Officers

CARL SAGAN, BRU CE MURRAY, President Vice President Space Exploration-Is It Worth The Cost? Director, Laboratory Director, for Planetary Studies, Jet Propul sion by Bruce Murray Cornell Univer sity Laboratory, California Institute LOU IS FRIEDMAN, of Technology Executive Director Weh ave come to the culmination of an extraordinary era in our exploration of the solar system. In th e last four yea rs we have seen pictures of Mars retu rned from the spacecraft Viking, and of Jupiter Board of Advisors and Satu rn from Voyager: Sophisticated chemical and biological tests were ca rried out over many DIANE ACKERMAN, SHIRLEY M. HUFSTEDLER, months on the su rface of Mars. Six of our spacecraft conducted atmospheric experiments on Venus. poet and author Secretary of Education This properly has been hailed as an unprecedented triumph of sc ience and tec hnology which cou ld JAMES VAN ALLEN, JAMES MICHENER, Professor of Physics. author presage still another era of exploration beyond limits co nsidered possible only a few years ago. U niversity of Iowa PHILIP MORRISON , We have been fortunate to live at that si ngular period in human history when we we re the first HARRY ASHMORE, Institute Professor, able to reach out from our ancestral home to investigate, like a growing chi ld, our so lar system Pulitzer Prize-winning Massachusetts journalist Institute of Technology environment. We were able to do so because we have lived in the most advanced technological ISAAC AS IMoV, PAUL NEWMAN, society the world has known; one that has freely chosen, thus far, to lead that exploratory process for author actor all humanity, present and future. The world has joined with us, the American public, in sharing the RICHARD BERENoZEN, BERNARD M. OLIVE R, sense of wonder and exc itement at th e space discoveri es of the last two decades. President. Vice President, American Universit y Research and Develop­ No one questions the sc ientific potential of th e space exploration program. But budgetary limits ment, Hewlett-Packard RAY BRADBURY , now threaten th e demise of the undertaking - already slowed by Congressional action, and lack of it. Corporation poet and author The question is being asked: is the program worth the cost? By one obvious measu rement the price HARRISON H. SCHMITT, JOHNNY CARSON, U.S. Senator, is high - between $200 million and $1,000 million dollars per mission. Spread over time, the total entertainer New Mexico space sc ience budget in NASA - covering astronomy as well as planetary sc ience - runs about $550 NORMAN COUSINS, ADLAI E STE VENSON, III, ed itor and au thor million per year, about 10% of the total NASA budget, or about one-tenth of one percent of the total U.S. Senator , FRANK DRAKE, Ill inois federal budget. The answe r to whether the costs are too high depends, of course, upon the priorities Director, National LEWIS THOMAS, assigned by those who make the budget and appropriate the funds. Astronomy and President, Ionosphere Center It is not possible to assign precise dollar values to a program without precedent. But it can be Memorial Sloan LEE A. oUBRloGE, Kettering Cancer shown that new knowledge and discovery has resu lted in new benefits, new understandings, and new former pr esidential Cent er awareness that helps us in our daily life, perhaps more so than many specific "application" projects. science advisor HAROLD C. UREY, For exa mple, it was scientists studying planetary atmospheres who first discovered th e possible JOHN GARDNER, Nobe l Laureate in founder, chemistry breakdown in the ozone layer due to aerosols, and the possible danger of a global atmospheric Common Cause greenhouse heating effect due to the co ntinual addition of carbon dioxide from th e burning of fossil fuels and the destru ct ion of forests, The Planetary Report is published six t imes Ou r understanding of climatology, still in its infancy, has increased significa ntly as a result of th e yearly at the editor ial offices of The Planetary comparative study of the planets. Planetary experiments and measurements help us understand the Society, 116 S Euclid Avenue, Pasadena, CA 91 101 Mail memberships, correspondence , processes that influence our own weath er. Leading sc ientists in my field, geology and geophysics, address changes and adjustments to have analyzed the internal structure of Mars, Venus and the Moon, and studied the craters and other The Pla netary Society, P.O. Box 3599, land forms on terrestrial planets and sate llites; knowledge of co mparative planetology improves our Pasadena, CA 91 103. Copyright © 19BO by The Planetary Society. understanding of the structure, historical development and dynamics of our own planet Earth. Last yea r's exciting Voyager encounter with the Sun's principal co mpanion, Jupiter, and its mini­ solar system, was a microcosm of the entire space exploration effort. To the layman, the flow patterns in th e Jovian atmosphere resemble an abstract painting from God; these pictures had Cover Photograph: The last picture an obvious impact on the American and world public, Scientists, studying these flow patterns, for from Voyager l 's approach to Saturn in which the entire planet and ring the first time co uld observe closely a rapidly rotating planet and exa mine the meteorologica l system can be seen in a single frame. developments in a heavy atmosphere on a short time scale; this provided new insights into the As the spacecraft moves closer to effects of rotational dynamics on the fl ow of storms and weather systems. the planet, it will view successively Discovery of th e first active vo lcano on another planet, 10, the nearest large moon of Jupiter, smaller areas with increasing detail. came about in the classic fashion - almost by accident. One of th e mission navigators looking PHOTO: JPLI NASA (continued on page 15) or all of human history the planets were wa ndering The ! F lights in the night sky, moving aga inst the background of the more distant constellations in complex, although Adventure of regu lar, paths. The planets stirred our ancestors, provoked th eir curiosity, encouraged mathematics and accurate re cord keep ing. Through th e work of Johannes Kepler and The Planets Isaac Newton, understanding planetary motion led to the by Carl Sagan develojilment of modern physics and, in a very real sense, opened th e modern age of sc ience and technology. In the last 18 yea rs - ever since the encounter of the Mariner 2 spacecraft with Venus - everyone of those wandering lights has bee n visited by space vehicles from Earth; everyone has revealed itself to be a world in its own right very differ­ ent from our own. We humans have landed exquisite robot spacecraft on Mars and Venu s and orbited both planets. We have flown by Mercury, Jupiter and Saturn. We have discovered the broiling surface of Venus, the windswept va ll eys of Mars, the sulfur rivers of 10, the great poly­ chrome storm systems of Jupiter. We have discovered new moons, new ring systems, puzzling markings, enigmatic pyram ids and have searched for life. Never again will the planets be mere wandering points of li ght. Because of the effort of the last two decades they will forever after be wo rlds crying out for exploration and discovery. And yet the pace of planetary exploration has slackened ominously. After the Voyager encounters wi th the Saturn system in Nove mber, 1980 and August, 1981, there will be a period of more than four years in which no new images LEFT TO RIGH T: BRUC E MURRAY, CARL SAGAN, LO UIS FRIEDMAN are returned from the planets by any United States space­ craft. The Soviet Union also shows signs of slowing its once ber a Congressman telling me that the only letters he had vigorous program of space veh icl e exploration of the Moon, received in support of the Galileo exploration of Jupiter Venus and Mars - although it is still spending probably two were se nt by people too yo ung to vote. or three times more per year on such enterprises as the And yet there is evidence of enorm ous support and United States. If we back off from the enterprise of the enthusiasm for the exploration of the planets. We ca n see planets, we wi ll be losing on many different levels simulta­ it in the popularity of motion pictures and television pro­ neo usly. By examining other worlds - their weather, their grams on planetary themes; in the topics discussed in the cl imate, their geology, their organic chemistry, the possibil­ burgeoning set of science fact magazines, and in the su c­ ity of life - we cali brate our own world. We learn better cess with which books on th is subject have recently been how to understand and control the Earth. Planetary explo­ greeted. In puzzling over th is apparent paradox, it became ration is an activity invo lving high technology which has clear to me and a number of my colleagues that the solu­ many important app li cations to the national and global tion would be a non-profit , tax-exempt, public member­ economy- robotics and computer systems being two of sh ip organization devoted to the exploration of the planets many examples. It uses aerospace technology in an enter­ and related themes - particularly th e search for planets prise which harms no one, which is a credit to our nation, around other stars and the qu est for extraterrestrial intelli­ our species and our epoch. And planetary exploration is gence. If such an organization had a substantial member­ an adventure of historic proportions. A thousand years from ship, its mere existence would counter the arg um ent that now, when the causes of co ntemporary political disputes planetary exploratio n is unpopular. And so Dr. Bruce Mur­ will be as obscure as the orig in of the War of the Austrian ray, the director of Cal tech's Jet Propulsion Laboratory and Succession is to us now, our age will be remembered I, with a number of co ll eagues and friends, have estab­ because this was the moment when we first set sail for the lished The Planetary Society. The membership of its Advi­ planets and the stars. sory Board is not only very distinguished but very broadly These arguments are widely accepted. And yet when a based. We believe that many sectors of our society wou ld specific planetary mission is being consid ered by the Exec­ be willing to support us. We hope to be able to put plane­ utive Office of th e President or by the appropriate Con­ tary sc ientists in touch with their local supporters. With the gressional Co mmittees, planetary sc ientists hear another contributions we have received - some of them anony­ story. We are told that it is expensive - alth ough a vigor­ mous - we have been able to mount a very encouraging ous program of unmanned planetary exploration would cost sam ple direct mailing to test the interest of the American about a tenth of a perce nt of the fed eral budget; the Voy­ public. If we are as successful as at least some experts think ager spacecraft, when they are finish ed with their explora­ we are likely to be, we may be able to accomp lish not only tions, will have cost about a penny a world for every ou r initial goal of demonstrating a base of popular support inhabitan t of the planet Earth. But ma inly we are told that, fo r planetary exploration; but also to provide some ca re­ although the arguments for planetary exploration are widely fu lly targeted funds for the stimulation of critical ac tivities und erstood in government, th ey are not supported by th e - for example, in planetary mapping and in the radio search peo ple. We are told that spending money on planetary for extraterrestrial intelligence. We ca n be contacted at PO. explorati on - on the discovery of where we are, who we are, Box 3599, Pasadena, California, 911 03. [L ike many pro­ what our history and fate may be - is unpopular, that it is posed interstellar radio messages, the Post Office Box num­ a po li tical liability to support such ventures. I can rem em- be r is th e product of two prime num bers, 59 and 61.] D 3 The Mysteries

. o[Satum be only sup erficial. Underneath , both planets should have ..- similar atm osp heri c dynam ics, but on Saturn, a deep haze blots much of th e acti on from our view, at least that by David Morrison afforded by Earth-based tel esco pes. Voyager, with its increased resolution, is already beginning to penetrate the haz e of Saturn. It is anyone's guess just how Saturn's cl ouds will look as we get cl oser and cl ose r views. Saturn is unique among the planets in its brilliant ring system composed of billions of icy moonlets. The darker, I n our own lifetime we have had the extraordinary narro wer rings of Jupiter and Uranus are tiny, inconspic- privilege of witnessing a se ri es of explorati ons into uous things by comparison. One of the primary objectives th e unknown that will rank alongside the great ter- of Voyager is a better understanding of the rings of Saturn. restrial discoveries. Millions of us participated vicariously As the pictures improve, ever more co mplex structure is in the landings on the Moon ten years ago, and more appea ring and perhaps nea r Voyager's closest approach it recently in the Viking landings on Mars and th e Voyager will be possible to distingu ish th e largest individual moon- flybys of Jupiter and its satellite system. lets within the rings. The recent discovery of new satellites Now, in th e fall of 1980, we have again anticipated the skirting the edges of both the Jupiter and Saturn rings hints thrill of discovering new worlds as Voyager 1 moves on at a co mplex interplay between rin gs and satellites that was across vast distances to begin the exploration of Saturn. In not suspected a few years ago. this splendid system of planet, rings and sa tellites there is Saturn possesses a fine system of satellites, as varied and as much potential for new and remarkable findings as there exc iting as th e moons of Jupiter. The largest , Titan, is the was in Voyager s encou nters with Jupiter in 1979 - perhaps larg est satellite in the solar system - nea rly as large as the even more so, since we start out knowing less of this great planet Mars. Titan also has the unique distinction of being planet than we did of Jupiter an d its moons before the the only satellite with a major atmosphere and clouds. The spacecraft began its flyby. By the end of the yea r the far- surface pressure on this satellite is thought to be larger than see ing eyes of Voyager will have brought us a new vision that of Mars and its clouds may be as opaque as th ose of of a remarkable, and until now, mysterious planetary Venus. Voyager 1 is targeted for an extremely close flyby of system. Titan on November 11 , just a few thousand kilometers above The planet Saturn is, like Jupiter, a giant gas ball com- the clo ud tops. One of the outstanding questions is whether posed primarily of hydrogen and helium. Although Saturn it will be possible to glimpse the surface through breaks in is both smaller and coo ler than Jupiter, we have not gener- the cl ouds. ally anticipated that it should be much different. But even The dozen or so other satellites of Saturn are primarily before Voyager; a few significant differences were being icy obj ects - perhaps composed of nea rly pu re water ice. noted. Perhaps the most fundamental concerns the inter- We have neve r before seen a pure icy planetary body, so nal heat so urce of Saturn. we do not have any id ea what to expect. the best views We have found from Earth-based and Pioneer spacecraft from Voyager 1 will be of Rhea, with fine detail visible down infrared measurements that Jupiter emits more energy than to obj ects 2 kilometers across. An other sa tellite that exc ites it receives from the Sun, and it is widely believed that this Voyager scien tists is Iapetus, which has its leading hemi- ene rg y is primordial, represe nting a slow leakage of hea t sphere (the one in the direction of its orbital motion) cov- generated in the formation of the planet. Saturn also has a ered with a dark material quite unlike the bright white ice hot interior, but surprisingly this energy so urce is greater of its trailing hemisphere. And there is excellent prospect than that of Jupiter. It seems quite clear that primordial of discovering many new small satellites, espec ially nea r heat of formation is not enough to explain Saturn's bright- the outer ed ge of the ring. ness, indicating some fundamental differences in the inte- The one thing we can expect with confidence from the riors of th e two planets. Another mystery of Saturn's interior Voyager Saturn enco unters is to be surprised. A whole new co ncerns its mag neti c field, which probably arises from a system of planet, rings and satellites li es there, waiting to ro tating core. Pioneer 10 and 11 found that the magneti c be discovered. Only once will humanity eve r be able to ge t field was oriented aro und the axis of rotation - much more a first go od look at th e Saturn system - and that opportu- so than for other planets meas ured. Saturn may have a lot nity beg ins in November, 1980. to tell us about the mechanism of formati on of planetary magnetism. Professor David Morriso n, of the University of Hawaii; is a Seen from above, the atmosphere of Saturn lacks the member of the Voyager Imaging Team and President of dynamism apparent in th e fantasti c colors and turbulence the Division of Planetary Sciences of the American Astro- 4 of Jupiter. We suspect, however, that these differences may nomical Society.

I More Than Meets The Eye by Torrance Johnson ------~---

ictures of Saturn were taken by the Voyager 1 space- P craft early in the "observatory phase" of th e mission ---- from a range of about 107 million kilometers; they have a reso lution [an ability to discriminate fin e detai l] of about 2,000 kilometers. The pictures shown here illustrate two of the many ways imaging scientists use the color sensitivity of th e TV vidi­ co n cameras aboard the spacecraft. The camera takes suc­ cessive black and white images through a series of color filters. There are five of these available for the narrow angle (J ,500mm focal length) lens - ultraviolet, violet, blu e, green and orange - cove ring the spectral range in wavelengths of light from 350M to 7000A [where an Angstrom is one hundred millionth of a centimeter]. In order to produce the " natural" color photograph shown on this page the blue, green and ora:nge images are used to control the brightness of the three primary co lors, blue, green and red, in creating a co lor negative. These three Voyager filters approximate the co lor response of the human eye and the resu lting picture is close to what a space tour­ ist would actually see or be able to photograph with ordi­ nary color film. Since the camera sees further than the human eye into the ultraviolet range, it is possible to use th e sa me basic technique to produce "false" color pictures for special pur­ poses. The colorfully striped picture of Saturn is one type of false color image found useful by scientists. It was pro­ duced by allowing the ultraviolet image to co ntrol blue intensity, the violet image th e gree n and the orange image the red. Thus, areas on Saturn which are bright in the ultraviolet rang e appear blue in this picture. This type of false color image is particularly use ful in studying the high-altitude, smog-like hazes in Saturn's atmosphere. The blue belt just north of the equator is a region which is relative ly clear; Rayleigh scattering [the process by which small particles scatter short wavelengths of light preferentially - this is the same process that makes Earth's sky blue] reflects more ultraviolet light from the atmosphere. The bright blu e areas near the edge of the planet and in the so uthern hemisp here will also allow atmospheric scientists to study the height and distribution of these haz es. Many other types of false color displays can be pro­ du ced from spacecraft images . Th ese techniques are being used routinely to study the Earth using Landsat data, and are important tools in analyzing images of Mars, the Moon, Jupiter and the Galilean satellites. The other picture on this page, showing the Great Red Spot, an atmosp heric image se nt back from Jupiter by Voyager, was produced by use of the "natural" color filters - blue, green and orange - but has had the contrast in each co lor enhanced to produce anoth er type of "false" co lor image. This treatment shows many subtle differences in the colors of Jupiter's clouds which cannot be seen in the "nat­ ural" color version.

Dr Torrance Johnson, of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, is Project Scientist for the Galileo Project and a member of the Voyager Imaging Team. 5 I Voyager Scientific Investigations

THE SC IE NTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS of the Voyager eter, and th e photopolarimete r. A seco nd family of mission are multipurpose and most are intended to experiments senses magnetic fiel ds and fluxes of charged obtain data in a variety of environments. For example, particles as the spacecraft passes through them. These the ultraviolet spectrometer is oriented toward plane­ instruments, fixed to the body of the sPacecraft, have .. tary and satellite atmospheres and toward studies of various fie lds of view; their data taken together pro­ interplanetary and interstellar hydrogen and helium. The vi de information on planetary magnetic fields and magneti c fields experiments eXamine the magneto­ trapped radiation zo nes (a nd indirectly, on interior spheres of the planets and search for the transition stru ctures) , on Sun-planet and planet-satellite interac­ betwee n so lar and galactic regions. Thus, it is difficult tions, and on cosmic rays and the outer reaches of the to separate "planetary" from "interplanetary" instru­ solar plasma. These expe ri ments are the plasma, low­ ments and experiments. There is, howeve r, another way energy charged particles, cosmic ray, and magnet ic­ of grouping: the optica l sca nners, mounted on the fie lds invest igations. A th ird family of experiments spacecraft's scan platform, have narrow fields of view co nsists of th e planetary radio astronomy and the and must be accurately pointed. They collect radiant plasma-wave experiments, whose long antennaS listen energy (light, for example) from their targets and cre­ to radio emissions from Jupiter and measure waves in ate images or spectral information that permit scie ntists the plasma surrounding the planets. A rad io experi­ to understand the physical form or chem ical composi­ ment uses S-band and X-ba nd radio li nks between the tion of the planets and satellites. spacecraft and Earth to gather information on plane­ Experiments in this group include the image-sc ience tary and satellite ionospheres and atmospheres, and instruments (the cameras), the infrared interferometer­ spacecraft tracking data to chart gravitational fields that spectrometer and rad iomete r, the ultraviolet spectrom- affect Voyager's co urse.

Experiment Principal Investigator Primary Measurements - Cosm ic Ray R.E. Vogt, Energ y spectra and isotopic composition of cosmic ray particles Investigation California Institute of and energetic particles in outer planetary magnetospheres. Technology ._.- Imaging Science Team Leader, Imaging of planets and satellites at resolutions and phase Bradford Smith, angles not possible from Earth. Atmospheric dynamiCS and University of Arizona surface structures.

Infrared Rudolf Hanel, Energy balance of planets. Atmospheric composition and Interferometer Goddard Space Flight temperature fields. Composition and physical characteristics of Spectrometer Center satellite surfaces and Saturn's rings. - Low-Energy S.M. Krimigis, Energy spectra and isotopic composition of low-energy charged Charged Particles Johns Hopkins University, particles in planetary magnetospheres and interplanetary space. Investigation Applied PhYSics Laboratory -----,--,- Magnetometer Norman Ness, Planetary and interplanetary magnetic fields. Goddard Space Flight Center - Photo polarimeter Charles Lillie, Methane, ammonia, molec ular hydrogen, and aerosols in University of Colorado atmospheres. Composition and physical characteristics of satellite surfaces and Saturn's rings. - Planetary Rad io James Warwick, Planetary radio emissions and plasma resonances in planetary Astronomy University of Colorado mag netospheres. - Plasma Herbert Bridge, Energy spectra of solar-wind electrons and ions, low-energy Investigation Massachusetts Institute charged particles in planetary environments, and ionized of Technology interstellar hydrogen.

Plasma Wave Frederick L. Scarf, Dynamics of planetary magnetospheres and satellite perturbati on Investigation TRW Systems Group phenomena associated with charged particle- plasma wave interactions. Determination of electron density.

Radio Science Team Leader, Physical properties of atmospheres and ionospheres. Von R. Eshleman, Planet and satellite masses, densities, and gravity fields. Stanford University Structure of Saturn's rings. - Ultrav iolet A. Lyle Broadfoot, Atmospheric composition including hydrogen to helium ratio. Spectrometer Kill Peak National Thermal structure of upper atmospheres. Hydrogen and helium 6 Observatory in interplanetary and interstellar space. Voyager Spacecraft Features

***ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROMETER ** IMAGING, ~- * INFRARED SPECTROMETER AND RADIOMETER NARROW ANGLE *** LENS ...... PHOTOPOLARIMETER ...... ### ,LOW-ENERGY CHARGED PARTICLE INSTRUMENT ~....~### ,:' LENSWIDE ______ANGLE _ ,,HYDRAZINE THRUSTERS ## *MICROMETEORITE SHIELD ~# / : ** , ** , , ~ OPTICAL CALIBRATION TARGET PLASMA * , , AND RADIATOR INSTRUMENT***

" COSMIC RAY," " PLANETARY RADIO INSTRUMENTS " ASTRONOMY AND ...... PLASMA WAVE .... ANTENNA

HIGH-GAIN ANTENNA __ ...... (3.7 meters diameter) RADIOISOTOPE THERMOELECTRIC ,GENERATOR " " ;."

, LOW-FIELD MAGNETOMETER Spacecraft Weight 808 kilograms 11182 lb., , ,, Science .Instruments Weight 105 kilograms (232 lb., ,

High-Ga.in Antenna Diameter 3.7 meters (12 ft.'

Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator approx. 400 Watts (SPACECRAFT SHOWN WITHOUT fR1"GJPower {at Saturn' THERMAL BLANKETS FOR CLARITY)

Data Sto.rage Capability 538 million bits

Rate of Data Returned to Earth at Jupiter 115,200 bits per second at Saturn 44,800 bits per second

7 ---_.. _ ------

u~[§ ~(QJ')f~@J~~ 1] ~[K1J(g(QJQJJ[K)JlJ~~ ~D1J~ ~QJJ~DlJ~~

Jupiter and two of its satellites 00, left, and Europa, righf) were photographed on February 13, 1979. Jupiter is about 20 million kilometers (12.4 million miles) from the spacecraft. At this resolution (about 400 kilometers or 250 miles) there is evidence of circular motion in Jupiter's atmosphere. While the dominant large-scale motions are west to east, small-scale movement includes eddy-like circulation within and between the bands.

The resolution of this picture of Europa taken in the after­ noon of March 4, 1979, from a distance of about 2 million kilometers (1.2 million miles) is about the best obtained by Voyager 1. The most unusual features are the systems of long linear structures that cross the surface in various directions. They may be fractures or faults which have disrupted the surface.

This picture of Callisto was taken on March 6, 1979, at a distance of 350,000 kilometers (217,000 miles). Surface features about 7 kilometers (4 miles) across are shown. Smaller than Ganymede (about the size of the planet Mercury), Callisto is apparently composed of a mixture of ice and rock. Far more craters appear on the surface of Callisto than that of Ganymede, leading scientists to believe that Callisto is the oldest of the Galilean satellites, 8 possibly dating back to the final accre1ional stages of planet formation 4 to 4.5 billion years ago. I -

A WEALTH OF NEW KNOWLEDGE OF JUPITER, five of its moons and the magnetic and radiation environment of the Jovian system was obtained during the first several months of 1979 by Voyager 1. Eleven science teams had the monumental task of analyzing the data and correlating their findings. Some major scientific discoveries apparent in Voyager's spectacular photographs are the thin ring of particles around Jupiter, the swirling turbulence of the planet's weather system, superbolts of lightning crackling in the atmosphere and towering volcanic eruptions on the satellite 10. The pictures on this and the facing page are a small sample of the thousands of images acquired by Voyager 1.

fa is shown here in a picture taken on March 4, 1979, from a distance of 862,000 kilometers (500,000 miles). Circular features are seen that later were proved to be of volcanic origin. Irregular depressions indicate This image of 10 was acquired on March 4 at a distance that surface of about 490,000 kilometers (294,000 miles). An modification has enormous volcanic explosion is seen silhouetted against taken place. dark space over la's bright limb. This is the first currently active volcanism identified on solar system bodies other than planet Earth. 10 appears to be far more active volcanically than Earth.

Jupiter was photographed by Voyager 1 on March 1, 1979, at a distance of 5 million kilometers 9 (3 million miles). This picture shows Jupiter's Great Red Spot (upper right) and the turbulent region immediately to the west. Calendar of Events ......

December 1-26 5:55 a.m. weekdays: Knowledge-Space New York, WNBC (Channel 4).

December 7, 14, 21 Cosmos: A Personal Voyage by Carl Sagan. Check your local Public Broadcasting Service for time of broadcast.

December 8-12 AMERICAN GEOPHYSICAL UNION FALL MEETING, San Francisco, California. Symposia: Voyager Results from Saturn, Dec. 11 , morning and afternoon, EI Dorado Room, Jack Tar Hotel. Full program in Eos, Vol. 61, No. 46, Nov. 11, 1980.

December 13 Geminid meteor shower.

December 21 Winter Solstice and Full Moon.

December 22 Ursid meteor shower.

January 3-8,1981 AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE, Toronto, Canada. Symposium of Exploration of the Solar System (Tobias Owen, David Morrison, Bradford Smith, Harold Masursky). Jan. 5, 2:30 p.m., Sheraton Centre Hotel, Full program in Science, Vol. 210, No. 4467, Oct. 17, 1980 ...... To list items, send them to: Bonny Lee Michaelson The Planetary Society Calendar PO Box 3761 Beverly Hills, California 90212 WASHINGTON WATCH by Louis Friedman

ct ion on the NASA budget begins cessfully challenged the Subcommittee's Venus rallied public support for the space A when NASA submits its request to authority to cancel the program. This program. Although there was no orga­ the Office of Management and Budget saved ISPM. Subsequently, in a dispute nized effort and no central leadership, (OMB) .of the Executive Office of the with NASA over greater Congressional many of the principals in Congress President in September of each year. Fol­ control over reprogramming authority, the received scores of letters and telegrams lowing lengthy consideration, and with the HouseAppropriations Committee passed objecting to the budget cuts. Communi­ advice of the Science Advisor's office, the a zero NASA Research and Development cations came from persons associated President's budget is completed in early budget, which covered all NASA pro­ with the L-S Society, Omni, the American January and submitted to Congress on grams. The actual level will be set in a Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics January 20. [n the next issue of The House-Senate Conference. In addition, the (A [AA) , the Division for Planetary Sci­ Planetary Report we will discuss OMB Committee agreed to a two percent cut ence of the American Astronomica[ Soci­ and Executive Office action. This iss ue we for all agencies under the Subcommittee's ety, universities and the space industry. consider Congressional action. jurisdiction-Housing and Urban Devel­ Public Opinion Congressional action on the NASA opment, the Na tional Science Founda­ Time magazine, in its October 20, 1980 Program involves three processes­ tion, the Environmental Protection cover story on Carl Sagan and the Public authorization, appropriation and budget Agency and NASA. Broadcasting Service program Cosmos, - in each of the two Houses of Con­ The Senate Appropriations Committee reported: "Many people pressed loudly gress. Theoretically, authorization approved most of the requested pro­ and insistently for more attention to establishes program content, appropria­ grams and the twelve million dollars for earthly problems. NASA is still suffering tion sets funding levels and budget pro­ SEPS. But it also adopted the two per­ budgetary blues from this outcry. Indeed, vid es a total constraint consistent with cent cut. Congress went into recess with­ only last week the space agency's belea­ overall federal expenditures. In fact, dis­ out final action on the budget. The House guered boss, Robert Frosch, announced tinctions are blurred; all three processes and Senate Committees must go into he was quitting, reportedly because of lack interact and each heavily influence pro­ conference next, before final action can of financial support.. gram content. Here is a summary of this be taken. "[n a turnabout as sudden as some of year's action on the NASA budget for the If all of this sounds confused - it isl the scene shifts in Cosmos, ennui has Fiscal Year 1981 -the budget period Budget turned into enthusiasm. Public curiosity beginning in October, 1981 -as it per­ A year ago the Senate Budget Committee about science, if not financial support of tains to planetary exploration and the staff suggested NASA's budget be cut by it , seems to be skyrocketing. Some signs: search for extraterrestrial life. cancelling or deferring Calileo. After The New York Times has created a spe­ Authorization much debate this was rejected by the cial weekly section to report the news of Both House and Senate passed a bill which Committee. At the first budget resolution science, and othe r newspapers have kept intact the President's request and in March, no attack on the program was expanded their science staffs and cover­ added some items. Calileo [see glossary made, but during the preparations for the age. Some half a dozen new mass­ below] and [nternational Solar Polar Mis­ second budget resolution in July, there market science magazines have been sion (ISPM) were continued and a two was a suggestion that Calileo and Space launched ... :' percent real growth item for supporting Telescope be delayed or even cancelled. research and technology and data analy­ The Committee, in response to strong Louis Friedman, Planetary Society sis was included. Gamma Ray Observa­ counterarguments, refused. Executive Director, spent one year as a tory, the only new space science start The Senate Budget Committee debate, Congressional Fellow with the Senate requested, was approved. Twelve million the attempt in the House to cancel [SPM Committee on Commerce, Science and dollars was added to the President's rec­ and earlier attacks on Calileo and Pioneer Transportation. ommendation for the Solar Electric Propulsion Stage (SEPS), a space trans­ portation program. This was much less than would be required to accomplish the Glossary of Missions Discussed in "Washington Watch" Halley/ Tempel 2 Rendezvous Mission. Authorizing committees (House Science Calileo: The Jupiter orbiter and probe expulsion of those ions creates the and Technology, and Senate Commerce, mission to be launched in 1985 by the thrust to move the spacecraft. Science and Transportation) specifically Space Shuttle. The mission involves Halley/Tempel 2: A proposed mission decoupled the SEPS from a mission start. both an orbiter, which will make many utilizing Solar Electric Propulsion passages by the Galilean satellites of Appropriations (SEPS) that would involve a United It was confusion on the Hill over the NASA Jupiter, and a probe which will enter States spacecraft flying in formation ~ budget and appropriations have not yet and sample the giant planet's with Comet Tempel 2 after deploying been finally approved. A "continuing res­ atmosphere. a European probe into Halley's Comet. olution" passed just one week before the beginning of the fiscal year enabled tem­ fSPM The International Solar Polar Because this mission needed SEPS and porary appropriations for NASA but did Mission being conducted in coopera­ SEPS was not included in the Presi­ not permit any new starts. The House tion with the European Space Agency. dent's budget last year, this opportu­ Appropriations Subcommittee dealing Two spacecraft will be launched, one nity was lost. But a Halley's Comet with NASA attempted to delete funds for to fly over the Sun, the other under it. fly-through without the Tempel 2 rendezvous is still possible. [SP M in the 1980 budget supplement for SEPS The Solar Electric Propulsion NASA. The Chairman of the House Sci­ Stage, a low-thrust continuous propul­ Gamma Ray Observatory: An Earth­ ence and Technology Committee suc- sion system for deep space missions. [t orbiting telescope mission that has 11 uses solar energy collected by solar been proposed by the Administration cells to heat and ionize a plasma. The for a new start. Fig. 1: Prior to Viking Orbiter I. Mangala Vallis was recog­ nized as the larger and easternmost of the two sinuous val­ ley systems extending approximately 350 kilometers north· south from 9° S to 4° S near 151" W longitude near the center of this mosaic of pictures. The "so urce area" was identified as a hummocky area consisting of a complex of small chan· by James A. Cutts and Karl R. Blasius nels and scars lying near the southern end of Mangala Vallis and its "subsidiary" unnamed sister channel. n Aug. 7, 1980 the Viking Orbiter I spacecraft termi­ These images taken midway through Viking Orbiter's mis· O. nated its mission after 1489 orbits around Mars. This sian first revealed that this description of channels in this area mission lasted more than sixteen times the nominal 90-day IS quite incomplete. They clearly show that north-south ori­ orhital lifetime and the orbiter succumbed, as did its sister ented flow·features extend 600 kilometers farther upstream, ship Viking Orbiter ll , to the exhaustion of attitude control apparently originating at a massive fissure system called propellant [the gas which permits the spacecraft to point Memnonia Fossae. More remarkably, another west-north­ westerly trending channel system, comparable in size to to a particular place] and not to mechanical or electronic Mangala Vallis, intersects the north-south trending channel failure. almost at right angles. Also revealed in this image IS a sparsely Viking Orbiter I ended its mission as it began it-photo­ cratered deposit that has encroached upon the mouths of all graphing the channel systems which were the focus of the these channels from the north after the flow processes iermi' first landing of a spacecraft on Mars. Some of the last images nated. [Lightly cratered areas are believed to be of more recent cover the Maja Vallis channel system near the Viking Land­ origin than heavily cratered regions.] Remnants of these later er I CVL-I) site at unprecedented resolution. However, these deposits may also partially fill the narrow channels. data have not been completely processed into quality pho­ This is a mosaic of images prepared by the Us. Geologi­ tographs; they will be discussed in a future issu e of The cal Survey from imaging data acquired on orbits 637 and Planetary Report. Presented and discussed here is the 639 of Viking Orbiter I and reso lution IS between 130 and Mangala Vallis channel system -1500 kilometers south­ 300 meters per pixel. [All spacecraft pictures, like newspaper west of the Olympus Mons shield volcano and one-third of photos, are composed of many dots; each dot is a picture the way around the equatorial girth of Mars from the Viking element, or pixel.] Lander I site. Fig. 2: This mosaic of the Mangala Va{{is region was taken of features produced by collapse and rock disintegration by Viking Orbiter I on three successive days, June 19, 20., 21, elsewhere on Mars. 1980. Resolution is 40. meters per 1 pixel; this is between 4 and 8 times better than the earlier images (Fig. 1). Fig. 4: This remarkable view of the margin of the southern The complex of smaf{ channels and erosional scars at right cratered upland approximately 30.0. kilometers west of the center was believed, from Mariner 9 images, to be the source mouth of Mangala Vallis reveals youthful deposits encroach­ of Mangala VaJlis. We can now see that it is only a broad ing on the ancient upland from the west. These materials, basin that interrupts a pattern of flow extending from fur­ more than a kilometer thick in places, form a virtually cra­ ther south. The sinuous, flat-floored va{{ey that extends to ter-free surface. Whether they are of volcanic or wind-blown the top of the mosaic is Mangala Va{{is proper; to the left is origin is unknown but they are certainly much younger than the subsidiary and somewhat narrower unnamed channel. channels of the Mangala Va{{is region. The continuation of The massive new channel first discovered in the Viking Orbi­ the westerly trending channel of Fig. 2 can be seen near the ter pictures extends across the bottom of the mosaic almost bollom right of the mosaic. Dark and bright streaks and at right angles to these two. Why did these channels cascade splotches are thought to be fine particles blown by the wind away from one spot in such different directions? What is the and therefore wind direction indicators. A dark plume source of the flow? These questions are currently a mystery extending west of the mouth of the channel suggests that the but information contained in high resolution pictures such channel controls the flow of the present winds as we{{ as the as these may provide an answer. fluids that coursed down it in earlier times. An interesting mix of flow directions can be perceived in the channel bedforms, Fig. 3: This is a single frame from the mosaic of Fig. 2 pro­ the eolian scour makings on the younger deposits, and the viding a high resolution view of part of the complex of sma{{ dark streaks formed by recent winds. valleys, plateaus and depressions which may have once been Investigations of the relationships between these phenom­ the source of water which formed the ua{{ey known as Man­ ena will assist scientists in unrave{{ing the history of the gala Vallis and is now seen to be traversed by flow features sculpture of the Martian surface by flows. originating from further south. The broad swath of para{{el grooves seen on the left part of the frame bears a strong Viking Imaging Team investigators, James A. CUtiS and Karl resemblance to flow features of Chryse basin (the Viking 1 R. Blasius are assQciated with the Planetary Science Institute, landing site). The circular depression at right center is typical Science Applications, Inc., Pasadena. News Mapping Venus A far different technology has gradually unveiled the geo­ logical character of another world much closer to home, but long shroud ed from our view by its thick atmosphere and clouds. Huge earth-based radar telescopes, combined ~Reviews with an unheralded small radar antenna still orbiting Venus aboard Pioneer Venus I, have given us maps of that world, as described in the August issue of Scientific American. Authors Gordon Pettengi ll, Donald Campbell, and Harold by Clark R. Chapman Masursky describe how Venus differs from both the Earth his is the first publication of "News & Reviews," report­ and Mars. The immense Ishtar plateau is the one true con­ T ing on some of the latest scientific results of the plan­ tinent on Venus. It is capped by an eleven-kilometer-high etary program, as contained in tec hnical journals and mountain named Maxwell, possibly a giant volcano. There popular magazines. Many of these magazines are available are two other reg ions of complex geography on the other­ in local libraries (e.g., Astronomy, Sky and Telescope, Star wise smooth-surfaced world. The radar maps published in and Sky, Science 80, Mercury, Scientific American, Science, Scientific American raise many more questions that they and Nature) while others may be found only in libraries of answer about crustal processes on Venus. They highlight major universities (Icarus, Eos, Journal of Geophysical the importance of obtaining more detailed maps, as the Research, Astrophysical Journal and Astronomical Journal). proposed Venus Orbiting Imaging Radar (VOIR) could do Our emphasis will be on planetary topics . Plane tary later in this decade. research usually is only beginning when the daily press loses Evolutionary Theory interest after reporting a spectacu lar encounter. Many last­ An intriguing question about evolution of life on Earth ing concepts in sc ience develop only after years of rigor­ concerns occasional mass extinctions of life forms (such as ous, creative analysis of data gathered in space exp loration. the dinosaurs) recorded in the fossil record. A new view is Therefore, articles that present a synthesis of the inter­ developing that such extinctions may be due to the havoc disciplinary threads of res earch are particularly notewo r­ created by gigantic asteroidal impacts on the Earth. Sev­ thy. But I also will call attention to new discoveries and eral sc ientists have examined clays at the boundary between co ncepts reported at scientific meetings. I hope to keep the Cretaceous and Tertiary geological periods (65 million readers of The Planetary Report posted on rapidly chang- years ago) using techniques developed for id entifyi ng . ing perspectives about our niche in the galaxy, and guide meteorites . Minute quantities of certain rare metals mea­ them to articles where they can find definitive summari es. sured in the clays have abundances much like those found Four New Worlds in such extraterrestrial material as meteorites, but very dif­ In my view, the most remarkable feat of the planetary pro­ ferent from abundances typical in rocks from the Earth's gram has been Voyagers revelation of four fascinating new crust (R. Ganapathy, Science for August 22, 1980). worlds: 10, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. These satel­ Nobel-prize winning physicist Luis Alvarez and his col­ lites of Jupiter had been studied through telescopes for leagues Walter Alvarez, Frank Asaro and Helen Michel have centuries. Modern researchers, both observational and written a long, technical, but readable article in the June theoretical, had correctly inferred their gross properties. But 6th issue of Science describing their hypothesis fo r the the beautiful, richly detailed Voyager portraits of these demise of dinosaurs. They believe that the collision of a planet-sized bodies exhibited geological and geophysical ten-kilometer asteroid with Earth 65 million years ago was traits and processes beyond our imaginations. th e source of the extraterrestrial rare metals and responsi­ David Morrison, an astronomer who studied the Gali­ ble for changes in climate, the food chain and ecologica l lea n satellites before Voyager and became a member of niches that "d id in" the dinosaurs. Other scientists have written their own perspectives on this problem in Eos, the Voyager Imag ing Team, has written an excellen t, pro­ fusely illustrated popular summary of th e findings on these Nature, and other magazines during the past few months. "Four New Worlds" in the September issu e of Astronomy Jovian 'Weather' magazine. His article is accompanied by maps and co lorful The Voyager pictures of Jupiter's sw irling clouds are beau­ pictures of each body. [An article by Dr. Morrison appears tiful and dramatic. But an understanding of Jupiter's fluid on page 4 in this issue of Th e Planetary Report.] . motions will take much analytical effort for years to come. Callisto is the most densely cratered body now known In The Voyager data will be augmented by new data from the the solar system. Ganymede, crisscrossed by weird grooved Gali/eo mission in the late 1980's. But planetary meteorol­ terrain, shows ev idence of motions in its icy crust; perhaps ogists are making some progress in identi fying the nature they are partly analogous to the continental plate tectonics of Jovian "weath er:' Staff writer Richard Kerr of SCience [movement of th e Earth's land masses] dominant in our magazine has posed the question in the September 12th own planet's geological history. Europa is smooth as a bil­ issue as to whether Jupiter's atmosphere behaves more like liard ball but covered with mysterious stripes . The inner­ the Earth's (which is driven by solar energy) or a star's most world, 10, is the most active terrestrial body in the (which is driven by internally generated heaO. The brief solar system, with volcanic eruptions that put Mt. St. Helens article summarizes id eas of several theoreticians and antic­ to shame. Some Voyager scientists speculate that 10 may ipates possible comparisons with Satu rn that may be pos­ have an underground ocean of liquid sulfur, crusted over sib le soon when the first Voyager arrives at that planet. with a solid su lfur surface. In this model sulfur dioxide will exist as a liquid at some shallow depth within the sulfur Clark Chapman, of the Planetary Science Institute in Tus­ crust. Eruptions con tinuously spew su lfurous compounds con, Arizona, is a member of the Galileo Project Imaging into th e vacuum around 10, which mostly fall back to lo's Team. His primary research interests are asteroids and small 14 surface as su lfur dioxide snow. bodies. Society Notes hen Ca rl Sagan and Bruce Murray asked me to join W with them in promoting a popular membership organization devoted to advancing the cause of space should allow eve ry interested person to have a role in the exploration, I wasn't su re whether I faced th e prospect of grea t adventure that lies ahead. ending my professional ca reer in aerospace, or revitalizing The Soc iety's office rs and their ass ociates have an active it. The qu est ion was whether a "constituency" existed to role in many of the programs the Soc iety's members will sup port the co ntinuation of the great programs that have help stimulate - further Mars exploration, solar sai ling, broughJ so many break-throughs in recent years - and, if asteri od missions. Drs. Sagan and Murray are working so, how it cou ld be enlisted. actively to stimulate efforts toward a more active program The appearance of Volume I, Number 1 of The Plane­ in the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence. The Soc iety tary Report provides th e answer. The distinguished mem­ is deep ly interested in the Venus Orbital Imaging Radar and bers of th e Advisory Board (listed on page 2) greeted the Halley's Comet programs an d in NASA's completion of proposed Soc iety with enthusiasm, sco res of professional Cali/eo an d the Space Telesco pe. co lleag ues offered active assistan ce, and individuals and Ou r purpose is to keep the members of the Society up foundations ca me forward with seed money. Thousands to date on all these deve lopments - through The Plane­ have joined the Society since it was announce d a few tary Report and through the organization of lectures, pro­ months ago - and our general membership mailing is ju st grams and seminars across the co untry. now going ou t. So, we lcome aboard - and please pass along directly to Articles about th e founding of the Planetary Society me any ideas, suggestions, or queries rela ting to the Soci­ appeared in OmnL~ Astronomy, Star and Sky, Science, Sky ety and its future. and Telescope, Science 80, and the Aerospace Daily. Beyond Dr. Lou is Friedman the professional publications, th ere have been news stories Executive Director, The Planetary Society in the general press, and the officers of th e Soc iety have Po. Box 3599, Pasadena, CA 91103 provided dozens of interviews for the broadcast media, including The Tonight Show. This has generated a mail Afterword response from persons in eve ry section of the nation and I cannot properly thank th e many peo ple, oth erwise from abroad, and the fl ow has been increasing steadily since uncredited, who helped initiate the Society and this news­ we began mailing our spec ial membership brochure. letter. But I must especially thank th ose who made key So we are co nfident th at the Society is thriving an d will donations which ena bled us to get started - Josep h W. provide a tangible answer to those who doubt the depth Drown, Larry Niven, Isaac Asimov, Michel Halbouty, Charles and breadth of public interest in space exploration - and Brush for th e Exp lorer's Club and a ve ry special anony­ th e willingness of taxpaying citizens to continue to support mous donor. John Gardner and Barney Oliver of ou r Advi­ the programs that have produced th e spectacular results of sory Board have been a great help. In addition, I would the last decade. Our goal is an expanded membership; and like to thank Jon Lomberg and Brown, th e artists who gen­ to attract and maintain it we are initiating prog rams that erously designed our logo.

Space Exploration means a halt in the acquisiti on of new less than one-half of one percent of the (continued from page 2) scientific knowledge and the slowing of federal budget we have been ab le, year at the picture for a totally different the assoc iat ~ d technological develop­ after year, to lead the world in the most reason noted a small speck at the edge ment of space ve hicles. Here the great visi ble new technologies. The fli ghts to of the 10 limb. Further analysis is pro­ advances of the last twenty yea rs have the Moon, Mars and Jupiter have been ducing significant additions to our sc i­ produced many practical applications catalysts for advances which touch the entific knowledge. In observing in propulsion, sensors, digi tal co mmu­ whole of human soc iety. Ganymede we found th e only place nications, computers, data processing, What we do in space is a reflection outside th e ea rth where lateral dis­ image processing, robotics, guidance, of how ou r society chooses to invest placement fau lts exist, a Jovian San and automatic control and space navi­ its resources; creative space explora­ Andreas fault probab ly reflec ting gation. These technologica l advances tion projects a positive commentary on ancient convection in the interior of have had a profound impact in such our se lf-image. Engaging the talents of that moon. Further studies may reveal fi elds as transportati on, housing, med­ our scientific and tec hnological co m­ much ab out how th ese internal pro­ icine and health ca re, factory manage­ munity in an effort that produces cesses work and could improve th e ment, plant process control, energ y, ac hievements of lasting historical prospect that we eventually will he ab le and environmental co ntrol. Can this importance is in the highest trad ition to predict earthquakes and co ntrol their kind of deve lopment be done in more of weste rn civiliza tion. The possibility eff ects on the surface of our planet. direct ways? Perhaps, but there is of continued expansion of human Voyager' s exploration of Jupiter and bound to be a significant loss of the knowledge is at hand. We must rec kon its current ex ploration of th e Satur­ impetu-s that co mes of bringing the cost of continuing th e program nian system is the culmination of a together sc ientists and tec hnologists in against the cost of slowing or aban­ co ntinuous lunar and planetary explo­ a broad-gauge common effort. It seems doning it. I have no doubt as to the ration program beginning nearly two to be a characteristic of a forward­ outcome of that calculation. decades ago. Each year since 1964 we looking society that its vision is out­ have received new images of another ward, th at it is dri ve n not by mere Bruce Murray, Director of the Jet Pro­ ce lestial body. Now the United States problem-solving bu t by the need to pulsion Laboratory at the California faces a hiatus in new planetary understand the processes th at allow us Institute of Technology, is Vice Presi­ encounters of nearly five years. This to open up new frontiers. At a cost of dent of The Planetary Society 15 ------EXPLORING A MARTIAN CHANNEL--One of the most surprising discoveries about Mars came in 1971-72 when the Mariner 9 orbiter first photographed riverbed-like channels on this arid planet. Pre-Mariner work had indicated that Mars is too dry and has . ~too little air pressure to allow extensive liquid water activity_ Yet, despite an initial flurry of aUemative theories, most planetary geologists have concluded that the Martian channels were cut by flowing water CIt some time in the geologic past_ Recent resuUs, including those of Viking, indicate much Martian water is frozen in underground permafrost, frozen in polar ice caps, and chemically bound in the soiL Whether this water was released in o€Gasional floods by local underground heating (Martian "Yellowstone parks") or by some profound variations in ancient global Martian climates is a continuing Martian mystery with ramifications for our understanding of Earth's climatic evolution. Planetary Society member William K. Hartmann painted this imaginary scene from life (with suitable sky color modification!) in a tributary arroya in Death Valley. A noted planetary scientist in his own right, Dr. Hartmann, a eo-investigator on the Mariner 9 mission, comments that we have yet to see closeups of the most interesting scenery on Mars, because the Viking landing sites were chosen for smoothness. Here, he envisions a party offuture geologists searching at first hand for clues about the origin and history of the channels. (Painting © 1979 William K. Hartmann)

William K. Hartmann is the author of Moons and Planets, published by Wadsworth Publishing Co. of Belmont, California. He is a scientist with The Planetary Science Institute in Tucson, Arizona.

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