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Information to Users Application of AVHRR data and mixture modelling to estimate forest and range burning in West Africa: The Gambia. Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Hay, Rodrick Aird. Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 25/09/2021 13:02:09 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/187479 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UM1 directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howelllnformation Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor MI 48106-1346 USA 313n61-4700 800/521-0600 APPLICATION OF AVHRR DATA AND MIXTURE MODELLING TO ESTIMATE FOREST AND RANGE BURNING IN WEST AFRICA: THE GAMBIA by Rodrick Aird Hay copyright Rodrick Aird Hay 1996 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY WITH A MAJOR IN GEOGRAPHY in the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 199 6 UMI Number: 9626512 Copyright 1996 by Hay, Rodrick Aird All rights reserved. UMI Microform 9626512 Copyright 1996, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA ® GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Final Examination Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by__ ~R~o~d~r~i~c~k~A~i~r~d_H~a~y~ __________________ entitled __ ~A~p~p~l~i~c~a~t~i~o~n~o~f~A~V~H~R~R~D~a~t~a~a~n_d~M~i~x~t~u~r~e~M_o~d~e~l_l_i~n~g~t_o__ E__ s_t_im __ a_t_e __ Forest and Range Burning in West Africa: The Gambia and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of __~D~o~c~t~o~r~o~f~P~h~i~l~o~s~o~p~h~y~/~G~e~o~g~r~a~p~h~y~ _________ Dr. Stuart E. Mar Date' .h q'/d'~& Dr. Date Dr. Andrew C. Date i -::----=-.--,:;o--;~~~~~~:t:=GI(::::t:::(.j ====::=-' +-( <s I Jf- Dr. Charles F. Hutchinson --J r Date Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copy of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. y ) 10 1~~ ~ U.E· "" 4r:,r~ Date 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under the rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, providing that accurate acknowledgement of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. SIGNED: 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Behind every dissertation is a supporting cast, which encourages and allows the author to concentrate on the task at hand. I would like to thank the faculty of the Geography Department for providing me the tools and background to undertake this research and in particular Dr. Stuart E. Marsh, chair of my committee. Dr. Marsh provided a positive environment and encouragement throughout my academic endeavors at the University of Arizona. I am proud to call him both my mentor and my friend. Special thanks to Dr. Richard W. Reeves and Dr. Charles F. Hutchinson for their leadership by example. Whether close to home, or in a far away land, these men proved that true geography is practiced in the field. Thank you to Dr. Andrew C. Comrie for taking the time to insure my graduation remained on schedule. In addition to the formal education practiced in class rooms, the lively conversations held between peers and colleagues enhances the educational process. Thank you to the Arizona Remote Sensing Center family for all your suggestions and technical advise, in particular Dr. Peter Gilruth, Kevin Horstman, Dr. Douglas Kliman, Dr. Christopher Lee, Eric Pfirman and James Walsh. To other individuals lowe a debt of gratitude. Thank you to Dr. Erzsebet Merenyi of the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, Dr. Alfredo Huete of the Soil water Science Department, Richard M. Caldwell of the Consortium for International Development and Dominique Reeb, Director of the Gambian-German Forestry project. To the many others I haven't named, thank you for believing in me. But especially thank you to my parents who taught me I could succeed at anything. Who ever would have thought it would lead to this! Rodrick A. Hay Tucson, 1996 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. • .8 LIST OF TABLES ••••••••• . • .10 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS •• . .. .. .. .11 ABSTRACT ••••••••• . .. .12 1. INTRODUCTION ••••••••••••• . .14 1.1 Problem Statement ••• .. .. .. .. • .14 1.2 Research Objectives. .. ..•.... .. 17 1.3 Overview •••••••••••• . • .17 2. 13~C:J{C;Ii()tJ1fI) •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• . •.•..... .. 19 2.1 Burning in the Biosphere ••••••••• .19 2.2 Biomass Burning in the Tropics ••••••• • •• 20 2.3 Formulas for Computing Biomass Burned ••••••••••• • 22 2.4 Burning and the Global Carbon Cycle ••••• ..23 2.5 Monitoring Fire using the AVHRR ••••••••• . .... 26 2.6 Burn Scar Response in the Visible Bands. ...• 27 2.7 using AVHRR Band 3 to Identify Fire •• • .29 2.8 Accuracy of AVHRR Burn Estimations •••••• • ••• 31 3. IMAGE CLASSIFICATION AND MIXTURE MODELLING. • ••••• • 33 3.1 Image Classification ••••••••••••••• ••••••••• • 33 3.2 Mixture Model Formulas •••••••• .33 3.3 Mixture Modelling Techniques ••• • •••• 36 3.4 New Advances ••................... .39 4. AVHRR AND MIXTURE MODELLING •••••••••••••• • .40 4 • 1 Overview ............................ • •• 40 4.2 Applying Mixture Modelling to AVHRR Forest Imagery •••••••••••••••••••••• .40 4.3 Applying Mixture Modelling to AVHRR Crop Images ....................... • •• 43 4.4 spectral Band Selection •• • ••• 45 4.5 Endmember Selection ••• • .46 4.6 Other Considerations ••••• . .... 47 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS - continued 5. THE GAMBIA ••••••••••••••• .•• 49 5.1 CountryOverview •• .49 5.2 Climate ••••••• • .51 5.3 Geomorphology •••• • .51 5.4 Vegetation ••••••• . ..... 52 5.5 Burn Season •••••• . .•••• . 57 6. IMAGE SELECTION AND PREPARATION. .59 6.1 Image Selection •••••.•••••••••••• • .59 6.2 Data Calibration, Correction and Georectification........ •••••• • •• 61 6.3 Reading the AVHRR Scan Line Headers.. .63 6.4 Visible vs. Thermal Channels..... •••••• .65 6.5 Solar Zenith Angle Correction.... .65 6.6 Radiometric Correction - Visible. ..66 6.7 Atmospheric Correction - Visible. .67 6.8 Brightness Temperature Calibration - Thermal. ..68 6.9 Atmospheric Correction - Thermal. • •••••• 69 6.10 Image Georectification....... • •••••• 70 7. BURN SCAR MAPPING IN THE GAMBIA ••••••••••••••••••• ..72 7.1 Identifying Burn Scars using AVHRR Imagery •• ..72 7.2 Signature Evaluation •• .75 7.3 Burn Scar Progression •••••••••••••• .76 7.4 Burn Scar statistics ••••••••••••••• • .77 7.5 Summary statistics and Discussion •• • .81 8. ACCURACY ASSESSMENT •• • .88 8.1 Overview. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 88 8.2 Ground Survey.. •••• • ••• 89 8.3 Vegetation Classes Observations.... ••••• ..89 8.4 Burn Scar Observations........... • •••• 94 8.5 Overf light. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 96 8.6 comparison of AVHRR and TM Burn Scar Estimates ••• 99 8.7 Confusion Matrices •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 102 9. MIXTURE MODELLING TO ESTIMATE BURN SCARS IN THE GAMBIA......... • •••• • ••••• 107 9.1 The Mixture Model •••••••••• • ••••• 107 9.2 Trial Processing ••••••••••••••••• • ••••• 109 9.3 Refining the Mixture Model. • •• 111 9.4 Threshold Techniques •• • ••••• 117 9.5 comparative Results ••• • ••• 118 9.6 TM to MM Comparison ••• .120 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS - continued 10.CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 124 10 .1 Review .............................................. 124 10 .. 2 Conclusions ...................................... 126 10.2 Future
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