Office of Fusion U.S. Fusion Energy Sciences Program

Excellent Science Energy in Support of Attractive Energy Sciences Presented to

National Research Council Burning Plasma Assessment Committee

By Dr. Anne Davies

Associate Director for Fusion Energy Sciences Office of Science Department of Energy

November 18, 2002 www.ofes.fusion.doe.gov

Excellent Science in Support of Attractive Energy U.S. Fusion Energy Sciences Budget History

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Fiscal Year Restructuring of the U.S. Fusion Energy Sciences Program

Most Innovative Attractive Present Alternate Fusion Energy Strategy Concepts Source

Advanced Tokamaks Plasma Conventional Tokamak Fusion Science Science

Previous Strategy

Fusion Energy Technologies U.S. Fusion Energy Sciences Program Mission

“Advance plasma science, fusion science, and fusion technology-- the knowledge base needed for an economically and environmentally attractive fusion energy source.” oPur o o international fusion effort international fusion Develop technology goals Advance innovations sue fusion energy science fusion science plasma science as the central theme of domestic program ,

technology Policy Goals in pursuit of national science and and technolog , and plasma confinement y as a partner in the o oI oF o o o o o o o Education Diversity Scientific Leadership Complementary Reliability Energy Science mportance of a acility

balance goal

focus of participation

excellence

as an international partner and human resources

in selected areas 10 Implementing Principles

national laboratory to the international effort

for fusion science o oM oE o oFoc Defense Program’s ICF program Continue efforts Shutdown

–E –I –I –I

nhanced research on U.S. Fusion Energy Sciences Program Response aintained used on ncreased emphasis on exploring alternative concepts ncreased scientific productivity of existing facilities nitiated plasma science program nhanced theory and modeling research minimal and commitments to ITER innovation decommissioned TFTR inertial fusion energy program in coordination with and radiation-resistant materials science until Congress directed U.S. withdrawal to free up funds for growth in other The underlying theme of the restructuring of the fusion program was to redirect it away from “the expensive development path to a fusion power plant to focus on the less costly critical basic science and technology foundations.”

A Restructured Fusion Energy Sciences Program, FESAC, 1996

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Blanket Development

Materials Development o & Technology Supporting Physics Reactor Experimental Thermonuclear International Reactor Fusion Test Tokamak Experiment Physics Tokamak

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Construction

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Experiments e

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Testing

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6 ) D E M O The present base program is configured to: oP o o experiment Contribute to the scientific and technical basis for a burning plasma power source (a very demanding goal) needed to design an economical and environmentally attractive fusion Acquire the broad understanding of plasma science and technology from a burning plasma experiments, and

rovide the U.S. with knowledge and tools to participate in and benefit U.S. Fusion Energy Sciences Program Goals Four Thrust Areas are Required for Practical Magnetic Fusion Energy

Burning Plasmas

Fundamental Understanding Cost-Effective Fusion Configuration Optimization Energy

Materials and Technology

Areas defined by the Fusion Energy Sciences Advisory Committee.

Scientific Understanding of Fusion Plasmas has Increased Dramatically

Advanced Computing Plasma Measurements

Simulation of turbulence in Fast imaging of plasma magnetic fusion plasma. turbulence. Goal: Practical fusion energy through high-quality science. Terascale Atomic Physics

uun oln,ON U. Iowa, Chicago, Texas ORNL Rollins, Auburn, Scientific Discovery Thru Advanced Computing LLNL, GA, PPPL, U. Maryland, U. Texas, Maryland, U. U. Colorado, UCLA Microturbulence Plasma Three Principal Projects

-15 Ζ 15 Magnetic Reconnection Code 0 Two Pilot Projects Substorm in the Magnetotail Current J time=100 0.0153 0.0412 0.0671 0.0930 0.1189 0.1448 0.1707 0.1966 PPPL, SAIC, U. Wisconsin, NYU, U. Colorado, MIT, Utah State U., Extended MHD Modeling -0.5 -1.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 GA, LANL, U. Texas Computation of Wave Plasma Interactions ORNL, PPPL, MIT, 1.0 Lodestar, Comp Wave Field 1.5 R (m) 2.0 X Major U.S. Magnetic Fusion Facilities

National Spherical Torus Experiment General Princeton Atomics Plasma Physics Doublet III Laboratory Started Operations NSTX started In 1978 Operations in DIII-D Tokamak 1999

Massachusetts Institute of Technology C-MOD Started Operations in October 1991

Princeton National Compact Plasma Physics Stellarator Experiment Laboratory NCSX Fabrication: Alcator C-MOD FY 2003-2007 Major Fusion Facilities Operating Times

30 DIII-D C-MOD NSTX Full Utilization Level 25

21 21 21 20

17 17 17 16 15 15

Weeks 14 13 13 12 12 12 12 12

10 8

6 5

0 FY 1999 FY 2000 FY 2001 FY 2002 FY 2003 FY 2003 Approp. Pres. Req. Dec.FP Years

09/04/02 09/04/02 Enabling Technologies Program

100 GHz Gyrotron Tube (1MW power in 1 second pulse) for Plasma Heating and Control DiMES probe in DIII-D Pellet Injector in DIII-D provides data on plasma for Plasma Fueling material interactions

Variations of the Toroidal Plasma Configuration Address Key Fusion Issues

Compact Stellarator design Spherical Torus offers high fusion optimizes plasma stability and power density at low magnetic field. steady-state properties.

Goal: Combine with ITER results for better fusion energy. The U.S. is Planning Two Compact Stellarators Different configuration and design approaches are used Compact Stellarators Allow Larger Plasmas Innovative Confinement Concepts

CAT ‹ CTH Compact Auburn Torsatron becoming Compact Toroidal Hybrid HIT-II Auburn University, Auburn Alabama Helicity Injected Torus-II Experiment LDX University of Washington, Seattle SSPX Levitated Dipole Experiment Columbia University/Massachusetts Institute of Technology

ET HSX Sustained Spheromak Electric Tokamak Helically Symmetric Experiment Plasma Experiment University of California, Los Angeles University of Wisconsin, Madison Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory o oS o Developing accelerator-based driver and target chamber technologies producing targets construction; results are used by Science in designing energy OMEGA, and NIKE lasers; National Ignition Facility under Defense Programs C developing international collaboration

components Inertial Fusion Energy conducting high energy density physics

for energy applications, especially through bilateral agreements

using Inertial Fusion Energy Options

Targets Fuel Capsule Fuel Capsule

Driver Energy

Indirect-drive Direct-drive

Drivers

Heavy Ions KrF Laser Diode Pumped Solid State Laser Liquid wall chamber

protection flow Georgia Tech Inertial Fusion Energy Experimental Facilities experiment Lawrence Berkeley National Quadrupole Focusing (Under construction at Assembly for New Heavy Ion Beam Experiments Lab) Lawrence Berkeley Experiment Multi-beam National Lab Transport Nanoscience and New Designs are Advancing Fusion Materials and Technologies

Molecular Dynamics calculation of atomic Simplified blanket designs allow high displacements due to neutron impact. electrical efficiency and low radioactivity.

Goal: Convert fusion power to electricity with high efficiency and minimum radioactivity. Fusion Energy Sciences Budget

FY 2003 FY 2003 Congressional Initial Financial Plan $257.3 M $248.5 M

General General Housekeeping* Housekeeping* Plasma Plasma $16.7 $18.8 Science Science $9.1 $8.9 Tokamak Tokamak $82.5 Theory $89.5 $27.6 Theory $27.1

Enabling Enabling R&D R&D $33.1 $34.8

IFE $16.5 IFE NSTX $17.1 NSTX $33.1 $29.6 Other Magnetic NCSX Other Magnetic Alternates Alternates $11.8 NCSX $22.6 $22.3 Alternates Alternates$11.7 $81.3 $76.4

* Housekeeping includes SBIR/STTR, GPE/GPP, TSTA cleanup, D-Site caretaking at PPPL, HBCU, Education, Outreach, ORNL Move, and Reserves Fusion Energy Sciences Funding Distribution FY 2003 Initial Fin Plan $248.5M Institution Types Functions

Laboratory Universities 47% 28% Facility Operations Science 28% 55%

Enabling Industry R&D 22% Other* 15% Small Business 3% Innovative Research 2% *NIST/NSF/NAS/AF Undesignated U.S. MFE Program Leaders Envision a Plan to Put Fusion on the Grid

Integrated DEMO(s) Development ITER (int’l) 1 GWe

Materials Testing IMFIF (int’l)

Component Testing CTF (int’l?) Small net electricity? Non-nuclear Technology Test Facilities

Tok PE’s S/C Tok PE(s) (non-U.S.)

ST PoP’s 1st New PE Configuration RFP PoP’s Optimization 2nd New PE CS PoP

S/C Stellarator PE’s (non-U.S.)

CE’s ~ 2 New PoP’s 3rd New PE?

2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2001 Being reviewed by FESAC