumonia, high fever, cough, hordeolum, abscess, For as ulcer, stomach-ache, hoarseness, headache, [33, 34, 37–39] digestive For acne, chronic eczema, arteriosclerosis, cardiac cardiac arteriosclerosis, eczema, chronic acne, For disorders, kidney dysuria, cystitis, asthma, deficiency, stomach- worms, expelling hypertrophy, prostatic as rheumatism, infection, mouth haemorrhoids, ache, [26, 27, 30, 31, 34, 40, agent antifungal expectorant, 41, 43, 45] For abscess, burns, eczema, fungal diseases, wounds, wounds, diseases, fungal eczema, burns, abscess, For high fever, cough, cold, common asthma, urticaria, snake bite, scorpion bee bite, sunstroke, throat, sore mastitis, malaria, inflammation, oedema, bruises, bite, haemorrhoids, worms, expelling pain, rheumatic tonic diuretic, analgesic, as sterility, stomach-ache, [8, 26, 31, 34, 37, 40, 41] Previously recorded folk medicine usages medicine folk recorded Previously [44] in foot rash heat For

a a a c For wound healing; crushed, a.a.a. crushed, healing; wound For For earache; crushed and obtained juice is is juice obtained and crushed earache; For ear to dropped on wounds wet (erythema and ‘temro’ For a.a.a. hands); As antiseptic for wounds; heated, a.a.a. heated, wounds; for antiseptic As For diarrhoea; int., d. diarrhoea; For int., d. cough; For For dog bite; a.a.a. dog bite; For For rheumatism and leg pain; warmed up, up, warmed leg pain; and rheumatism For a.a.a. For bruises and injuries; warm up, a.a.a. up, warm injuries; and bruises For For varicosis; boiled in water, wrap on leg wrap in water, boiled varicosis; For For bruises and injuries; roasted with flour, flour, with roasted injuries; and bruises For a.a.a. For rheumatism: warmed up, a.a.a. or d. up, warmed rheumatism: For For rheumatismal pain: d. pain: rheumatismal For For rheumatism and leg pain; p.w., a.a.a. p.w., leg pain; and rheumatism For For sore throat; warmed up, applied on throat applied up, warmed throat; sore For a.a.a. up, warmed boil; For Utilisation, preparation and application application and preparation Utilisation, method

c L. Lt. T. Fr. L. Fr., Fr. L. L. L. L. L. L. L., F. L., F. L. L. Used part

b 3 1 7 6 3 1 39 24 11 66 26 54 67 Loc. 49, 67 24, 48,

Kedi otu Kedi Temro çiçeği Temro Pelit ağacı Pelit Kiren, kızılcık Kiren, Kuru fasülye Kuru Kara kelem, kelem, Kara lahana, kara siyah lahana Çam otu Çam Yivdin, sultan sultan Yivdin, otu Local name Local

sp. (3055) sp. Ten. Ten. frainetto Quercus (3138) L. vulgaris Phaseolus (3125) M. Bieb. pallidum Sedum (3155) Ehrh. telmateia Equisetum (3081) L. (3148, ebulus Sambucus 3149, 3150, 3151, 3152, 3153, 3154) Table 3 (continued) Table Sedum Crassulaceae Fagaceae Cornus mas L. (3057, 3058) Cornus Cornaceae Fabaceae L. oleracea Brassica Brassicaceae Equisetaceae Caprifoliaceae Family and scientific name name scientific and Family no) (GUE 388 Elif Karcı et al.: Folk medicines of Bafra (Samsun-Turkey) CI 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01

UV 0.03 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.01

RFC 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01

For abscess, acne, bee bite, eczema, oedema, cancer, cancer, oedema, eczema, bee bite, acne, abscess, For vasodilator, lowering, cholesterol disorders, cardiac haemorrhoids, problems, digestive worms, expelling diseases, kidney goitre, vaginitis, headache, problem, tract respiratory pain, rheumatic osteoporosis, antifungal, analgesic, as sunstroke, diseases, skin [8, 25, 27, tonic hypoglycaemic, appetizer, astringent, 29–36, 38–44, 46, 47] For abdominal pain, constipation, enteritis, expelling expelling enteritis, constipation, pain, abdominal For antihypertensive, diseases, stomach worms, bronchitis, asthma, anti-inflammatory, arteriosclerosis, shortness pharyngitis, cold, common diseases, chest herpes eczema, cancer, tuberculosis, breath, of dermal diseases, cardiac healing, wound labialis, diabetes, diseases, urinary earache, diseases, haemorrhage, internal insomnia, paralysis, facial antifungal, as toothache, rheumatism, osteoporosis, diaphoretic, appetizer, antipyretic, antihaemorrhagic, [25–31, 33–35, 38, 40–46] sedative For bronchitis, cut, eczema, diabetes, gastrointestinal gastrointestinal diabetes, eczema, cut, bronchitis, For goitre, hypercholesterolemia, haemorrhoids, diseases, stomachic appetizer, anti-inflammatory, as malaria, [25, 31, 41, 45] For abdominal pain, diarrhoea, haemorrhoids, digestive digestive haemorrhoids, diarrhoea, pain, abdominal For disorders, stomach ailments, intestinal problems, halitosis, flu, tonsillitis, cold, common cough, as ailments, skin sunstroke, lumbago, headache, [8, 26, 27, 29, 32, 35, 40, 42, 48] carminative Previously recorded folk medicine usages medicine folk recorded Previously [26] sedative as insomnia, problems, cardiac For

a c For arthritis; int., i. For For rheumatism and leg pain; d., feet are kept kept are d., feet leg pain; and rheumatism For in it for described as haemorrhoids; For erythraea Centaurium For bronchitis; d. bronchitis; For i. in influenza; bronchodilator As i. pain; rheumatismal and arthritis For For haemorrhoids; mixed with honey, eaten eaten honey, with mixed haemorrhoids; For stomach on empty L. and regia Juglans d. with haemorrhoids; For bath sitz L., as sp. Mentha For abdominal pain and as carminative; int., d. carminative; as and pain abdominal For Utilisation, preparation and application application and preparation Utilisation, method

c L. L. L. F., L. F., F. F. A.p. A.p. L. Used part

b 1 8 1 6 26 26 13 26 26 Loc.

Melisa, oğul oğul Melisa, otu Ceviz Ceviz Sarı kantaron, Sarı kantaron, otu bronşit Mayasıl otu Kedi nanesi Kedi Local name Local

(3190) typhoides (Briq.) (Briq.) . typhoides L. subsp. officinalis Melissa (Sm.) Arcangeli altissima (3100) L. (3090, regia Juglans 3091) L. perforatum Hypericum (3087, 3088, 3089) Rafn erythraea Centaurium (3053, 3054) (L.) Huds. (L.) Huds. longifolia Mentha subsp var. Harley Lamiaceae Juglandaceae Hypericaceae Table 3 (continued) Table Gentianaceae Family and scientific name name scientific and Family no) (GUE Elif Karcı et al.: Folk medicines of Bafra (Samsun-Turkey) 389 CI 0.11 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.06

UV 0.16 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.08

RFC 0.11 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.06

For abdominal pain, gastrointestinal diseases, abscess, abscess, diseases, gastrointestinal pain, abdominal For arteriosclerosis, scabies, wounds, burns, bee bite, dysmenorrhea, cough, colds, common bronchitis, inflammation, uterus inflammation, urinary dysuria, pain, rheumatic fracture, oedema, infertility, woman laxative, analgesic, abortifacient, as paralysis, headache, [8, 25, 29, 30, 32–34, 36–40, 42, 48] expectorant For abdominal pain, gastrointestinal diseases, asthma, asthma, diseases, gastrointestinal pain, abdominal For cracked bee bite, throat, sore cough, cold, bronchitis, diabetes, diseases, cardiac bite, snake bite, scorpion skin, rheumatic myalgia, diseases, kidney disorders, dermal [8, 25, 28, 31, sedative expectorant, as toothache, pain, 35, 37, 41, 44] – For anorexia, common cold, flu, constipation, diarrhoea, diarrhoea, flu, constipation, cold, common anorexia, For disorders, cardiac diabetes, appetite, of loss nausea, ailments, abdominal healing, wound eczema, cancer, stomach-ache, indigestion, haemorrhoids, pain, menstrual headache, goitre, failure, coronary toothache, pain, rheumatic malaria, diseases, internal bronchodilator, stopper, blood antipyretic, analgesic, as [8, 26–29, 32, 34–40, 42–48] carminative N.r. For cold, flu, abdominal pain, stomach-ache, stomach stomach stomach-ache, pain, flu, abdominal cold, For as healing, wound stone, kidney diabetes, diseases, [34, 40, 41, 45, 47] stomachic For cold, cough, flu, shortness of breath, breath, of flu, shortness cough, cold, For vasodilator tonic, cardio as diseases, gastrointestinal [25, 28, 33, 36] Previously recorded folk medicine usages medicine folk recorded Previously

Inf. c As panacea; int., d. panacea; As For abscess and whitlow; warmed up, a.a.a. up, warmed whitlow; and abscess For For cough; int., crushed and put in water put and int., crushed cough; For For abscess and whitlow; scooped up and put put and up scooped whitlow; and abscess For inside put are soap white and Oil on ember. it, a.a.a. of For avoiding arthritis; crushed and eaten and crushed arthritis; avoiding For For eczema; int., d. eczema; For For haemorrhoids; int., d. haemorrhoids; For For wound healing; a.a.a. healing; wound For subsp. subsp. Tilia rubra int., i. with cough; For caucasica For rheumatic pains; int., d. pains; rheumatic For For influenza and as expectorant; int., d. expectorant; as and influenza For For relaxing and as bronchodilator in bronchodilator as and relaxing For int., d. influenza; For abdominal pain; int., d. pain; abdominal For As carminative; int., d. carminative; As For nausea; int., d. with lemon Fr. int., d. with nausea; For For stomach-ache and abdominal pain; int., d. pain; abdominal and stomach-ache For For nausea; int., d. nausea; For Utilisation, preparation and application application and preparation Utilisation, method

c B. B. B. B. Fr. L. A.p. L. A.p. A.p. A.p. A.p. L. L. L. L. Used part

b 5 1 6 8 4 1 48 59 39 62 44 19 69 57 57 Loc. 8, 13 24, 47, 45, 53,

Kuru soğan, soğan, Kuru soğan Defne Kekik, kesik kesik Kekik, otu Ağrı otu Karadeniz Karadeniz adaçayı Grip otu, otu, Grip adaçayı Nane Local name Local

L. (3036, 3037, cepa Allium 3038, 3039) L. (3093, nobilis Laurus 3094) sp. (3165, 3166, sp. Thymus 3167) L. subsp. vulgare Origanum vulgare L. (3101, piperita Mentha 3102, 3103, 3104) Table 3 (continued) Table Liliaceae Lauraceae L. (3164) polium Teucrium L. (3147) forskahlei Salvia Family and scientific name name scientific and Family no) (GUE 390 Elif Karcı et al.: Folk medicines of Bafra (Samsun-Turkey) CI 0.01 0.02 0.08 0.03

UV 0.02 0.02 0.08 0.03

RFC 0.01 0.02 0.08 0.03

For abscess, acne, eczema, psoriasis, wound healing, healing, wound psoriasis, eczema, acne, abscess, For muscular bones, bone or dislocated broken bruises, respiratory cold, common rheumatism, pains, hearth disorders, diabetes, cancer, sinusitis, problems, gynaecological diseases, gastrointestinal hematoma, menstrual pain, kidney mastitis, infertility, diseases, infection, urinary diseases, renal miscarriage, pains, hypercholesterolemia, candidiasis, vaginal vaginitis, diseases, liver infection, internal stimulant, immune anti- analgesic, abortifacient, as wound, in mouth, pain [9, 25, 27–30, bronchodilator diuretic, inflammatory, 32–35] N.r. For alopecia, eczema, inflamed wounds, insect bite, bite, insect wounds, inflamed eczema, alopecia, For cold, barbae, tinea pustule, bite, scorpion bite, snake food worms, expelling high cholesterol, flu, diabetes, erectile earache, poisoning, haemorrhoids, intoxication, hydrophobia, hordeolum, halitosis, dysfunction, as sunstroke, diseases, poultry rheumatism, lumbago, [9, 25, 28–34, 36–38, 40, 42] hypotensive Previously recorded folk medicine usages medicine folk recorded Previously [38, 40] infertility woman and earache For

a Fr., a.a.a. Fr., sylvestris Vitis c a For rheumatism and arthritis; boiled and and arthritis; boiled and rheumatism For yoghurt with eaten For stomach-ache; cooked with onion, rice onion, rice with cooked stomach-ache; For eaten paste, tomato and For stomach-ache; int., i. stomach-ache; For For earache; crushed, obtained water mixed mixed water obtained crushed, earache; For ear to dripped and urine with For earache; warmed up, placed in to ear in to placed up, warmed earache; For For decreasing high blood pressure; eaten on eaten pressure; high blood decreasing For stomach empty For sore throat: roasted with oil, wrapped on wrapped oil, with roasted throat: sore For throat For sunstroke; crushed in vinegar, mixed with with mixed vinegar, in crushed sunstroke; For on head applied yoghurt, For pain in arm or leg; warmed up, a.a.a. up, in arm or leg; warmed pain For For bruises; warmed up, a.a.a. up, warmed bruises; For For injuries with sharp objects; chopped up, up, chopped objects; sharp with injuries For a.a.a. butter, with roasted For sunstroke; crushed, mixed with yoghurt yoghurt with mixed crushed, sunstroke; For on head applied and For fracture or dislocations; pounded with with pounded or dislocations; fracture For S. and europaea Olea For haemorrhoids: int., i haemorrhoids: For For earache; crushed, the obtained water water the obtained crushed, earache; For ear to dripped Utilisation, preparation and application application and preparation Utilisation, method

c L., R. L. L. B. B. B. L. B. B. B. B. B. B. S. W.p. Used part

b 4 1 4 66 59 67 31 29 62 55 54 51 54 Loc. 1, 56 47, 61,

Ebegümeci Ebegümeci Ebegümeci Pırasa Sarımsak Sarımsak Local name Local

Wallr. Wallr. neglecta Malva (3098) All. punctata Lavatera (3095, 3096) L. (3043, sativum Allium 3044, 3045) Table 3 (continued) Table Malvaceae L. porrum Allium Family and scientific name name scientific and Family no) (GUE Elif Karcı et al.: Folk medicines of Bafra (Samsun-Turkey) 391 CI 0.05 0.02 0.02 0.05 0.01 0.03

UV 0.05 0.02 0.02 0.11 0.01 0.03

RFC 0.05 0.02 0.02 0.05 0.01 0.03

For abscess, eczema, wound healing, cancer, cancer, healing, wound eczema, abscess, For throat, sore diseases, lung inflammation, intrauterine tuberculosis, ulcer, stomach-ache, haemorrhoids, [8, 26, 34, anti-inflammatory as toothache, rheumatism, 36, 37, 39, 40, 45, 48] For abscess, bee bites, eczema, wart, wound wart, wound eczema, bee bites, abscess, For tuberculosis, cough, bronchitis, asthma, healing, in parasites haemorrhoids, diarrhoea, atherosclerosis, inflammation, tract urinary disorders, stomach animals, [26, 27, sedative haemostatic, antipyretic, as embolism, 29, 31, 32, 34, 35, 38, 40–42, 46–48] – For abscess, oral wounds, removing nail/slivers from from nail/slivers removing wounds, oral abscess, For tonic, cardio healing, wound bite, scorpion skin, constipation, carminative, vasodilator, tachycardia, common haemorrhoids, cancers, gastrointestinal eye earache, high cholesterol, diabetes, cough, cold, fractured nodule, hypertension, swelling, foot diseases, sore pain, or rheumatic muscular bones, or dislocated [8, 25, 28, 31, 35–40] throat For amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, anaemia, asthma, asthma, anaemia, dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, For infection, herpes eczema, diabetes, throat, sore mouth diseases, kidney gout, hepatitis, haemorrhoids, [27, 29, 30, 34, 35, 37, 38, abortifacient as diseases, 40–42] For abscess, callus, eczema, mastitis, scorpion scorpion mastitis, eczema, callus, abscess, For constipation, flu, cancer, cough, wart, asthma, bite, earache, stomach-ache, ulcer, gastric diarrhoea, expectorant as toothache, infertility, hepatitis, [8, 25, 27, 28, 31, 32, 34, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43] Previously recorded folk medicine usages medicine folk recorded Previously

a c For wrong healed bones; boiled with milk to to milk with boiled bones; healed wrong For broken a.a.a., bone is a poultice, prepare for wrapped bone is Then broken again. healing proper For maturation of abscess; crushed and a.a.a. and crushed abscess; of maturation For For maturation of abscess; a.a.a. abscess; of maturation For For embolism; int., i. embolism; For For wrong healed bones; a.a.a., bone is a.a.a., bone is bones; healed wrong For are bones Then broken again. broken healing proper for wrapped For urinary incontinence (in children); int., d. (in children); incontinence urinary For For broken and dislocated bones; crushed crushed bones; dislocated and broken For a.a.a. Fr., sylvestris Vitis with For bruises and sprains; as described for for described as sprains; and bruises For cepa Allium For bruises and sprains; crushed, with F.o., F.o., with crushed, sprains; and bruises For a.a.a. For burns and avoiding burn marks; mixed mixed marks; burn avoiding and burns For a.a.a. beeswax, with For burns and avoiding burn marks; boiled boiled marks; burn avoiding and burns For a.a.a. Then the filtrate F.o. with roasted is egg For oral aphthae; chewed and a.a.a. and chewed aphthae; oral For For wart: a.a.a. For Utilisation, preparation and application application and preparation Utilisation, method

c W.p. L. L. L. Rs. S. Fr. Fr. Fr., Fr., F.o. F.o. F.o. Fr. Lt. Used part

b 1 6 7 30 55 36 10 61 51 24 22 39 60 Loc. 7, 33,

Sünitka, Sünitka, sinir damarotu, siğilotu, otu, dili yılan Sünitka, damar damar Sünitka, otu Kozalak Zeytin, siyah siyah Zeytin, zeytin Kara dut Kara Incir Local name Local

Plantago major L. subsp. Plantago Pilg. (Gilib.) intermedia (3129, 3130, 3131, 3132) L. lanceolata Plantago (3127, 3128) L. (3082, 3083, carica Ficus 3084) Plantaginaceae sp. (3126) sp. Pinus Pinaceae L. (3120) europaea Olea Oleaceae L. (3111) nigra Morus Moraceae Table 3 (continued) Table name scientific and Family no) (GUE 392 Elif Karcı et al.: Folk medicines of Bafra (Samsun-Turkey) CI 0.03 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

UV 0.03 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

RFC 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

For abdominal pain, haemorrhoids, intestinal worms, worms, intestinal haemorrhoids, pain, abdominal For dysmenorrhea, throat, sore cough, stomach-ache, urinary prostatitis, stone, kidney oedema, dysuria, [29, 31, 32, 34, 36–40, diuretic as goitre, inflammation, 42, 44, 46] – For gonorrhoea, rheumatoid arthritis, shortness of of arthritis, shortness rheumatoid gonorrhoea, For as antiseptic, urinary sterility, stone, kidney breath, [26–28, 35, 37, 40, 45, 49] diuretic anti-inflammatory, – For abscess, eczema, erysipelas, rash, wound healing, wound rash, erysipelas, eczema, abscess, For flu, cancer, dyspnea, cold, bronchitis, asthma, urticaria, oedema, embolism, haemorrhoids, diarrhoea, diabetes, rheumatism, inflammation, urinary stone, kidney goitre, [8, 27, 29–32, 34, 36, sedative analgesic, as vaginitis, 39–42, 46, 49] – Previously recorded folk medicine usages medicine folk recorded Previously disorders, stomach diseases, gastrointestinal For [25, 38] hypoglycaemic as on tongue, wounds

a a c a For whitlow; flour obtained from seed is mixed mixed is seed from obtained flour whitlow; For a.a.a. and yoghurt with For ringworm; heated on an iron surface, surface, on an iron ringworm; heated For a.a.a. oil obtained As bronchodilator in influenza; mixed with with mixed in influenza; bronchodilator As on chest applied a poultice, prepare to water For bruises and injuries; as described for for described as injuries; and bruises For ebulus Sambucus As blood stopper; leavened dough obtained obtained dough leavened stopper; blood As a.a.a. sugar, with floor mixed seed from For diarrhoea; int., flour obtained from S. from obtained int., flour diarrhoea; For water and yoghurt with mixed For kidney stone: int., d. stone: kidney For int., d. in legs: pain For Helianthus Helianthus for described as baldness; For annuus For rheumatism: peeled Sm. is wrapped on wrapped Sm. is peeled rheumatism: For area affected As bronchodilator for influenza; int., d. influenza; for bronchodilator As As carminative; int., roasted with tomato tomato with int., roasted carminative; As onion and paste For pain on knee; int., d. pain For For warts; a.a.a. For For rheumatic pain; int., d. pain; rheumatic For Utilisation, preparation and application application and preparation Utilisation, method

c S. S. S.h. S. S. R. A.p. F.s. Sm. L. A.p. L. L. St. Used part

b 4 3 7 1 3 9 8 59 31 68 29 66 60 24 Loc.

Mısır Buğday Ayrık out Ayrık Acı nar Acı Ham tevek Damar otu Damar Efelik pancarı Efelik Local name Local

(L.) Pers. (L.) Pers. dactylon Cynodon (3079, 3080) Plantago major L. subsp. Plantago major (3133) L. (3188, 3189) mays Zea sp. (3176) sp. Triticum L. granatum Punica Table 3 (continued) Table Poaceae Punicaceae sp. (3056) sp. Clematis sp. (3139) Rumex sp. Ranunculaceae Polygonaceae Family and scientific name name scientific and Family no) (GUE Elif Karcı et al.: Folk medicines of Bafra (Samsun-Turkey) 393 CI 0.02 0.06 0.01 0.23 0.03 0.02

UV 0.02 0.06 0.01 0.23 0.04 0.03

RFC 0.02 0.06 0.01 0.23 0.03 0.02

– For abdominal pain, anthelmintic, diarrhoea, diarrhoea, anthelmintic, pain, abdominal For cough, colds, bronchitis, asthma, haemorrhoids, hypertension eczema, diabetes, flu, tuberculosis, [31, 37, 40, 43] For headache, haemorrhoids, stomach-ache, stomach-ache, haemorrhoids, headache, For antidiabetic, analgesic, as throat, sore hypertension, [26, 37] antipyretic For breast feeding nipple wound, psoriasis, cancer, cancer, psoriasis, wound, nipple feeding breast For respiratory throat, sore cold, common diseases, cardiac urinary stone, kidney dysuria, cystitis, problem, tract stomach- diseases, gastrointestinal sterility, disorders, antihypertensive, as hypoglycaemic, headache, ache, [8, 25, 27–31, 33, tranquiliser diuretic, appetizer, 35–43, 47] For abdominal pain, diarrhoea, gallstones, gallstones, diarrhoea, pain, abdominal For intestinal bladder, gall inflamed haemorrhoids, eczema, burns, abscess, disorders, stomach disorders, common allergy, healing, wart, wound rash, itching, cancer, disorders, tract flu, respiratory dyspnoea, cold, disorders, kidney inflammation, intrauterine cystitis, hypertension, diseases, heart strain, eye diabetes, as rheumatism, malaria, diseases, internal hepatitis, panacea vasodilator, tonic, immunotonic, aphrodisiac, [8, 25–27, 29–38, 40–43, 45–49] Previously recorded folk medicine usages medicine folk recorded Previously [34, 38, 44] stone kidney dysuria, For

a c Abdominal pain and as carminative (for (for carminative as and pain Abdominal on wrapped and up warmed babies); abdomen For bronchitis; int., d. bronchitis; For e.d. regulatory; glucose blood As For diarrhoea; int., i. diarrhoea; For int., d. diarrhoea; For int., d. diarrhoea; For int., d. cough; For int., d. cough; For For reducing high blood glucose levels; e.d. levels; glucose high blood reducing For For cough; int., d. cough; For For cough: int., d. cough: For For cough; int., d. cough; For For common cold and flu: int., i. and cold common For For constipation: int., d. constipation: For For cough; int., i. cough; For For cough: int., m. cough: For For cough: int., d. cough: For For kidney stone and as diuretic; as described described as diuretic; as and stone kidney For avium Prunus for eaten marmalade, as living; healthy For int., d. in influenza; immunity enhancing For Fr. canina int.,Rosa d. with stone; kidney For Utilisation, preparation and application application and preparation Utilisation, method

c S. Fr. Fr. L. L., Fr. L. Fr. L. Fr. L. T. L. L. L. L. F.st. Fr. Fr. Fr. F.st. Used part

b 5 7 6 9 6 9 6 39 31 40 61 63 63 57 52 45 40 6, 7 Loc. 1, 40, 71, 72 49, 69 47, 51, 53, 57, 60, 61, 65, 66,

Kiraz Çakal eriği, eriği, Çakal erik kırmızı Töngel, Töngel, muşmula Karayemiş Ayva Kuşburnu, Kuşburnu, gülü yaban Local name Local

L. germanica Mespilus (3105, 3106, 3107, 3108, 3109, 3110) officinalis Laurocerasus (3092) Roemer Mill. Mill. oblonga Cydonia (3062, 3063, 3064, 3065, 3066, 3067, 3068, 3069, 3070, 3071, 3072, 3073, 3074, 3075, 3076, 3077, 3078) L. (3141, 3140, canina Rosa 3142) (L.) L. (3136) avium Prunus sp. (3134, 3135) sp. Prunus Table 3 (continued) Table Rosaceae Family and scientific name name scientific and Family no) (GUE 394 Elif Karcı et al.: Folk medicines of Bafra (Samsun-Turkey) CI 0.14 0.07 0.06 0.07 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.03

UV 0.19 0.13 0.06 0.07 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.03

RFC 0.13 0.07 0.06 0.07 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02

For abdominal pain, constipation, diarrhoea, enteritis, enteritis, diarrhoea, constipation, pain, abdominal For bowel, inflammatory haemorrhoids, stones, gallbladder abscess, disorders, stomach regulatory, intestinal psoriasis, itching, infection, fungal eczema, alopecia, common diseases, cardiovascular anaemia, wounds, system urinary cancer, diseases, respiratory cold, gynaecological goitre, oedema, diabetes, diseases, For cough, common cold, flu [28, 29, 37] cold, common cough, For For bloodshot eyes, burns, eczema, oedema, headache, headache, oedema, eczema, burns, eyes, bloodshot For [33, 36, 38–40, 48] analgesic as swelling, fever, For wound healing, as haemostatic [40, 47] haemostatic as healing, wound For For abscess, burns, scorpion bite, blood forming forming blood bite, scorpion burns, abscess, For [33, 34, 36, 38] For bronchitis, cough, headache, sunstroke [8, 31, 43] sunstroke headache, cough, bronchitis, For For anaemia, asthenopia, bronchitis, diabetes, diabetes, bronchitis, asthenopia, anaemia, For stones, kidney infertility, haemorrhoids, diarrhoea, and antiemetic as wounds, prostatitis, nephritis, [31, 37, 40, 41] haemostatic - Previously recorded folk medicine usages medicine folk recorded Previously

c For stomach-ache; int., d. stomach-ache; For on applied pressure; high blood reducing For hands in water boiled leg pain; and rheumatism For on knees wrapped and ears; piercing during anaesthetic local As on ear applied sp. Thymus for described as cough; For For softening throat in influenza; int., d. in influenza; throat softening For For common cold and cough; int., d. cough; and cold common For For headache; sliced, wrapped on forehead wrapped sliced, headache; For For headache in sunstroke; sliced, wrapped wrapped sliced, in sunstroke; headache For on forehead For sun burn; sliced, a.a.a. sliced, burn; sun For For headache; sliced, salt is added and and added is salt sliced, headache; For on forehead wrapped For headache; sliced, red pepper is added added pepper is red sliced, headache; For on forehead and wrapped As blood stopper; with sugar, a.a.a. sugar, with stopper; blood As As blood stopper; a.a.a. stopper; blood As As antiseptic for incisions; crushed, a.a.a. crushed, incisions; for antiseptic As For whitlow; scoop out, fingers are kept in it kept are out, fingers scoop whitlow; For For rheumatic pain; int., i. pain; rheumatic For For haemorrhoids; int., d. haemorrhoids; For For inflammation and reducing high glucose high glucose reducing and inflammation For int., d. levels; For aphthae; crushed, a.a.a. crushed, aphthae; For Utilisation, preparation and application application and preparation Utilisation, method

c L. L. A.p. A.p. Inf. Inf. Inf. Tb. Tb. Tb. Tb. Tb. L. L. L. Fr. L. R. R. Fr. Used part

b 2 9 7 1 1 1 8 29 19 13 66 54 39 61 26 66 39 3, 7, Loc. 1, 52 4, 40, 54, 61 54, 69 47, 63,

Sırgan, ısırgan Sırgan, Ihlamur, sünik Ihlamur, Patates Tütün Tütün Domates Söğüt Böğürtlen Böğürtlen Local name Local

(Rubr.) V. Engler V. (Rubr.) L. (3177, dioica Urtica 3178, 3179, 3180, 3181, 3182, 3183, 3184, 3185) (3168, 3169, 3170, 3171, 3172, 3173, 3174) DC. subsp. DC. subsp. Tilia rubra caucasica L. tuberosum Solanum (3156, 3157, 3158, 3159, 3160, 3161) L. (3113, tabacum Nicotiana 3114, 3115, 3116, 3117, 3118, 3119) esculentum Lycopersicum (3097) Mill. Weihe & Weihe discolor Rubus (3145) Nees Table 3 (continued) Table Urticaceae Tiliaceae Solanaceae L. (3146) babylonica Salix Salicaceae sp. (3143, 3144) sp. Rubus Family and scientific name name scientific and Family no) (GUE Elif Karcı et al.: Folk medicines of Bafra (Samsun-Turkey) 395 CI 0.04

UV 0.06

RFC 0.04

disorders, infertility, internal diseases, obesity, obesity, diseases, internal infertility, disorders, liver infection, system urinary prostatitis, paralysis, rheumatism, osteoporosis, disorders, analgesic, aphrodisiac, abortifacient, as sciatica, bronchodilator, appetizer, anticoagulant, anthelmintic, panacea, tonic, haemostatic, expectorant, diuretic, [8, 26–33, 36–44, 46–49] prophylactic Previously recorded folk medicine usages medicine folk recorded Previously tonic hair stopper blood as baldness, anaemia, For [26, 40]

a a a a c For kidney stone; sap obtained from incised incised from obtained sap stone; kidney For braches is drunk For high fever; ‘pekmez’ (Fr. are crushed, crushed, are ‘pekmez’ (Fr. high fever; For is Fr. from obtained boiled) and filtrated drunk and water with mixed For rheumatism and leg pain; roasted with with roasted leg pain; and rheumatism For on knees wrapped salt, eaten leg pain; and rheumatism For drunk is juice obtained crushed, jaundice; For int., d. haemorrhoids; For int., d. abortive; As in water, boiled injuries; and bruises For a.a.a. and a.a.a., or crushed salt with mixed leg pain; and rheumatism For on knees wrapped and as bones; dislocated and broken For cepa Allium for described as bones; dislocated and broken For europaea Olea for described Utilisation, preparation and application application and preparation Utilisation, method

c B.s. Fr. L. S. L. A.p. R. L. L. Fr. Fr. Used part

b 6 9 39 48 51 60 60 61 68 51 61 Loc.

Üzüm, kara kara Üzüm, üzüm Local name Local

infusion; Inf., inflorescence; int., internally; L., leaf; Lt., latex; m., maceration; N.r., no record has been found; p.w., poultice with water; R., root; Rs., resin; S., seed; S.h., seed husk; husk; S.h., seed S., seed; resin; Rs., R., root; water; with poultice p.w., been found; has no record N.r., m., maceration; Lt., latex; L., leaf; int., internally; inflorescence; Inf., infusion; C.C. Gmel. sylvestris Vitis (3186, 3187) The localities that are expressed as number could be seen in Figure 1. be seen in Figure could number as expressed are that The localities Newly detected usages in Turkey. in usages detected Newly a.a.a., applied on affected are; A.p., aerial parts; B., bulb; B.s., branch sap; d., decoction; e.d., eaten directly; F., flower; F.o., fixed oil; Fr., fruit; F.s., fruit shell; F.st., fruit stalk; H., herb; stalk; fruit F.st., shell; fruit F.s., fruit; Fr., oil; fixed F.o., flower; F., directly; e.d., eaten d., decoction; sap; B.s., branch parts; B., bulb; aerial A.p., are; on affected a.a.a., applied Vitaceae Family and scientific name name scientific and Family no) (GUE a b c Table 3 (continued) Table i., plant. whole W.p., tuber; Tb., twig; T., St., stylus; Sm., stem, 396 Elif Karcı et al.: Folk medicines of Bafra (Samsun-Turkey)

Whole plant Underground parts As it could be seen in Table 3, we compered our 2% Seed 10% findings with previous studies and noticed that five folk 8% Latex Resin medicines (Anthemis coelopoda var. coelopoda, Tanace- 1% 2% tum corymbosum, Quercus frainetto, Salvia forskahlei and Lavatera punctata) have not been recorded as folk medi- Aerial parts cine in Turkey before. In addition, new usages of 13 folk 13% Fruit medicines in Turkey were also detected [Allium porrum, 19% Brassica oleracea, Corylus maxima, Foeniculum vulgare, Helianthus annuus, Melissa officinalis subsp. altissima, Petroselinum crispum, Plantago major subsp. intermedia, Stem/stem parts Prunus avium, Punica granatum, Sedum pallidum, Vitis 5% Leaf sylvestris and Zea mays]. Flower/flower parts 32% Anthemis coelopoda is used for sinusitis as decoction 8% in our study area. Anti-bacterial activity of chloroform Figure 2: Percentage distribution chart of plant parts used in the extract of A. coelopoda root and stem against Staphylococ- treatment of ailments. cus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi were investigated by disc diffusion, well diffusion and microdilution methods. The results revealed MIC values 0.19; 0.18 and 0.16, respectively). There is a little difference between 0.187 and 1.5 mg/mL and strongest antibacterial on this order according to RFC and CI: C. oblonga is at the activity was observed against B. subtilis [50]. According first place (RFC = 0.23; CI = 0.23), U. dioica is at the second to our literature survey, anti-bacterial activity of various order (RFC = 0.13; CI = 0.14) and Allium cepa is at the third other Anthemis species or compounds that isolated from order (RFC = 0.11; CI = 0.11) (Table 3). Anthemis species were studied in detail and determined to have strong antimicrobial activity [51–62]. Hence, according to these findings, usage of A. coelopoda for sinusitis could possibly be thought to be based on its antimicrobial activity. Discussion Tanacetum corymbosum is used for abdominal pain and as carminative in Bafra and best of our knowledge, In Bafra, mostly referred plant families are Rosaceae, its gastro-preventive activity has not been studied yet. Lamiaceae and Asteraceae in many studies that have been Nevertheless, anti-ulcerogenic activity of T. vulgare L. conducted in Turkey [29, 48]. Allium and Plantago are the and T. larvatum (Griseb. ex Pant.) Kanitz’s have been most cited genera (three taxa), while the most referred previously investigated. Chloroform extract of T. vulgare species is C. oblonga (22 citations). Allium is the genus that and parthenolide that isolated from chloroform extract, is widely being used as food stuff, and Plantago is a cos- showed significant dose dependent ulcer inhibition (27% mopolite genus that grows naturally in whole Anatolia, so to 100% ulcer inhibition ratio) with ethanol-induced coming across with these genera as the most cited ones gastric ulcer method [63]. Similarly, T. larvatum’s chloro- is simply expected. Similarly, C. oblonga grows almost form extract decreased gastric damage on indomethacin- in every garden and in villages and it is actually easily induced gastric ulcer in vivo [64]. accessible. It is known that some oak species have antimicro- Easily accessible plant parts like leaves, aerial parts bial activity. For example, ethanol extract and some and fruits are encountered once again as similar to our substances [4,5-di-O-galloyl(+) protoquercitol and 3,5-di- previous study [36]. Dermatological, musculoskeletal, O-galloyl protoquercitol] isolated from ethanol extracts respiratory and gastrointestinal disorders are determined of Quercus acuta Thunb. trunk were determined to have to be the mostly cited health problems in Bafra district. antibacterial activity against Bacillus brevis, B. coagulans, Considering village life and participants age range (77% B. stearothermophilus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas of participant are older than 50 years old), these find- aeruginosa (inhibition zones were in the range of 11 and ings are acceptable. Highest UV, RFC and CI values are 23 mm) [65]. Quercus frainetto is being used as antiseptic observed on C. oblonga and U. dioica. As mentioned before in Bafra and antimicrobial effect is likely to be found as C. oblonga, likewise U. dioica, are wildly grows almost in other Quercus species. every garden, hence prominence of these plant species is Salvia forskahlei is utilised as folk medicine in our expected. study area in the influenza. According to literature Elif Karcı et al.: Folk medicines of Bafra (Samsun-Turkey) 397 survey, antimicrobial activity of different Salvia species isolated from H. annuus were evaluated and they pre- has been studied, except S. forskahlei. In a study by sented in vivo and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity [74]. Chung et al. [66], antiviral effect of six compounds that These findings partly support the usages of H. annuus seed have been isolated from S. miltiorrhiza, were evaluated oil in abscess, whitlow and burns that firstly recorded in against Enterovirus 71 and only rosmarinic acid and mag- our study area. nesium lithospermate B were reported to demonstrate Usage of Melissa officinalis subsp. altissima on important anti-Enterovirus 71 activity. Antimicrobial arthritis was recorded first time in Turkey by this study. effects of S. limbata C.A. Mey. and S. sclarea L. methanol Previously, water extract of M. officinalis was demon- extract and essential oil were examined on 35 bacteria, strated to have anti-inflammatory activity by reducing in 19 fungi and a yeast with disk diffusion, micro-well dilu- the amounts of the exudate, in the numbers of leukocytes tion, and MIC agar dilution technics. As a result, only and polymorphonuclear cells [75]. Additionally, etha- essential oil of S. limbata showed activity on some of nolic extract of M. officinalis leaves also showed good microorganisms (MIC values were in the range of 15.62 analgesic activity by inhibition of acetic acid-induced and 250 μg/mL) [67]. Antimicrobial activity of quercetin- visceral pain, and glutamate-induced pain [76]. Results 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside of these studies are also consistent with folk medicinal isolated from S. leucantha Cav. was evaluated on six usages. microorganisms with agar diffusion method and found Folk medicine knowledge is a very important herit- to have activity at different degrees. In the same study, age. However, factors like decrease in village population, the aforementioned compound is represented to have sig- increase in the educational status, ease of reaching to nificant wound healing activity as well [68]. In a study by orthodox medicine and drugs cause unconcern on folk Haznedaroğlu et al. [69], the essential oil of S. tomentosa medicine, therefore folk medicine knowledge is rapidly Miller were displayed to remarkably inhibit the growth disappearing. Recently, researches on folk medicine are of Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterococcus becoming widespread, but there are still many areas that faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis; while have not been investigated in Turkey and detailed studies found to have no effect on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. should be conduct before the loss of this precious heritage. Various Salvia species are widely used throughout the world for diseases such as influenza, common cold and Acknowledgements: This study was conducted as a part the findings that we have given above could be thought to of a master thesis named “Folk medicines of Bafra (Sam- support its usages for these phenomenon. sun)” (Elif Karcı, Gazi University, Institute of Health Sci- We could not find any literature information on ences, Department of Pharmacognosy, Phytotherapy L. punctata, another plant that was determined by this Program, Ankara, 2013) and was presented as poster at study for the first time as being used as a folk medicine. the “XX. Bitkisel İlaç Hammaddeleri Toplantısı”, Antalya Foeniculum vulgare is used as folk medicine in the Turkey. case of diseases like obesity, rheumatism, urinary system disorders in different parts of Turkey, but its usage for Conflict of interest statement: There are no conflicts of decreasing blood glucose level was determined first time interest among the authors. with our study. Anti-hyperglycaemic effect of mixture that consist of Terminalia chebula Retz. water extract, ethanol extracts of Cassia angustifolia Vahl. and Nigella sativa L., References ethanol-water extracts of rhubarb, Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Pimpinella anisum L. and F. vulgare have been shown in 1. Yeşilada E. An overview of Turkish folk medicine; past and pre- rats that are subjected to high fat diet [70]. In different sent. Curr Drug Deliv 2013;10:92–5. 2. Yeşilada E. 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