Thai J. For. 33 (3) : 23-33 (2014) วารสารวนศาสตร์ 31 (1) : 1-8 (2556)

Original article

Influences of Environmental Factors on Tree Distribution of Lower Montane Evergreen Forest at Doi Sutep-Pui National Park, Chiang Mai Province

Dokrak Marod1 Sarawood Sangkaew1 Aumporn Panmongkol2 Atchara Jingjai1*

1Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand 2Doi Suthep-Pui National Park, Chiangmai province, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation *Corresponding Author, E-mail: [email protected]

Received: Jan 30, 2014 Accepted: Mar 10, 2014

ABSTRACT

The influences of environmental factors on tree distribution of lower montane evergreen forest were studied at Doi Sutep-Pui National Park, Chiang Mai province during October 2012. The objective aimed to clarify the principal environmental factors affecting tree distribution. Temporary plots, 20 × 50 m, were established based on altitudinal gradient from 900 to 1,600 m above mean sea level, total 63 plots. All trees with diameter at breast height over than 4.5 cm were measured and identified, and in addition, soil samples were collected in every plot. The results showed that there were 299 tree species in 181 genera and 87 families. Tree density was 102.82 trees/ 0.1 ha and basal area was 174.11 m2/0.1 ha. The dominant trees based on importance value index, IVI, were Castanopsis acuminatissima, Schima wallichii, Castanopsis armata, Pinus kesiya, Helicia nilagirica and Styrax benzoides with IVI of 30.28, 16.07, 13.02, 11.06, 7.41 and 7.07 %, respectively. The ordination analysis showed that the environmental factor that determined the distribution of Oaks with Pine stand was high altitude. Soil properties, especially percentage of clay, determined tree distribution of montane evergreen forest; the most species were Castanopsis acuminatissima, Castanopsis tribuloides, Styrax benzoides, Eurya acuminata var. acuminata, Magnolia baillonii and Schima wallichii. Thus, for reforestation of degraded montane evergreen forest, these species should be considered in order to reduce the succesional time to the climax stage.

Keywords: Ecological niche, Montane evergreen forest, Doi Sutep-Pui, Tree distribution, Reforestation 24 Thai J. For. 33 (3) : 23-33 (2014)

INTRODUCTION occupies area at elevation 1,000 m asl. or higher. Many are found in the northern part Nowadays, much importance is given of Thailand (Ruangpanit, 1991) where the to preserving various ecosystems globally, in climates i colder or lower temperature persists hope of their continuing existence. The loss of longer than at lower plains. Such conditions natural resources, the deterioration of ecosystems are suitable for various kinds of trees of (both structure and functionality), and the loss temperate climate to grow. Almost year-round of biodiversity have occurred consecutively high humidity results in fertile soil with high for a long period of time, especially global permeability, deep and able to absorb much warming that influences the rise of temperature water. This results in great plant diversity in around the world (Office of Natural Resources both species and genetics. Many flora and and Environmental Policy and Planning, 2010). fauna are specific to MEF. Tree distributions Mountain ecosystems cover about 27% in the MEF not only depend on elevation, of the earth (Office of Natural Resources and other environmental factors, especially soil Environmental Policy and Planning, 2009), and properties, are also crucial. However, not many is a system of relationships among living and studies have been done on the relationships non-living components in mountains where between tree distributions and soil properties both flora and fauna are complex, and vary in Thailand. according to height, rock, soil, climate and Most plant communities in the Doi anthropogenic activities. In Thailand, mountain Sutep-Pui mountain ecosystem are covered ecosystems are found scattered at elevations with lower MEF, both undisturbed and 1,000 meters above sea level (m asl.) and degraded forest, ranged from 1,000-1,650 higher (Santisuk, 2003). The ecosystems are m asl. (Sutthipibul, 2010). Therefore, before consideredo t be fragile and under threatened. restoring degraded MEF, it is essential to Many mountainous areas are of high biological study the ecological niche of trees in nature diversity, but some of them were classified as where the tree distributions are different due biodiversity hotspot areas due to severe threat to anthropogenic activities. This study aimed (Uttanavanit, 2011). Disturbances lead to high to clarify the environmental factors that affect risk of local extinction and they are hard to tree distribution in lower MEF. Results from restore. Therefore, conservation should be this study will be applied to select suitable promotedo t prevent loss of ecological balance and tree species for highland forest restoration. eventual extinction of endemic and endangered species. Moreover, in mountain ecosystems, MATERIALS AND METHODS there are relationships between higher elevation areas and lower plains in water resources and Data Collection soil aspects. Thus, locals, especially, have to Temporary plots, 20 × 50 m, were adapt their lifestyles to conserve and harness established based on altitudinal gradient on ecosystems for maintaining the biological from 900 to 1,600 m asl. Plots were spread resources and future food security. throughout both undisturbed and degraded Montane evergreen forest (MEF) can forests, total 63 plots (FIGURE 1). Each plot only been found in mountain ecosystems. It was divided into 10 × 10 m subplots and all Thai J. For. 33 (3) : 23-33 (2014) 25

(B)

(A) Figure 11 Distribution Distribution of of sampl samplee plots plots ( (+ + ) )at at Doi Doi Sutep-Pui Sutep-Pui National National Park, Park, Chiang Chiang Mai Mai province province (A). Sample plot, 20 × 50 m, was divided into subplots of 10×10 m (B) and black dots () were the(A). soil Sample sample plot, positions. 20 × 50 m, was divided into subplots of 10×10 m (B) and black dots (●) were the soil sample positions.

trees with diameter at breast height (DBH) at soil properties, and tree distributions in lower least 4.5 cm were measured and identified. MEF.

The elevation was recorded and soil samples 2. Soil properties were evaluated in the (0-15 cm deep) were collected (at least 500 g) laboratory. For pH analysis, the ratio of soil: in every plot. Soil properties, including soil water used is 1:1 and measured with a pH meter.

pH, soil texture (percentage of sand, silt and Soil texture was analyzed using a hydrometer clay, respectively), amount of organic matter, (modified). The amount of organic matter in available phosphorus, exchangeable potassium, the soil was determined using Walkley and exchangeable calcium and exchangeable Black’s Rapid Titration, a wet oxidation method. magnesium, were analyzed. Tests were done Available phosphorus was determined using in the soils laboratory of the Department Bray’s II (modified) method. Exchangeable K, of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, exchangeable Ca and exchangeable Mg were Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand. measured using NNH4OAc atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Data Analysis 1. Ordination analysis was done using the Canonical Correspondence Analysis RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (CCA) method and a prefabricated program The results showed that 299 species PC-ORD version 6.08 (McCune and Mefford, in 181 genera and 87 families of trees 2011). The analysis examined the relationships were found in the study area. The tree density between environmental factors, elevation and was 102.82 trees/0.1 ha and basal area was 26 Thai J. For. 33 (3) : 23-33 (2014)

174.11 m2/0.1 ha. The top ten dominant tree trees were Litchi chinensis (LITCHCHI), Betula species based on importance value index alnoides (BETULALN), Prunus cerasoides (IVI) were Castanopsis acuminatissima, (PRUNUCER), Alangium sp. (ALANGSP), Schima wallichii, Castanopsis armata, Pinus Vernonia volkameriiolia (VERNOVOL), kesiya, Helicia nilagirica, Styrax benzoides, Saurauia roxburghii (SAURAROX), Diospyros Wendlandia tinctoria, Vernonia volkameriiolia, glandulosa (DIOSPGLA), Erythrina subumbrans Castanopsis tribuloides and Litsea martabanica (ERYTHSUB), Saurauia nepaulensis with IVI of 30.28, 16.07, 13.02, 11.06, 7.41, (SAURANEP), Cinnamomum porrectum 7.07, 6.89, 6.17, 5.34 and 5.20 %, respectively (CINNAPOR) and Dimocarpuslongan subsp. (APPENDIX 1). longan var. longan (DIMOCLON). The ordination analysis using the Group 3: Tree distribution of CCA method based on 63 plots and several this group, which included 37 plots, was environmental factors, including pH, percentage determined by the percentage of clay (% of sand, percentage of silt, percentage of clay, clay). Dominant tree species were Castanopsis amount of organic matter, available phosphorus, acuminatissima (CASTAACU), Castanopsis exchangeable potassium, exchangeable calcium armata (CASTAARM), Castanopsis tribuloides and exchangeable magnesium, resulted in the (CASTATRI), Schima wallichii (SCHIMWAL), separation of the tree distribution into 4 groups Eurya acuminata (EURYAACU), Magnolia (Pearson correlation, Species-Environment, baillonii (MAGNOBAI), HELICNIL (Helicia r = 0.937) (FIGURE 2). The information of nilagirica), Wendlandia tinctoria (WENDLTIN), each group was as follows: Styrax benzoides (STYRABEN), Litsea Group 1: The main factors determining martabanica (LITSEMAR), Lithocarpus truncata this group, which included 6 plots, were high (LITHOTRU), Persea gamblei (PERSEGAM), elevation (elev) above 1,500 m asl., and organic Aporosa octandra (APOROOCT), Choerospondias matter (organ) in the soil. Dominant trees axillaris (CHOERAXI), Symplocos macrophylla were Pinus kesiya (PINUSKES), Vaccinium sprengelii (VACCISPR), Castanopsis diversifolia (SYMPLMAC), Bridelia glauca (BRIDEGLA) (CASTADIV), Engelhardtia spicata (ENGELSPI), and Cinnamomum iners (CINNAINE). Alseodaphne birmanica (ALSEOBIR) and Group 4: The distribution of trees in Turpinia pomifera (TURPIPOM). this group were determined by low elevation Group 2: The main factors determining from sea level and organic matter in soil, and this group, which included 12 plots, were acidity included eight plots. Dominant trees were and alkalinity (pH) of the soil, exchangeable Quercus kerrii (QUERCKER), Dipterocarpus Ca (Ca), available P (P), percentage of sand (% tuberculatus (DIPTETUB), Wendlandia sand) and percentage of silt (% silt). Soil pH paniculata (WENDLPAN), Dipterocarpus ranged from 5.3-5.8, while exchangeable Ca obtusifolius (DIPTEOBT), Quercus brandisiana and available P were classified into low-medium (QUERCBRA), Lithocarpus polystachyus level (240 - 2,228 mg/kg). Soil texture was (LITHOPOL), Gardenia sootepensis sandy loam with percentage of sand and silt of (GARDESOO), Tristaniopsis burmanica 53-67 % and 18-32 %, respectively. Dominant (TRISTBUR) and Aporosa villosa (APOROVIL). Thai J. For. 33 (3) : 23-33 (2014) 27 IVI (%) 7.411 7.070 5.199 4.915 4.225 RF (%) 1.348 6.171 1.777 1.900 2.083 4.469 0.797 2.811 1.348 3.926 1.164 3.495 RD (%) 2.163 0.674 11.055 3.771 1.838 6.889 1.267 1.2252.380 5.336 2.364 0.551 4.664 0.819 1.994 1.777 1.824 1.978 (%) RDo 9.547 3.4626.521 3.064 3.925 16.072 2.574 13.019 1.262 3.724 2.083 2.605 1.267 1.1641.161 5.036 1.854 1.566 1.372 1.468 0.306 3.147 0.455 0.755 0.353 1.443 0.572 14.544 13.166 2.574 30.284 0.002 8.218 0.014 0.004 0.004 0.004 1.281 0.0010.002 2.844 0.001 1.042 0.002 1.749 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.001 Density (tree/0.1ha) ) 2 (m 2.197 0.004 1.4294.951 0.0041.815 0.8214.535 4.002 3.044 2.727 0.001 2.389 1.314 2.513 11.353 25.322 16.621 Basal areas Basal areas PINUSKES 14.308 CASTAACU SCHIMWAL CASTAARM HELICNILSTYRABEN WENDLTIN 3.064VERNOVOL 2.230 0.003CASTATRI LITSEMAR 1.760 3.384LITHOTRU 2.267 PERSEGAMCASTADIV 2.022 0.002 QUERCBRA EURYAACU 0.792 0.002 CLEISOPE Family Abbreviation APHYLEACEAE TURPIPOM AGACEAE AGACEAE FAGACEAE PROTEACEAE STYRACACEAE RUBIACEAE ASTERACEAE FAGACEAE ASTERACEAE FAGACEAE F MAGNOLIACEAE MAGNOBAI F THEACEAE ST ACTINIDIACEAEMYRTACEAE SAURAROX 0.614

DC.

ex

DC.

DC.

Hook.f. all.

(Roxb.)

(Kurz) W

Kurz Gordon PINACEAE

(Roxb.)

(Kurz) ex

(Pierre) Bedd. rees at Doi Sutep-Pui, Chiang Mai province rees at Doi Sutep-Pui, Chiang (DC.) Korth. THEACEAE Royle

Botanical Name . & L.M.Perry var. operculatus . & L.M.Perry var. Castanopsis acuminatissima A.DC. (Blume) Schima wallichii Castanopsis armata SpachPinus kesiya Helicia nilagirica FAGACEAE Styrax benzoides Craib tinctoria Wendlandia volkameriiolia Vernonia Castanopsis tribuloides (Sm.) A.DC. Litsea martabanica Lithocarpus truncatus (King) Rehder & Wilson Persea gamblei (Hook.f.) Kosterm. LAURACEAE Castanopsis diversifolia King et Hook.f. Magnolia baillonii Finet & Gagnep. Eurya acuminata DC. var. acuminata pomifera (Roxb.) Turpinia Wall. Saurauia roxburghii brandisiana Quercus Cleistocalyx operculatus Merr Species list of t

ำ ยาน ปีป่า ำ ำ ยาแก้ ก่อด� ทะโล้ ก� จ� ก่อหรั่ง อินทวา หว้าเขา ก่อแป้น ก่อเดือย เมียดต้น ส้านเห็บ แข้งกวาง Species ปลายสาน สนสามใบ ก่อใบเลื่อม ก่อตาควาย มะกอกพราน เหมือดคนตัวผู้ Appendix 1 28 Thai J. For. 33 (3) : 23-33 (2014) IVI (%) 1.928 2.765 2.702 2.698 2.479 2.181 2.095 2.730 2.364 2.353 2.134 RF (%) 0.919 0.980 1.042 2.478 0.551 0.919 1.103 2.036 1.042 0.919 0.919 0.797 2.279 1.287 RD (%) 0.927 0.896 0.587 1.103 0.943 0.6740.556 2.391 0.340 0.371 0.618 .111 (%) RDo 1 0.666 0.587 0.674 0.703 0.610 1.236 0.352 0.7571.053 1.593 0.665 0.386 1.051 0.635 0.541 0.261 1.375 0.306 1.943 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.792 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.788 0.001 0.0010.001 0.774 0.889 0.000 1.094 0.000 0.001 0.229 0.001 0.001 0.1910.001 0.742 Density (tree/0.1ha) ) 2 (m 1.061 0.613 1.833 1.373 0.671 1.548 1.935 0.399 0.332 Basal areas Basal areas ACRONPED 1.160 PRUNUCER 1.223 VACCISPR CINNAINEDIOSPGLA 1.380 ERYTHSUB APOROOCT ANNESFRA 1.348 CHOERAXI 1.905 ARCHICLY SYMPLMAC WENDLPAN 0.454 Family Abbreviation RUTACEAE ERICACEAE LAURACEAE EBENACEAE FABACEAE MYRTACEAEPHYLLANTHACEAE SYZYGCLA THEACEAE ELAEOCARPACEAE ELAEOSPH ANACARDIACEAE LAURACEAEFABACEAE LITSEGRA JUGLANGDACEAESYMPLOCACEAE ENGELSPIRUBIACEAE 1.106

DC.

ex

Miq.

all. (Roxb.)

(L.) Nees) W

(Roxb.) (Jack) I.C.

(Roxb.) ex

Blume (G.Don) Reinw.

(Wall. Cowan

ickery &

V

Botanical Name Blume D.Don)

(continued) Vaccinium sprengelii Vaccinium Sleumer Cinnamomum iners ex glandulosa Lace Diospyros Erythrina subumbrans (Hassk.) Merr. Syzygium claviflorum a.M.Cowan octandra (Buch.-Ham Aporosa ex Anneslea fragrans Wall. Elaeocarpus sphaericus (Gaertn.) K.Schum. axillaris Choerospondias B.L.Burtt & Hill Litsea grandis Hook.f. Prunus cerasoides D.Don clypearia Archidendron Nielsen spicata Engelhardtia ROSACEAE Symplocos macrophylla DC. paniculata Wendlandia pedunculata Acronychia

ส้มปี้ เชียด ค่าหด มะมือ มุ่นดง กะอวม หว้าหิน Species กล้วยฤาษี สารภีดอย นวลเสี้ยน มะขามแป เหมือดดอย แข้งกวางดง ทองหลางป่า กะทังใบใหญ่ นางพญาเสือโคร่ง Appendix 1 Thai J. For. 33 (3) : 23-33 (2014) 29 IVI (%) 1.364 1.824 0.078 0.080 1.772 1.509 0.208 0.082 300.000 RF (%) 1.042 1.722 0.184 0.551 1.156 0.061 0.245 0.805 0.123 0.257 0.245 0.674 RD (%) 0.850 0.245 0.525 0.306 1.629 0.433 0.247 0.108 0.448 0.077 0.015 0.061 0.294 0.340 0.245 16 0.371 0.245 0.732 (%) RDo 0.111 0.1 0.357 0.038 0.057 0.003 0.015 0.061 0.135 0.155 0.525 0.005 0.015 0.061 25.361 27.446 50.551 103.358 100.000 100.000 100.000 0.028 0.103 0.001 0.729 0.001 0.797 0.0000.001 0.892 0.000 0.224 0.7110.000 0.429 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.187 0.001 Density (tree/0.1ha) ) 2 (m 0.100 0.000 0.235 1.268 1.554 0.390 0.067 0.1940.009 0.000 0.000 0.005 2.067 0.269 44.155 174.107 Basal areas Basal areas LITCHCHI BETULALN 1.388 ALSEOBIR QUERCKER SAURANEP CINNAPOR LITHOPOLGARDESOO 0.002APOROVIL 0.000 0.201 0.001 0.000 BRIDEGLA ACEAE DIPTETUB Family Abbreviation TACEAE TRISTBUR AGACEAE F SAPINDACEAE BETULACEAE ALANGIACEAEACTINIDIACEAE ALANGSPLAURACEAE SAPINDACEAE 0.622 FAGACEAE DIMOCLON PHYLLANTHACEAE MYR DIPTEROCARPACEAE DIPTEOBT PHYLLANTHACEAE DIPTEROCARP

Total ex Nic

Roxb.

subsp. & Lindl.)

Kostern LAURACEAE ex

Lour.

J.Parn.

(Wall. Buch.-Ham. Sonn.

Blume Craib

Botanical Name (Hance)

var. longan var. Miq.

(continued) Litchi chinensis obtusifolius Teijsm. Dipterocarpus ex Bridelia glauca Betula alnoides G.Don tuberculatus Dipterocarpus Alseodaphne birmanica Alangium sp. kerrii Quercus Saurauia nepaulensis DC. (Roxb.) Cinnamomum porrectum Kosterm. Dimocarpus longan Lithocarpus polystachyus (A.DC.) Rehder sootepensis Hutch.Gardenia villosa Aporosa Baill. RUBIACEAE burmanica (Griff.) Tristaniopsis var. & J.T.Waterh. Peter G.Wilson rufescens Lughadha longan

ไย ำ ก้าว ลิ้นจี่ ล� ก่อนก ช้าส้าน ก่อแพะ มอกหลวง ขมิ้นต้น ยางเหียง สิวาละที ลังเสือโคร่ง Species ยางพลวง เทพทาโร ำ หม่อนหิน เหมือดโลด ำ ค� ก� Appendix 1 Others (249 species) 30 Thai J. For. 33 (3) : 23-33 (2014)

Figure 2 Results of ordination analysis, CCA, which showed the important environmental fac- Figure 2 Resultstors of that ordination determined analysis, species distribution.CCA, which Abbreviations showed the representimportan thet environmental tree species that factors that determinedwere found (seespecies APPENDIX distribution. 1), and Abbreviat elev representedions represent the elevation, the tree organ species represented that were found the(see or ganicAPPENDIX matter, pH 1) ,represented and elev the represented acidity and thealkalin elevation,ity, % sand organ represented represented the the organicpercentage matter, pH of representedsand, % silt therepresented acidity andthe percentagealkalinity, %of sandsilt, % represented clay represented the percentage the of sand,percentage % silt represented of clay, P represented the percentage the available of silt, %P, Caclay represented represented the theexchangeable percentage Ca, of clay, P representedand black the triangles available (▲) P, were Ca representedthe temporary the plots.. exchangeable Ca, and black triangles () were the temporary plots. Results indicated that tree stands in dry seasons that activate the regeneration of Group 1 was classified as oaks with pine subtype, pines (Koskela et al., 1995; Zimmer and Baker,

and are found at high elevation and organic 2009). Pinus kesiya was found growing densely, matter in the Doi Suthep-Pui. The dominant especially in mountain ridges and steep slopes family found is FAGACEAE intermixed with where high soil erosion occurs. Therefore, the pine trees (Pinus merkusii and Pinus kesiya), number of pine trees in oak forests is depended as was also reported by. A possible reason for on the rate of soil disturbance and erosion in this distribution is the frequent disturbance mountain ridges (Santisuk, 2012). However, of evergreen forests as well as occasional high amounts of organic matter were found wildfires and multi-year periods of cool-wet on the forest floor due to low decomposition Thai J. For. 33 (3) : 23-33 (2014) 31 rate. Low temperature is an important factor acuminatissima, Styrax benzoides, Eurya that reduces the decomposition rate in high acuminata and Schima wallichii (Marod et elevation and results in high organic matter al., 2012; Asanok et al., 2012, 2013). accumulation (Leeteeraprasert, 1967). Thus, Tree stand in Group 4 was classified organic matter increases as elevation increases as deciduous dipterocarp forest (DDF) with (Rueangruea, 2009). oaks subtype and distributed in the ecotone Tree stand in Group 2 was classified areas between DDF and MEF (Hermhuket. as secondary MEF that were previously al, 2013). The trees were found at elevation destroyed and abandoned to recover naturally. lower than 900 m asl. where organic matter is Dominant trees were pioneer species, such as, low (Kiratiprayoon, 2002). Most plants shed Vernonia volkameriiolia, Saurauia roxburghii their leaves during the dry season resulting and Erythrina subumbrans. Land use changes, in frequent wildfires. Because of this, soils especially deforestation, affected soil pH and in this area have low organic matter and the resulted in an increase of calcium and phorphorus dominant tree species in DDF grow better than (Leeteeraprasert, 1967; Santudkarn, 1973; the MEF tree species. Mason, 1976; Viranant, 1982; Rueangruea, 2009). Plenty of available phosphorus was CONCLUSION found on the soil surface (Smeck and Runge, Environmental factors (elevation 1971) and this resulted in increased soil pH and soil properties) are the main factors that (Cole and Johnson, 1978). High percentages determined tree distribution in low MEF at of sand and silt in this area were the result of Doi Suthep-Pui (Pearson correlation, Species- high erosion due to rainfall after deforestation Environment, r = 0.937), and tree stands can (Nobert and Packer, 1972). be categorized into four groups based on their Tree stand in Group 3 consisted relationship with environmental factors as mostly of species of low MEF in Doi Suthep- follows: Pui. These trees were generally distributed 1) Oaks with pine subtype stand. throughout, but were dense in areas where the Pinus kesiya is the dominant tree species. High clay percentage was high. They grow well in elevation and amount of soil organic matter high elevation and soil moisture content areas. are the main factors affecting tree distribution Apart from being able to hold moisture well, in this group. clay particles are also able to absorb high 2) Secondary MEF stand. Most abundant nutrient and are an important source for plant trees were the pioneer species in MEF, such as, growth and species composition (Lecturers of Vernonia volkameriiolia, Saurauia roxburghii Department of Silviculture, 2007). Considering and Erythrina subumbrans. Environment factors the ecological niche of trees in this group, determining this tree distribution were soil pH, they have wide amplitude of tolerance, and exchangeable calcium, available phosphorus, are suitable for restoring degraded MEF. The and percentage of sand and silt. appropriate species for MEF restoration program 3) MEF stand. The MEF is distributed were the same as previously reported, and in more areas than other stand types, and grows included Castanopsis tribuloides, Castanopsis well in areas with a high percentage of clay. 32 Thai J. For. 33 (3) : 23-33 (2014)

The dominant species were in the family of traits and the ability of forest tree species FAGACEAE, LAURACEAE and THEACEAE. to reestablish in secondary forest and 4) DDF with oaks subtype stand. enrichment plantations in the uplands Low organic matter and elevation (about 900 of northern Thailand. Forest Ecology m asl.) were the factors that determined this and Management 296: 9-23. tree distribution. Coexisting species of DDF Cole, D. W. and D. W. Johnson. 1978. Mineral and MEF can be found in this stand. cycling in tropical forest. pp 341- Results from this study indicate that 356. In Forest Soil and Land Use: trees with wide amplitude of tolerance, and Proceedings of the Fifth North are suitable to be used for restoring degraded American Forest Soil Conference. MEF, are Castanopsis tribuloides, Castanopsis Colorado State University, Fort Collins, acuminatissima, Styrax benzoides, Eurya Colorado. acuminata and Schima wallichii. However, Hermhuk,S., P. Duengkae, S. Sangkaew, wildfire prevention should be done during the L. Asanok, S. Thinkampang and D. first 4 - 5 years of restoration to allow stand Marod. 2013. Tree Establishment establishment. Then, they can be regenerated along the Ecotone of Lower Montane and fulfill the success story of forest recovery. Forest in DoiSutep-Pui National Park, Chiang Mai Province, pp. 189-202. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In Conference and SubmissionThai This research was funded by the Forest Ecological Research Network National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT) (T-FERN) 2nd: Ecological Knowledge under the “Biodiversity as a Result of Climate for Restoration. Majoe University, Change” project and the Kasetsart University Chiang Mai Province. (in Thai) Research and Development Institute (KURDI) Kiratiprayoon, S. 2002. Distribution Modeling under the project “Effect of Change Land Use of Dry Dipterocarp Forest in Doi on Biodiversity in Montane Evergreen Forest Sutep-Pui National Park, Thailand. in Doi Suthep-Pui, Chiangmai province”. Doctor of Philosophy. Pennsylvania State University. Koskela, J., J. Kuusipalo and W. Sirkul. 1995. REFERENCES Natural regeneration dynamics of Asanok, L., D. Marod, A. Pattanavibool and Pinus merkusii in northern Thailand. T. Nakashizuka. 2012. Colonization of Forest Ecology and Management tree species along an interior-exterior 77: 169-179. gradient across the forest edge in Lecturers of Department of Silviculture. 2007. a tropical montane forest, western Silviculture: Foundation of Forest Thailand. Tropics 21 (3): 67-80. Planting. Department of Silviculture, Asanok, L., D. Marod, P. Duengkae, U. Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University. Pranmongkol, H. Kurokawa, M. Aiba, (in Thai) M. Katabushi, and T. Nakashizuku. Leeteeraprasert, S. 1967. Study on Soil 2013. Relationships between functional Fertility in Various Elevation on the Thai J. For. 33 (3) : 23-33 (2014) 33

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