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    1. Introduction There have been three versions of UNIX. The earliest version (circa 1969–70) ran on the Digital Equipment Cor- poration PDP-7 and -9 computers. The second version ran on the unprotected PDP-11/20 computer. This paper describes only the PDP-11/40 and /45 [l] system since it is The UNIX Time- more modern and many of the differences between it and older UNIX systems result from redesign of features found Sharing System to be deficient or lacking. Since PDP-11 UNIX became operational in February Dennis M. Ritchie and Ken Thompson 1971, about 40 installations have been put into service; they Bell Laboratories are generally smaller than the system described here. Most of them are engaged in applications such as the preparation and formatting of patent applications and other textual material, the collection and processing of trouble data from various switching machines within the Bell System, and recording and checking telephone service orders. Our own installation is used mainly for research in operating sys- tems, languages, computer networks, and other topics in computer science, and also for document preparation. UNIX is a general-purpose, multi-user, interactive Perhaps the most important achievement of UNIX is to operating system for the Digital Equipment Corpora- demonstrate that a powerful operating system for interac- tion PDP-11/40 and 11/45 computers. It offers a number tive use need not be expensive either in equipment or in of features seldom found even in larger operating sys- human effort: UNIX can run on hardware costing as little as tems, including: (1) a hierarchical file system incorpo- $40,000, and less than two man years were spent on the rating demountable volumes; (2) compatible file, device, main system software.
  • How to Boot Linux in One Second …Why Userland Is a Waste of Time ;)

    How to Boot Linux in One Second …Why Userland Is a Waste of Time ;)

    How to boot Linux in one second …why userland is a waste of time ;) Jan Altenberg Linutronix GmbH Jan Altenberg Linutronix GmbH 1 from zero… Jan Altenberg Linutronix GmbH 2 to hero… Jan Altenberg Linutronix GmbH 3 Overview 1. Basics Motivation Some technical basics 2. Optimizations Bootloader Kernel Filesystem Application 3. Example Optimizing an ARMv5 based device Optimizing the test system Jan Altenberg Linutronix GmbH 4 Motivation 1. Basics Motivation Some technical basics 2. Optimizations Bootloader Kernel Filesystem Application 3. Example Optimizing an ARMv5 based device Optimizing the test system Jan Altenberg Linutronix GmbH 5 • solution: power-off instead of suspending • BUT: Users are not used to wait Motivation Motivation ''marketing'' automotive applications energy saving Jan Altenberg Linutronix GmbH 6 • BUT: Users are not used to wait Motivation Motivation ''marketing'' automotive applications energy saving • solution: power-off instead of suspending Jan Altenberg Linutronix GmbH 6 Motivation Motivation ''marketing'' automotive applications energy saving • solution: power-off instead of suspending • BUT: Users are not used to wait Jan Altenberg Linutronix GmbH 6 Some technical basics 1. Basics Motivation Some technical basics 2. Optimizations Bootloader Kernel Filesystem Application 3. Example Optimizing an ARMv5 based device Optimizing the test system Jan Altenberg Linutronix GmbH 7 Some technical basics First step: Define your requirements!!!! What's the limit for the boot time? Which functionality should be available? Speed
  • Linux Kernel Initialization

    Linux Kernel Initialization

    Bootlin legacy Linux kernel training materials Linux kernel initialization This file is an old chapter of Bootlin’ embedded Linux kernel and driver development training materials (https://bootlin.com/training/kernel/), which has been removed and is no longer maintained. PDF version and sources are available on https://bootlin.com/doc/legacy/kernel-init/ - Kernel, drivers and embedded Linux - Development, consulting, training and support - https://bootlin.com 1/1 Rights to copy © Copyright 2004-2018, Bootlin License: Creative Commons Attribution - Share Alike 3.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/legalcode You are free: I to copy, distribute, display, and perform the work I to make derivative works I to make commercial use of the work Under the following conditions: I Attribution. You must give the original author credit. I Share Alike. If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under a license identical to this one. I For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work. I Any of these conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder. Your fair use and other rights are in no way affected by the above. - Kernel, drivers and embedded Linux - Development, consulting, training and support - https://bootlin.com 2/1 From Bootloader to user space - Kernel, drivers and embedded Linux - Development, consulting, training and support - https://bootlin.com 3/1 Kernel Bootstrap (1) How the kernel bootstraps itself appears in kernel building. Example on ARM (pxa cpu) in Linux 2.6.36: ..
  • Freebsd Command Reference

    Freebsd Command Reference

    FreeBSD command reference Command structure Each line you type at the Unix shell consists of a command optionally followed by some arguments , e.g. ls -l /etc/passwd | | | cmd arg1 arg2 Almost all commands are just programs in the filesystem, e.g. "ls" is actually /bin/ls. A few are built- in to the shell. All commands and filenames are case-sensitive. Unless told otherwise, the command will run in the "foreground" - that is, you won't be returned to the shell prompt until it has finished. You can press Ctrl + C to terminate it. Colour code command [args...] Command which shows information command [args...] Command which modifies your current session or system settings, but changes will be lost when you exit your shell or reboot command [args...] Command which permanently affects the state of your system Getting out of trouble ^C (Ctrl-C) Terminate the current command ^U (Ctrl-U) Clear to start of line reset Reset terminal settings. If in xterm, try Ctrl+Middle mouse button stty sane and select "Do Full Reset" exit Exit from the shell logout ESC :q! ENTER Quit from vi without saving Finding documentation man cmd Show manual page for command "cmd". If a page with the same man 5 cmd name exists in multiple sections, you can give the section number, man -a cmd or -a to show pages from all sections. man -k str Search for string"str" in the manual index man hier Description of directory structure cd /usr/share/doc; ls Browse system documentation and examples. Note especially cd /usr/share/examples; ls /usr/share/doc/en/books/handbook/index.html cd /usr/local/share/doc; ls Browse package documentation and examples cd /usr/local/share/examples On the web: www.freebsd.org Includes handbook, searchable mailing list archives System status Alt-F1 ..
  • Bootstrap Protocol, BOOTP, Is the Recommended Way to Establish Communications from the Host to the Printer in an Internet Protocol Environment

    Bootstrap Protocol, BOOTP, Is the Recommended Way to Establish Communications from the Host to the Printer in an Internet Protocol Environment

    BOOTP Bootstrap protocol, BOOTP, is the recommended way to establish communications from the host to the printer in an internet protocol environment. BOOTP obtains booting data from the bootptab file. With the proper information stored in the bootptab file, the printer can find its own name and IP address and boot from the network without any intervention, even for a first time boot. 1. Verify that the bootpd and bootptab files are in the correct directories: UNIX: /etc or /usr/etc directory OS/2: \TCPIP\ETC (for bootptab) and \TCPIP\BIN (for bootpd) LAN Server: MPTN\ETC (for bootptab) and \MPTN\BIN (for bootpd) Type: ls bootp* 2. Edit the hosts file to add the printer internet addresses and names: 128.07.60.30 P340-mktg 128.07.60.31 P340-sales For OS/2, use the TCP/IP Configuration Notebook under the Services tab to add the printer internet addresses and names. 3. Some UNIX hosts may require an explicit update to the arp table to add the new entries. This command is host-specific; check your host documentation for details. arp -s ether P340-mktg 08:00:11:01:00:45 arp -s ether P340-sales 08:00:11:01:00:46 The ether switch indicates that you are providing an Ethernet address. 4. Set up the bootptab file. 5. Start or restart the inetd or bootpd daemon. For OS/2 Warp, LAN Server 4.0, and UNIX, use the bootpd daemon. Here is a sample bootptab file; check your host system documentation to see which fields your implementation of BOOTP supports.