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An Overview on Edible Vaccines and Immunization Open Access Austin Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences Review Article An Overview on Edible Vaccines and Immunization Naeema Jan1, Fouzia Shafi1, Omar bin Hameed1, Khalid Muzaffar2, Shuaib Mohammad Dar2, Abstract Ishrat Majid2 and Nayik GA2* Edible vaccines offer cost-effective, easily administrable, storable and 1Division of Post Harvest Technology, SKUAST-Kashmir, widely acceptable as bio friendly particularly in developing countries. Oral India administration of edible vaccines proves to be promising agents for reducing 2Department of Food Engineering & Technology, SLIET, the incidence of various diseases like hepatitis and diarrhea especially in the Punjab, India developing world, which face the problem of storing and administering vaccines. *Corresponding author: Nayik GA, Department of Edible vaccines are obtained by incorporating a particular gene of interest into Food Engineering & Technology, SLIET, Punjab, India the plant, which produces the desirable encoded protein. Edible vaccines are specific to provide mucosal activity along with systemic immunity. Various foods Received: March 03, 2016; Accepted: June 01, 2016; that are used as alternative agents for injectable vaccines include cereals (wheat, Published: June 07, 2016 rice, corn) fruits (bananas) and vegetables (lettuce, potatoes, tomatoes). Thus, edible vaccines overcome all the problems associated with traditional vaccines and prove to be best substitutes to traditional vaccines. Keywords: Edible vaccines; Transgenic plant; Traditional vaccines Introduction and do not need cold-chain maintenance. Edible vaccines can be stored at the site of use thus avoiding long-distance transportation. Vaccines have proved to be boon for the prevention of infectious Syringes and needles are also not required, thus reduces the incidence diseases. In spite of the global immunization programme for children of various infections [3]. Important advantage of edible vaccines against the six devastating diseases, 20% of infants still remain un- is elimination of contamination with animal viruses-like the mad immunized which lead to approximately two million unnecessary cow disease, which is a hazard in vaccines developed from cultured deaths per annum, particularly in the far flung and poor parts of the mammalian cells, as plant viruses cannot infect humans. Edible world [1]. This is because of the limitations on vaccine production, vaccines act by stimulating the mucosal as well as systemic immunity, distribution and delivery. This problem needs to resolve in order to as soon they meet the digestive tract lining. This dual mechanism of prevent the spread of infections and epidemics by un-immunized action of edible vaccines provide first-line defense against pathogens populations in the immunized, safe areas [2]. Immunization for attacking via mucosa, like Mycobacterium tuberculosis and carriers certain infectious diseases, either do not exist or they are unreliable causing diarrhea, pneumonia, STDs, HIV etc. [1]. Oral administration or very expensive like; immunization via DNA vaccines is substitute of edible vaccines to mothers might prove to be useful in immunizing but is an expensive method, along with some undesirable immune the fetus-in-utero by transplacental movement of maternal antibodies responses. Besides being expensive, these vaccines pose the problem or the infant through breast-feeding. Edible vaccines enable the of storage and transportation, as many of them require refrigeration. process of seroconversion in the presence of maternal antibodies, Hence, there is search for easily administrable, storable, fail-safe and thus playing a possible role in protecting children against diseases widely acceptable bio friendly vaccines and their delivery systems like group-B Streptococcus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), etc. At especially in developing countries. Therefore, as substitutes have to be present edible vaccines are produced for various human and animal produced for traditional vaccines, it was envisaged that plants could diseases (measles, cholera, foot and mouth disease and hepatitis B, be promising agents for efficient production system for vaccines, C and E). They can also be used to prevent exceptional diseases like which in turn gave rise to the novel concept of edible vaccines. dengue, hookworm, rabies, etc. by combining with other vaccination Concept of Edible Vaccines programmes enabling multiple antigen delivery. Various foods under investigation for use in edible vaccines include banana, potato, Development of edible vaccines involves the process of tomato, lettuce, rice, etc. [4]. incorporating the selected desired genes into plants and then Developing an Edible Vaccine enabling these altered plants to produce the encoded proteins. This process is known as transformation, and the altered plants are known The selected gene obtained from the microbes encoding specific as transgenic plants. Edible vaccines like traditional subunit vaccines antigen can be handled in two different ways: consist of antigenic proteins and are devoid of pathogenic genes. 1. Suitable plant virus is genetically engineered to produce the Despite this advantage, traditional subunit vaccines are unaffordable desired peptides/proteins. The recombinant virus is then and technology-intensive, require purification, refrigeration and incorporated into the plant, which enables it to produce a produce poor mucosal response. Unlikely, edible vaccines would huge number of new plants from which chimeric virions are eliminate the need for trained medical personnel required for oral isolated and purified. The consequential edible plant vaccine administration particularly in children. Production of edible vaccines can then be used for immunological applications. is effective process and can be easily scaled up. Edible vaccines offer numerous advantages like they posses good genetic and heat stability 2. In another method, the desirable gene is incorporated with Austin J Nutri Food Sci - Volume 4 Issue 2 - 2016 Citation: Jan N, Shafi F, bin Hameed O, Muzaffar K, Dar SM, Majid I, et al. An Overview on Edible Vaccines and ISSN : 2381-8980 | www.austinpublishinggroup.com Immunization. Austin J Nutri Food Sci. 2016; 4(2): 1078. Nayik et al. © All rights are reserved Nayik GA Austin Publishing Group Figure 1: Development of edible vaccines from potato. plant vector by transformation. Many other approaches have encapsulation, i.e., outer rigid cell wall and are finally hydrolysed and been utilized which can be categorized into following groups: released in the intestines. The released antigens are taken up by M cells in the intestinal lining that are placed on Payer’s patches and Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). These are further passed on In this method, the suitable gene (recombinant DNA) is to macrophages and locallymphocyte populations, producing serum incorporated into the T‐region of a disarmed Ti plasmid of IgG, IgE responses, local IgA response and memory cells, that rapidly Agrobacterium; a plant pathogen, which is co-cultured with the plant counterbalance the attack by the real infectious agent [1] (Figure 2). cells, or tissues that needs to be transformed (Figure 1). This approach is slow with lower yield however; it showed satisfactory results in Advantages of Edible Vaccines dicotelydenous plants like potato, tomato and tobacco. Researches 1. Edible vaccines have efficient mode of action for immunization, in some fields have proven this approach good in expressing the as they do not require subsidiary elements to stimulate immune desirable traits by selected genes in several experimental animals and response. plants [5,6]. 2. Edible vaccine unlike traditional vaccines brings forth mucosal Biolistic method immunity. This sophisticated method involves the use of gene gun that 3. Edible vaccines are comparatively cost effective, as they do not fires the gene containing DNA coated metal (e.g. gold, tungsten) require cold chain storage like traditional vaccines [9]. particles at the plant cells [7]. Plant cells are then permitted to grow in new plants, which are later on cloned to produce ample number 4. Edible vaccines offer greater storage opportunities as they seeds of crop with similar genetic composition. This approach is highly of transgenic plants contain lesser moisture content and can be easily attractive due to its undependability on regeneration ability of the dried. In addition, plants with oil or their aqueous extracts possess species as DNA is directly incorporated into cells of plant. However, more storage opportunities [10]. requirement of expensive device particle gun adds to the major 5. Edible vaccines do not need sophisticated equipments and drawback to this method. machines as they could be easily grown on rich soils and the method Electroporation is economical compared to cell culture grown in fermenters. In this method DNA is inserted into the cells after which they are 6. Edible vaccines are widely accepted as they are orally exposed to high voltage electrical pulse which is believed to produce administered unlike traditional vaccines that are injectable. Thus, transient pores within the plasma lemma. This approach requires the they eliminate the requirement of trained medical personnel and the additional effort of weakening the cell wall as it acts as an effective risk of contamination is reduced as they do not need premises and barrier against entry of DNA into cell cytoplasm hence, it requires manufacturing area
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