E-ISSN 2373-7697 Volume 6(1): 1 –42 Sherbornia Date of Publication: An Open-Access Journal of Bibliographic 17 November 2020 and Nomenclatural Research in Zoology

The discovery and naming of the remarkable Tooth-billed Pigeon Didunculus strigirostris of Samoa and the history of the reception, attempted suppression and acceptance of Titian Peale’s report on the mammals and birds of the United States Exploring Expedition 1838–1842 (1849), with a summary of the status of Peale’s new species

. P.O. Box 180, Turramurra 2074, NSW, Australia; email: [email protected] . Zur Fähre 10, D-129693 Ahlden, Germ2 any; email: [email protected] Murray D. Bruce & Norbert Bahr Abstract 1 2 Didunculus strigirostris

Titian Peale’s discoveries during the United States Exploring Expedition of 1838–1842, particularly in the South Pa- cific, included a large, dodo-like pigeon from Samoa, the now Critically Endangered Tooth-billed Pigeon, . We review the early history of the pigeon and its name, which is inexorably connected to a review of the history of Peale’s report on his collections and the fate of his new species of mammals and birds. The discovery of the pigeon drew attention to Peale’s work and we investigate how it became known in advance of Peale’s published report, as well as the attempts to suppress his report and replace it with another version. After enqsutriirgieirso mstaridse to 13 archive collections and other sources of Peale, his report, criticisms of his fiDniddiunngcsu alunsd suppression attempts against his pub- lished report, we resolved some issues, but important questions remain seemingly unanswerable. The result presented here is a more detailed historical summary of Peale’s report and his new species than hitherto known, with 9 mammal and 44 bird names of Peale now in use. We also demonstrate that while the species name has long been credited to another, the same also now must apply to Peale’s name , which must date from 1845 by Jardine and not 1848 [= 1849] by Peale. Introduction lsid:zoobank.org:pub:1C711EE3-E097-4436-AEE0-177CDF2CABFA

Didunculus strigirostris et al. on on part of this publication history by pointing Our investigation of the origins of the modern out that Peale’s report was published in June discovery of the remarkable Tooth-billed Pigeon 1849, not 1848, the date printed on the work it -

, and its naming, re 1- self (Bruce 2016: 99), and which is dis - vealed its inextricable links to the publication cussed here in more detail. Our original intent history of Titian Ramsay Peale’s (1799–1885) was to prepare a short note on the pigeon’s report on the birds an2 d mammals observed and names, particularly to clarify their authorship, collected on the United States Exploring Expe - as a supplement to our earlier paper. However, dition of 1838–18Di4du2 nc.u Wlus est raiglirroesatrdis y have touched it soon increased in scope when we sought to answer the simple questions of how and when Citing this publication: Bruce, M.D. & Bahr, N. (2020) The discovery and naming of the remark - news of the Tooth-billed Pigeon’s discovery and able Tooth-biSllheedr bPoigrenoian, 6 of Samoa and the his - naming by Peale had reached Europe, particu - cf tory of the reception, attempted suppression and acceptance of Titian larly England, as early as 1845, or possibly Peale’s report on the mammals and birds of the United States Exploring 1 Expedition 1838-1842 (1849), with a summary of the status of Peale’s 18Ac4tu4all. y Titian Ramsay Peale II, although the distinction was not made in his new species. (1): 1 –42. 2 works; Titian Ramsay Peale I died at 18 (1780–1798) . Peck (2018). Although often regarded as the first American exploratory and scientific voyage © the Author(s) and this is an open access article distributed under the into the southern oceans, there actually had been an earlier voyage in 1829– terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CC-BY-NC-SA 1831, but scientific results were minimal by comparison as its goal was more 4.0), which permits the copying, distribution, and transmission of the about the feasibility of making any explorations into southern high latitudes work as long as the original source is cited. (Fanning 1834: 478 –491; Roberts 1941; Howgego 2004: 455 –456). The natu - ralist on board, James Eights (1798–1882), reported at the time only on some invertebrate specimens and geology, e.g. Eights (1835; see also Calman 1937; http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/dating/sherbornia/ McKinley 2005).

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In order to try and move forward with this ican Museum of Natural History, New York, USA mystery tale, we present herewith what revela - (www.beta.worldcat. org/archivegrid/ collec - tions we could find, offering a more detailed his - tion/data/786272406). tory of the topic than was possible hitherto. And Philbrick (2003: 367) reported first-time ac - to highlight the significance of the overlooked cess to Wilkes papers held by Duke University, date change for the names of Peale’s mammals Durham, North Carolina, USA (www.library. and birds, we expanded our research to encom - duke.edu/rubenstein/findingaids/wilkes/#col - pass a review of all the new species named by lectionoverview); these are primarily family pa - Peale, their treatment in Cassin’s revised report, pers, but also included are letters associated with and their current status. We have summarised the expedition reports, and some have been our results on Peale’s names in Appendix II. Our quoted here. Philbrick also noted Wilkes papers oMveetrhaolld fsindings, however, indeed proved to be in two additional arinch liitvt e collections. The Kansas more complex than originally anticipated, and State Historical Society, Topeka, Kansas, USA this is the result. (www.kshs.org ) contains microfilm of Wilkes correspondence covering 1837 –1847 (reel MS 53, Sara Keckeisen . July 2017). The Wiscon - Extensive enquiries covering 13 archive collec - sin Historical Society, Madison, Wiscino nlsiitnt , USA tions and other sources, revealed much over - (www.wisconsinhistory.org ) contains some Ex - looked information, despite the key questions pedition papers (see search.library.wisc.edu/cat - remaining elusive and stubbornly unanswer - alog/999464479202121), but nothing of able so far. relevance here (Simone Munson . July Enquiries were sent to the Dept of Zoology, 2017). in litt University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England The possibility of a press report on Peale (Strickland archives; Rookmaaker 2010); Na - and the pigeon in either a U.S. or U.K. newspaper tional Museums Scotland, Edinburgh, Scotland was investigated, with negative results. Dr J. (the Jardine archives in the J.A. Harvie-Brown Boneham ( . March 2017) at The British Li - (1844 –1916) Collection; Pitman 1981); Acad emy brary kindly searched on our behalf the Pro - of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, Philadel - Quest British Periodicals database and the phia (Phillips & Phillips 1963; also recent online Readex Early American Newspapers, Series 1 guides at www.ansp.org and www.pacscl.org ); (1690 –1876) database and we looked at The American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia British Newspaper Archive, www.britishnews - (www. amphilsoc.org/guides/stanton/); Histor - paperarchive.co.uk/ ina nlidtt Chronicling America, ical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia chronicling america.loc.gov , the source of two of (www.hsp.org/collections/ catalogs-research- the newspapers cited here. Also chine clkitet d was tools); Library of Congress, Washington, DC www.gale.com/c/19th-century-us-newspapers (Charles Wilkes papers, where three Wilkes- (M. Cadoree Bradley . April 2017). A search Cassin letters from 1851 were located but not di - of the Readex database also was undertaken on rectly relevant except as part of the process of our behalf (M. Cadoree Bradley . May Cassin being hired to produce a replacement re - 2017). port; see their online finding aid www.lccn. Genealogy websites were searched for ship - , loc.gov/ mm75045716);National Archives, Wash - ping lists and a seemingly useful website checked ington DC (www.archives.gov/legislative/guide/ Hfoirs otour iicnavle sBtaigcaktigorno purnod ved to be www.olivetree - house/chapter-23-joint-library.html; see JC.035); genealogy.com/ships/ , but see also www.theship - Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA slist.com/ships/passengerlists/ . (www.siarchives.si.edu/collections/ siris_arc_ 217343; RU 7186); Ernst Mayr Library, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts (www.ocp. The Tooth-billed Pigeon, or Manumè’a, is the na - hul.harvard.edu/expeditions/wilkes.html, which tional bird of Samoa and its modern discovery includes a downloadable copy of the 1843 sepa - was first made on Upolu, one of the two largest rate ); and Department of Library Services, Amer - islands forming the Independent State of

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2020 | Bruce & Bahr — Peale's Tooth-billed pigeon Narrative cf Samoa, formerly Western Samoa. It could have dels-und Plantagen-Gesellschaft der Südsee-In - occurred around early to mid-November 1839, seln zu Hamburg (DHPG). The DHPG also depending on how one reads the of sought German political involvement by the an - the Expedition ( . Wilkes 1845: 87, 94, 101, nexation of Samoa, not only to reduce labour 114), when three specimens were collected by costs, but also to include Samoa in a growing Peale, of which only one was thought to survive, network of German colonies in the Pacific that but a ‘long lost’ second specimen was located also expanded their trading operations, which (Peale 1849: 212; Deignan 1961: 123; Ingersoll continued until 1914 (Stevenson 1892; Master - & Fisher 2006: 73). However, we can be a little man 1934: 63–81; Gilson 1970). While the Mu - more accurate based on the published version seum Godeffroy, established in Hamburg in of Peale’s journal, which indicates that the most 1861 for their collections (Ward 1876), was likely date he obtained the pigeon specimens closed in 1885, with the death of Godeffroy, its was around 30 October–2 November (Poesch in-house journal continued until 1910 (Cooper 1961: 161 –164). Peale (1849: 211) commented 1888: 231–239D;i Sdpuonechurlu 1s 963). Although the pi - that it was becoming rare and held little hope geon, against the odds, has managed to surviv5e for its survival, partly due to its popularity then into the present, it is officially classified as Crit - as a pet, but more particularly to the arrival and ically Endangered (Pratt & Mittermeier 2016) . spread of feral cats (Wilkes 1845: 122, 154; The name is intended to allude Walpole 1854; Ramsay 1864; Pritchard 1866: to it as a little dodo, and thus also known in the 161 –164; Stair 1897: 195, 1898). 19th Century as a ‘dodlet’, a name exclusively as - Samuel James Whitmee (1838 –1925), a mis - sociated with this pigeon (Newton 1893: sionary in Samoa, in a letter dated 12 December 154 –155, who also lamented its likely extinc - 1873, reported his observations of the pigeon Rtiaopnh, uasn cdu counllsaitdues red it “notD livdeulsy i noerp atutts ractive and noted that “within a recent period it must as a cage bird”). While its distinctive bill shape have increased considerably” as fiDniddiunngc uolnues in particular, as well as its size and insular iso - took much less time (Whitmee 1874). Whitmee lation provide superficial reminders of the Deto daol also sent a young bird to Sydney (Bennett [formerly ], it re - 1874), where George Bennett (1804–1893) had cently has been demonstrated that its affinities had previous experience with live lie close to the Dodo, and indeed it is one of the (Gould 1865: 556 –560; Stair 1898). Whitmee Dodo’s nearest living relatives (ShaDp. iprola cope -. was in Samoa from 1863 to 1876 and again d2e0t0e2s ). Also like the Dodo, it had very closely re - from 1891 to 1894. During his second stay he lated, but now extinct, relatives on nearby island famously befriended the writer Robert Louis groups, as demonstrated by the recent discov -

Stevenson (1850–1894) and 3taught him about ery of a Tongan Tooth-billed Pigeon Samoa and its people and culture, but particu - , which was up to 40% larger than Samoan larly the Samoan language . Whitmee also birds (Steadman 2006; Hume & Walters 2012: proofread Stair’s memoirs of his early years in 156; Hume 2017: 179), and another, as yet un - Samoa (Stair 1897: 17). named, of sDi.m stirlaigri sroizset rtios Samoan birds, from Fiji Unfortunately, Whitmee’s optimism for the (Worthy & Clark. 2009: 251); both having long pigeon must have been short-lived as it also was ago succumbed to the predations of man and of interest to 19ctf h Century collectors, most no - other introduced mammalsD ainddu nthcuislu ms ay yet be tably at the time, those connected to the traders the fate of (Collar 2015, Baumann

J.C. Godeffroy & Sohn, whose Pac4ific headquar - & Beichle 2020) t3 ers were in Samoa, at Apia, on Upolu, from An examination of the earliest records of this 1857 to 1879 ( . Finsch 1866). When, due to p5 igeon reveal how the name , and sub - 4bankruptcy, they were taken over, operations sequently Peale’s report, were initially received coSene ftrienepuageesd.fa umnilyd.roeotrs wtehbe.an nceastmry.ceom o/f~ stthaneie rD/Xe-LuMtSs.hctmhl)e; aHcceasnse-d inSeteo a lstoh new os.mronnigtahbaoy.clomg/i2c01a3l/ 0l3it/exrtiancttuionr-ew,a rwninhg-ircachin gw-toa-ssav eu-tn he-- May 2017). little-dodo-from-its-cousins-fate/; www.iucnredlist.org/details /22691890/ The book by Finsch & Hartlaub (1867) on the birds of Fiji, Tonga and Samoa was 0); accessed May 2017. dedicated to Johan Cesar VI. Godeffroy (1813–1885).

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2020 | Bruce & Bahr — Peale's Tooth-billed pigeon usual then and later. The limited distrinib ution oetf it also was associated with negative comments Paleale’s reporctf has been indicated as from “a few” circulated by John Cassin (1813 –1869) to the ef - (Poesch 1961: 100) up to 90 (Stone 1899: 44, fect that its inadequate descriptions were ques - 1915: 11; Walters 2003: 149) copies, but the offi - tionable (Sclater 1859: 326). cial count seems to be 70 (Overstreet, Bruce Enquiries sent to three Philadelphia archive . 2016: 99; . Haskell 1942: 55), out of an official collections, but particularly those of the Acad - print run of 100 copies. In a public announcement emy of Natural Sciences, where Cassin once in 1845 the proposed distribution of the expedi - worked and most of his correspondence is held, tion’s scientific reports covered 63 copies, with failed to reveal any evidence of letters or other the remainder to go to the Library of Congress for documents on his attempts amongst European future distribution (Anonymous 1845). The total ornithologists to undermine the credibility of of 70 may be a rounding up of this figure or, more Peale’s report. If such papers exist, they may be likely, the result of later changes to the official dis - held with family papers and not in any public tribution list. archives. Thus the extent of what Cassin wrote The small number of copies printed for the on this topic and how widely he circulated his scientific reports by the government was criti - critique remains a mystery, although a letter cised as “niggardly” and “unjust,” in a review of quoted below demonstrates that Peale soon be - the first scientific reports published in 1846, came aware of this plot. particularly as most of these would be circu - As part of our extensive archive enquiries lated to official sources where they would re - we sought additional manuscript sources on all ceive scant attention, but the reviewer did note aspects of the story of the attempted suppres - that the printers actually prepared 150 copies sion of Peale’s report and its replacement by (Anonymous 1846: 211–214). Possibly this un - Cassin’s edition, considered by Haskell as the official arrangement was continued for some of most interesting story of all the scientific re - the later reports, but we do know some had 100 ports. Haskell’s own account of this story was official copies and 150 extra copies, where au - based on Wilkes’s correspondence with his po - thors took up the offer to have unofficial copies litical supporters in Washington (1942: 55–59). for additional distribution requirements While Haskell’s account is thorough, some more (Haskell 1942). In terms of printing extra personal elements of the story are noted below. copies, this arrangement was in response to the This state of affairs at the time was men - government bill, H.R. 277, dated 28 March 1844, tioned by Sir William Jardine (1800–1874), who of the U.S. 28th Congress, 1st Session, allowing noted that he and his son-in-law Hugh E. Strick - authors, including Charles Wilkes and Titian land (1811–1853) had learned that the pigeon Peale, to print extra copies without infringing came from Samoa (Jardine 1851). Although the copyright requirements nor6 charging extra for Rev. Thomas Heath (1797–1848), a missionary plate preparation, with all associated materials on Samoa, initially contacted Strcifc. kland in 1843 returned to the government . about possibly sending him some birds (Rook - Whether or not this was the case with maaker 2010: 107), none of the three surviving Peale’s report, despite Peale not taking up the specimens in the collection, sent in 1846, in - offer for extra copies, the subsequent loss by fire clude a Tooth-billed Pigeon ( Salvin 1882: in December 1851 of the remainder of the small 136, 159, 278), but Heath still was influential in print run (Haskell 1940, 1942), made it a rare the connection of the pigeon to Samoa (see work. Indeed, despite earlier indications of pos - below). Jardine also expressed frustration at sibly more than 100 copies printed, Haskell being unable to obtain a copy of Peale’s report (1942: 55) suggested that as few as 87 copies through his bookseller, although he was able to were actually printed of Peale’s volume; and to quote details provided by George Robert Gray

6add to its mystique, from its earliest appearance (1808–1872) from the British Museum copy. He Details can be found in www.memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId ; accessed then concluded that “the general opinion is, that March 2017. the work for some reason or other has been suppressed, in which case being unattainable,

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2020 | Bruce & Bahr — Peale's Tooth-billed pigeon the few volumes in circulation cannot be used England, as cited here, were not mentioned by as any authority for the species which have been either Haskell or Poesch, making Cassin’s ex - described in them as new” (Jardine 1851). change with Hartlaub seem very unusual, but With more information on the fate of Peale’s less so when linked to his contacts in England, report, Jardine later lamented having to con - yet still seeming to be a mysterious action in sider using a work under such circumstances, view of how Cassin was brought in to work on exacerbated by Peale being the only author not replacing Peale’s report in 1850. In a letter to take up the offer of acquiring extra copies at dated 12 March 1851 from Cassin to Spencer cost, but noted a proposed reprint or new work Fullerton Baird (1823–1887) of the Smithson - to replace “that which we may consider lost” ian Institution, he stated that “I shall publish (Jardine 1852). According to a letter sent to nothing relative to Peale’s book for at least a Strickland from Philip Lutley Sclater (1829– year” (Bartlett 1940: 643; see also Dall 1915: 1913) dated 7 March 1851, a copy of Peale’s re - 259). He is undone here by Hartlaub, who, no port was by then available in Oxford (Rook maaker doubt, was not meant to link Cassin so directly 2010: 155), but this news apparently did not to his criticisms of Peale’s report. Peale’s reach Jardine at the time of his first article Philadelphia friend, George Ord (1781–1866), (1851), nor when he published his second on in a letter to Peale dated 27in Jlaitnt.uary 1852, this topic (1852). pointed out that “I have long been persuaded Carl Johan Gustav Hartlaub (1814–1900), a there was a plot concocted to defraud you of the well-known ornithologist based at Bremen, Ger - produce of your labors” (American Philosophi - many, also noted this problem but was more pre - cal Society collection; D.J. Gary, July 2017). cise about its source by quoting an extract from In a subsequent letter dated 4 December Cassin’s circulated ‘judgement’ of Peale’s report: 1852, Ord commiserated with Peale: “I am by no “I have sufficient knowledge of the book to be means surprised at the treatment which you fully satisfied that little confidence can be placed have received by certain individuals, having au - in any of Mr. Peale’s birds described as new, of thority in matters relating to the history of the which there are upwards of an hundred [112]; Exploring Expedition. As soon as I learned that the Fissirostres are erroneous to an extraordi - you had incurred the hostility of the Commander, nary extent” (Hartlaub 1851: 48). Hartlaub’s re - I felt assured that no justice would be done you… sponse (1852) was a critical review of Peale’s The reviewer you speak of is just such a person report, enabled through temporary access to a as is suited to the designs of the conspirator in copy, where he reassessed and carefuslilyc worked chief. But what will signify their opinions when out the descriptions of the new birds. put into the scale with those of disinterested per - In a letter to Strickland dated 11 January sons, quite as well qualified as they are to decide 1852, Hartlaub mentioned that he had obtained upon your scientific merits? Posterity is an im - a copy of Peale’s report: “good god [ ] what a partial judge; and should it be hereafter deter - book. It contains so much of new, important and mined, that “no reliance whatever can be placed interesting matter.” He then remarked that he on your reports”, I can see no hope for your sci - would write a critical review because while entific reputation. The course which you have Peale made “some blunders” this was out - taken meets with my cordial approbation: you weighed by the valuable material covered by his have secured the copy right to your own work; report (Rookmaaker 2010: 214). In the context give it to the world as the fruits of your own in - of what Cassin was doing at the time, Haskell vestigations… [to] take its place in the catalogue (1942: 58) also noted this significant quote but of those productions which owe their origin to suggestively in isolation, unconnected to what original investigators. Perhaps prudence would else he noted of Cassin’s activities. Poesch suggest forbearance at the present juncture; but (1961: 100) repeated the quote but also noted the time may come when it will be fit and proper Hartlaub’s (1852) review and the significance to assert your rights. Your enemies have perhaps of Peale’s report as made clear by Hartlaub. succeeded in depriving you of a few feathers…but The other contemporary publications from it would be well for them to recollect that your

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2020 | Bruce & Bahr — Peale's Tooth-billed pigeon in litt. bill and your spurs are uninjured, and may be 1940: 642; Roberts 1941: 349, 355; Poesch employed with their wanton efficacy.” (American 1961: 100–103; Mitterling 1962; Sterling, in Philosophical Society collections; D J. Gary Peale 1978: iv; Porter 1983: 77 –78; 1985: 303– October 2017). 304; Watson 1985: 50 –54; Porter 1986: 130– This letter in particular suggests that his ex - 134; Mearns & Mearns 1992: 130 –136; Walters changes with Ord must have contributed to 2003: 149; Bourne 2008; Egerton 2011: 156; ameliorating some of his worst concerns in the Peck 2018: 717 –719). In his rceft. irement years, aftermath of his dismissal in 1846 and the treat - Peale resumed his old interests in entomology, ment of his report. Twenty-five years after his especially butterflies, with his major work only report was published Peale reflected on his as - recently published after languishing for well sociation with the Exploring Expedition and over a century (Peale 2015; Poesch 1961: amongst other things, discussed the fate of his 1c1f 3 –116; Peck 2018). report and what Hartlaub did in 1851 and 1852. Despite the apparent machinations of He also provided the Cassin quote, and added Cassin, he still cited some of Peale’s new names that Cassin was “a critic as able, and fully enti - from around the time of his circulated critique tled to give a judgement”. In addition, Peale pro - ( . Cassin 1851, 1852). How serious Cassin was, vided translations of parts of Hartlaub’s notices personally, in condemInoi nugrb Picea ale, may be open but does not mention any other sources, thus to question in view of his admitted role in a reinforcing the isolation of Cassin’s quote as book of comic satire (Stephens 1851). He made given later, but at least here Peale seems sur - several contributions, signed as “C.”, for exam - prisingly charitable about Cassin’s opinions of ple, on the “Little Dear ”, pp. 77–80, part his work, perhaps a benefit of time and distance of a collection of ‘portraits’ of notable persons (Peale 1874: 308 –309). of the day, with illustrations of their heads at - The combination of Hartlaub’s (1852) re - tached to a bird or other type of animal. Accord - view and his later summary (1854) of the ing to Stone (1921; see also Dall 1915: known distribution of Pacific island birds, when 258–259), who originally became aware of he incorporated Peale’s results with those of the Cassin’s association with this book through his recent French discoveries and earlier works, letter to Baird of 12 March 1851, “Cassin pos - significantly helped to establish the validity of sessed a keen sense of humor and did not take Peale’s report. In 1855 the French ornithologist his science so seriously”, a point he did not make Charles Lucien Jules Laurent Bonaparte (1803– earlier (Stone 1901) nor later (Stone 1929). 1857) sent a desperate plea to Peale, written on However, allowing for a sense of humour and the cover of a separate, to try and acquire a copy not taking his work too seriously, supports of the report, then in great demand in Europe: Cassin’s apparent later contradiction of his ac - “How can I manage to get a copy of the Am. Expl. tions against Peale and thus helping to explain Exp. Zool. In exchange or sale? The plates have the final version of his own report, which Cassin not yet reached Europe.” (Stone 1900). This in - noted in December 1855 as “nearly ready” terest is clearly due to Hartlaub’s supportive re - (Cassin 1856: 441). Cassin still worked with view and thus Peale (1849) was accepted, Peale’s various new names from his report, making redundant the revamped second and which Cassin indicated as the first edition (Cassin ‘official’ edition of Cassin (1858a), which was in - 1858a: 261; Mathews 1929: 691). Despite this tended to both suppress and supersede it, be - admission, note that Cassin’s title page does not cause Peale had fallen out of favour with his indicate it as a second edition, nor does the intro - boss, the former expedition commander and ductory note, pp. v –vi, even acknowledge that later editor and supervisor of the publication of there was a first edition except that Cassin stated the scientific reports, Lieutenant Charles Wilkes that his original brief in 1851 was to prepare the (1798–1877). This was supported by other of - plates, which then led to preparing the “present ficials behind the expedition documentation volume”. In addition, Cassin put all of Peale’s new (Peale 1903: 324; Collins 1912: 65; Stone 1915: names, if not used in the text, at least in his sum - 10–11; Lucas 1917; Burns 1932: 34; Bartlett mary catalogue, pp. 429–452, including Peale’s

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Atlas descriptions ( . Zimmer 1926: 676). As dis - ‘suppressed’ or not. cussed above, it was in 1850, not 1851, that The main value of Cassin’s edition is that it Cassin was first contacted and briefed by Wilkes came with a separately published, larger format (Haskell 1942: 58; Stanton 1975: 329). with 53 colour plates of mammals (11) Moreover, on 12 March 1851, in Cassin’s let - and birds (42), including 32 by Peale, which ter to Baird, he stated that “I am unconditionally Peale had indexed in his earlier report but they discharged from that business, and the only civil were not published at the time (Cassin 1858b). letter Wilkes ever wrote to me conveyed that in - Peale’s plates represent 8 of mammals and 24 formation” (Dall 1915: 259). Was this part of of birds, while 4 of mammals and 27 of birds Cassin distancing himself from his attempts to were planned but suppressed (Porter 1983: 84). undermine Peale’s report? This may have been Although Cassin updated various parts of the case at the time, but Cassin soon ap - Peale’s taxonomy, including some changes proached the proposal from a more business- based on his own later revisions, he still ac - like perspective. In a letter to Wilkes dated 26 knowledged his debt to Peale by retaining all of July 1852, Cassin summed up his task, outlining his new names, accepted or not, their descrip - his role in three parts: “I beg the liberty of sub - tions and much other detail. While his taxo - mitting to you, Sir, a proposal relative to the vol - nomic revisions reduced the number of Peale’s ume on the Quadrupeds and Birds of the new species, in his view (Stanton 1975: 368; see collection made by the United States Exploring Appendix II), no new species were named by Expedition under your command: Cassin, which made it easier for his edition to “1. I will rewrite the volume from the original fall into literary limbo. However, for all the con - materials, superintend as far as I may be re - tradictions in his text, the “unscrupulous” quired, the preparation of drawings for the com - pletion of the Atlas, arrange and label the (Rounds 1990: 50) Cassin did seek to take credit collection, within three years from July 1st 1852, for the expedition reseutl atsl . (Walters 2003: 149) for three thousand dollars. while failing to acknowledge the important role of Hartlaub’s (1852) review of Peale (1849) and 2. The expense of removing to Philadelphia such portions of the collection as may be necessary, repeating unnecessary errors (SclaEterry t1h8ru5r9a : and of returning them to Washington and such p3e2a6l,i 1i 879: 92; Brucep ealei 2016: 99). travelling expenses as may be indispensable, We know Hartlaub was not entirely over - may be paid by the United States. looked because Cassin included the new name 3. In all respects I propose to be governed by he proposed (Hartlaub 1852: 104), such rules and regulations as are applied to oth - , emended to by Cassin (1858a: ers now or lately engaged on similar services in 138), thus highlighting an error by Peale, with the affairs of the Expedinti olintt,–payment to be praise going to Hartlaub. As Peale later put it: made to me in a similar manner and on similar conditions.” ( The Charles Wilkes Papers, David “Cassin’s report and mine are in existence…the M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, world may judge between the rights of original Duke University ; E. Dunn . August 2017). observation and closet philosophy – what an ob - server says, and what others think he ought to Despite the way Cassin’s volume was subse - say” (Peale (1874: 309; see also Porter 1979: quently recognised, officially or unofficially, as 114). The context of the quote also was pro - either a replacement or addition, according to vided by Haskell (1942: 59). Unsurprisingly, what one read, the general interpretation was such details, as well as any reference to his that where both versions of volume 8 were sense of humour, are lacking from contempo - present they were treated as parts one and two rary obituaries and reports of Cassin’s death, of the same volume 8 (Collins 1912: 65) or Peale e.g. Brewer (1869), Bridges (1869), Newton was the “official” edition while Cassin was the (1869). “author’s” edition, and as such, distinct works When Cassin’s edition was a relatively new whether or not one regarded Cassin as being in - work, Peale as the source of new names was re - tended as a ‘substitute’ for Peale (Bartlett 1940: tained, as, for example, by Dole (1869), although 688), or whether one regarded Peale’s report as less clearly by Sclater (1871) in his review of

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Dole’s synopsis. Later, Rothschild (1900: [pref.] to Jardine, who then named, described and il - viii), despite repeating the misleading view that lustrated it (1845), while also noting the appar - the majority of copies of Peale (1849) were de - ent link to the Peale comments quoted by stroyed, accepted the new names as dating from Strickland (1845). Peale, while noting that Cassin (1858a) “may be Gould (1846) subsequently observed that all called a new edition” but “while many mistakes of the other items in the collection purchased at are corrected, some alterations are most un - the sale by Lady Harvey were Australian and happy and erroneous” (see also Wilson & Evans most were from south-eastern coastal areas. 1899: xv). Collins (1912: 65) sought ornitholog - Based on a letter from Jardine to John Gould ical opinions on Peale and received two useful (1804–1881) dated 6 February 1844, we know replies. The first noted that the 100 plus new Gould visited Lady Harvey’s collection at least species of Peale were “properly reduced to once: “I have been looking at the Owl you no - about 30” and the second noted that Cassin “se - ticed at Lady Harvey’s” (Sauer 1999: 281). verely condemned Peale’s descriptions, but While it is not known if Gould maintained any modern ornithologists consider Cassin’s de - contact with Lady Harvey, he obviously had scriptions little better.” some involvement with identifying the contents This seems to reflect the general consensus of this particular collection purchased in 1844 that despite its flaws we use Peale and recognise or 1845, most likely through his friendship with that Cassin was not much of an improvement Jardine (Sauer 1999: 428). However, perhaps anyway. Moreover, the important issue is that as his acquaintanceship with Lady Harvey was lim - the so-called ‘suppression’ of Peale’s report ited as she is not listed amongst Gould’s associ - never really was recognised as such, and as it is ates by Sauer (1995), despite Sauer checking the first publication of the new names, Peale the contents of Go7 uld’s folios and as revealed (1849) is the valid source of Peale’s new species here in his later coverage of Gould correspon - (Appendix II). dence at this time . With his understandable uncertainties at According to a letter sent to Strickland from the time, on 24 November 1852 Peale deposited Samoa by Rev. Heath, dated 20 November 1843, the details of the title of his work in Washington, Rev. John Bettridge Stair (1815–1898) worked DC, to establish his copyright. If this was to for Heath as “our printer” and sent some birds deter plans for a replacement, it was obviously to England. Three years later Hcefa. th noted that Tunhseu cAceustshfuolr s(hHiaps keolfl 1D9i4d2u:n 5c9u)lu, salthaonudg ht haes a young man in the printing department [not OSeradr ncoht efodr a Ebovvidee, annc eim Spuoprptaonrt isntegp i tfso rA Pdevaalne cteo Stair, who had left by then] had rat problems tNaoktei.c e in England with collecting a few birds and did not know the bird requested by Strickland ( Rookmaaker 2010: 107), presumably the pigeon. It would Didunculus seem that although Heath originally offered to help Strickland, he relied on his assistants and The consequences of the early and controversial was either less involved or just less interested history of Peale’s report also can be demon - in the details of what Strickland wanted. strated by the genus-group name . Details of the origin of the specimen ob - We know that some type of advance publicity of tained by Jardine were eventually revealed in the the most extraordinary of Peale’s ornithological Dmiedmunocirusl uos f Rev. Stair, who was based on Upolu discoveries allowed details of the pigeon to find during 1838–1845. Stair actually met Peale and their way into Strickland’s report on ornitholog - others on the expedition in 1839 but despite this ical progress (Strickland 1845). Also around c7 onnection he first saw and obtained two live this time, the natural history collector Lady Har - only as late as 1843, but one later vey, of Edinburgh, Scotland, acquired a small dTiehed q.u Toteh ceite od tahboever i sw thae son slye mnetn ttioon oSf yLaddny Heayrv, eAy uin sthter Gaoluilad ,c ofrorer - collection of ‘Australian’ natural history objects, spondence for the period in question. including a specimen of the same pigeon, at a sale. Later, she presented the pigeon specimen

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2020 | Bruce & Bahr — Peale's Tooth-billed pigeon study, but soon died there and became pPaarrte oufd a - Bradly or Bradley (1776–1853) was the wife of ciaosltlesc tpioanci foicf ums o. stly Australian material (1897: Admiral Sir John Harvey (1772–1837) and their 196, 1898), which also apparently included an daughter Elizabeth (1798–1873) co9ntinued her “Apteryx”, ident8ified by Stair (1897: 194) as the mother’s collecting activities (Anonymous 1797, Critically Endangered Samoan Moorhen 1837, 1853: 327, 1876; Allen 1982 ). The refer - However, it is now regarded as ence to Lady Harvey as “Dame” in Anonymous extinct for over a century, despite a few recent (1853) suggested a later honour that might have sight records attributed to this rail (Hume & been reflected in obituary coverage in at least Walters 2012: 118; Pratt & Mittermeier 2016; some of the leeat dailng newspapers of the day, but Hume 2017: 137). the only information found in several newspa - Stair seems to have implied that the rail pers was the briefestD oifd luisntcinuglus s of her as a ‘relict’, specimen was part of the collection purchased i.e. widow, of a knighted admiral. by Lady Harvey. Back in England in 1846 Stair As Bruce . (2016: 99) left the details, it (1897: 196–197, 1898) claimed he saw a draw - might be implied that the authorship of the ing of it in the possession of G.R. Gray, at the genus-group name would become British Museum, but it was not identified at the Peale, in Jardine, or even, Peale, in Strickland, in time. Also during his 1846 visit with Gray, Stair Jardine. Unfortunately, while we would prefer to saw a drawing of his pigeon specimen and pro - keep the name associated with Peale, he cannot vided more details. It seems most likely that be credited for the name as it appeared in 1845 Stair was the source of the information later despite both Strickland (quoted by Jardine) and used by Jardine to establish the original prove - Jardine clearly attributing the name to Peale. Fol - nance of the specimen and thus not found in lowing Article 50.7 of ICZN (1999), which is quite Australia or the Solomon Islands, as suggested explicit about names first published as junior by Strickland (see Appendix I). synonyms, the name must be creditedD tiod uJanrcduilnues While the fate of the rail specimen and alone because he is the author “who published it drawing were not specifically investigated as as a synonym, even if sDoim duen co uthlues r originator is part of this study, our impression is that the cited, and is not the person who subsequently specimen was lost and the drawing lost or mis - adopted it as a valid name”. Therefore, placed. It does not appear to have been included Peale, 1849, becomes an objective junior syn - in the sale purchase by Lady Harvey as it was onym and homonym of Jardine, 1845. not presented to Jardine, along with the pigeon, The only prior source we could find that as might have been expected, nor mentioned recognised the name as dating from Jardine is subsequently by Gould (1846). In fact, there is Marschall (1873: 23), althoDuidguhn lcisutleuds in such a no indication that Jardine was aware of it at the way that Scudder (1884: II.98) apparently time. More than likely, Stair’s specimen did thought he meant the earliest usage was Gould reach, at least, England, where, apparently, a in 1848: “Gould in Birds of Australia. V. 8. Gray drawing was made. However, the point needs to Dini dGuennceurlau os f Birds. 1848. = , Jard.” In - be made that, apart from Gould’s general re - deed, Marschall also proved to be the only marks, we know noPthairnegu odfi athstee fsa ptea, cleifti caulosn, e the source we could find who indicated that there actual composition, of the remainder of the Har - were other 1848 publications associated with vey purchase of Australian specimens/objects. (see below). Stair’s “Apteryx” rail was not formally named Strickland (1845: 189; reprinted in Jardine and described, as until 1858: 273) included a sentence at the end of his 1871 (Hartlaub & Finsch 1871: 25, pl. II) and last paragraph in his subsection on ‘Polynesia’

8was thought to have been first collected in 1869 where he stated: “The recent American voyage (Hume & Walters 2012: 118; Hume 2017: 137). of discovery will extend our knowledge of Poly -

Lady, later Dame, Elizabeth Harvey, née n9 esian zoology, and its researches will be made Datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/22692854; (acces sed October 2017). See also www.bradlyfamilytree.talktalk.net/Wyborn Bradly/gp5.htm; (accessed October 2017).

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2020 | Bruce & Bahr — Peale's Tooth-billed pigeon cf Didunculus known by Mr. Titian Peale, who is sstariidg itroo shtarivs e changed greatly since its departure in 1838 and discovered among other rarities, a new bird al - his concern was for its reputation and that of lied to the Dodo, which he proposes to name the participants (letter of 16 July 1842, . Goode .” Jardine (1845: 176) added to this 1892: 308–309). information with “and we believe “ ” Dr Charlotte M. Porter, who had undertaken has been applied specifically”. In a letter, dated research on Peale earlier (see reference list), 16 Sept. 1845, from Strickland to Jardine, Strick - mentioned in response to enquiries by MDB land pointed out that it was his nephew, Arthur that she once saw what she identified as a Strickland, who had provided the details of the broadsheet circulianr lipttr.omoting Peale’s forth - pigeon based on Peale and that the report in - coming report and such a circular seemed to us cluding the name and description may already to be the most likely source of the quotations be published (see Appendix I). and other details noted by Strickland and Jar - Jardine subsequently sought further details dine (C.M. Porter October 2016). Unfor - on the pigeonD ainddu nacnu aluds dress to write to Peale, tunately enquiries failed to locate a copy (see according to a letter from George Ord, dated 28 Methods for archive details). December 1845: “I have written to Mr. iPne aliltet , Other enquiries through internet searches who at present resides at Washington, on the were also unsuccessful, and thus all the obvious subject of the . As I gave him your ad - sources of Peale and/or U.S. Exploring Expedi - dress it is probable he will write to you” tion archival materials (see Methods) apparently (Harvie-Brown Collection; B. McGowan . failed to retain a copy of this seemingly elusive April 2017). An enquiry about Jardine’s letter to circular, leaving this summary explanation of our Ord, dated 21 November 1845, to see if it shed search efforts to hopefully inspire someone else any light on how Jardine found out about Peale to try their luck. On the other hand, could the fail - and the pigeon, although at that stage the 16 ure to locate any kind of advertising material for September 1845 letter from Strickland would the Peale report suggest that the existence of seem to be the sourcei,n b luitt . it could not be lo - such a piece of printed ephemera may now be cated in the George Ord Collection in the Amer - Dcoidnusindceurleuds questionable? From a letter by Strick - ican Philosophical Sionc liietty, Philadelphia, land to Jardine in the Harvie-Brown Collection, collections, although it contains other letters Edinburgh, we know that Strickland’s nephew from Jardine (D.J. Gary, July 2017). If Peale Arthur provided hitherto unknown details about did reply, there is no letter in the Harvie-Brown (see Appendix I), but not the source. Collection (B. McGowan . April 2017). Such information may have reached England in None of the quoted details, nor indeed any a press report reprinted in a local newspaper, if mention at all of the pigeon, can be found in the not by letter or word of mouth, rather than promotional report of the expedition by its com - through any form of printed materials intended mander, Lt Charles Wilkes, in 1843, which had to promote the scientific reports, which also may been widely circulated as a separate (Wilkes be evidenced by the way information subse - 1843a; reviewed by Poe 1843) based on Wilkes quently reached Jardine in piecemeal fashion for (1843b), and also reprinted abroad (Wilkes his published notes of 1851 and 1852, with some 1844). In 1842 Wilkes already had published in no doubt coming through Strickland, and also Washington a ‘synopsis’ of the expedition, demonstrated here by a letter to Strickland from which was part of the process of seeking gov - Hartlaub. ernment funding to publish the proposed scien - We were inclined to conclude that informa - tific reports, but this was not widely circulated. tion of the pigeon in relation to Peale, as men - The 1843 separate used for general promotion tioned by Strickland (1845) and Jardine (1845), was essentially a reworking of the same mate - must have been added during the ‘in press’ pe - rial and thus the pigeon discovery had not been riod of their papers or at the latest, in the proof mentioned in the lengthier 1842 publication ei - stages of these publications as the information ther. Wilkes’s concerns were mostly political as belatedly came to hand from Strickland’s the official attitudes to the expedition had nephew. However, the matter proved to be not so

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Annals straightforward. Through The British Library, we which I have kept so long – I consider it distinct learned that the report volume containing Strick - from any of those described & if not dDiisdaugnrecue - land (1845) was received on 18 June 1845, while alubs le to you I shall send a description of it to the the September 1845 issue of the contain - “Annals” along with another bird or two which ing Jardine i(n1 8li4tt5) was received on 1 September I consider new – I name it Artamus mentalis … 1845. We were advised that both copies checked [following is a sketch of the head of contained a blue British Museum stamp, indicat - ]… . The appearance of the bird is pigeon-like, ing they were acquired under legal deposit (J. feet, wings, & plumage – about the size of our Boneham . March 2017), making these Stock dove, but I incline to place it among the equivalent to publication dates. Megapodinae or some where there abouts – Do The obvious consequence of these revela - you know Didunculus strigirostris from the Pa - tions is that the information must have been ac - cific – I have a short paper for the “Annals” con - quired earlier, despite the language of the 16 taining descriptions of a few birds but before September 1845 letter suggesting the informa - sending to Taylor I must put the question to a tion had only recently been passed on to Strick - High Australian authority – askic Gray, or Mitchell land by his nephienw li tAt rthur. In the case of if they have seen or heard of such a bird.” (Sauer Jardine’s paper, a letter from his publisher, 1999: 419). In a letter dated 30 July 1845 Gould Richard Taylor (1781–1858), dated 18 January replied: “I cannot make out the new bird you 1845, was located in the Harvie-Brown Collec - have sent a description off [ ] ( Gnathodon ) I tion (B. McGowan . March 2017) and dis - have seen nothing like it from Australia[.] I am cussed the pigeon paper, demonstrating that it also eqAuratallmy uisgnorant about Didunculus[.]” was ‘in press’ for some time s1o0 that any addi - (Sauer 1999: 421). DespAirttea mwuhsat Jardine im - tAinonals information could have been added well plied, the dDeisdcurnipcutilouns and illustration of the pi - before the publication time . According to geon in Jardine (1845) only was accompanied Sheets-Pyenson (1981) Taylor made many im - by the . The plates featured with the provements with the efficiAennnt aolps eration of the paper were dated 1181 45 ( ) and Septem - , including always trying to find cheaper ber 1845 ( ), although these dates are alternatives for engraving sources. This sug - not always present . gests that perhaps even as late as 1845, after the In a footnote to the 30 July 1845 letter from merger that created the in their best Gould, in Sauer (1999: 421 –422), Storrs Olson, known form, and relocation of the printing to who had assisted Sauer swtriitghi rtoescthrnis ical details, London, engraving delays could explain ex - summarised the background on the pigeon, that tended ‘in press’ periods. However, nothing was Jardine had guessed that the pigeon was from suggested to indicate if the delay of months, as Australia, then the link to Peale’s bird and the seems apparent in the case of Jardine’s paper in - creditinign of the name ‘ ’ twice. He cluding the pigeon cdfe. scription, was normal at concluded by remarking that “The Gould corre - the time when engravings were included. spondence is of interest in shedding further In the midst of these events, on 23 July 1845, light on this rather confusing turn of events” Strickland married Catherine Dorcas Maule Jar - (Olson, Sauer 1999: 421 –422). Indeed, the dine (1825–1888), Rookmaaker (2010: 25). Gould correspondence is the only evidence we It is more than likely that marriage arrange - have found on Jardine prior to the publication ments and/or associated social events could of his 1845 paper that reveals a prior knowl - have been the main reason why Strickland and edge of the pigeon although not much else. Jardine were together in Edinburgh in late 1844. We must now consider the letter presenting 10 And five days later, on 28 July 1845, Jardinq.e v the only background on the circumstances of the wrote to Gould: “I shall send the York Artamus a11 wareness of the pigeon and its connection to Is this indicated by Jardine’s (1845) paper being dated “July 30, 1845”? How - Compare the two copies available to view on the Biodiversity Heritage Library ever, this also is a date of a Gould letter discussing the paper’s contents ( . [BHL] website, www.biodiversitylibrary.org. in text).

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Peale despite the anomaly presented by its date. volume. Both examples can be seen with the As the 16 September 1845 letter indicated, two sets available on BHL. when Jardine acquired the pigeon specimen Based on such meagre evidence, it seems from Lady Harvey, he was most likely to have most likely that Strickland’s nephew, Arthur, vis - been accompanied by Strickland, and most ited Strickland during the first months of 1845, probably initiated the arrangement through a when Strickland was at Oxford. Perhaps their meeting at a social occasion. If Jardine’s editor contact could be narrowed down to the period wrote to him on 18 January 1845, it suggests immediately prior to his marriage and extended that Strickland was making a December 1844 honeymoon in the summer of 1845. In addition, visit and the first draft of the descriptive paper it also must have been prior to a visit by Strick - was submitted a week or two later. However, land with Jardine at his home, in order for the while the Gould correspondence clarifies a few Peale and pigeon details to be included as they points, altogether it still offers insufficient de - were in their respective publications. And all tails, as the following indicates. this, despite what is implied in the 16 Septem -

Apparently, Jardine alone was in Edinburgh ber 1845 letter, which1 c4 ould not have been writ - in November 1844. However, it is still possible ten until shortly after Strickland had returned

Stri1c2 kland was with him at the time, if not ear - from his honeymoon . We can only wonder if lier, after his visit to York for the BAAS meet - there was some other reason why the letter was ing . Later, in late February –early March 1845, written in this way when it is clear the details Strickland also may have been present in Edin - were known beforehand. burgh. Jardine alone visited Ireland during Au - The key itno ltihtte mystery remains the nephew, gust –early September 1845. Strickland was in Arthur Strickland, but finding details about him Oxford for most of the winter of 1844 –1845, has proved elusive; for example, no details and returned from his honeymoon in Europe to - found in the database of thien S ltitrtic. kland archives wards mid-September 1845 (Sauer 1999: 353, (M. Brooke . July 2017), nor the published 3A5rt9a,m 3u6s3, 365, 368, 384, 427 –428). calendar of Strickland correspondence, where To the above we can add a letter to Jardine only a cousin Arthur is specifically mentioned from Taylor dated October 1845, where, after (Rookmaaker 2010: 370; August 2017). explaining some errors with the labelling of the As this identity appears to be correct, we are not plate, he wrote: “I hope no mistake will sure how his nephew fits in with Strickland’s be made in the other,i nt hliatt t which contains contacts for information, although the lack of Gnathodon strigirostris , & think sh[all] be Vol. any detail suggests that contact between uncle XVI. Pl. IX. This I should beA gnlnaadl st o have in m13y and nephew was informal, as implied by the 16 hands as quickly as possible.” (Harvie-Brown September 1845 letter and this may explain Collection; B. McGowan . October 2017) . why there are no records of their exchanges in It would appear that the plates connected to Jar - the Strickland archives. However, perhaps a dine’s paper in the issue of published on passing reference to Arthur by Rookmaaker 1 September 1845 did not contain the plates, (2010: 99) may not be the cousin, but as noted which were, no doubt, published in the follow - on p. 370, cousin Arthur presented his bird col - ing issue. Such detail is seldom apparent when lection to H.E. Strickland in 1850. A recent biog - these works are viewed many years later in raphy of Jardine did not mention any details of bound form. Indeed, although when bound, this extraordinary episode from late 1844 – plates were usually intercalated with the text, early1845 (Jackson & Davis 2001). An enquiry they also might be grouped at the back of the to Christine Jackson on the period 1844 –1845, 12 Artamus Didunculus 26 September – 2 OcBtoirbdesr o 1f 8A4u4st. ralia cf. 13 particularly in regard to the MS biography of 14 Gould also assisted by responding to Jardine’s enquiry about finding some ref - Much of his ‘honeymoon’ time was spent visiting ornithologists and collections erence material of , as well as seeking to borrow the in Europe, including Denmark and Germany, highlighted by the Gould cor - specimen for his (Sauer 1999: 346, 410, 427-428). respondence (Sauer 1999: 428; Rookmaaker 2010: 25).

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Gladstone (19115 0–1913), did not reveal any fur - dition, there were over 1060 drawings featuring ther details of use (Christine Jackson ., some of these collected specimens (e.g. Anony - March 2019). mous 1844c). The 134 mammal specimens col - The possibility of a press report on Peale lected were not mentioned, along with other and the pigeon in either a U.S. or U.K. newspaper items such as fossils and bottles of seawater has been noted but apparently there was none samples, as well as about 2500 ethnological 1a7 nd (see Methods). archaeological specimens, with all the collec - What seems to us to be the only possible tions weighing about 40 tons (Walsh 2004) . way the information could have been obtained How many of these drawings were of birds is in time to be used by Strickland and Jardine was unclear, let alone how many were in any type of first revealed in a newspaper article noting an finished state at that time. In a letter to Wilkes exhibition of the expedition collections and an - dated 9 April 1848, sent on Peale’s behalf, it was other of illustrations for the proposed scientific stated that: “there are 38 unfinished and 46 fin - reports, on display during a meeting of a “Geo - ished drawings – total number required for the logical Association” in Washington, DC (Anony - work 84 be finished thus “of the 46 drawings fin - mous 1844a). A search revealed that the late ished but two engravings made, of which I have mention of an announcement in November in a seen the proofs so that I apprehend no difficulty Hawaiian newspaper corresponded in detail to or delayin ilnit t keeping ahead” of the engravers similar press notices published in a number of should I be permitted to finish my own work” eastern U.S. newspapers during May and June (The Charles Wilkes Papers, David M. Rubenstein 1844. Enquiries about what this ‘Geological As - Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University ; sociation’ could be and of its meeting, revealed E. Dunn . August 2017). Peale later observed, that it was the Association of American Geolo - in a letter to Wilkes, dated 19 April 1849: “Previ - gists and Naturalists, previously, from its found - ous to my dismissal from the U.S. Exploring Expe - ing in 1840, the American Association of dition, I attached labels and numbers to all the

Geologists. The name was changed in 18421 6to specimens alluded to. The plates on which they the former, and in 1848 it became the American are to be represented, and numbers to designate Association for the Advancement of Science. them, may all be found in my printed report, and Their Fifth Annual Meeting took place in a person with a slight knowledge of the subject Washington during 7 –14 May 1844. On the can have no difficulty in selecting thei nr eliqttuired evenings of Saturday 11 May and Sunday 12 specimens, if the arrangement of the public col - May the members and guests were invited to lection has not been altered.” ( The Charles Wilkes see respectively the collections of the U.S. Ex - Papers, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manu - ploring Expedition housed at the Patent Office script Library, Duke University; E. Dunn ., Au - and in more detail the then completed illustra - gust 2017). tions planned for use in forthcoming reports According to Haskell (1942: 57), Peale’s plus materials used for illustrations at Lt. work on his drawings was still incomplete in Wilkes’s residence (Locke 1844a: 42–43; 1844b: 1850. In a letter to Wilkes dated 9 March 1857, 134). The similar press notices in the various Cassin discussed delayed arrangements with his newspapers seen indicated that the exhibition revised report, but particularly his problems featured nearly 2000 birds, 829 fish, 140 rep - with the accompanying Atlas: “My manuscript tiles, 900 crustacea, 1500 insects, 20,000 shells, would have been placed in the hands of Mr. Stu - 300 zoöphytes, 400 corals and 10,000 species art before this had he been in Philad[elphi]a and 1o5 f plants; in all, about 50,000 specimens. In ad - when last I saw him I understood that his ab - Thanks to Bob McGowan, copies of the relevant pages of Gladstone were scanned and sent to MDB for examinaitnio lint,t but again nothing of use to clarify s17 ence was to be for a few days only – hence have what we need to know from the relevant 1844 –1845 period was revealed. The value of documenting extant material from 19th Century voyages of scien - 16 tific discovery and exploration was recently demonstrated for the ornitho - See: research.omicsgroup.org/index.php/Associ ation_of _American_Geologists_ and_ Naturalists (M . Cad oree Bradley . April 2017). logical collection of the Baudin Expedition of 1800 –1804 (Jansen 2018).

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2020 | Bruce & Bahr — Peale's Tooth-billed pigeon been at his office quite repeatedly–I propose to special event, as much of the collection would be use a large number of the plates already en - needed for preparing the scientific reports. How - graved for Mr. Peale but cannot at this moment ever, it seems more likely that although the col - state the precise number because I do not know lection storage in the overcrowded Patent Office which are engraved & which are not,–never hav - had already been attracting curious onlookers, a ing had in my possession a complete set of them more structured presentation would better suit – this is a matter now of arrangement between the long-term objectives of publicising the Ex - you or Mr. Stuart and myself…and will of course ploring Expedition. While this publicity clearly give at any moment my projection of an Atlas – was not to sell more copies of reports, it would it will not I think be as extensive as that contem - at least sell the expedition’s importance to the plated by Mr. Peale. There are a few birds yet to Washington politicians and ensure that the pub - be drawn for which I will take the liberty of ask - lication program would continue, which it did, ing your permission at a future time. The until as late as 1874 (Goode 1892, Haskell 1942). greater part of the engravings that I know were As suggested here, while we have focussed on the made for Mr. Peale can be used for my Atlas – information being acquired during the meeting, and please be assuriend l iIt t have not the smallest we cannot overlook the possibility that we also disposition to incur expense unnecessarily.” must assume that the exhibition continued for a (The Charles Wilkes Papers, David M. Ruben - period after the meeting and notes reaching the stein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke Stricklands could have been taken later, but still University ; E. Dunn . August 2017). within the timeline needed to reach England be - Due to Peale’s delays with the plates, along fore June 1845. However, while not ignoring this with Cassin’s delays and further dilemmas, the possibility, we think a meeting connection re - most likely source of the pigeon details must mains the most likely scenario in our interpreta - therefore have been from the collections exhib - tion of the best possible source of information ited at the Patent Office. What is also significant and when it was acquired and this is the main ap - here is that by 1849 Peale would be referring to proach in our discussion here. the public displays of the collection in the Earlier meeting proceedings provided de - Smithsonian building, where the collections tails of all who attended the annual meetings, were removed from the Patent Office in 1846, but for 1844 the abstracts do not include this in - which is suggestive that more than likely the formation. However, a notice in a local newspa - arrangement of the public collection in the per at the time provided details of Association Patent Office rooms must have been followed as members present, including one visitor from much as possible when re-established in their England, “Peter Edwin Henderson F.R.S., Civil new location. Engineer, York, England.” (Anonymous 1844b). Poe (1843) remarked about “suites” of spec - A check of ship passenger lists from the period imens, including expedition collections, already on both Peter Henderson and Arthur Strickland accessible at the “National Gallery”, which at the did not provide any additional information. As time was a wing of the Patent Office, with exten - the only proven attendant from England at the sion plans in place by 1844 (Ellsworth 1845: 2). annual meeting, according to what we could The original Patent Office building now houses find, Henderson’s profession is also suggestive the National Portrait Gallery, and Hart (2004: of a possible link to either Strickland, and al - 11) noted that the collections stored in the though being from York, we do not know if he Patent Office at that time “drew huge crowds”. returned to England in time for the September The exhibition presented during the ‘Geological 1844 meeting in York of the British Association Association’ meeting on 11 May 1844 and the for the Advancement of Science [BAAS], but as attendant publicity in local and district newspa - his name is absent from the published proceed - pers suggests that this was a type of ‘official’ ings, this seems unlikely. opening and no doubt such widespread news - Transit times for Atlantic crossings in paper coverage could explain the ‘huge crowds’. 1844 –1845 were around 4 –5 weeks, as indi - Our original assumption was that this was a cated for the letter of George Ord discussed ear -

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2020 | Bruce & Bahr — Peale's Tooth-billed pigeon lier, replying to one from Jardine dated 21 No - formation was not available in September 1844. vember and received 20 December 1845, but Furthermore, there is no proof that such details usually closer to four weeks or less, as also were provided by letter between Arthur and found by Frajola (2010: 30; see also Fox 2004). H.E. Strickland, leaving word of mouth, but pos - Note that it was a ‘Geological Association’ that sibly including informal written notes, as the included the exhibition and H.E. Strickland was most likely possibility, by someone travelling to primarily a geologist although he published ex - England with information from the May 1844 tensively on birds (Jardine 1858; Rookmaaker meeting and exhibitions. The sticking point here 2010: 21–36). We therefore suggest that a remains the letter between Strickland and Jar - source of information on the pigeon as notes dine (see Appendix I) as we know the informa - from an exhibition passed on to Arthur and then tion was obtained and used before 16 Sep tember from Arthur to his uncle offers the best expla - 1845; yet why does this letter suggest other - nation as to why nothing on the pigeon was wise? A letter from either Strickland or Jardine found in the Strickland archives. We also note to a third party would perhaps make more that there is no P.E. Henderson mentioned in the sense rather than one between father- and son- Strickland correspondence by Rookmaaker in-law who were very close and they obviously (2010), which does not preclude any connection shared information on the pigeon specimen with H.E. Strickland, but may be more sugges - when in Edinburgh together at dates indicated tive of any link being to Arthur Strickland, either but not specified. directly or indirectly at the time. The pigeon also is alluded to in a quote high - We know that Strickland and Jardine had in - lighted by Poesch (1961: 101; see also Irwin formation on the pigeon discovery. After exten - 1955: 65) to demonstrate criticisms levelled at sive enquiries in archives and other sources, the Peale in the controversy at the time of well-read exhibition seems to us to be the only possible ‘closet naturalists’ vs. experienced field men: “I source of information we have found that fits am not at all surprised that our closet natural - the timeline. Information obtained in May 1844 ists have pronounced Peale’s bird and the Dodo during the ‘Geological Association’ meeting to be pigeons. Neither would I be surprised if could easily have been passed on in time to ap - they were to declare their conviction that our pear in a report presented in September 1844, cuckoo is not a bird because it has never been as indicated by Frajola (2010) on transit times known to hatch its own eggs” (Charles Waterton of letters. And certainly, of course, before the (1782–1865) to George Ord, 24 October 1847). BAAS report was published in June 1845. If we This suggests that Ord, after an exchange with assume that the details were not sent by letter, Jardine in 1845, as noted above, sought other but instead based on information obtained by opinions on the pigeonD. iOdurdn’csu cluosrresstrpiognirdoesntrcies word of mouth, then the transit time, while also might explain the source of the footnote in making it possible for the information to be re - Peale’s reGpnoartth, qoduonte sdt rbiegliorows. tris ceived before September 1844, would be con - Returning to the details provided by Jardine nected to a person who is most likely to have (18G4n5a)t hwoed oanls sot rhigavireo s[ tris ] been on an extended visit to the U.S. and not just Jardine, 1845, which is an objective junior syn - for a meeting, and thus making an arrival date onym of et al Jardine, 1845. in England more likely to be after September The extant, unique type specimen, the holotype, 1844 and possibly not until early 1845. Again, of is held in the collec - this fits with the suggested timeline of Strick - tiDoindsu onfc uNlauts iosntarilg Miruossetruims s Scotland, Edinburgh, land’s activities. no. 1915-85 (Herman . 1990: 14) (see Fig - We aDlsidou knncouwlu s that in a contemporary re - ure 1). Therefore, following Article 74.4 of ICZN view of the September, 1844, York meeting of (1999), this holotype also is a lectotype of BAAS, the summary of what Strickland men - [ ] Jardine 1845. The type tioned in his report did not include any refer - specimen was acquired by the museum as part ence to (Anonymous 1844d: 675), of a purchase of mostly British birds in 1876, a but of course this is not conclusive proof the in - decade before the disastrous auction of the re -

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2020 | Bruce & Bahr — Peale's Tooth-billed pigeon

Figure 1 Gnathodon strigirostris

. The mounted holotype of Jardine 1845. First reproduction of an image of the speci - men here presented with the permission of Bob McGowan, National Museums Scotland, Edinburgh, ScoDtlaidnud.n culus Gnathodon.

strigirostris, mDiadiunndceurl uosf sJtarridgiinroes’st rcisollection (Sclater 1886; thereby supporting his treatment of Sharpe 1906: 360). Peale (1849G:n 2a0th8o–d2o0n9 )s dtriid - as a junior synonymstr oigf ihrioss tris In the cat - ngiorto estxrpislicitly indicate that his use of the species- alogue of type specimens of birds in the Na - group name, Difdoullnocwueluds Jasrtdriignier,o tshtruis tional Museum of Natural History, Washington, Peale, 1849, also is an DC, Deignan (1961: 123) indicated that Peale objective junior synonym of credited Jardine’s to himself and ex - Jardine, 1845, and objective junior syn - plained this with a qwuaoste from an unpublished onym and homonym of [ ] note by Charles Wallace Richmond (1868– Jardine, 1845. The original painting Peale pro - 1932), a former curator: “the authorities who vided for the plate of the pigeon, published in had the work in charge made him describe as 1858 (Cassin 1858b: pl. 34), included a full new everything that new at the time the Ex - colour background, missing from the published pedition collected it! This is explained in Peale’s plate due to cost-cutting measures (Haskell suppressed introduction.” Deignan apparently 1942: 5st6r)ig (isreoes tFriigsu. res 2 and 3). overlooked the prior publication of the sup - As demonstrated by his reference to Peale’s pressed introduction by Haskell (1942: 59–60). proposed report, Jardine (1845) was well aware It also can be found in the facsimile reprint of of Peale’s intention to use the species-group Peale’s report (Peale 1978). In this suppressed name By applying it himself, Jar - introduction Peale made it clear that a major dine clearly linked the information on Peale’s obstacle for him was the loss of his personal ref - new pigeon to his own specimen description, erence library and part of his collections when

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2020 | Bruce & Bahr — Peale's Tooth-billed pigeon

Figure 2 Didunculus strigirostris

. Original painting with colour background by Titian Peale for the Tooth-billed Pigeon . Reproduced by permission of Dept of Library Services, American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA.

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Gnathodon 2020 | Bruce & Bahr — Peale's Tooth-billed pGingeaotn hodon

junior synonym of (Jardine 1845), as discussed above. was soon found to be unavailable as it had been usedG enartlhieord obny , George Brettingham Sowerby (1788–1854) in 1832 for a shell (Sherborn 1926: 2747C;o Plientuist 2006: 88). Sherborn also listed Richmond’s later discovery (1G9n1a7th: o5d9o2n ) of another proposed by Streubel (1842: 283, 290), and long treated as a synonym of the quail genus Goldfuss, 1820. Earlier, Dall (1879: 132) had stated that “was usGenda bthyo Gdorany, fGorra ay mollusk in 1825.” However, no such name can be traced, which agrees with Sherborn’s findings. ADmalel’rsi craenfe Jroeunrcnea cl aonf Sbcei eenxcpel aainnde dt hbey A Srotswerby (1832), who noted after listing “ in American Journal of Science.” No such refer - ence can be found in either volume 9 or 10 of the from 1825, using the date provided by Dall. Mathews (1925: 105, 1929: 690) gave the Figure 3 publication date of Peale’s report as “in or before October 1848”, but without providing any sup - porting evidence for this proposed date. Despite . The published plate no. 34 of Cassin (1858b) of this claim and the ongoing dating of Peale’s report the Tooth-billed Pigeon Didunculus strigirostris, reveal - as 1848 in ornithological and mammalogical lit - ing the uncoloured background (from https://www.bio - USS Peacock erature, it has been established and ecto anlf. irmed diversitylibrary.org/item/141450#page/99/mode/1up). that official distribution, and hence publication, was delayed until “Seventy copies were sent to the

Dep1t9. of State for distribution in the week preced - the was wrecked on a bar of the Co - ing June 5, 1849” (Overstreet, in Bruce 2016: lumbia River on 18 July 1841 (Porter 1983: 74, 99). Overstreet also provided a table of report 1985: 304). Peale was eventually compensated details, with Peale and Cassin listed as volumes for his losses in the amount of $1782.20, plus VIIIA and VIIIB respectively, following Haskell, $P1e2a6le0’s.2 R7e fopro srat lasry 1 a8r4re9 arnso Jtu 1l1y8 8 1488 42 to January with the date o2f0 June 1849D liidsutendc ufolur sPeale. Despite 1843 (U.S. 29th Congress, 2nd Session, Bill, H.R. the date correction, an oversight led to Peale being 663, dated 16 February 1847 . listed as 1848. With Peale’s report dated to June 1849, what Disi duusunacullylu os verlooked is that there are Didunculus , still four publications of as the name The long overlooked date change in ornithologi - . of the pigeon dating from 1848. cal and mammalogical literature of Peale’s report Strickland & Melville (1848: 39 –40, 65, 97, from 1848 to 1849, was presaged by the genus- 19 07) used in their discussion of its group name applied to Peale’s major See L. Overstreet, undated, www.sil.si.edu/digitalcollections/usexex/learn/ discovery It is usually attributed to Peale in his Overstreet-01 .htm; ‘notes in the bibliographic descriptions’; the quote pro - vided by Overstreet comes from Haskell (1942: 55). report, but it had actually appeared earlier as a 20 18 See: www.sil.si.edu/DigitalCollections/usexex/navigation/ScientificText/ See www.memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId ; accessed October 2017. In USExEx 19 _10 select.cfm; no doubt based on the date listing being taken 2020 terms $1782.20 = $56,490.96 and $1260.27 = $39,947.18, a total of from the title page. $96,438.14 (www.officialdata.org/us/inflation, accessed October 2020).

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2020 | Bruce & Bahr — Peale's Tooth-billed pigeon sic Genera of Birds Didunculus apparent similaGrniatitehso tdoo tn he dodos and related than the one now proposed, but for the fact that birds of the Mascarene Islands. Gray (1848) Gitn haatsh boedeonn preoccupied in Entomology [ ].” On made it a belated addition to his . this basis, despite the policy Peale had to follow, Doubtless both were aware of the preoccupa - we can interpret Peale’s proposed tion affecting , although it is only Tmheere Sltya tauss a o fr ePpelaalcee’sm Neenwt nSapmecei efsor Jardine’s mentioned by Gray (1848). Moreover, Strick - , rather than as a new genus-group land & Melville (1848: 40) noted that Peale’s re - name for a new taxon. port was apparently still unpublished and Gray’s entry of this species as a new family in Didunculus his book was based on Jardine (1845), wDitihd uhn is- Bartlett (1940: 687–705) provided a concor - cmuelunstion of Peale derived from it. Gould (1846) dance for the treatment of neGwna ntahmodeosn between was GGranya’tsh odthoen r main source, as is aDpipduanrecnu t- Peale and Cassin (listed as “ed. 2”). On pp. 701– lfuros m a comparison of the two plates (Gould 702 the treatmentP olef iodus by both was 1846, Gray 1848), who also mentioned compared, with DPiedaulnec’su lfuos otnote oent Jaal rdine’s based on Strickland (1845), although name, corrected there to , noted. using , but he later adopteDdid unculus Cassin was listed as adopting the unnecessary cf., no doubt being influenced by Gray or Strick - replacement name Reichenbach, 1847, land or both (Gould 1848a, 1848b): “it is instead of using (Bruce . 2016: identical with the bird described by Mr. Titian 99). Bartlett’s reconciliation of Peale’s and Peale of America under the name of ” Cassin’s treatments of the new species discov - ( Gould 1848a: 82, 1848b: lxxii). ered by Peale was also to highlight the need for Gray’s two pages on the pigeon were dated Peale’s new names to be properly reassessed. December 1848, and even if this part of his book This became a stimulus for the summary pro - may have appeared in early 1849, all four works vided in Appendix II. We also offer details on the came before the Gpnuabtlhicoadtoion n of Peale’s report. current status of Peale’s new names, which MDiodruenocvuelur,s none can be regarded as additional proved relatively easy for the mammal names Gjunnaitohro sdyonn onyms and homonyms because they when compared to what was required for the obviously followed Jardine, directly or indi - bird names. rectly, but with being replaced by Peale’s specimens, originally housed in . Perhaps Gray was the source of the rooms of the U.S. Patent Office, were transferred oversight when he wrote, in an un - to the Smithsonian Institution building after it dated letter, to Jardine (Harvie-Brown Collec - opened in 1846, and eventually to the mammal tion): “which name having been previously and bird departments of the Smithsonian’s United States National Museum (Goode 1892), employed in Conchology,v i&z.c O.,d ionndtuocpehsa pms e to 21 send you these hasty lines thinking that you which became in 1969 the National Museum of would not like to lose the naming of so singular Natural History . In order to put all of Peale’s a bird – I give you one which strikes me would new species names on an equal footing, Didunculus t whether they are currently in use or long buried be well bestowed upon it, as it Didunculus in synonymy, we began with the latest type is certainly a pigeon with a dentated bill.” Jar - specimen catalogues, all of which provide an dine did not take up Gray’s suggestion and al - identification of the then current status of the lowed o stand. new species names listed. In the case of the K n a Aths owdeo nknosiwc , Peale proposed as a mammals, a revised, four-part type catalogue new name (1849: 208) because it was new was recently completed (Fisher & Ludwig when collected. However, in a footnote Peale 2012–2016), which has the added advantage of added (p. 209): “Since writing the above, i21ncluding all of Peale’s new species, whether or [ ] has been proposed as a name See naturalhistory.si.edu/onehundredyears/brief_ history.htm; accessed Octo - for this genus, by Sir William Jardine, Bart. It ber 2017. would give me pleasure to adopt it, as better

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2020 | Bruce & Bahr — Peale's Tooth-billed pigeon not a type specimen was still extant. Due to its species there seems to be a general consensus recent publication we have followed the current as to the number currently recognised, although names provided, except one, with at least nine not always within the same taxonomic category. of Peale’s new mammal species names in cur - In our notations of differences from Deignan rent use. (1961) we refer to these four sources as HM4, Turning to the birds, the situation requires HBW, IOC and CCBW respectively. The end re - a more comprehensive effort to indicate the cur - Ssuulmt ims tahrayt aatn leda Csto 4n4c loufs Pieoanlse’s new bird species rent status of Peale’s new species names. The names are in current use. For additional details starting point is the type specimen catalogue by see the caption to Appendix II. Deignan (1961), where Deignan indicated a cur - Didunculus rent name for each of Peale’s new species for strigirostris The research presented here began as a sum - which there is extant type materiaIlb. iDs ebigrnevain - et al. mary of a few relevant details on authorship is - r(1os9t6r1is : iAxp) tcelaniomdeydte tsh mata “gtnhier omsatrjois rity” of Peale’s types were present and the preparation of Ap - sues affecting the pigeon names and , intended to supplement our earlier pendix II Arestvuera flerdo oxn, Blya srixta a crien aecretua ally missing, with observations of two noted ( paper (Bruce 2016). Using this opportu - , ). In addition, nity to investigate the source of the advance two other new names were based on sight awareness in England of Peale’s involvement in records ( ). the Exploring Expedition and his major discov - In order to provide a starting point for the ery, we actually expected a quick result from an current status of Peale’s new bird species omit - enquiry to an appropriate archive, based on the ted by Deignan (1961), we turned to the three apparent existence of a broadsheet circular pro - most recent works covering the additional moting Peale’s proposed scientific report on the names that also provide full synonymies in mammals and birds. This did not happen. With order to locate and place these names (Mathews enquiries extending to 13 archive collections 1927, 1930; Hellmayr & Conover 1948). Alto - and other sources, including extensive search - gether, 73 of Peale’s 112 new bird species listed ing on the internet, our investigation took us in required an indication of a change in current unexpected directions. status since Deignan (1961), including the three Although we can present here a more de - extra sources required, in order to reconcile tailed review of the background of this case and Peale’s new species names with current taxon - its publication history than hitherto, we still omy. In view of the current state of flux of bird could not answer all questions, including, unfor - taxonomy, as compared to a comparatively more tunately, the key questions that underpinned stable period in the early 1960s, the number of this investigation despite filling in much related changes is relatively fewer than one might have detail. We still do not know exactly when the de - expected. tails of Peale’s pigeon discovery was first passed The initial crosscheck of current status of on to H.E. Strickland, and then to Jardine. We the bird names to a more recent source was may never know for sure just who passed on the based on reconciling the names with the de - information to Strickland’s nephew, Arthur, but tailed lists of the two-volume Howard & Moore we do feel that apparently after exhausting all 4th edition world bird list (Dickinson & Remsen other possibilities, there must be a connection 2013; Dickinson & Christidis 2014). As there between a May 1844 exhibition in Washington, can be differing taxonomic interpretations in DC, of the expedition collections and other ma - some bird groups, we also compared coverage terials, and both Stricklands. in three other recent world bird lists: 1. As a source of information on Peale and his HBW/BirdLife (del Hoyo & Collar 2014, 2016); pigeon discovery, the exhibition clearly provided 2. IOC World Bird List, Version 7.2 ( www.world - the opportunity for these details to be acquired birdnames.org/ ) accessed 15 May 2017; 3. The and then to somehow reach the Stricklands, and Clements Checklist of Birds of the World later Jardine, in England. The details may not (www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/ ) have been available to Strickland when preparing accessed 15 May 2017. For Peale’s new bird

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2020 | Bruce & Bahr — Peale's Tooth-billed pigeon Didunculus his report, but instead during its ‘in press’ period, needed to be reviewed in its historical context or even when the report was in its final, proof more thoroughly than hitherto. The major over - stage. With Strickland’s report published on 18 sight of claiming the name as first June 1845 and Jardine’s paper on 1 September appearing in Peale’s report, dated to 1848 in - 1845, we are compelled to disregard the mislead - stead of 1849, has been corrected, which led to ing context of a letter dated 16 September 1845 the reassessment of its status and authorship, (see Appendix I). The source of the information which no longer can be Peale but instead is Jar - on Peale and the pigeon is credible and fits the dine, 1845. The opportunity also was taken to available evidence, but not the actual date of the provide an illustration of the original type spec - letter, which seems to be playing havoc with the imen of this pigeon, as well as the original timeline of events. We must ask: Why does this coloured painting prepared by Peale, which re - letter between Strickland and Jardine seem to veals more detail than the published plate. In contradict the evidence of their earlier publica - Aorcdkenro twol ecdomgepmleetne tts his account we also have tions? provided a detailed, revised summary of Peale’s Despite our archive enquiries turning up new species and their current status. negative results, a broadsheet circular may yet be awaiting discovery in some archive, even though we have reluctantly concluded that this We are extremely grateful to Bob McGowan, appears to be doubtful. Our quest to locate let - Senior Curator, Birds, Dept of Natural Sciences, ters in archives offering details of the National Museums Scotland, Edinburgh, Scot - Wilkes/Cassin conspiracy against Peale, as well land, for information on Jardine’s type specimen as Cassin’s concomitant letter-writing efforts to and for providing the illustration of the type and undermine Peale’s report, only revealed some permission to reproduce it here, finding the evidence of Peale’s awareness of these events. time to search the Harvie-Brown Collection and On the other hand, we cannot entirely disregard for permission to reproduce details in several the possibility that there may yet be a letter or letters from that collection, and for help with two, or more, containing such details of these various other queries, particularly in providing controversial issues either overlooked in copies of relevant pages from the unpublished archives already contacted or in other collec - biography of Jardine by H. S. Gladstone. We also tions we have missed, and possibly a circular. are very grateful to the following who re - There still remains the possibility of an over - sponded to our enquiries in trying to locate a looked mention of Peale and his pigeon discov - copy of a broadsheet circular promoting Peale’s ery in a contemporary newspaper article, report, which soon became efforts to confirm although the databases checked are very com - the possible existence of a broadsheet circular prehensive. Lastly, the missing link to the still on Peale’s report, and in the Philadelphia collec - unsolved mysteries in this tale remains as the tions in particular, trying to locate any Cassin elusive Arthur Strickland. Apart from Dbideuinn g - correspondence on his attempts to undermine Hcu.Elu.’s snteripghireowst, rwis ho was he? What happened to Peale’s report, as well as checking for relevant him? Did he leave personal papers in a collec - correspondence or associated papers in all of tion somewhere? the archives listed here: Ms Leslie K. Overstreet, In conclusion, the status of the name Curator of Natural History Rare Books, Smith - , its source and authorship de - sonian Libraries, and Ellen Alers, Assistant tails have been revised and updated. While it Archivist, Smithsonian Institution Archives, has long been known that this remarkable pi - Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA; geon discovery by Peale had been eclipsed by Patrick Kerwin, Manuscript Reference Librar - Jardine’s chance find, well before the delayed ian, Manuscript Division [Wilkes Papers], and publication of Peale’s expedition report, there Michelle Cadoree Bradley, Science Reference still was confusion in the literature. In addition, Specialist, Science, Technology & Business Divi - the notice of the pigeon discovery is inextricably sion, Library of Congress, Washington DC, USA; linked to the history of Peale’s report, which Jeffery T. Hartley, Librarian, National Archives

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2020 | Bruce & Bahr — Peale's Tooth-billed pigeon and Records Administration, and Adam Beren - the BAAS archives], Oxford, Isabelle McMann, bak, Center for Legislative Archives, National Radcliffe Science Library, Oxford, and Kate Dis - Archives, Washington, DC, USA; Dr David J. Gary, ton, Oxford University Museum of Natural His - Curator of Printed Materials, American Philo - tory, Oxford, England; Ian McAllan, Macquarie sophical Society, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Evan University Library, Sydney, Australia. We also es - Peugh, Archives Assistant, Academy of Natural pecially thank Christine Jackson for responding Sciences of Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, to enquiries about Jardine’s movements around USA; Weckea Dejura Lilly, Program Associate 1845, and Normand David for his comments on and Researcher, Historical Society of Pennsylva - early drafts of the paper. We especially wish to nia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Mary K. LeCroy, Dept thank Leslie Overstreet and David Gary for their of Ornithology, and Mai Reitmeyer, Senior Re - very kind assistance in helping us to obtain search Services Librarian, Dept of Library Serv - copies of several publications of particular use ices, American Museum of Natural History, New Rtoe ftehrise nstcueds y. Lastly, we are grateful for addi - York, NY, USA; Dana Fisher, Special Collections tional support from Dr Neal Evenhuis and Vir - Assistant, Ernst Mayr Library, Harvard Univer - giniWa Matasocnkiaa y. sity, Cambridge, MA, USA; Elizabeth R. Dunn, Re - search Services Librarian, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Duke Uni - Allen, D.E. (1982) Records of Elizabeth Harvey. versity, Durham, NC, USA (The Charles Wilkes 14 (1): 67 –68. Papers); Simone O. Munson, Reference Andersen, M.J., McCullough, J.M., Friedman, N.R., Archivist, and Alder Levin, Wisconsin Historical EPemteur, sAouns,t rAa.Tl .O, Mrnoityhleo,l oRg.Gy ., Joseph, L. & Nyári, Society, Madison, WI, USA; Sara J. Keckeisen, Li - A.S. (2019) Ultraconserved eTlehme Genentst lreemsoalnv’es brarian/Reference Services, Kansas Historical gMeanguasz-ilneev ealn dre Hlaisttiornischail pCsh rionn iac lemajor Aus - Society, Topeka, KS, USA; Dr Michael Brooke and tralasian bird radiation (Aves: Meliphagidae). Ann Charlton, Dept of Zoology, University of 119: 218–232. Cambridge, Cambridge, England. We especially Anonymous (1797)T Mhea rrGiaengetlse. man’s Magazine thank Dr Charlotte M. Porter for her invaluable 67 (1) (5): information and thoughts on her earlier re - 434. searches on Peale and Cassin. On enquiries AnoTnhyem Pooulsy n(e1s8ia3n 7) [Obituary] Adm. Sir John about Peale’s mammal collections we thank Dr Harvey, K.C.B. The Polynesian Alfred Gardner, Curator, USGS Patuxent Wildlife (n.s.) 7 (4): 436–437. Research Center, Smithsonian Institution, Wash - Anonymous (1844a) The Exploring Expedition. ington, DC, USA. We are very grateful to Mai Re - [Honolulu, Hawai‘i], 16 No - itmeyer for permission to reproduce Peale’s vember 1844, n.s. 1 (26): 1. [ original painting, held by the Library of the had a special correspondent based in Wash - American Museum of Natural History, New ington, D.C., and took much inteDreasitly i nN raetpioonrat -l York. On tracking down publication dates and Iintge allnigyetnhcienr g connected to the U.S. Exploring related enquiries we are grateful to Dr John Expedition.] Boneham, Reference Specialist (Rare Books and Anonymous (1844b) The Association of Ameri - Music), The British Library, London, England. can Geoliong liisttt s and Naturalists. For responding to enquiries about Arthur and [Washington, D.C.], 15 May 1844. H.E. Strickland, we thank Dr L.C. ‘Kees’ Rook - [Exact paNgew n-Yootr dk eEtvearnmgienliesdt (ex www.gale. maaker of the Rhino Resource Centre ( www.rhi - com/c/19th-century-us-newspapers ; M.C. noresourcecenter.com ) and author of the Stri ck- Bradley . April 2017).] land Correspondence resource. For assistance Anonymous (1844c) Fruits Tohf et hLeit Eerxaprlyo rGinagz eEtxte- with additional enquiries we thank Dr Alan G. panedi Jtoiounr.n al of the Belles Lettre(2s 0 June 1844): Knox, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scot - 3. land; Prof. Kathryn H. Braund, Auburn Univer - Anonymous (1844d) Arts and Sciences: The Brit- sity, Auburn AL, USA; Colin Harris and Sophie ish Association (York). Welsh, Bodleian Libraries [also the location of 1448 (19 Oc -

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2020 | BrWuce e&k B -ahr — Peale's Tooth-billed pigeon The Wilson Bulletin ly National Intelligencer

tober 1844): 670–676. and the ornithologicParlo cseeecdtionng s ooff the Loinld - Anonymous (1845) ExplTohrien Zgo Eöxppheydteits ion. Pnehailna dSeolcpiehtiya omf uLsoenudmon. 44 Ethnograph[yW aansdh iPnhgitlolno,g Dy .C.], (1): 23 –35. 22 February 184N5o: r2t.h American Review Calman, W.T. (19C3a7ta) loJagmuee so fE tihgeh Ctsa, pAri mpuiolgniedeæ r Anonymous (1846) United States Exploring Ex - iAnn tthaer cotilcle nctaitounr oafl itshte. Academy of Natural Sci - pedition. [Review of , by James ences of Philadelphia 149 (4): 171–184, pl. 4. D. Dana, and The Gentleman’s Magazine a, nbdy Cassin, J. (1851) Hiosrtaotriioca Hl Raelev]ie. w 63 Catalogue of the Halcyonidæ in (132): 211–236. Transac - the collection of the Academy of Natural Sci - . Academy of Natural Sci - Anotnioynms oaunsd ( P1r8o5c3ee) dDinegatsh osf, tahrer aBnogtaendi icna lc Shorcoineoty- ences of Philadelphia ences, Philadelphia. 16 pp. olof gEidcainl bourdrgehr. (n. s.) 40 (3): 321–327. Cassin, J. (1852) Anonymous (187‘E6l)e pOabiio tuary Notices. . Academy of Natural Sci - 12: 19. ences, Philadelphia. 19 pp. Cassin, J. (1856) Notices of some new and little Banks, R.C. (1P9ro8c3e)e Tdihneg cso orfr ethcte nAammeer ifcoarn t hPeh Hiloa- Proceedings known birds in the collection of the U.S. Ex - swoapihiaicna Cl rSoowci.e ty 44 (1): 1–2. of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel - Bartlett, H.H. (1940) The reports of the Wilkes phloiari ng Expedition in the Vincennes and Pea - cock, and in the collection of the Academy of Expedition, aDniddu tnhceu wluosr sktr oigf itrhoes tsrpisecialists in United States Exploring Expedi - science. tNioantu, draulr Sincige tnhcee sy eoaf rPsh 1i8la3d8e, l1p8h3ia9., 1840, 1841, Journal of Ornith8o2lo (g5y ): 601–705. 1842, under the command of Charles Wilkes, 7[1855]: 438–441. Baumann, S & Beichle, U. (2020) AcDoiudsutnicaull uids en - U.S.N. Mammalogy and Ornithology tification of , critically Cassin, J. (1858a) endangeredP rToocoetehd-ibniglsle odf tPhieg Zeooonl oogf i cSaal mSoocai -. ety of London 161 (2): 439 –446. cf Bennett, G. (1874) [Letter on a live re - United States Explorin.g v Eoxl.p 8e.d Ci -. ceived from S.J. Whitmee, Samoa, for shipment tSihoenr, mduarnin &g tShoen y/eJa.Br.s L1i8p3p8in, 1c8o3tt9 &, 1 C84o0., ,P 1h8i4la1 -, to London]. d18el4p2h, iuan. vdieiir +t h4e6 c6o pmpm. [aTnwdo o tfe xCth iasrsluees sW; Sihlkeer s-, man the official issue, . Haskell 1942: 61.] Archives4 o3f (N2a)t: u1r8a6l .History U.S.N. Atlas. Mammalogy and Ornithology Bourne, W.R.P. (2008) Petrels collected by Titian Cassin, J. (1858b) Ramsay Peale in the Pacific Ocean during the United StPartoecse Eedxpinlogrs ionfg tEhxep Beodsitoionn S oofc 1ie8t3y 8 o–f . C. 1N8a4tu2r. al History 35 (1): 143– cf 149. Sherman & Son/J.B. Lippincott & Co., Phila - delphia. [iv] + 53 col. pll (11 mammals, 42 Brewer, T.M. (186P9ro)c e[Oedbiintugas royf tNhoet Aiccea doef mJoyh on f birds). [Two plate issues; Sherman the official CNaastsuirna]l. Sciences, Philadelphia Didun culus strigirostris Pacific 12T (h2e) G: 2en4e4r–a2 o4f8 B. irds Cisosnu see, rv.a Htiaosnk Belilo 1lo9g4y 2: 62.] Bridges, R. (1869) [Resolutions on the death of Collar, N.J. (2015) Natural history and conserva - John Cassin]. tion biology of the Tooth-bilRlehdo dPoirga eon 21 (1Z)o:o 1lo–g2i. cal ( ): a review. BruBceib, Mlio.Dgr. a(ipnh py ress) (1844 – The isl2an1d (s3 o)f: t1h8e6 P–a1c9if9ic., their 1849) by George Robert Gray: A reviePwa mofp iuts- Collpineso,p Fle.Ss. a(n1d9 1th2e)i rT phreo bdoutcatsnical and other pa - psaanrnt ap uvsb. liPcaamtiopnu,s adnaa tes, new names, sup - pers of the Wilkes Expedition. 14 pressed content and other details. (160): 57–68. . Bulletin of the British. Cooper, H.S. (1888) BruOcer,n Mith.,o Bloaghisr,t sN’ C. l&u b David, N. ( 2016) Gouldia Procee.d Ninegws &of r tehve. eSdc.i efon r- : a nomenclatural co - tciifricu Mlaeteitoing isn o Af uthsetr Zaolioal.o Rgi. cBael nSotlceiye,t yL oonf Ldonn-. nundrum resolved, along with associated xxiv + 398 pp. errors and oversights. Dall, W.H. (1879) On the use of the generic name 136 (2): 86–100. in zoology. Burns, F.L. (1932) Charles W. and Titian R. Peale

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don Spencer Fullerton2 B02a0i r |d B. Aru bcei o&g B-ahr — PeUal.eS's. 2To8otthh -Cbiollnedg rpeigseso, n 2nd Session raphy, including selections from his correspon - Voyages round the world; with dence with Audubon, Agassiz, Dana, and selected sketches of voyages to the South Seas, othe4rs8. (1): 131–132. Nthoer tPha taenndt SOofufitche Pfoarc itfhice Oyceeaarn esn, dCihnign a1, 8e4tc4.., Dall, W.H. (1915) performed under the command [a7n5d] :a 1g–e7n0cy9 .of Fantnhine ga,u Eth. (o1r8. A3l4so) information relating to impor - Circus assimilis tant late discoveries, between the years 1792 J.B. LCipirpciunsc oatpt:p Prhoxiliamdaelnps hia & London. and 1832; together with the report of the com - xvi + 462 pp. mander of the first American Exploring Expe - Debus, S.J.S., McAllan, I.A.W & Schodde, R. (2C0ir1c8u)s dition, patronized by the United States aCsassiem 3il7is 54— Jardine & Selby, government, in the brigs Seraph and Annawan, 1828 aCnirdc us juxta BPuellaeltein, o1f8 Z4o 8 - to the southern hemisphere o(Alovgeisc,a l ANcocmipeintrcilfaotrumree s): conservation of usage by designation of a neotype for Jardine & Selby, 1828, and suBpupllreetis n - soifo tnh eo fU nited State,s P Neatleio, n1a8l4 M8.u seum Didunculus strigirostris . O. JRoiucrhn, aLlo fünrd Oonr -. 75: 207–219. n4i9t9h oplopg. ie Deignan, H. G. (1961) Type specHimBWen asn odf BbirdLs iifne Finsch, O. (1866) Ueber das JugendkBleeiidt ruangd zduier Itnhtee Urnnaiteiodn Satl aItlleuss tNratieodn Cahl eMckulsiestu omf .t he Birds gFeanuenrai sCcehnetnr aKlpeonlynnzesiicehnesn. Odrensit hMolaonguie-m deear of the World. 221: i– V( iti-, Samoa- und Tonga-IJanrsdel.)n . x, 1 –718. 14 (1): 37–41. Del Hoyo, J. & Collar, N.J. (2014) HBW and BirdLife Finsch, O. & Hartlaub, G. (1867) International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Vol. 1. Non-Passerines. Lynx Edi - . H.W. Schmidt, cions, Barcelona. 903 pp. Halle. xl + 290 pp + 14 pll. Del Hoyo, J. & Collar, N.J. (2016) Fisher, R.D. & Ludwig,S Cm.Ait.h (s2o0n1ia2n) CCoanttarliobguutieo nosf The Howard & Moore Complete Checklist of the tyop Zeo soploegcyimens of recent mammals: Rodentia Birds of the WVoolr. l2d . Passerines. Lynx Edicions, (Sciuromorpha and Castorimorpha) in the Barcelona. 1,013 pp. National Museum of Natural History, Smith - Dickinson, E.C. & Christidis, L. (editors) (2014) sonian Institution. 640: i–iv, 1–97. The Howard & Moo.r e4 tCho medp.l eAtvee Csh Pecrkelsist, oEfa tsht e- Fisher, R.D. & Ludwig, C.A. (2014) CSamtaitlho sgounei aon f Bboirudrsn oef, tEhneg Wlaonrdld. Vol. 2. lii + 752 pp. + CD Ctyopnet rsipbeuctimonesn tso o Zfo roelcoegny t mammals: Rodentia ROM. (Myomorpha, Anomaluromorpha and Hystri - Dickinson, E.C. & Remsen, J.V., Jr. (editors) (2013) comorpha) in the National Museum of Natural Pro - History, Smithsonian Institution. ceedings of the Bos.t o4nth S oecdi.e Atyv eosf NParetussr,a El Hasist - 642: i–vi, 1–125. tbooruy rne, England. Vol. 1. l + 461 pp. + CD ROM. Fisher, R.D. & Ludwig, C.A. (2015) Catalogue of Dole, S.B. (1869) A synopsis of the birds hitherto tSympieth sspoenciaimn eCnosn torfi bruectieonnts mtoa Zmomolaolgsy : Orders described from the Hawaiian Islands. Didelphimorphia through Chiroptera (ex - Bulletin of the Ecolog - cluding Rodentia) in the National Museum of ical S1o2c i(e2ty): o2f9 A4m–3er0i9ca. Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. Egerton, F.N. (2011) History of ecological sci - 644: i– ences, Part 38b: Naturalists explore North viii, 1–110. America, 1838 –1850s. Fisher, R.D. & Ludwig, C.A. (2016) CSamtaitlhosgounei aon f Transa9ct2 io(n2s) :o 1f t5h3e– A1l8b4a.ny In - Ctyopnet rsibpuetciiomnes ntos Zoof orleocgey nt mammals: Orders Eighstist,u Jt.e (1835) Description of a new Crusta - CarnivoraT, Praenrsisastoladnatcict:y Sla,m Auretli oCduancatrydl,a I,s amnd - ceous animal found on the shores of the bCaertdac Berau nine lt, haen dN tahtei ognreaal tM Autlsaenutimc s otefa Nmasthuirpas l South Shetland Islands, with remarks on their History, Smithsonian Institution. Natural History. 646: i–vi, 1–112. 2 (1) [1833 –1834]: 53–69, pll. I –II. Fox, S. (2004) Ellsworth, H.L. (1845) Report of the Commis - . sioner of Patents, showing the operations of Perennial, New York. xviii + 493 pp.

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Archiv für Naturgeschichte 2020 | Bruce & Bahr — Peale's Tooth-billed pigeon

Samoa 1830 –1900: The politics Journal für Ornithologie Frajoofl a, mR.u (lt2i0-c1u0lt)u Trahle c poamtmh tuon iat yPhiladelphia Ex - kungen. 18 (1): change Office for United States-British Mails. 93–138. 80 pp. www.rfrajola.com/jb/jb.pdf . Hartlaub, G. (18P5r4o)c eZeudri Ongrns iothf othloeg Zieo oOlocegaicnaiel nS’o s-. Gilson, R.P. (1970) ciety of London 2(2): 160–171. . Oxford Univer - Hartlaub, G. & Finsch, O. (1871) On a collection sity Press, Melbourne. xviii + 457 pp. of birds from Savai and Rarotonga Islands in Gladstone, H.S. (1910 –1913) The life of Sir Wil- the Pacific. Bulletin of the New York Public Li - liam Jardine, Seventh Baronet of Applegarth, brary 40 (1): 21–32, pl. II. with an account of his ancestors. Unpublished Haskell, D.C. (1940) TThhee U Unniitteedd SSttaatteess EExxploring MSS. [PageAsn fnour a1l8 R4e4 p–o1r8t 4o5f pthreo vBidoaedrd b oyf B Roe b - Expediittiionn,, 1838 ––11884422 and its publicatiions gMecnGtso wofa tnh, ec oSumrittehssyo onfi athne I nNsattitiountiaoln L, isbhroawryin og f 1844 –1874 . tShceo tolpanerda.]tions, expenditures, and condition of 44 (1): 93–112. Gootdhee, Gin.Bst.i t(u1t8io9n2 )f oTrh teh gee yneeasris e onfd tihneg NJuantieo n3a0l, Haskell, D. C. (1942) 1M8u9s1 eum. The birds of Australia . New York Public Library, New Gnathodon York. xii + 188 pp. Hellmayr, C.E. & Conover, B. (1948) Catalogue of : 273–380. Introduction to the birds of the Americas and the adjacent Is - Goubldir, dJ.s ( o1f8 A46u)s tralia . Part 22: 16 lands in the Field Museum of Natural History, unnumbered plates plus text. [ = including all species and subspecies known vol. 5, pl. 76 and text]. AuthoTr, hLeo bnidrodsn .of Aus - to occur in North America, Mexico, Central Goutlrda, lJi.a (1848a) [1 August]. FAimeledr iMcau,s Seouumth o Af mNaertuicraa, lt hHei sWtoersyt, IZnodoielosg, aicnad l . Author, London. [8vo ed.] Siselraineds s of the Caribbean Sea, the Galapagos viii + 134 + 6 pHpa. ndbook to the birds of Aus - Archipelago, and other islands which may be Goutlrda, lJi.a (1848b) [1 December]. included on account of their faunal affinities. . Part 36: cii + 13 + 1 Tphpe. [g=e nVeorla. 1o,f ibnitrrdo s-: dcoumctporriys isnegc tihoenir]. gAeuntehroicr, cLhoanrdaocnte. rs, a notice 13. (N1a)t (io2n)a: 1l M–4u3s4eu. ms of Scotland Infor - Gouoldf t, hJe. (h1a8b6it5s )o f each genus and an extensive list Hermmaatnio, nJ .Se.,r iMes cGowan, R.Y. & Swinney, G.N. of spe.c Aieus trheoferr, rLeodn tdoo tnh.e Viro sl.e2ve. irva l+ g 6e2n9er pap. . (1990) Catalogue oEfn tchyec ltoyppeed siap eocfi emxpenlosr oaft iroe n - Gray, G.R. (1848) (December). 1ce8n0t0 v teor t1e8b5r0ates in the National Museums of Scotland 4: 1–34. Extinct birds Part Howgego, R.J. (2004) 46: 103 –116, 195 –200, 480 –483, pls P3r5 o–f3il7e, . EHxotirndcetr bni rHdsouse, Sydney. xii + S5m3,i 1th2s0o.n Lioang Nmaatino,n Barlo Pwonrt, rGariet eGna &lle Lroy nNgemwasn , 690 pp. London. Hume, J.P. & Walters, M. (2012) Type sp. Te.c &i - Hart, S. (2004) Titian Ramsay Peale and the Great Am.eDn. sP oyf sbeir,d Lso ind tohne . A5c4a4d pemp. y of Natural Sci - U.S. South Seas Exploring Expedition. Humenec, eJ.sP .o (f2 P0h1i7la) delphia. . 2nd ed. A.D. Poy - Corvus corax Novitates Zoologica5e ser, London. 608 pp. (2): 9, 11. Ingersoll, A.W. & Fisher, C.T. (2006) Hartert, E. & Kleinschmidt, O. (1901) Verzeich - niss der Brehm’schen Sammlung. I. Die For - DrafItn. twerwnawt.iaonnsapl .Coorgd/e men von ArchLiv. für Naturgeschichte ~of/ Zmoeodloiga/icFaill eNso/manesn/crlaestuerae rch/ sys.../ANSP_ 8 (1): 40–48. typelist_v1.ashx22. 355 pp. Hartlaub, G. (1851) Bericht über die Leistungen International Commission on Zoological Nomen - in der Naturgeschichte der Vögel während clature [I.C.Z.N. ]. (1999) des Jahres 1850. . Fourth edition. 17 (2): 33–67. International Trust for Zoological Nomencla - Hartlaub, G. (1852) R. Titian Peale’s Vögel der ture, London. xxx + 306 pp. 22 “United States Exploring Expedition” im Aus - The book is cited in the text as ICZN (1999). zuge mitgetheilt und mit kritischen Anmer -

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Letters of Charles Wa - the Australasian Region terton of Walton Hall, near Wak2e0f2ie0l d | . Bruce & Bahr — Peale's Tooth-billed pigeon

Sir William Jar - Irwidnin, Re:.A A. ( leidfei toinr )n (a1t9u5r5a)l history . British Ornitholo - Rockliff gists’ Union, London. Part 1: Ti–hxe , I1b–i4s 26, xi– Publishing CorporTahtieo onr, nLiothnodloong.y x oiif + t h1e6 0B apup -. xviii. Jackdsionn E, xCp.Eed. &iti oDna v1is8, 0P0. –(2108041) Mathews, G.M. (1929) NotSeyss toenm Vao la. vViIuImI. ofA tuhs e - . Bloomsbury, t‘Uranliatesida Sntaartuems E; xap slyosrtienmg aEtxicp elidstit oiof nth’, eb yb iTridtsia on f London. 256 pp. tRh. eP eAaulset,r paulabsliiasnh eRde ginio 1n 848. (12) 5 Jansen, J.J.F.J. (2018) Annals and Magazine (4): 690–700. of Natural Hist(ory ). Author, Leiden. Mathews, G.M. (1930) vi + 697 pp. Jardine, W. (1845) HGonraæth Zoodoolno gsitcræig.i Nroos.t VriIs. . ICllouns - New. YBorrikti sShta Oter Mniuthseoulom - traibtiuotniosn osf toor nOitrhnoitlhooglyo. gy Bgiusltlse’t Uin nion, London. Part 2: 427–1048. 16 (3): 174–176; 16 (4): McKinley, D.L. (2005) James EigAhutsd u1b7o9n8 –to1 8Xa8n2-: pll. VIII–IX. tAunst: aTrhceti lci veexsp olfo trheor,s Ae lcboamnmy enmatourraatleisdt ,i nh iNso lrifteh , Jardine, W. (1851) Contributions to Ahims etirmiceasn, hbisr dw noarmkse. s Ornithology 1851 (4): 113 –5, 505: i–xvi, 1–455. 114 –6. Memoirs of Hugh Edwin Strick - Mearns, B. & Mearns, R. (1992) Jardlianned, , WM.. A(.1, F8e5l2lo)w O orfn tihthe oRloygayl , oLfi ntnhea Un,n Giteeo d - Slotgaitceasl E axnpdlo Rroinyga lE Gxepoegdriatipohni.c al Societies, etc. Pe. nAncsaydlevamniica P Hreisstso,r Ly on - etc., Deputy R1e8a5d2e r( 5o)f: G8e9o–lo9g0y. in Oxford don. xix + 588 pp. Jardine, W. (1858) Mitterling, P.I. (1962) [Review of] Titian Ramsay Peale, 17T9he9 –Ib1i8s 85, and his journals of the Wilkes ExpeditAio dni.c tionary of birds. 29 . John (1): 113–115. van Vosoirc st, London. cclxvi + xvi + 441 pp. Newton, A. (1869) [Notice of the death of John Locke, J. (1844a) Abstract of the Proceedings of BCausllseitnin]. of the Ph(i2lo)s 5o p(2h)ic: a2l4 S4o. ciety of Wash - the Fifth Session of the Association of Amer - Newintognto, nA. (1893) Adam & ican Geologists and Naturalists. WilAemy &er Picuat n - Charles Black,U Lnointeddo Snt. aPtaerst E Ix: pi–lovriiin +g E1–xp3e0d4i .- Jmouarmn a[ l of] S, Nciewnc eY oarnkd &th Leo Anrdts on. 43 pp. Peatleio, nA, .dCu. r(i1n9g 0th3e) yTeiatirasn 1 8R3. 8P, e1a8l3e9 1, 188040 0–, 11888451., Locke, J. (1844b) Abstract of the ProceedAinmgse roi -f 1842, under the command of Charles Wilkes, cthaen FMifutshe Suems sJioounr noaf lthe Association of Amer - U.S.N. M14a:m 3m17a–li3a2 a6n. d ornithology. ican Geologists andN oNmateunrcalalitsotsr . zoologicus Peale, T.R. (1849) continens nomina systematica4 7g e(1n)e:r 9u4m– 1a3n4i -. Lucamsa, lFi.uAm. ( t1a9m1 7v)iv Aen ftoirugmo tqtuenam n afotussrialiluismt. , secun - American Historical dum ordinem alpha1b7e (t3ic)u: m21 1d–is2p1o2s. ita Record Vol. 8. C. Marschall, A.D. (1873) Sherman, PhilaUdneitlepdh iSat.a xtxesv E+x pplo. r1in7 g– 3E3x8p.e di - The origins of international Peatleio, nT,. Rd.u (r1in8g7 t4h)e T yheea rSso 1u8t3h8 S, e1a8 3S9u,r 1v8e4y0in, g1 8a4n1d , rivalry in Samoa, 1845 –1884. E18x4p2lo, ruindge rE xthpee dcoitmiomn.a nd of Charles Wilkes, . M. 3 (3 –4): 244–251, 305–311. Salzer, Vindobonae [= Vienna]. vi + 48A2u pstpr.a l U.S.N. Mammalia and ornithology. Peale, T.R. (1978) MasAtevriamna Rne, cSo. r(1d 934) BibliographAyl olefn th &e bUinrdwsi onf, LAounstdroalnia. 2: B3o3o pkps .used in the preparation of this Matwheowrks ,w Gi.tMh . a( 1f9ew22 b) iNogortaeps hoifc ainl tdeeretastil. s of au - Vol. 8. Arno thors and coll5e c(1to)r: s10–19. Press, New YoTrkh.e [ bfauctsteimrfliiles r oefp Nrionrt,h i nAcmluedriicnag : Mathews, G.M. (1925) Tsuitpiapnre Psesaelde ’isn ltorostd mucatniouns corfi pPteale and new in - troduction, pp. i –viii, by K.B. Sterling.]. x + xxv Systema avium Aus - + 17–338 pp. tralasianarum; a syst. eTmhaet iBci lridsts o of ft hAeu bsitrrdasl ioaf. Peale, T.R. (2015) Supplement 5 (2): 97–149. H.F. & G. Witherby, . American Mu - London. seum of Natural History / Harry N. Abrams, Mathews, G.M. (1927) New York. 256 pp.

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2020 | Bruce & Bahr — Peale's Tooth-billed pigeon

Naturalists in the field: PeckC,o Rll.eMctciCn.g (, 2re0c1o8r)d iCnogl laencdti nprge asebrrvoiandg, tphree nseartuv - sity of Alabama Press, University, Alabama. irnagl wato hroldm freo: mTi ttihaen f Rifatemensathy Ptoe athlee ItIw, Aemnteyr-ifcirasn t 304 pp. The Wilson Journal of Ornithology ecenntotumryologist and collector, pp. 706–729. In: Pratt, H.D. & Mittermeier, J.C. (2016) Notes on the MacGregor, A. C(Ehedc.)k,- list of birds of the world natural history, taxoPnoloymneys, iaannd r ecmoninseisrcveantcioesn ; orf ,t lhifee einn dtheem Siocu atvhi fPaaucniafi co fis tlhaen dSsamoan Archi - pelago. 128 . E.J. Brill, Leiden. xxxix + 9T9h9e p gpe.n era (2): 217–241. Didunculus strigi - Peteorfs , rJ.eLc.e (n1t9 3a1n)d fossil shells . Pritrcohsatrrdis, W.T. (1866) AVorcl.h 1iv. eHs aorfv Naradtu Uranli vHeirsstoitryy Press, Cambridge, The Ibis . Chapman & Massachusetts. xvSieiia + o 3f 4g5lo pryp:. America’s voy - Hall, London. xiv + 428 pp. Petiat,g Re. Eof. (d2is0c0o6v)e rNyo, these oUn.S S. Eowxpelrobriyn’sg Expedition Ramsay, E.P. (1864) On the 1838 –1842 (1821 –1834). , or Tooth-billed Pigeon from Upōlu. 33 (1): 71–89. 6 (1): 98–100. Proceedings Philbrick, N. (2003) Richomf othned , UC.nWit.e (d1 9S1t7a)t eGse nNeartiico nnaaml eMs uaspepulmied to Academy of birds during the years 1906 to 1915, inclu - Natural Scie. Vncikeisn, gP,h Nileawde Ylpohrika. ,4 S8p0e cpipa.l Publi - sive, with additions and corrections to Water - Philcliaptsio, nVs.T. & Phillips, M.E. (1963) Guide to the house’s “IndeBxr Giteisnhe Gruramh aAmvi uLman”.d Expedition manuscript collections in the Academy of 1934 –37 Scientific Reports 53 Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. (2221): 565–636. Calendar of the scientific Royal Scottish Museum Information Se - Robceorrtrse, sBp.Bon. (d1e9n4ce1 )o Af H buibglhio Egdrawpihny S otrfi Acknltaanrdc tiinc ries, Nat5u:r ia–lx Hiii,s 1to–r3y 82. othren Uithniovleorgsyit. y Museum of Zoology, Cambridge Pitman, J. (1981) Manuscripts in the Royal Scottish 1 (9): 337–367. Museum Edinburgh, part 1. William Jardine Rookmaaker, L.C. (2010) papers. Graham’s Mag - The Avifauna of Laysan azine 7: 1–46. and the neighbouring islands: with a complete . Poe, E.A. (1843) [Review of] A brief account of hUinstivoerrys tioty d Matues eouf mth eo fb Zirodos lofg yt,h Ce aHmabwraidiigaen , the discoveries and results of the United pUoKs.s 3es3s9io pnps . StatesM Eexmpoloirrsi nogf tEhxep Aedmiteiroinca. n Philosophical Rothschild, L.W. (1900) Societ2y 3 (3): 164–165. Men and birds in South Amer - Poesch, J. (1961) Titian Ramsay Peale, 1799 – ica 1492 –1900 1885, and his journals of the Wilkes Expedi - . Part III: i–xx [pref.], 127–320, (Di) tion. Journal of the Society for the 1– (Di) 21, 27 pll. R.H. Porter, London. Bibliogr5a2p:h iy– xo, f1 N–2a1tu4r. al History Rounds, R.S. (1990) Porter, C.M. (1979) ‘Subsilentio’: discouraged . In Catal.o Qg.uEe.D o.f P trhees bs,i rFdosr tin B trhaeg gB,r Citaislih - works of early nineteenth-century American Mfournseiau.m 1.90 pp. natural history. Salvadori, T. (1893) Catalogue of the Columbæ, 9 (2): 109– or pigeons, in tAh ec actoalleocgtuioen o of ft hthee c Bolrlietcisthio Mn uo-f 119. In Contributions to bseirudm s for:m ed by the late Hugh Edwin Strick - Portehre, CH.iMst.o (r1y9 o8f3 N)o Britbhl iAomgrearpichayn a Nnadt Nuraatlu Hraisl tHoir s - land, M.AV., oFle. lXloXwI. Torf uthstee Reso yoaf lt,h Lei nBnreitaisnh, GMeuo - tory: New sources for the contributions of the lsoeguimca,l L aonndd Ronoy. xaxl G+e 6o7g6ra ppph.i +ca 1l 5S opclli.eties, &c., American naturalist, Titian Ramsay Peale, pp. Salv&inc,. , OD.e (p1u8t8y 2R)e ader of Geology in the University 73–84. : Wheeler, A. (Ed.), of Oxford. Proceedings of the American Philosoph y-. Sicoacl iSeotyci efotyr the Bibliography of Natural His - John Gould the Bird Man: Asso - tory, London. 97T phpe. eagle’s nest: Natural his - ciates and subscribers Porteorr, yC a.Mn.d ( 1A9m8e5r)ic Tahne i dliefeaws,o 1r8k1 o2 f– T1i8ti4a2n Ramsay Cambridge University Press, Cam - Peale. bridge. xvi + 652 pp. 129 (3): 300–312. Sauer, G.C. (1995) Porter, C.M. (1986) . Maurizio Martino, . Univer - Mansfield Centre, Connecticut. [ii] + 191 pp.

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John Gould the bird man: Cor - respondence, with a chronology2 0o2f 0h i|s B lriufec ea &n Bd ahr — Peale's Tooth-billed pigeon works White Falcon: The House of Godeffroy and its commercial and scientific Sauer, G.C. (1999) rGo.Ble. Sino wtheer bPya, cLiofinc don. [For reference details Pyrrhulopsis see Petit 2006.] . Vol. 3: 1842 –1845. Maurizio Martino, Spoehr, F.M. (19O6l3d) S amoa, or flotsam and jetsam Mansfield CenPtroes, oCpoenina ecticut. 502 pp. from the Pacific Ocean. Schodde, R., Bock, WZo.Jo.,t Waxaa tling, D. & Pacheco, J.F. . Pacific Books, Palo Alto, (2014) Invalid usage of Reichen - Cali fornia. xiv + 120 pp. bach as tThhee g Iebnise ric name for the Fijian shin - Stair, J.B. (1897) ing parrots, Bonaparte, and its Religious Tract Society, consequences. Th3e7 I5b4is (3): 299–300. London.T 2r9a6n spapc. tions and Proceedings of the Sclater, P.L. (1859) Recent ornithological publi - StaiNr, eJw.B .Z (e1a8la9n8d) AIn rsotimtuatnec 1e8 o9f7 Samoan natural cations. 1 (3): 318–329. history; or records relating to the Manu Mea, Sclater, P.L. (1871) Remarks on the avifauna of or Red Bird of SamTohae, ngorewa nt eUanriltye, dif Sntoatt eqsu Eitxe-, the SanTdhwe iIcbhis Islands. (3) 1 (3): 356– pexlotrinincgt. Expedition of 1838 –1842 362. 30 (= n.s. 13): 293–303. Sclater, P.L. (1879T) hOen I bries cent additions to our knowledge of the avifauna of the Sandwich Is - Stanton, W.R. (1975) lands. (4) 3 (1): 89–92, pl. II. Didunculus . University of California Press, Berkeley & Los Angeles. x Sclater, P.L. (1886) Sale of the Jardine ornitholog - + 433 pp. Journal of Zool - ical collection. (5) 4 (4): 531–532. Steaodgmy an, D.W. (2006) An extinct species of Scudder, S.H. (1884) Nomenclator zoologicus. An Bulletin of tooth-billed pigeonT h( e comic natu)r afrlo hmis ttohrey tahlpe hUanbiteetdic Satla tliesst N oaft iaolnl agl eMnuesreiuc m names that oKfi nthged houmm oafn Troancega, and the concept of en - have been employed by naturalists for recent demism in insular landbirds. and fossil animals from the earliest times to 268 (3): 233 –2A4 1fo. otnote to history: Eight the close of the year 1879. Part II. Stepyheeanrss ,o Hf t.Lro. u(1b8le5 i1n) Samoa Science 19: 1–340. . S. Robinson, Philadelphia. Shapiro, B, Sibthorpe, D., Rambaut, A.I, n AuTshtein h, iJs .-, 216 pp. + 40 pll. tWorya gogf ,t hGe. Mco.l,l eBcitnioinsd cao-Entmaoinnedds i,n Oth.Re .nP.a, tLuerael, Stevenson, R.L. (1892) Ph.iRst.Mor. y& d Ceopoapretmr, Aen. (t2s 0o0f 2th) eF lBigrhiti oshf tMheu Dseoudm o. . Cassell & Co., Lon - 295 (1 March): 1683. don. viii + 322 pp. Proceedings of the. Sharpe, R.B. (1906) Birds, pp. 79 –515. : StonAec,a Wde. m(1y8 o9f9 N) aAtu srtauld Syc ioefn tchees, tPyhpiela sdpeelpchimia ens . of birds in the collection of the Academy of . Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, with a brief Vol. 2. Separate historical accounts of the sev - Thihset oAruyk o f the collection. eral collections included in the Department Cassinia 51 (1): 5–62. sic oAfn Znoalosl ogf yNaTtruurastl eHeiss toofr yth. Aer Bchritviessh o Mf Nuasetuurmal, StonCea, sWsi.n (i1a 900) An interesting bit of manuscript. LHoisntdoroy n. iv + 782 pp. Sheets-Pyenson, S. (1981) From the north to Red 17 (2): 179–180. Index animalium sive index Stone, W. (1T9h0e 1A) uJokh n Cassin. 5 (1): 1–7. Lion Court: the creation and early years of the nominum quae ab A.D. MDCCLVIII generibus Stone, W. (1915) Titian Ramsey [ ] PeaIlne. et speciebus animalium imposita sunt. 1801 – 19 (1): 1–D1i3c.tionary of American bi - 1850 10 (2): 221–249. Stonoeg,r aWp.h (y 1921) An anonymous work of John Sherborn, C.D. (1926) Cassin. 38 (2): 286–287. Stone, W. (1929) Cassin, JohInn , pp. 568–569. : The genera of Johnson, A. (EdA.)l, lgemeine Encyclopädie der Recen. tP anrtd X fIo. sfsuinl sehrelulss,– fgoyr ztehhe eunssei so:f Tsrtudsteenets Wissensc. hVaoflt. e3n. Cuhnadr Kleüsn Sstceribner’s Sons, New ionf ctohnec Bhroiltoigshy aMnuds geeuomlo, gLyo. ndon. Pp. 2569– York. 2880. Streubel, A.V. (1842) Perdix. : Ersch, J.C. & GRrüe - Sowerby, G.B. (1832) [1821 –1834] ber, J.G. (Eds.), (3) 16: 262–291. Vol. 1 (36). Text. Strickland, H.E. (1845) Report on the recent progress and present state of ornithology.

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port of the British Association for the Advance - Exploring Expedition, 1838 –1842 ment of Science, York, Septem2b0e2r0 1| 8Br4u4 ce & Bahr — Peale's Tooth-billed pigeon Didunculus The Dodo Pareudiastes Proceedings of the Zo - and its kindred; or the history, affinities, and ological Society of London . Smithson - osteology of the Dodo, Solitaire, and other 1e4x -: ian Institution SPyrneossp,s Wis aosfh tihneg ctoruni,s De. Cof. 3th0e7 U p.pS. t1i7n0ct– b2i2r1d.s of the islands Mauritius, Rodriguez WhiEtxmpeloer, iSn.gJ. E(1x8p7ed4i)t i[oLne,t dteurr ionng the years 18a3n8d , Stricaknlda nBdo,u Hr.bEo. n& Melville, A.G. (1848). ’39, ’40, ’41, i&n S’4a2m; odae]l.i vered before the Na - An - tional Institute, by its Com43m (a2n):d 1e8r,3 C–h1a8r6l.e s nals and. Magazine of Natural History WilkWeisl,k Ce.s (, 1E8sq4.2, o)n the twentieth of June, 1842. To which is added a list of officers and scientific . Reeve, Benham & Reeve, Lon - corps attached to the expedition don. viii + 141 pp. + 15 pll. [Reviewed in Falco novaeseelan(d2i)a e2 A brief account of the discov - (12): 443 –447, December 1848.] The Ibis eries and results of the United States Exploring Trewick, S.A. & Olley, L. (2016) Spatial size di - Expedition. . Peter Force, morphism in New Zealand’s last endemic Washington, DC. 56 pp. + foldoAumt emriacpan. Jour - raptor, the Kārearea , Wilkneasl , oCf. S(c1i8en4c3ea )a nd the Arts coincides with a narrow sea strait. 158 (4E)c: o7l4o7g–y 7a6n1d. Evolution B.L. Hamlen, New Haven. 18 pp. + Tyler, J., Bonfitto, M.T., Clucas, G.V., Reddy, S. & foldout map. [Separate from Younger, J.L. (T2h0e2 b0ir)d Ms oofr tphhe oPmaleatrricct iacn fadu gnea-. American Journal of4 4Sc (i2en):c e3 9a3n–d4 t0h8e , Ane styics teevmidaetnicc ere ffoerr feonucre spOercdieers Poaf gsseenrtiofoor pmeen s - Awritsh added and expanded title page and re- guin. doi: 10.1002/ pagination.] ece.3.6973. Wilkes, C. (E1d8i4n3bbu)r Ughn iNteedw S tPahtielso sEoxpphloicrainl gJo Euxrpnea-l Vaurie, C. (1959) dition. . . 44 (2): 393–408. American Journal H.F. & G. WitheLrabgy,e Lnoonrhdyonnc.h xuiis +M 7a6r2in pep M. am - Wilkoef sS,c Cie. n(c1e8 a4n4d) Uthnei tAerdt s States Exploring Expe - Vollmaelr ,S Nci.Len., cAe she, E., Brownell, R.L., Jr., Cipriano, dition. Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition, during the years 1838, F., Mead, J.G., Reeves, R.R., SoldDeivdiullnac, uMlu.Ss . & 36 (October 1843–April 1844): 21–38. [A 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842 Williams, R. (2019) Taxonomic revision of the reprinting of the article in dolphin genus Proceed. ings of the Zo - 44 (2): 393–408.] Aves Hawaiien - ological Soc3ie5t(y3 o):f 9L5o7n–d1o0n 57. Wilkes, C. (1845) sis: The birds of the Sandwich Islands Walpole, F. (1854) Notes on the , a species of pigeForno smu pthpeo esneds t oof bthee p Eeacrutlhia: Tr htoe . Vol. 2. Lea & Blan - chard, Pha–iladeclphia. xii + 476 pp. Uthnei tNedav Sitgaatteosr E’sx Ipslloarnindgs. Expedition collections Wilson, S.B. & Evans, A.H. (1899) 20 (243)[1852]: In . Part 7 87 –88. [the miscellany of pageTsh pe eera pralyr tp sruemhimstaorriys eod f Walsh, J.M. (2004) A concise history of ornithol - oFinji p. p. iii iii ]. R.H. Porter, London. ogy . Worthy, T.H. & Clark, G. (2009) Bird, mammal and http://www.sil.si.edu/DigitalCollectioPnosp/uulsae r reptile remains, pp. 231 –258. : ClFairekld, GM. u & - Sxecixe/n lceea Mrno/nWthally sh-01.htm. sAenudme rosfo Nna, tAu.r a(El dHsis.)t,o ry, Zoological. Series Walters, M. (2003) ANU Press, Canberra. 437 pp. . Christopher Helm, LoIn don. 255 pp. Zimmer, J. T. (1926) Catalogue of the Edward E. Ward, H.A. (1876)M Maugsneifuicmen Gt ovodyeaffgreorys.: The U.S. Ayer Ornithological Library. Part II. 8 (6): 699–702. 16 Watson, G.E. (1985) Vertebrate collections: lost (2): 365–706, pll. IX –XII. opportunities, pp. 43–69. : Viola, H.J. & Mar - golis, C. (Eds.),

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Figure 4

. The first page of the Strickland-Jardine letter dated 16 Sept. 1845. [Harvie-Brown Collection, National Museums of Scotland, Edinburgh, Scotland; reproduced by permission.]

Figure 5

. The second and third pages of the Strickland-Jardine letter dated 16 Sept. 1845. [Harvie- Brown Collection, National Museums of Scotland, Edinburgh, Scotland; reproduced by permission.]

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Appendix I 2020 | Bruce & Bahr — Peale's Tooth-billed pigeon

is probably described, named and fig - ured by him in the Government account Letter from H.E. Strickland to Sir William Jar - of that expedition published at New York dine: The Lodge, 16 Sept. 1845 last spring”– If his conjecture should prove correct you may consider yourself “My Dear Sir William, sic fortunate in having got hold of a rarity which is most probably a unique speci - I do not know if you have yet men in Europe and it would be worth identified the very remarkable bird while to trace by what channel it had ar - which you obtained in Edinbrough [ ] rived in England. when I was with you but if you have not done so I may possibly be enabled to as - Hoping you are all well sist you. Believe me, Yours very sincerely, My nephew Mr. Arthur Strickland is isc taying here and on my describing it to HE Strickland” him he immediately said “This is the Didunculus strigirostris which was dis - [For a copy of the original letter see Figures 4 covered about 3 years ago by Titian Peal and 5. The figures and transcription [ ], the naturalist to the American Voy - from the Harvie-Brown Collection, Na - age of Discovery in the southwestern Pa - tional Museums of Scotland, Edinburgh, cific, on the Solomon Islands, a group Scotland; reproduced by permission.] lying to the eastward of New Guinea, and

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Appendix II An annotated summary of Peale’s new mammal and bird species names (1849) their interpretation by Cassin (2102805 |8 Bar) ucae n& dB achur —rr Peenatle 'sst Taotouths -billed pigeon

. , , .

The new names proposed by Peale (1849), all highlighted in his list of contents, pp. xiii–xxv, and as given by Cassin (1858a), are indicated below by the page numbers of these editions. The current status of the mammals, except for one, is based on the four-part updated catalogue of the mammal types of the Nationa1l Museum of Natural History (formerly United States National Museum [USNM]), Smithsonian Institution (Fisher & Ludwig 2012, 2014, 2015, 2016; indicated below as

1, 2, 3 or 4 + page no. ). Current status for most of the bird names was initially based o2 n the type catalogue for the National Museum of Natural History (Deignan 1961; as D61 + page no.); the eight names omitted were checked against Mathews (1927, 1930; as M27 or M30 + page no. ) and Hell - mayr & Conover (1948; as HC48 + page no.), the latest works providing full synonymies and cov - ering the additional names. Three new names listed by Deignan (1961) as Peale MS have not been liksted separately but are mentioned where appropriate in the annotations because while these were intended as new names following Peale’s requirement to name what was new when discov - ered, it was clear that Peale subsequently found that they could be identified with older names. Differences of status of Peale’s bird names compared to Deignan (1961) were noted against four recent world bird lists (HM4, HBW, IOC, CCBW—see text for details). Peale’s new names in current use, indicated in bold, reveal at least nine mammal and 44 bird names currently applying to species and subspecies (includes four bird names highlighted in the annotations). Names in the list below derive from anMda amrem ianl sthe following order: Peale (1849) / Cassin (P1te8r5o8pau)s /v oCcuirferreuns t StatusP. Oterriogpinuasl M pagckinloattiii on or rePfteerreonpcues dheytpaoilms ealraen iuns square brackets [ ]. Any variations areP. nvooctiefedru isn the annotationsP.. Sheypqoumeenlacneu fs ollows Bartlett (1940).

Pteropus samöensis Pteropus samoensis Pteropus s samoensis Perhaps [19]i s/ i dentifiable with [10] / (Fisher & Ludwig 2015: 5?3 )[.3 I.f5 s3o,] Peale’s is the oldest name and it would be a new species credited to Peale. Dysopes aurispinosus Molossus aurispinosus Nyctinomops aurispinosus

Vespertilio semicaud[a2t0u]s / Vespertilio sem[ic7a]u /d atus E. mballonura[ s3.5se3m] icaudata

[21] / [5] / [3.68] Halichærus antarcticus Lobodon carcinophaga Phoca vitulina richardi Halichærus antarcticus [23] / [4] / . [n3o.m5e7n] oblitum

Phocæna pectoralis Delphinus pectoralis Peponocephala electra is[ 3ac0t]u a/l ly a new species that should b[2e 5cr]e /d ited to Peale, but the name ha[s4 b.2ee7n] dismissed as a (Fisher & Ludwig 2016: 27). Phocæna australis Delphinus obscurus Lagenorhynchus australis Sagmatias australis et al [32] / [28] / [4.60] Delphinus albimanus Delphinus albimanus Delphinus delphis Now [33] /( Vollmer . 2019). [27] / [4.60]

Buteo solitarius, Corvus hawai - 1 [33] / [29] / [4.59] Unliikeen stihs e treatment of the birds by Deignan (1961) the new mammal catalogue lists all of Peale’s new names, thus including those for which type material is no

2 longer extant. Stone (1899: 45–47) listed type material held by the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, notably for two new Hawaiian birds ( ), provided by J.K. Townsend to be used to represent the descriptions of specimens lost by shipwreck. Mathews (1929) provided a summary of the identifi - cations of Peale’s new birds, but the names are instead cited to the latest sources with full synonymies, including two by Mathews.

32 Sherbornia

Delphinus albirostratus Lagenorhynchus cæruleoalbus Stenella attenuata 2020 | Bruce & Bahr — Peale's Tooth-billed pigeon Delphinus lateralis Lagenorhynchus lateralis Stenella attenuata

Delphinapterus borealis [34] / Delphinus borealis Lisso[d3e1lp] h/i s borealis [4.60]

Cervus lewisii [3C5e]r v/u s lewisii Odocoileus[ 3h2em] /io nus columbianus [4.61]

Arvicola montana [A3r5v]i c/o la montanus [3M0ic] r/o tus m montanus [4.60]

Arvicola occide[3n9ta] l/is Arvicol[a5 o9c]c /id entalis Microtus t. townsend[i4i .50]

Arvicola californica[44] / Arvicola californic[u4s 7] / Microtus. c californi[c2u.s16]

Mus exulans Mu[4s5 e]x u/ lans Rattus exu[l4a4n]s / [2.17]

Mus vitiensis M[4u6s] v/i tiensis Rattus e[x4u5la] n/s . [2.15]

Mus peruvian[4us7] / Drymomy[s3 p8a] r/v ulus Mus [m2.u8s4c]ulus domesticus

Cricetodipus [49] / Perognathus [40] / Perognathus [2.85]

Cricetodipus par[v5u1s ] / Perognathus par[v4u3s ] / Perognathus p parvu[s 2.78]

Sciurus fossor[52] / Sciurus fosso[4r 8] / Sciurus g. g[r1i.s5e0u]s

[53] / [48] / . [1.50] Birds [55] / [49] / [1.22] Buteo solitarius Pandion solitarius Buteo solitarius solitaria

in litt solitarius On p. 308 of Pea[l6e2 (1] 8/4 9) is spelled , a[ 9po7i]n t/ o verlooked by Deigna[nM (12976.12: 5405)] , although the two spellings were noted by C.W. Richmond on his index card ( wwUwS.Sz oPoenaocomcek n.net/cit/RI/SP/ Burn/burn00232a.jpg ). As this dual name usage has not been addressed previously (N. David . April 2017), we act as First Reviser under Article 24.2.3 (ICZN 1999) and select the spelling , as used by Deignan. Note that although this species Circwuass a npapmreodx bimy Paenasle in his reCpirocrtu, sth aes tsyipme islpis ecimen waCs lioracnuesd a bya Jp.Kp. Troowxnimseandn as s most of the Hawaiian collec - tion of the expedition was lost in the wreck of the (Cassin 1858a: 98; Stone 1899: 45; Ingersoll & C. approximans Fisher 2006: 29). Circus juxta approximans cf juxta approximans juxtua sua[l6ly4 t]r e/a ted as monotypic ([H1M041,] I O/ C, CCBW). .Peale j(u1x8t4a 9: xv)a fpi[rpDsrt6o lxi1sim.t4ead7n ]tsh e new species as , the name given page preito aril ty, with as a synonyamp,p bryo xMimatahnes ws ( . 1929: 691). However, had never gained any usage inju sxuta bsequent publications prior to its revival by Mathews (1922: 10), and few, apart from Matheawppsr hoixmimsealnf,s u sed it until as latCe. ass tihmei l1is940s, once Peters (1931: 267) had applied and ignored ; and this was done deCs. pjaitred iMniai thews having selectedet al over in his capacity as First Reviser of the names (Debus . 2018). Peale (1849: 308) used again in his specimen cata - Falclog fueer,o cx learly demIeornasctridateinag n tohvata zealawnads inæ ot followeFda alsc oth neo nvaamees efoerla hnisd niaeew species. Cassin (1858a: 101) correctly placed as a synonym of , a name subsequently misapplied to a different species F. n. ferox whose correct name should have been Gould, 1838 (Debus . 2018).

Trewick &[ 6O7ll]e y/ ( 2016) separated the North and[ S8o9u]th / I sland populations, with Nor[tDh I6s1la.n5d1 b] irds now .

33 Sherbornia

Astur ferox Astur cruentus Circus a. assimilis Circus assimilis 2020 | Bruce & Bahr — Peale's Tooth-billedA psitguero fn erox nomen nudum

[308] / [429] / [M27.237] Aster sic rufitornqouwe ms onotypicA (cHcMip4it, eHrB Wru, fIiOtCo,r CqCuBeWs ). AlthouAgchc tihpei tnearm fea sciatus ruwfaitso pruqbulisehs ed as a it is included here following Bartlett (1940); Cassin (1858a: 429) noted that specimens were labelled with A. rufitorques the name although no description was published (see also Mathews 1927: 237). Aster sic bifasciatus Accipiter badius Accipiter virgatus gularis Aster sic = Astur bifasciatus bifasciata No[w a ]s eparate specie[s6, 8] / , endemic to Fiji ([H9M04] , /H BW, IOC, CCBW). [D61.41] in litt bifasciatus On[ p. A3.]0 g 9. gouf lPaeraisle (18[4790) ] / [ ] [430i]s /sp elled , a point overloo[Dke6d1 b.y4 D3e] ignan (1961: 5), although the two spellings were noted by C.W. Richmond on his index card ( www.zoonomen.net/cit/RI/ StrixSP l/uAlurat/arat00S8t8r5ixa .djpeg l)i.c Aast uthlia s dual nameT uystaog ea lhbaas nluotl ubeen addressed previously (N. David . April 2017), we act as First Reviser under Article 24.2.3 (ICZN 1999) and select the spelling , as used by Deignan. Tyto alba lulu T. d. delicatula T. alba delicatula T. javanica Now (HM4, HBW, IOC, CCBW). delicatula

Noctua venatica Athene nova zealandiæ Ninox novaeseelandiae venatica [74] /n ow merged alterna[t1iv0e5ly] w/ ith [(DHM614.)1, 38] (HBW, CCBW) or Noctua venatica venaticus (IOC). in litt venatica On p. 30v9e noaf tPicea [a7le5 (]1 /8 49) is speNll.e [nd[. 1 n1ov2a]e /se ela, an dpioaie nt overlooked by Deignan (19[6D1:6 115.21)5, 2al] - though the two spellings were noted by C.W. Richmond on his index card ( www.zoonomen.net/ cit/RI/SP/Nino/ Athennineo 0p0a1t7a2gao.jnpig c)a . As this duAatlh neanmee c uusnagiceu hlasr nia ot been addSrpesesoetdy ptore cv.i ocuusnlyi c(uNl. aDraiva id . April 2017), we act as First Reviser under Article 24.2.3 (ICZN 1999) and select the spelling , as used by Deignan. The sub - Athene c. cunicularia species now merged with the nominate (HM4, HBW, IOC, CCBW). Colluricincla maculosa Lalage terat Lalage m maculosa Now [78] / (HM4, HBW, IOC, CCBW[)1. 09] / [D61.154] Ocypterus superciliosus Artamus superciliosus Artamus superciliosus

[81] / [143] / . [D61.317]

Ocypterus mentalis Artamus mentalis Artamus leucorhynchus mentalis Named as new but the sa[m83e ]s p/e cies-group name was appli[e4d3 t4o ]t h/is species by Gould in 1837. [ADn6 e1xa.4m7p6le] of the Artamus mentalis policy of naming everything new at the time it was collected. in litt. Didunculus

is[ 8a 4se] p/a rate species, endemic[ t1o4 F1ij]i (/H M4, IOC, CCBW). Named as new but the[D sas6tm1rie.g4 isr7po6estc] rieis s- group name was applied to this species by Jardine in 1845, based on a specimen from the Yorkshire Philosophical Society (B. McGowan October 2017) and added to the paper where he described . An example Turdofu tsh ep apollliidcyu os f namingC eovlelruyrtihciinngc nlaew h atr tmheo tnimicea it was colleCcotelldu arnicdi ninc tlhai sh c. ahsae,r amppoanriecna tly adopting Jardine’s species-group name, in comparison to Jardine adopting Peale’s species-group name for his pigeon ( ), Turdus pallidus pallida in the same paper (Jardine 1845). in litt pallidus On p. 311 of Pe[a8le6 (]1 /8 49) is spelled [142] ,/ a point overlooked by Deignan (1[9D661:1 4.4737)3, a] lthough Mimthues ptweoru svpiealnlinugs s were nMoitmedu bs ym Ce.Wla.n Roitcihs mond on Mhiism inudse lx. lcoanrgdi c( awuwdwa.ztuoos nomen.net/cit/RI/SP/Turd/ turd00812a.jpg ). As this dual name usage has not been addressed previously (N. David . April 2017), we act as First Reviser under Article 24.2.3 (ICZN 1999) and select the spelling , as used by Deignan. Pitta coronata Pitta cucculata sic Pitta sordida cucullata

Saxicola fumifrons [87] / Ptyonura mentali[s 436] / Muscisaxicola maclovi[aDn6a1 m.4e1n6t]alis Muscisaxicola maclovianus [89] / [ ] [437] / [D61.299]

The genus [90] /i s now treated as mascu[l4in3e5, t]h /u s (HM4, HBW, IOC, CCBW). [D61.271]

34 Sherbornia

Petroica coccinea Petroica phoenicea Petroica multicolor boodang Petroica b. boodang 2020 | Bruce & Bahr — Peale's Tooth-billed pigeon

Petroica pusilla Petroica pusilla Petroica multicolor pusilla P. pusilla Now [92] / (HM4, HBW, IOC, CCBW[2). 76] / [M30.447] Regulus plumulosus Euscarthmus parulus Spizitornis p. parulus Anairetes p. parulus Recently treate[d9 a3s] a / s eparate species, [164], e/n demic to Samoa (Pratt & Mitterm[eDie6r1 2.401667: ] 231). Zosterops flaviceps Zosterops flaviceps Zosterops lateralis flaviceps Now [94] (/H M4, HBW, IOC, CCBW). [156] / [D61.293] Eopsaltria flavifrons Eopsaltria flavifrons Pachycephala flavifrons

Eopsaltria icteroide[s 95] / Eopsaltria icteroid[1es67] / Pachycephala flavifrons [D61.510]

Eopsaltria albifrons [96] /E opsaltria albifrons [160] /P achycephala flavifrons [D61.472]

Rhipidura nebulosa [96] /R hipidura nebulosa [161] R/h ipidura n nebulosa [D61.472]

[97] / [162] / [D61.472] Monarcha cinereus Leucocirca lessoni Mayrornis l. lessoni Recently treated as [a9 s9e]p a/r ate species endemic to S[a1m5o1a] ( /P ratt & Mitterm.eier 2016: 22[8D). 61.459] Platyrhynchus albiventris Myiagra rubecula Myiagra albiventris

Lepturus brevicauda[101] / Muscigralla brevi[c1a6u5d]a / Muscigralla b[Dre6v1ic.4a6u9da]

[102] / [149] / [D61.469]

Corvus leptonyx Corvus ruficollis Corvus corax leptonyx Although named as n[e1w0, 3th]e / s ame species-group name wa[s4 a3p5pl]i e/d to this species by d’Orbigny [&D L6a1fr.2es7n4a]ye in 1837. An example of the policy of naming everything new at the time it was collected. C. c. tingitanus canariensis tingitanus canariensis hispanus

Occurrence on [M1a0d5ei]r a/, lwephteorney xPeale found h[i1s 1ty6p]e / s pecimen, a female, uncertai[nD, b6u1t. 3ntio2ntg6 ri]teasnidues nt. According to Vaucarinea (r1ie9n5s9is : 176)h, itshpea ntyups e was a straggling Irby, 1874, which is resident in the Canary Islands [le‘ ptonyx ’]. Deignan (1961: 326) noted thalte pthtoen tyyx pe could represent , or ; the latter two named in the revision by Hartert & Kleinschmidt (1901). Mathews (1929: 693) demonstrated the earlier view, prior to 1901, that was the oldest name for the birds subsequently named . The separation Corvouf s hawaiienasnids Cwoars vtuenst hataivwelayi iaecncespis ted by DickCionsrovnu s& t Crohrpiisctiudsis (2014: 235), but no mention of nor of occurrence in Madeira. While could have a claim to validity for some raven populations Corvus hawaiiensis Hawaiënsis in this region, its status may best be regarded as indeterminate. in litt hawaiiensis On p. 315 of Peale ([1180496)] / is spelCleo[dr1v 1u9s h] a/w aiie, nas pisoint overloo[MCkeo3drv 0buy.s8 It9nrog6ep]ri csuosll, & Fisher (2006: 240), although the two spellings were noted by Cc.fW. . Richmond on his index card ( www.zoonomen.net/ cit/RI/SP/Corv/corv00173a.jpg ). As this dual name usage has not been addressed previously (N. David . AUpSSri Pl e2a0c1o7c)k , we act as First Reviser under Article 24.2.3 (ICZN 1999) and select the spelling , as used by Ingersoll & Fisher (see also Banks 1983). Now ; the name long associated Barwitaith c tihnee rHeaa waiian CrowS,t brelpoenrgas taon aanp Ahsoianne dnrsoins go ( BanSktsr 1e9p8e3r)a a vn.d v Peerasliec’os lnoar me is accepted as the correct name (HM4, HBW, IOC, CCBW). One of two type specimens on loan to replace specimens lost in the wreck of the cf. (Peale 1849: 107; Stone 1899: 46; Ingersoll & Fisher 2006: 240–241). Lamprotornis atrifusca Calornis corvina Aplonis atrifuscus Aplonis atrifusca Peale’s name [w3a1s5 w]i t/h out descriptive details. Thes[e4 w3e1r]e / a dded later by Mathews ( [MM3at0h.e6w5s8 1] 930: 658).

The genus is now[1 t0re9a]t e/d as feminine, thus [124] /(H M4, HBW, IOC, CCBW).[ D61.482]

35 Sherbornia

Lamprotornis fusca Aplonis marginata Aplonis t. tabuensis 2020 | Bruce & Bahr — Peale's Tooth-billed pigeon Lamprotornis brevirostris Aplonis brevirostris Aplonis tabuensis brevirostris

[110] / [125] / [D61.482] Geospiza peruviensis Volatinia jacarina Volatinia jacarina peruviensis Ge[o1sp1iz1a] p /er uviensis peruvia[n1u2s 6] / [D61.483] in litt peruviensis, On p. 318 of Peale (18[1491)5 ] / is spe[l1le3d5 ] / , a point overlooked by Deignan[ D(16916.16:1 661]6), Geoaslpthizoau gphr athsein tawo spellingEsr wytehrer unroate pde bayl eCi .W. RichmEonrdy tohnr uhrisa i ncydeaxn ceaordv i(rwewnws .pzoeoanloiimen.net/cit/RI/SP/ Gall/gall00817b.JPG ). As thGieso dsupiazla n parmaesi nuasage has notp rbaesesnin auds dressed previously (N. David . April 2017), we act as First Reviser under Article 24.2.3 (ICZN 1999) and select the spelling as used by Deignan. in litt prasina, On p. 318 of Pea[le1 1(168]4 /9 ) Erythirsu [sr1ap3 epl8elea]d l/i i , a point overlooked bEy. Dpeaiglne[iaDn 6(19.5661:0 6] 16), al - though the two spellings were nGo.t perda bsiyn aC.W. Richmond onE rhyitsh irnudrea x cardL o( xwiaw pwr.azsoionnao men.net/cit/RI/SP/Gall/ gall00819a.jpg ). As this dual name usage has not been addressed previously (N. Dpeaavliedi . April 2017), we act as First Reviser under Article 24.2.3 (ICZN 1999) and select the spelling as used by Deignan. Alternatively, a separate speciesp e(HalBiiW , IOC, CCBW). , erroneously cited to Peale as by Cassin (1858a: 138), is a replacement name for , preoccupied in , not Sparrman, 1788 (Deignan 1961: 560). The original card for the replacement name in Richmond’s index cited to Hartlaub, but obviously Geotshpisiz waa sc byasneedo ovni Creasnss in and later cEorryrethctreudr; bao cthy caanrodsv iarre nasccesiscible at www.zEoornyothmreunr.nae t c. Hcowyaevneer,o Hvairrtleanubs (1852) only used and the change by Cassin may be treated as an incorrect subsequent spelling (Art. 33.3 of ICZN 1999). Geospiza cyaneovirens cyanovirens

[117] / [ ] [137] / . in litt cyaneovirens, On p[.D 36181 .o5f5 P9e]a le (1849) is spelled , a point overlooked by Deignan (1961: 616), although the two spellings were noted by C.W. Richmond on his index card ( www.zoonomen.net/ Camcait/rhRyI/nScPh/uGas ll/eguacllo0p0t7e9r0ubs .JPG ). As thSisp deuraml noapmhei luas ategela hsacso not been adSdproersosepdh pilraev tieoluasslyc o(N. David . April 2017), we act as First RevCisaemr aurnhdyenrc hAursti lcelue c2o4p.t2e.r3u (s ICZN 1999l)e uancodp stelrea ct the spelling as used by Deignan. in litt leucopterus On p. 318 of Peale (1849) [118] / is spelled[ 133] / , a point overlooked [bDy 6D1ei.g6n1a5n] (1961: 615), although the two spellings were noted by C.W. Richmond on his index card ( www.zoonomen.net/cit/ FrinRgIi/lSlaP/CNailyp/hcaaleya 000la4c7ian.jipag t)a . As this duPalh nraymgeil usa aglea huadsi nouts been addrPeshsreydg pirluevsi oau. salyla (uNd. Dinauvsid . April 2017), we act as First ReviFsreirn guinlldae lra cAirntiiactlae 24.2.3 (ICZliNci n1i9a9ta 9) and select the spelling , as used by Deignan. linciniata in litt On p. 3(17 of Peale) (184la9c)i niata[1, 21] / is spelled ,[ a1 R3pho6oi]np t/o o spvienralo ao.k aelda ubdyi nDa eignan (19[6CD1o:6r y61d2.o6s)2p, i6azla] - tah. oaulaguhd tihnue s two spellings were noted by C.W. Richmond on his index card ( www.zoonomen.net/cit/RI/SP/Frin/ frin00299a.jpg ), but in this particular case it is written on the card as “ ”. As this dual name usage has not Pipibloee cni nadedrerea ssed previoEuusslyp (izNa. D daivuidca . AprilD 2i0u1c7a) ,d w. ed iauctc a s First Reviser under Article 24.2.3 (ICZN 1999) and select the spelling as used by Deignan. Alternatively (HM4), or Buceros obscu(rHuBs W). Buceros hydrocorax Buceros hydrocorax mindanensis B. obscurus [123] / [135] / [D61.625]

[125] / [433] / [D61.202] PlatPyocsesribcluy sa sepplearnadtee nsps ecies (HBWA). pPreoalsem’s incatmuse wspalse lnodnge nosverlooked, buPtr porseoopcecuiap ietda bbuy ensis splenGmdelnins , 1788 (Deignan 1961: 202). Bartlett (1940: 688–689) used the hornbill name to illustrate his point about how Cassin treated Peale’s names. P. splendens Prosopeia Pyrrhulopsis, cf. et al. [127] / [237] / Now[ Da 6se1p.a1r3at0e] s pecies, . (HM4, HBW, IOC, CCBW). is the correct genus-group name, not as in HM4 ( Schodde 2014).

36 Sherbornia

Platycercus atrogularis Aprosmictus tabuensis Prosopeia tabuensis atrogularis 2020 | Bruce & Bahr — Peale's Tooth-billed pigeon P. t. tabuensis atragula

[129] / [234] / in litt atrogularis Now[ D61P.r1o2so9p] eia (HM4, HBW). On p. 320 of Peale (184P9y)r rihs uslpoeplsliesd, , ac pf. oint overleoto akle. d by Deignan (1961: 129), although the two spellings were noted by C.W. Richmond on his index card ( www.zoonomen.net/ Meicgilty/pRtI/eSsP f/uPsicttu/spitt00273aM.jpeg i)g. lAysp ttheis dburauln nnameues usage has nMoet ibgeleynp atdeds rte.s tsuedk kpireviously (N. David . April 2017), we act as First Reviser under Article 24.2.3 (ICZN 1999) and select the spelling , as used by Meiglyptes fuscus fusca Deignan. is the correct genus-group name, not as in HM4 ( Schodde 2014). in litt fuscus On p. 321 of Peale[ 1(13824]9 /) is spelle[d4 43] ,/ a point overlooked by D[eDig6n1an.2 (11956] 1: 215), although Buctchoe r tuwbor istpoerlqliunigs s were noMteedg abyla Cim.Wa. mRiachlamcocnedn soins his indeMx ceagradl a( wimwaw a.zromonilolmareins. nhetn/rcict/iiRI/SP/Malu/ malu00462a.jpg ). As this dual name usage has not been addressed previously (N. David . April 2017), we act Psilopogon h. henricii as First Reviser under Article 24.2.3 (ICZN 1999) and select the spelling , as used by Deignan. Cuculus simus Cuculus simus Cacomantis pyrrophanus simus C. flabelliformis simus Now [133] / (HM4, HBW, IOC, CCBW). [444] / [D61.207] Cuculus fucatus Cucculus sic tenuirostris Cuculus s. saturatus Now [134] / (HM4, HBW,[ I2O4C5, C]C /B W). [D61.133] Centropus nigrifrons Centropus melanops Centropus m. melanops

[136] / [ ] [244] / [D61.133] Eudynamys cuneicauda Eudynamys taitensis Urodynamis taitensis Monotypic (HBW, IOC[1, C3C7B]W /) . [249] / [D61.137] Phoenicophæus nigriventris Zanclostomus sumatranus Rhopodytes d. diardi

Phaenicophaeus d. d[1ia3rd9i ] / [248] / [D61.134]

Anadænus ruficauda R[h1i4n0or] th/a chlorophæus Rhinor[t4h4a 5c]. c/h lorophaea Now[ D61.135] (HM4, HBW, IOC, CCBW).

Entomiza olivacea [142]L /e ptornis samœnsis [4G4y4m] /n omyza samoensis [D61.136] Now monotypic (HM4, HBW, IOC, CCBW). PeGaylme tnhoomuygzha t the type was an adult male, but it is a female of the present species. Amoromyza Amoromyza samoensis Gymnomyza

The oveertlo aol ked pr[e1oc4c5u]p a/t ion of the name G[y1m7,n 2noo]m t/ yF zaa llen, 1810 (see Sherborn 19[2D66: 218.4758)6 h] as a twofold consequence. The Samoan species is the type of the genus (Richmond 1917: 593) and becomes . The taxonomic position of the New Caledonian type species of is now consid - Entoermediz ‘aeq aunivgoucaslt’i apsl uitms ua sually assoMciaotheod caonngguensteirps l“uamrea paraphyletCich aanedt tohputsi lcaa nannogt ushsatriep alu gmenaus name” (An - dersen . 2019: 227); a replacement name for awaits publication (cf. Bruce in press for further discussion on this case). Myzomela nigriventris Myzomela nigriventris Myzomela cardinalis nigriventris

[147] / [168] / [D61.486] Myzomela jugularis Myzomela jugularis Myzomela jugularis [150] / [175] / Dacelo [nDu6ll1it.o4r8q7u] es Todiramphus divinus Halcyon v. venerata Todiramphus v. veneratus [150] / [176] / [D61.487]

Now [155] / (HM4, HBW, IOC, CCBW[)1. 99] / [D61.199]

37 Sherbornia

Dacelo vitiensis Todiramphus vitiensis Halcyon chloris vitiensis Todiramphus chloris vi2t0ie2n0s i |s Bruce & Bahr — PeTa. lsea'sc eTro ovtihti-ebnilsleis d pigeon Dacelo minima Todiramphus recurvirostris Halcyon recurvirostris Todiramphus recurvirostris T. sanctus recurvirostris Alternatively, [156] / (HM4, H[1BW95),] o /r (IOC, CCBW). [D61.197] Dacelo coronata Todiramphus tuta sic Halcyon chloris pealei Todiramphus chloris pealei T. sacer pealei Halcyon pealei Now [159] / (HBW, IOC, CCBW), or [198] / (HM4). [D61.198] D. coronata Dacelo albifrons D. vagans Todiramphus sanctus vagans Alternatively, [160] / (HM4, [HBW] )[ 1or9 2] / (IOC, CCBW). Note [thDa6t 1.198] Fin - Harspcahc &t eHsa rtoladuiob,s 1te8r6n7u, is a replacemHeanrtp naacmte sfo ar rdens , not SH. Marüpllaerc, t1e8s4 a3r. Ddeingsnan (1961:195) listed Peale MS (Peale 1849: 162), which was originally in synonymy with [= Harpactes a. ardens (HM4, HBW, IOC, CCBW)]. Caprimulgus æquicauda Stenopsis parvulus Caprimulgus longirostris decussatus Now [1(H6M6]4 ,/ H BW, IOC, CCBW). [229] / [D61.190] Systellura longirostris decussata

Caprimulgus conterminus [168] / Stenopsis longirostri[s 188] / Caprimulgus longirostris bifasciatus Now[ D61.164] (HM4, HBW, IOC, CCBW). Caprimulgus conterminus contermina

[169] / [188] / in litt conterminus On p[. SD3y26st71e lo.l uf1 Pr6ae4 alo]len g(1ir8o4st9r)i s bifasciata is spelled , a point overlooked by Deignan (1961: 164), although the two spellings were noted by C.W. Richmond on his index card ( www.zoonomen.net/ cit/RI/SP/ CapCraimly/uclagluy0s0 b4i5m3a.cjpug l)a. tAuss this dual nCaamper uimsaugelg huass anlobt obneeont aatduds ressed prevCiaoupsrliym (Nu.l gDuavs imd acru.r Aupsr bil i2m01a7c )-, we act as First Reviser under Article 24.2.3 (ICZN 1999) and select the spelling , as used by Deignan. Nowu latus (HM4, HBW, IOC, CCBW). Caprimulgus bimaculatus bimaculata

[170] / [441] / in litt bimaculatus On p. 327 of P[Dea6le1 (.186459] ) is spelled , a point overlooked by Deignan (1961: 165), although the two spellings were noted by C.W. Richmond on his index card ( www.zoonomen.net/ Chocridt/eRilIe/sS Pp/eCraulyv/iacanluy/s 00431a.jpCg h). oArsd tehiilse sd uaaclu ntaipmeen unsias ge has notC bheoernd aedilderse assceudt ipprenvinoiuss elyx (ilNis. David . April 2017), we act as First Reviser under Article 24.2.3 (ICZN 1999) and select the spelling , as used by Deignan. Hirundo rufocollaris Petrochelidon fulva Hirundo fulva rufocollaris Petrochelidon r. rufocollaris [172] / [189] / [D61.160] Macropteryx spodiopygius Collocalia spodiopygia Collocalia s spodiopygia Now [175] / (HM4, HBW, IOC, CCB[1W8)1. ] / [D61.309] Aerodramus s. spodiopygius Macropteryx spodiopygius spodiopygia [176] / [184] / . in litt Now[ D61.170] spod(HioMpy4g, iHuBs W, IOC, CCBW). On p. 327 of Peale (1849) is spelled , a point overlooked by Deignan (1961: 170), although the two spellings were noted by C.W. MacRriochpmteornydx olenu hcios pinhdæexu cs ard ( wwwC.zoololnoocmaleina. nceint/ecrite/a RI/SP/MacCgo/mlloacga0li0a1 1l6lae.jupcg )o. pAhs atheias dual name usage has not been addressed previously (N. David . April 2017), we act as First Reviser under Article 24.2.3 (ICZN Aerodramus l. leucophaeus Macropteryx leucophæus 1999) and select the spelling , as used by Deignan. leucophæa

in litt Now [17l8eu]c( /Ho pMh4æ, uHs BW, IOC, CCBW)[.1 O8n3 p]. /3 27 of Peale (1.849) [D61.169] is spelled , a point overlooked by Deignan (1961: 169), although the two spellings were noted by C.W. Richmond on his index card ( www.zoonomen.net/cit/RI/SP/Macg/macg00112a.jpg ). As this dual name usage has not been addressed previously (N. David . April 2017), we act as First Reviser under Article 24.2.3 (ICZN 1999) and select the spelling , as used by Deignan.

38 Sherbornia

Columba castaneiceps Columba castaneiceps Columba vitiensis castaneiceps 2020 | Bruce & Bahr — Peale's Tooth-billed pigeon Columba castaneiceps castaneoceps

[187] / [252] / in litt castaneiceps On p[.D 36291 .o1f1 P2e]ale (1849) is spelled , a point overlooked by Deignan (1961: 112), although the two spellings were noted by C.W. Richmond on his index card ( www.zoonomen.net/cit/ PtiliRnI/oSpPu/sC lacdo/rcalaledn00si8s 20a.jpg ). As tPhtiisl idnuoapl nuasm ceo ursaalgeen hsais not been adPdtrielsisneodp purse vpiouurslpyu (rNa. tDuasv idc orale. nApsriis l 2017), we act as First Reviser under Article 24.2.3 (ICZN 1999) and select the spelling , as used by Deignan. Ptilopus sic smithsonianus [190] / [272] / [D61.105] PtiliSnaolvpaudos rfiu (r1c8a9t3u: s105) was coPntviilninceodp, umsi sptuakrepnulyr aast uits turned outP, tthilaitn toheprues w pe.r pe utwrpo uspraectiues involved in the type series and named [ ] (Deignan 1961: 105 –106). Now a separate species (HM4, HBW, IOC, PtiliCnCoBpWu)s. fasciatus Ptilinopus fasciatus Ptilinopus porphyraceus fasciatus

[191] / [269] / [D61.105] Ptilinopus perousii Ptilinopus perousii Ptilinopus p perousii [193] / [271] / [D61.106] CarpPospshibalyg a sleaptarraantes species (HCBaWrp).ophaga latrans Ducula latrans

Carpophaga auroræ [195] / Carpophaga auror[æ274] / Ducula a.urorae [D61.107] Ducula a. aurorae [200] / [261] / [D61.110] Carpophaga wilkesii Carpophaga wilkesii Ducula aurorae Ducula a. wilkesii Now [20(H1M] /4 , HBW, IOC, CCBW). [256] / [D61.107] Carpophaga casta Carpophaga bicolor Ducula bicolor Ducula b. bicolor Now [20(H3]M /4 , HBW, IOC, CCBW). [258] / [D61.107] Peristera pectoralis Peristera erythroptera Gallicolumba erythroptera Gallic[o2lu0m4b]a / Alopecoenas [265] / [D61.110Pa] mpusana erythroptera Also et al (HM4).

Didunculus Pleiodus Didunculus Listed under [205]( /C CBW) or (HM4, [H2B7W7, ]I O/C ), but now corrected to [D61.123] Didu(Bnrcuucleu s st.r 2ig0i1r6o)s. tris Pleiodus strigirostris Didunculus strigirostris Didunculus, , [208] / [279] / [D61.123] )

Now placed closely in se[q2u0e9nc]e / t o the dodo and solitaire w[2ith7i9n] C /o lumbidae (HM4). [Das6 d1is.1cu2s3se] d in the text has long been erroneously credited to Peale, 1848 (HM4, HBW, IOC), but actually dates from Jardine (1845). Deignan (1961: 123 stated that one of the two specimens, originally identified as a pair, and so recorded Ardeina R picahtmruoneldi’s s card indexA, rhdaeda “ vsatnaigshneadl iws ithsioc ut trace”, buBt wuatos rlaitdeers r esptroiratetdu sfr poma ttrhue ecolills ection of the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia (Ingersoll & Fisher 2006: 73). Neither Deignan nor Ingersoll & Fisher identified striata Ardea patruelis tphaet rsueexl a of the specimen each listed.

in litt The genus is fe[m2i1np6ina]et r/, ut heluis, (HM4, H[BW], I[O2C9, 7CC] B/W ). On p. 331 of Peale (1849) [D61.28] is spelled , a point overlooked by Deignan (1961: 28), although the two spellings were noted by C.W. Richmond on Ibis hbisr einvdireox sctarrids ( www.zooInboism geun.anreat/ucnita/RI/SP/AraPt/leagraat0d0is3 9ch8bih.jipg ). As this dual name usage has not been ad - dressed previously (N. David . April 2017), we act as First Reviser under Article 24.2.3 (ICZN 1999) and select the spelling as used by Deignan. P. ridgwayi

Hellmayr & Con[o2v1e9r ]( 1/9 48: 267, footnote[ 13)0 n2o]te /d that the type was[ fHorCm4e8r.l2y 6at7 t]he USNM, now lost, and with no other details they accepted Cassin’s identification, although conceding that in juvenile plumage it also could have been .

39 Sherbornia

Porphyrio samoensis Porphyrio indicus Porphyrio porphyrio samoensis P. melanotus 2020 | Bruce & Bahr — PealeP'so rTpohoythr-iboi lslaedm poiegneosin s samoënsis

in litt Asalsmoo aesn sis [(2IO2C0, ]C /CB W). On p. 331 of Pea[l3e 0(188]4 /9 ) is spelled [D61, a.8 p0o] int overlooked by Deignan (1961: 34), although the two forms were noted by C.W. Richmond on his index card Porp(whwyrwio.z ovoitnioemnseins .net/cit/RIP/oSPrp/Phoyerci/op voietci0e0n7s7is 1a.jpg ). As Pthoirsp dhuyarl inoa mpoer upshagyer ihoa vs intoiet nbseies n addressed previ - ously (N. David . ApProilr 2p0h1y7ri)o, wpoer apchty arsio Fsiarsmt oReenvsiiss er under Article 24.2.3 (ICZN 1999) and select the spelling , as used by Deignan. Rallus luridus Rallus sanguinolentus Rallus sanguinolentus luridus Pardirallus sa[n2g2ui1n]o l/en tus luridus [309] / Rallus{ Dlu6ri1du.8s 0] Nluorwid a synonymised with (HM4).

in litt Now lurid[u2s 23] / (HM4, HB[W3,0 IO4C] , /C CBW). On p. 332 of Peale (1849) [D61.73i]s spelled , a point overlooked by Deignan (1961: 73), although the two spellings were noted by C.W. Richmond on his Fuliicnad eaxl acai rd ( www.zFouolniocma eanla.ni et/cit/RI/SFPu/lPictial/ aptmil0e1r1ic3a6naa.jp ag )l.a Ai s this dual name usage has not been addressed previously (N. David Fu.l iAcap raila 2i 017), we act as First Reviser under Article 24.2.3 (ICZN 1999) and select the spelling , as used by Deignan. Scolopax pectinicauda Gallinago stenura Capella stenura Gallinago stenura Scolopax Holmesii Now a se[p2a2ra4t]e /sp ecies, [30,6 e]n d/e mic to Hawai‘i (HM4, HBW[, DIO6C1, C.8C0B]W). Coenocorypha a. aucklandica

Scolopax meridionalis [227] / Scolopax meridiona[3li1s 3] / Chubbia stric[Dkl6a1n.d8i8i ] Once Gaaglaliinna, go stricklandii (HM4, HBW, IOC, CCBW). Deignan (1961:87) listed Peale MS (Peale 1849: 229) in the synonymy of . Limosa foxii Limosa novæ zealandiæ Limosa lapponica novaezealandiae L. l. baueri Now [229(H] M/ 4, HBW, IOC, CCBW). [310] / [D61.88] Numenius femoralis Numenius femoralis Numenius tahitiensis Now [231(]H /M 4). [314] / [D61.85] Tringa parvirostris Tringa parvirostris Aechmorhynchus parvirostris Prosobonia parvirostris [233] / [316] / [D61.85] Totanus polynesiæ Totanus oceanicus Heteroscelus incanus Tringa incana Now [235] / (HM4, HBW, IOC, CCBW[3).2 1] / [D61.84] Charadrius vanelloides Sarciophorus tricolor Zonifer tricolor Vanellus tricolor Now [2(H3M7]4 ,/ H BW, IOC, CCBW). [318] / [D61.86] Glareola cuneicauda Thinocorus ingæ Thinocorus rumicivorus cuneicauda Now (H[2M440, H] B/W , IOC, CCBW). [328] / [D61.82] Anser hauaiënsis Bernicla sandwichensis sic Nesochen sandvicensis Anser hauaiënsis Hawaiënsis [244] / [288] / [D61.92] in litt hauaiënsis On ph.a 3u3a4ie nosf iPs ea[le2 4(19B8]4r a/9n ) ta sandvicensis is spelled [ ] [338], a/ p oint overlooked by Deigna[nD (61916.314: 3] 4), al - though the two spellings were noted by C.W. Richmond on his index card ( www.zoonomen.net/cit/RI/SP/ ApteAnnoddt/yatnedst 0fl0a1v7i9laar.jvpag )t.a As this duaEl nuadmype tuessa gaen htaips ondota beseinc addressed Mpreegvaioduysplyt (eNs. aDnatviipd odes . April 2017), we act as First Reviser undAeprte Anrotdicyltee s2 f4la.2v.i3la (rIvCaZtNa 1999) andfl asevlielacrtv tahteu s pelling , as used by Deignan (as ). Now (HM4, HBW, IOC, CCBW). in litt flavilarvata, On p. 335 of Peale (1849)[ 260] / is spell[ed ] [351] / , a point overlooked by De[igDn6a1n .(61] 961: 6), although the two spellings were noted by C.W. Richmond on his index card ( www.zoonomen.net/cit/ RI/SP/Anth/anth00549a.jpg ). As this dual name usage has not been addressed previously (N. David . April 2017), we act as First Reviser under Article 24.2.3 (ICZN 1999) and select the spelling as adopted by Deignan.

40 Sherbornia

Aptenodytes longicauda Euydyptes Adeliæ Pygoscelis adeliae Aptenodyt2e0s 2lo0n |g iBcrauucdea & Bahr — Peloalneg'si cTaouodtha-tbuils led pigeon

in litt longicauda, On p. 335 of Peale (1849)[ 261] / is spe[ll3e5d 2] / , a point over[loDo6k1ed.5 b] y Deignan (1961: 5), although the two spellings were noted by C.W. Richmond on his index card ( www.zoonomen.net/ Aptecint/oRdIy/tSePs/ Amnathg/nainrtohs0t0r5is 53.b.JPG ). ASsp htheins idsucaul sn dameme eursasgues has not beSepnh aedndirsecsusse dm pargeveilolausnlyic (uNs . David . April 2017), we act as First Reviser under Article 24.2.3 (ICZN 1999) and select the spelling as adopted by Deignan. Aptenodytes tæniata Eudyptes papua Pygoscelis papua taeniata P. taeniata et al Hellmayr & Conover (1948[:2 1613) i]n /d icated there was a type in[ U3S5N0M] ,/ b ut it was not listed by Deignan[ H(1C94618)..1 1] P. p. papua taeniata Aptenodytes tæniata tæniatus Recently, [h2a6s 4be]e /n treated as a separat[e3 s5p0ec]i e/s by Tyler . (2020) based on [gMen2e7ti.c1s 0an] d morpho - metrics. Previously (HM4, HBW, IOC, CCBW). Hellmayr & Cionn loitvt er (1948:5, footnote 1) had retained as a separate subspecies, originally collected ont Mænaicaqtuaa, rie Island (Peale 1849: 265). On p. 335 of Peale (1849) is spelled , a point overlooked by Deignan (1961: 6), although the two Carbspoe flluincgoss wusere noted bCy aCr.Wb.o R hicyhpmoolenud couns his index caPrhda ( lwawcrwo.zcooornaoxm ve. nv.naerti/ucs it/RI/SP/Anth/anth00567a.jpg ). As this dual name usage has not been addressed previously (N. David . April 2017), we act as First Reviser under Article 24.2.3 (ICZN 1999) and select the spelling as adopted by Hellmayr & Conover. Carbo purpuragula Carbo sulcirostris Phalacrocorax sulcirostris purpuragula

Phalacrocora[x2 s6u8lc]ir /os tris [372] / [D61.22]

Carbo flavagula [26C9a]r b/o brevirostris [P3h7a4la] c/r ocorax melanoleucos brevirostris Microcarbo m. melanoleucos [D61.21] now monotypic (HM4, HBW, IOC, CCBW). Sula rubripeda Sula piscator Sula sula rubripes Now [270] / (HM4, HBW[,3 IO7C5,] C /C BW). [D61.23] Sterna lunata Sterna lunata Sterna lunata Onychoprion lunatus [274] / [365] / [D61.19] Sterna albifrons Sterna frontalis Sterna s. striatus S. striatus Now [277] / (HM4, HBW, [I3O8C,2 C]C /B W). [D61.96] Sterna antarctica Sterna meridionalis Sterna hirundinacea Sterna meridionalis S. antarctica Sometimes trea[t2ed7 9as] m/ onotypic, [(3H8M14], /IO C). [D61.95] S. cassinii S. meridionalis

[280] / [385] / [D61.94] Sterna rectirostris was CasSstine’rsn oan lpy onleiwoc nearmca e, a replaceTmheantl ansasmeeu,s n bote rgii rectiroLstersiss on, 1831, nor Wagler, 1832, nor Forster, 1844; later Sclater, 1860, a replacement name for , not Brehm, 1824 Thalasseus b. cristatus (Deignan 1961: 95). Megalopterus plumbea Anous parvulus Procelsterna cerulea teretirostris Now [281] / (HM4). [384] / [D61.97] Larus albipennis Larus albipennis Larus maculipennis Chroicocephalus maculipennis [285] / [393] / [D61.98] Thalassidroma lineata Thalassidroma lineata Fregetta Pealea lineata Fregetta t. t[r2op8i8ca ] / [379] / Thala[sDsid6r1om.9a3 p] lumbea Now T. furc(aHtaM 4, HHByWdr,o IbOaCt,e Cs CfB. fWur)c. atus Oceanodroma f. furcata Thalassidroma Pacifica nomen nudum

Now [(H2M934,] H /B W, IOC, CCBW). Deignan (19[6410:135]) /li sted [‘ ’] Pea[leD M61S .(1P4ea] le 1849: 292), in synonymy of [= (HM4) or (HBW, IOC, CCBW)]. A mentioned in his text (Peale 1849: 156) is a .

41 Sherbornia

Procellaria brevipes Procellaria cookii Pterodroma leucoptera brevipes 2020 | Bruce & BPahror c—el lPaerailae 'bs .T boroetvhi-pbeils led pigeon

Procellaria candida Procellaria candida Pagodroma nivea Pagodroma n. nivea Now a separate, mon[2ot9y4p]ic / s pecies (HM4, HBW) or[ 414] / (HBW, IOC, CCBW). [D61.13] Procellaria rostrata Procellaria rostrata Pterodroma rostrata Pseudobulweria r. rostrata Procellaria rostrata Now [295](H /M 4, HBW, IOC, CCBW). [451] / [D61.13] rostratus

in litt Now ro[s2t9ra6ta] / (HM4, HBW, IOC, CCB[W4)1. O2n] /p . 338 of Peale (1849) [D61.12] is spelled , a point overlooked by Deignan (1961: 11), although the two spellings were noted by C.W. Richmond on Procheisl lianrdieax pcarrdv (iwrowswtr.izsoonomen.nPert/occiet/lRlaI/rSiaP /pParriov/iprorisot0r0is293a.jpg ). APst ethriosd druoaml naa maleb ua sage has not been ad - dressed previously (N. David . April 2017), we act as First Reviser under Article 24.2.3 (ICZN 1999) and select the spelling , as used by Deignan. Procellaria gularis Procellaria mollis Pterodroma inexpectata

[298] / [411] / [D61.12]

[299] / [410] / [D61.12]

42