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Toni Morrison's a Mercy

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Toni Morrison's a Mercy TONI MORRISON’S A MERCY: THE BLACK WOMAN SLAVES’ STRUGGLE TO GAIN FREEDOM IN AMERICA IN THE 1600S AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters By MM. Rahayu Ambarastuti Student Number: 06 4214 023 ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2010 TONI MORRISON’S A MERCY: THE BLACK WOMAN SLAVES’ STRUGGLE TO GAIN FREEDOM IN AMERICA IN THE 1600S AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters By MM. Rahayu Ambarastuti Student Number: 06 4214 023 ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2010 i HAKUNA MATATA -NO WORRIES- iv To the women who fight the oppression of their rights v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost I would like to thank God Almighty who has given me life and its beautiful lessons and for His blessings to make this thesis possible. My deepest gratitude goes to my advisor, Dewi Widyastuti, S.Pd., M.Hum., who has encouraged me and guided me all through my journey in writing this thesis, and J. Harris Hermansyah S. S.S., M.Hum., as my co-advisor who has given creative inputs. I would also thank all English Letters’ lecturers, especially Anna Fitriati, S.Pd., M.Hum., Maria Ananta, S.S., M.Ed. for the guidance and help during my study in the English Letters, and all the staff in English Letters. Importantly, I would like to give my love and gratitude to my beloved family who have taught me the lessons of life and love well. I thank my Garry, who stands beside me and gives his love, optimism, support and patience. Also, I would like to thank the Director, my colleague and seniors in Pusat Sejarah dan Etika Politik Universitas Sanata Dharma, Romo Baskara, Wawan, Darwin, Mba Monic, Mas Deddy, Pak Tri, for the sharing and support. I also thank Colin Cahill for the constant discussion and additional corrections. I thank my sisters and brothers, Rendy, Nikko, Mba Keke, Amot, Mba Eni, Kak Iin, Gerisca, Ayu, Mba Eling, Mba Karlina, Andika, Mba Astri, Gustin, Yosua, Acong, Eman, Dika Mahot, Rio, Media, Santi, Nissa, and all the 2006 gang and EDS for the sharing and laughter which boost my spirit whenever I need it. Last but not least, I thank all my friends that I cannot mention one by one, and to Gonzaga and its memorable experiences. Rahayu Ambarastuti vii TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE …………………………………………………………… i APPROVAL PAGE …………………………………………………… ii ACCEPTANCE PAGE ……..…………………………………….. iii MOTTO PAGE …………………………………………………… iv DEDICATION PAGE …………………………………………… v SURAT PERNYATAAN …………………………………………… vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS …………………………………………… vii TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………………………… viii ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………… x ABSTRAK ……………………………………………………………. xi CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ……………………………………. 1 A. Background of Study ……………………………………………. 1 B. Problem Formulation ……………………………………………. 3 C. Objectives of Study ……………………………………………. 4 D. Definitions of Study ……………………………………………. 5 CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW ……………………. 6 A. Review of Related Studies ……………………………………. 6 B. Review of Related Theories ……………………………………. 8 1. Theories on Character ……………………………………. 8 2. Theories on Characterization ……………………………. 11 C. Review on Historical Background in America in the 1600s ……. 13 1. Review on Slavery ……………………………………. 13 2. Review on Social Condition of the Black Woman Slaves in the 1600s ……………………………. 16 3. The Meaning of Freedom for Black Woman Slaves in the 1600s ……………………………………………. 19 D. Theoretical Framework ……………………………………. 20 CHAPTER III:METHODOLOGY ……………………………………. 22 A. Object of the Study ……………………………………………. 22 B. Approach of the Study ……………………………………. 23 C. Method of the Study ……………………………………………. 24 CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS …………………………………………….. 26 A. The Characteristics of Florens …………………………….. 26 B. The Description of the Life of Black Woman Slaves in America in the 1600s …………………………………….. 33 C. Black Woman Slaves’ Ability to Gain Freedom in America in the 1600 …………………………………….. 39 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION …………………………………….. 51 viii ix BIBLIOGRAPHY …………………………………………………….. 53 ABSTRACT MM. RAHAYU AMBARASTUTI. Toni Morrison’s A Mercy: The Black Woman Slaves’ Struggle to Gain Freedom in America in the 1600s. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2010. A Mercy is a story about black women slaves’ life with a very strong historical background during the 1600s. Back then America had not been independent yet and the white people from various places came to that place to make colonies. They used black slaves to cultivate their land. Florens is the main character in the story. She becomes a slave as she inherits her mother’s status as a slave. She is sold to another employer with her mother’s permission. At her new working place, she becomes a good girl and a good slave. Then she is sent to search for a healer by her Mistress. During her journey, she has to face social and humanity problems, including discriminations toward her race and judgments based on the race and status. Florens’ struggle to be able to survive the chaotic situations and gain her freedom is what will be discussed in this thesis. This thesis mainly discusses how a person’s abilities can motivate that person to achieve freedom. Therefore, the first problem to be discussed in this thesis is the characteristics of Florens as the main character in the novel. Second is the description of the social condition of the black women slaves’ lives in the 1600s. The third is to find the abilities found in Florens’ characteristics with the description of black woman slaves’ lives and their ability to achieve freedom in the 1600s. Library research method has been done to analyse the story. I also used the sociocultural-historical approach as the point of view to analyze the story. How the black woman slaves’ use their ability to struggle for freedom is the topic discussed in this thesis. Florens is naïve, obedient, smart, courageous and also trustworthy. Black woman slaves had a difficult life because they were the marginalized people and they were considered as a tool or property, rather than human being, and thus the discrimination toward their race was strong. They learnt from their experiences and they developed their own characteristics. By using their own abilities to struggle, black women slaves struggled for equality and better treatments toward their race. They use their own capabilities and cleverness to solve their problems in order to be independent and be as they were. They always fought with what they had and they knew that it was important to be able to defend themselves and to read the situations and thus being able to be critical to their situations. The importance of their being and humanity to be acknowledged was the essence for the meaning of freedom itself. x ABSTRAK MM. RAHAYU AMBARASTUTI. Toni Morrison’s A Mercy: The Black Woman Slaves’ Struggle to Gain Freedom in America in the 1600s. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2010. A Mercy adalah sebuah kisah pengalaman hidup seorang budak perempuan berkulit hitam dengan latar belakang sejarah di tahun 1600an yang sangat kental. Pada saat itu Amerika belum meraih kemerdekaannya dan orang-orang kulit putih dari berbagai negara datang untuk membentuk koloni di sana. Mereka menggunakan budak kulit hitam untuk mengolah ladang mereka. Florens adalah tokoh utama dalam cerita tersebut. Dia adalah seorang perempuan kulit hitam yang menjadi budak karena mengikuti status ibunya yang juga seorang budak. Kemudian dia dijual ke pemilik lain atas dasar permintaan ibunya. Di tempat kerjanya yang baru, Florens tumbuh besar dan menjadi budak yang baik. Kemudian dia diutus oleh istri tuannya untuk mencari seorang penyembuh. Dalam perjalanannya itu Florens harus menghadapi berbagai rintangan dan masalah sosial, termasuk diskriminasi, rasa jijik atas rasnya, dan tuduhan-tuduhan yang berdasar pada status dan ras. Perjuangan Florens agar bisa menyelesaikan tugasnya dan mencari kebebasannya dibahas dalam tesis ini. Dalam tulisan ini banyak membahas tentang bagaimana karakter seseorang mampu memotivasi orang tersebut untuk meraih kemerdekaan. Maka, yang pertama dibahas adalah mengetahui karakteristik Florens sebagai karakter utama dalam novel A Mercy. Kedua, untuk mengerti keadaan kehidupan sosial para budak perempuan kulit hitam di tahun 1600an. Ketiga, menemukan kemampuan dalam karakter Florens dan dalam menghadapi keadaan sosial budak perempuan kulit hitam sebagai cara untuk meraih kebebasan di tahun 1600an. Studi pustaka telah dilakukan untuk menganalisis cerita ini. Saya juga menggunakan pendekatan sejarah, budaya dan sosiologis sebagai fokus analisis cerita ini. Bagaimana budak perempuan kulit hitam menggunakan kemampuan dari dalam dirinya untuk berjuang mencapai kebebasan adalah topik yang dibahas dalam skripsi ini. Florens merupakan perempuan yang polos, penurut, cerdas, pemberani sekaligus bisa dipercaya. Para budak perempuan kulit hitam di tahun 1600an mengalami masa yang sulit karena mereka kaum marjinal dan mereka lebih dianggap alat atau benda, ketimbang manusia, sehingga diskriminasi terhadap kaum mereka sangat kuat. Dengan menggunakan kemampuan mereka masing-masing, para budak perempuan kulit hitam berjuang untuk persamaan hak dan perlakuan yang lebih baik. Mereka memanfaatkan kecerdasan mereka dan kemampuan mereka untuk menghadapi masalah untuk bisa menjadi diri
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