Fouriesburg Report June 2014

DIHLABENG REGIONAL BULK WATER SUPPLY SCHEME

ADDENDUM TO THE IMPLEMENTATION READINESS REPORT APPROVED IN OCTOBER 2010

CONSTRUCTION OF A BULK WATER SUPPLY SCHEME FOR FOURIESBURG/MASHAENG

JUNE 2014

COMPILED BY:

Addendum to Dihlabeng Implementation Readiness Study: Fouriesburg/Mashaeng June 2014

INDEX

DESCRIPTION PAGE

1 BACKGROUND 4

2. LOCATION 4

3. PROBLEM STATEMENT 4

4. EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURE 4

5. WATER USE 5

6. EXISTING SOCIAL PROFILE 6

7. WATER USE REGISTRATION AND ALLOCATION 8

8. WATER CONSERVATION A DEMAND MANAGEMENT 8

9. OPTIONS INVESTIGATED 8

9.1 Groundwater Utilisation 8

9.2 Investigation of Surface Water Supply Options 12

9.3 Refurbishment of Pump Station and Replacement of Defective Pipe 13

9.4 Raising of the Weir in the Klein Caledon River 13

9.5 Construction of a 38 km Bulk Water Supply Pipeline from Clarens to 13

Fouriesburg / Mashaeng

9.6 Upgrading of Existing Water Supply System 13

9.7 Construction of a 55km Bulk Water Supply Pipeline and Appurtenant Works 13

from Bethlehem to Fouriesburg / Mashaeng

10. MOST FEASIBLE OPTIONS 14

10.1 Upgrading of Existing Water Supply System 14

10.1.1 Construction Programme 14

10.1.2 Estimated Construction Cost 15

10.2 Construction of a 55km Bulk Water Supply Pipeline and Appurtenant Works 16

from Bethlehem to Fouriesburg / Mashaeng

10.2.3 Construction Programme 19

10.2.4 Estimated Construction Cost 19

Addendum to Dihlabeng Implementation Readiness Study: Fouriesburg/Mashaeng June 2014

11. CONCLUSION 20

12. RECOMMENDATION 20

REFERENCES 21

LIST OF TABLES

Table 5.1: 2010 Water Demand 5

Table 5.2: Future Water Demand (2035) 5

Table 6.1: Population of Dihlabeng 6

ANNEXURES

Annexure A – Correspondence from DWA to Dihlabeng LM

Annexure B - Correspondence from DWA to Dihlabeng LM

Annexure C – Locality of Meiringskloof Dam

Annexure D – High and Low Scenario for Fouriesburg / Mashaeng

Annexure E – Groundwater Potential Study for Fouriesburg / Mashaeng

Annexure F – Aquifer Testing of Boreholes for Foriesburg / Mashaeng

Annexure G – Investigation of Surface Water Supply Options

Annexure H – Proposed Layout of Scheme

Annexure I – Letter from Department of Police, Roads and Transport

Annexure J – Letter from Department of Economic Development, Tourism and

Environmental Affairs

Annexure K – Studies conducted at Bethlehem Water Treatment Works

Addendum to Dihlabeng Implementation Readiness Study: Fouriesburg/Mashaeng June 2014

DIHLABENG REGIONAL BULK WATER SUPPLY SCHEME

INVESTIGATION INTO THE POSSIBILITY OF CONSTRUCTING A BULK WATER SUPPLY SCHEME TO ALLEVIATE WATER SHORTAGES EXPERIENCED IN FOURIESBUG/MASHAENG

1. BACKGROUND

RudNat Projects cc was appointed to compile an Implementation Readiness Report in order to provide bulk water to Dihlabeng. As Paul Roux and Rosendal experienced the most pressing shortages it was resolved that the study will first be completed for these two towns, whereafter the other towns will be addressed. This report was accepted by DWA during October 2010.

During 2011 the process of addressing the water shortages in Fouriesburg/Mashaeng was started.

During 2014 a short term solution for the water shortage and storage was approved by Dihlabeng Local Municipality and Department of Water and Sanitation. Construction of the short term solution will be completed during September 2015.

This report will address the long term solution.

2. LOCATION

Fouriesburg/ Mashaeng are situated on the R26 route and is in close proximity of Lesotho. The town’s location in relation to other major centres is as follows: 49km from Bethlehem and 46km from Ficksburg. Situated within the former Fouriesburg District, this urban area is predominantly the function of a small service centre to the surrounding agricultural communities. This primary function is being supported by tourism as the latter industry is starting to gain momentum in the Eastern Free State.

3. PROBLEM STATEMENT

In emergency cases water has to be carted to Fouriesburg/Mashaeng from Bethlehem. This is due to the fact that limited water is available for abstraction from the Caledon and Klein Caledon Rivers. The water from the Caledon River is also badly silted and increase maintenance on the pumps dramatically. Water losses are also high due to problems with the sewerage system.

The lack of water to be pumped from these rivers occur annually as the Caledon and Klein Caledon Rivers are not perennial streams. As the demand for water increase, the problem becomes more critical.

4. EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURE

Fouriesburg / Mashaeng has the following bulk water infrastructure:

Fouriesburg is supplied with water from the Groot Caledon River. The water is extracted by one Fligt; BS 2400HP pump driven by 90kW motors at 2900RPM. This water is then pumped to the Caroliena booster pump station. There is a new pump station at the Groot Caledon river with three pumps, only the motors are there and the pumps were removed. Furthermore the pipe that feeds water to the sump has collapsed and water cannot reach the pump station.

Caroliena pump station boosts the water by means of two KSB WKLn 80/4 and one APE M Stage 80/4 pump driven by 110kW Motorelli motors to a pump station behind the Hostel.

From the Hostel pump station water can be fed to the water treatment works or pumped by means of a Grundfors CR 60/80 pump with a 22kW motor at 2975 RPM to a bulk earth dam outside of town.

Addendum to Dihlabeng Implementation Readiness Study: Fouriesburg/Mashaeng June 2014

The WTW has a capacity of 4.4Mℓ/day. Two Pumps supply water to two 170K ℓ elevated pressure tanks with a bulk water meter to measure water supplied to Fouriesburg town. Two Pumps supply water to one 0.5Mℓ, one 2.1Mℓ and one 2Mℓ reservoirs in Mashaeng. The age of the two elevated pressure tanks are unknown, however they are in need of replacement due to their condition.

Water is also pumped from the Caledon River to the Meiringskloof Dam which has a capacity of 53 000m 3. According to the All Town Study “the yield of the Meiringskloof Dam was calculated to be 0.17 million m 3/annum based on WSAM model techniques. This is only 20% of the demand of 0.838 million m 3/annum.”

The Meiringskloof Dam has no natural catchment area, due to its location, and is used as an off- channel storage facility. When the Caledon River does not have enough water, water is released from the Meiringskloof Dam. The water then flows to the WTW. Refer to Annexure C.

The 2030 Water Demand for Fouriesburg/Mashaeng is 4.72M ℓ water per day. The storage capacity need to be increased with 5M ℓ in order to cater for the 48 hour storage capacity. Due to the fact that potable water will be supplied to Fouriesburg/Mashaeng, the capacity of the WTW is not a concern.

5. WATER USE

An estimate of the current and future water demand were made in order to determine the order of magnitude required for new infrastructure. Future development scenarios for the residential, institutional and commercial sectors was obtained from the All Town Study.

In the All Town Study it is stated that: “The future water requirements for the rudimentary strategies were calculated for Scenario III, which is the highest projection and was adopted for planning purposes.” Thus only the figures for Scenario III is depicted. Annexure D depicts the high and low scenario for Fouriesburg/Mashaeng.

The underdermentioned tables contains the information of Fouriesburg / Mashaeng that will be supplied by the Bethlehem Water Treatment Works.

TABLE 5.1: 2015 WATER DEMAND Total water Existing Storage Water Unaccounted- Total Consumption use storage capacity Town use (1) for-water (2) Population (ℓ/capita/day) (1)+(2)=(3) capacity needed (M ℓ/day) (M ℓ/day) (M ℓ/day) (M ℓ) (M ℓ) Fouriesburg / 14038 244.7 3.44 0.34 3.78 4.14 7.56 Mashaeng Sub -total (1) 14038 244.7 3.44 0.34 3.78 4.14 7.56 Bethlehem 61974 450 27.89 2.79 30.68 40.26 61.35 Sub-total (2) 61974 450 27.89 2.79 30.68 40.26 61.35 TOTAL (1)+(2) 76012 34.46

Total water Existing Storage Water Unaccounted- Total Consumption use storage capacity Town use (1) for-water (2) Population (ℓ/capita/day) (1)+(2)=(3) capacity needed (M ℓ/day) (M ℓ/day) (M ℓ/day) (M ℓ) (M ℓ) Fouriesburg / Mashaeng 16336 284.2 4.64 0.46 5.11 4.14 10.21 Sub -total (1) 1633 6 284.2 4.64 0.46 5.11 4.14 10.21 Bethlehem 71750 513 36.81 3.68 40.49 40.26 80.98 Sub-total (3) 71750 513 36.81 3.68 40.49 40.26 80.98 TOTAL (1)+(2) 88086 45.60

Addendum to Dihlabeng Implementation Readiness Study: Fouriesburg/Mashaeng June 2014

Assumptions Current Future Existing unaccounted-for-water (%) 20% Expectable unaccounted-for-water (%) 10%

Abovementioned figures are based on information contained in the “All Town Study” as well as the Dihlabeng Implementation Readiness Report approved in October 2010.

The figures include 10% water treatment losses at the WTW and 10% distribution losses in the network thus giving a loss of 20%.

It is envisaged that water meters must be installed at all properties within the next three years. This will also aid in the lowering of the unaccounted-for-water percentage.

At a RBIG meeting held on 13 May 2010 it was resolved:

“DWA indicated that the All Town Study utilized 3 different sources with regards to the demographic information, if there was a low confidence level regarding a certain figure, then the average (middle) figures were used. DWA: stated that if consultants would like to utilize different figures, that they could do so, however they then had to motivate as to why they would like to use different demographic figures. It was then agreed in order to move forward that the adjusted figures from the All Town Study will be incorporated into the revised IRR’s.”

6. EXISTING SOCIAL PROFILE

According to a recent “All Town Study” conducted by Eskom the population of Dihlabeng Local Municipality is as follows:

Table 6.1: Population of Dihlabeng Local Municipality

Residential Area Urban Population Bethlehem / Bohlokong 58 554 Clarens / Kgubetswana 5 932 Fouriesburg/Mashaeng 5 843 Rosendal/Mautse 3 702 Paul Roux / Fateng -Tse -Ntsho 7 597 Total 84 062 Source: Eskom All Town Study: 2011

The following is an extract from the All Town Study and explain the methodology for the determination of the population figures: “In order to determine the most accurate base population figures for the All Town Study, a number of data sets were analysed and compared at a Town Area/grouped settlement level even though the data was collected at the lowest geographic level possible for each of the data sets. The data is not provided at the lowest geographic levels due to the inconsistencies between the datasets relating to names, extent, geographical information systems (GIS) shapes and areas. Each of the municipalities in the study area was contacted for base population information and economic and demographic growth scenarios relating to their respective areas. The majority of municipalities utilise the information from Stats SA as base information and in most cases did not have any future growth scenarios. For this reason it was decided to standardise the methodology for determining base population and to provide realistic growth forecasts for the entire study area. The datasets analysed are provided in Table 2-1.

Addendum to Dihlabeng Implementation Readiness Study: Fouriesburg/Mashaeng June 2014

Table 2-1: Population data sets analysed

Source Name Level of data Date

Stats SA Census 1996 Sub-places revised based on 1996 new demarcation

Stats SA Census 2001 Sub-places 2001

Stats SA Community Survey Local Municipality 2007

DWAF National Settlements Settlement 2007

Eskom SBC Individual households based 2006 on satellite photos

In order to compare the data, the lowest geographic levels of data were grouped together in a similar configuration and the data sets were analysed. The point information of the individual households in the Eskom SBC data was counted utilising the sub-places as a basis. In the majority of cases the Eskom data was utilised as the base data as it provided an up to date and verifiable dataset. The Eskom data has been updated using 2007 satellite photos but these photos were not available to the team. The Eskom data has been checked and analysed by a third party in a number of sample areas utilising various techniques and has been found to be accurate with a maximum discrepancy of 10% in the number of households.”

After various meetings the Municipality, Consultants and DWA agreed to use the figures contained in the All Town Studies.

The 2011 Census figures also became available. Unfortunately only information for the whole of Dihlabeng is available, thus it was decided that the figures of the All Town Study will still be used. The Census 2011 figures are as follows:

Census 2011 2001 2011 Dihlabeng 129338 128704 Population growth (% p.a.) 1996 – 2001 3.64% 2001-2011 -0.05%

Indigent Consumers

The Indigent policy is a tool to distinguish between people who can pay for services and those who cannot pay. It arranges the payment of a subsidy in respect of the municipal accounts of beneficiaries and sets out procedures to follow in order to ensure that the registration, subsidization and control over the funds is correctly administered. This policy has also been approved by Council but not yet implemented in full.

The water users in the Dihlabeng Local Municipal area are mostly indigent. At present the Municipality is in the process of compiling an Indigent Register and the exact number are not yet available. For purposes of this report the percentages indicated in the Integrated Development Plan and Spatial Development Framework will be used as indication of the number of indigents.

61.8% of employed adults in Dihlabeng earns less than R401 per month. This trend is also observed in the Free State and Thabo Mofutsanyana District Municipality, where 64.7% and 71.6% of the economically active population earns less than R401 per month respectively. The second most significant category of R801 to R1 600, represents 15.7% of the Dihlabeng working adults.

Addendum to Dihlabeng Implementation Readiness Study: Fouriesburg/Mashaeng June 2014

From these observations it is evident that the majority of the Dihlabeng population is very poor and thus experiencing low living standards. These low income levels indicate that the majority of the population depends on a small income.

7. WATER USE REGISTRATION AND ALLOCATION

Fouriesburg

Permit Number 20038763 has an abstraction volume of 421M ℓ/annum from the Caledon River.

As can be deducted from Table 5.1, the 2010 water use of 1 055 Mℓ/annum is 634Mℓ/annum or 63.4% more than the water allocated from the Caledon River. Even if the allocation was increased problems would still be experienced with the abstraction as discussed under Section 4.

We are in the process of applying for the increase of volume of the abstraction permit.

8. WATER CONSERVATION AND DEMAND MANAGEMENT

The detailed plan for the implementation of Water Conservation and Demand Management is contained in the IRR which was approved in October 2010.

At present Dihlabeng is undertaking various measure to implement Water Conservation and Demand Management, i.e. repair of leaking toilets, installation of water meters, repair of leaking pipes, etc.

9. OPTIONS INVESTIGATED

9.1 GROUNDWATER UTILISATION

At a meeting held in Bloemfontein on 23 July 2013, it was resolved:

• “Groundwater will not be a complete solution; however potential boreholes should be investigated in order to supplement the surface water.”

GHT Consulting Scientists were appointed to undertake a Groundwater Potential Study and Aquifer Testing of Boreholes at Fouriesburg / Mashaeng. The reports were received and can be summarised as follows (Refer to Annexure E and Annexure F):

9.1.1 Groundwater Potential Study

Attached please find the Groundwater Potential Study. It is a very detailed report and can be summarised as follows:

The study was undertaken for a 7km radius around Fouriesburg/Mashaeng.

The following activities were undertaken:

• Aerial photo interpretation • Aerial magnetic data interpretation • Geological map interpretation • Recharge water calculation • Estimation of theoretical potential yield of the structures

9.1.2 Conclusions regarding Groundwater Potential Study:

It was concluded that 9 potential target areas (A to I) were observed by means of aerial photo interpretation and geological maps that can be further investigated. Information absent regarding the observed dolerite structures are that it is currently unknown if these structures are water bearing. If so what the true sustainable yields are of these structures, not the estimate yields, as well as the associated groundwater qualities.

Addendum to Dihlabeng Implementation Readiness Study: Fouriesburg/Mashaeng June 2014

The desktop study indicate that it is viable to further investigate the potential groundwater resources based on the numerous potential dolerite dykes observed in the vicinity of Fouriesburg/Mashaeng. It is recommended that any future orientated groundwater exploration study at least include the following components to investigate the feasibility of the dyke group target areas as a groundwater resource:

• Geophysical siting of groundwater exploration boreholes;

• Percussion drilling of the boreholes;

• Aquifer test pumping of successfully drilled exploration boreholes according to DWA specifications to determine the sustainable yields of the newly drilled boreholes;

• Sampling of all successfully drilled boreholes to determine the groundwater quality of the local site aquifer;

• Aquifer test pumping analyses of data to calculate sustainable yields and pump schedules.

• Compilation of a Geohydrological Report.

In the immediate future geophysical surveys is recommended to verify the potential dolerite dykes for Dyke Group Target Areas B, C and G (estimate resource volume: 250 to 1000 m3/d) due to the close proximity (1.0 km) of these targets to the Fouriesburg / Mashaeng. Dyke Group Target Areas B, C and G are also possibly located wholly or partially on the town commonage. These dyke group target areas are to be considered as untapped groundwater resources on the town commonage that has not been investigated for feasibility purposes and is currently not exploited by existing municipal production boreholes. If the dolerite dyke structures are verified it is recommended that the boreholes be sited, percussion drilled and aquifer tested to quantify the groundwater resource in terms of water volume and quality.

In the long term if groundwater is seen water resource of choice for Fouriesburg / Mashaeng, Dyke Group Target Area (H) [estimate resource volume: 1200 to 2700 m3/d] is to be considered to be investigation for feasibility. Note that this dyke group target area is located on privately owned land.

9.1.3 Aquifer testing of boreholes in Fouriesburg/Mashaeng

Attached please find the Aquifer Testing of Boreholes in Fouriesburg/Mashaeng Study. It is a very detailed report and can be summarised as follows:

A borehole hydrocensus was performed for the town and seven (7) existing municipal boreholes were identified namely: FBH01, FBH02, FBH03, FBH04, FBH05, FBH06 and FBH07. Five boreholes were identified for aquifer test pumping purposes to determine the safe or sustainable yield and groundwater quality of the boreholes.

The results of the borehole testing indicated that four (4) of the five boreholes are low yielding and not fit for abstraction purposes. These boreholes include FBH01, FBH02, FBH03 and FBH07. The only borehole recommended for abstraction purposes was FBH06 at 60.48 m3/d. The groundwater quality of the borehole is classified as “Class 1” by the South African National Standards (SANS) for lifetime consumption in relation to the physical, organoleptic and chemical requirements

9.1.4 Hydrocensus of the municipal production boreholes

A borehole hydrocensus has been performed for Fouriesburg / Mashaeng. The discussions and recommendations regarding the Fouriesburg / Mashaeng production boreholes are follows:

• Borehole FBH01 (East: 28.20506 and South: -28.61278). The borehole is not equipped. The calibration and stepped testing determined that the borehole is low yielding and not fit for further aquifer testing or for abstraction purposes.

Addendum to Dihlabeng Implementation Readiness Study: Fouriesburg/Mashaeng June 2014

• Borehole FBH02 (East: 28.20802 and South: -28.61269). The borehole is not equipped. The calibration and stepped testing determined that the borehole is low yielding and not fit for further aquifer testing or for abstraction purposes.

• Borehole FBH03 (East: 28.20777 and South: -28.61309). The borehole is not equipped. The borehole is currently blocked and could therefore not be aquifer tested.

• Borehole FBH04 (East: 28.21779 and South: -28.61061). The borehole is not equipped. The calibration and stepped testing determined that the borehole is low yielding and not fit for further aquifer testing or for abstraction purposes.

• Borehole FBH05 (East: 28.21799 and South: -28.61056). The borehole is not equipped. The borehole was not aquifer tested because is located right next to borehole FBH04 and is therefore utilising the same groundwater resource.

• Borehole FBH06 (East: 28.22451 and South: -28.60472). The borehole is equipped with a submersible pump (5.5 kW) and is installed at a depth of 64.9 m.. The borehole was aquifer test pumped to determine the sustainable yield and groundwater quality.

• Borehole FBH07 (East: 28.22451 and South: -28.60506). The borehole is equipped with a submersible pump (5.5 kW) and is installed at a depth of 64.9 m.. The borehole was aquifer test pumped to determine the sustainable yield and groundwater quality.

9.1.5 Aquifer test pumping analysis

The existing boreholes of Fouriesburg / Mashaeng were aquifer test pumped and sampled to determine their sustainable abstraction rates or yields as well as the groundwater quality of the aquifers.

The results of the aquifer test pumping can be studied below for Fouriesburg / Mashaeng. The total sustainable yield for the aquifer tested boreholes that were recommended for utilisation is 60.48 m3/d.

• Boreholes FBH01, FBH02, FBH04 and FBH07 are not recommended for use due to low sustainable yields.

• The recommended sustainable abstraction rate for borehole FBH06 is calculated at 0.70 ℓ/s (60.48 m3/d) for an 24-hour duty cycle per day. Recommended pump installation depth is 74.0 mbgl and the critical water level of the borehole is 33.8 mbgl. The groundwater quality of borehole FBH06 is classified as “Class 1” (inorganic water quality), suitable for life time use (SANS 241:2011). Recommended for use if groundwater abstracted is chlorinated to eliminate all potential harmful bacteriological contaminants.

It is also recommended that groundwater monitoring be implemented to manage the groundwater resources in a sustainable and responsible manner and to prevent dewatering of the aquifer. The groundwater resource monitoring for the newly drilled and tested boreholes are as follows:

• The rest or static water levels as well as pump water levels of the production boreholes are to be measured at least monthly. The abstraction volumes are also to be measured by means of a flow meter. The decline in groundwater levels are not necessarily due to abstraction but could also be a function of seasonal change such extended drought or dry periods. Therefore should drastic declines in static or pump water levels occur, the abstraction rates will have to be decreased to ensure sustainable utilisation according to seasonal rainfall if necessary. GHT Consulting is to be notified should the static groundwater levels decline drastically in the recommended production boreholes to depths that corresponds with the pump inlet that will be positioned at the depth of the main water strike in each borehole.

Addendum to Dihlabeng Implementation Readiness Study: Fouriesburg/Mashaeng June 2014

• The recommended abstraction boreholes must be equipped with conduit pipes to ensure that groundwater level measurements can be taken even when the boreholes are equipped. It further recommended that the abstraction boreholes be equipped with flow meters to measure and record the abstracted flow volumes and that taps be fitted to sample each borehole individually.

• Monthly rainfall records are to be compiled if unavailable from South African Weather Services to determine recharge to aquifer in relation to groundwater level elevation.

• Groundwater quality is generally fairly stable and chances occur slowly (dictated by groundwater flow paths and velocities) except for bacteriological constituents. For this reason samples are normally taken as grab samples and typically at a reduced frequency compared to surface water samples. Groundwater sampling should at least be undertaken bi-annually to account for seasonality (DWA, Water Monitoring Systems, Best Practice Guidelines G3, 2007). The inorganic constituents to be analysed for includes: pH, EC, PAlk., MAlk., Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, B, F, Fe, Mn, As, PO4, NO2 as N, NO3 as N, NH4 as N and SO4. The bacteriological constituents to be analysed for includes heterotropic plate count, total cloriforms and Escherichia coliforms (E. Coli). Bacteriological sampling is to be performed at least quarterly.

9.1.6 Groundwater quality results

The sampling of the aquifer tested boreholes of Fouriesburg / Mashaeng was conducted after the cessation of pumping. The samples were analysed for inorganic as well as bacteriological constituents. Water quality samples were also taken at existing production boreholes. The water samples were analysed at the Institute for Groundwater Studies (UFS) and the results are shown below:

a) Inorganic Water Quality

The ground water qualities of the aquifer tested boreholes for Fouriesburg/Mashaeng according to the South African National Standard (SANS) for drinking water (SANS241:2006 and SANS241-1:2011 are as follows:

• The inorganic groundwater qualities of boreholes FBH06 and FBH07 are classified as “Class 1” by the South African National Standards (SANS) for lifetime consumption in relation to the physical, organoleptic and chemical requirements [South African National Standard (SANS) for drinking water (SANS241:2006 and SANS241-1:2011)].

b) Bacteriological Water Quality

The bacteriological water qualities of the aquifer tested boreholes of Fouriesburg / Mashaeng are as follows:

• The bacteriological water qualities of tested boreholes FBH06 and FBH07 are classified as “ARS” waters according to the SANS241-1:2011, the bacteriological water qualities of the boreholes are unsuitable for consumption due to elevated total plate count and total coliform count .

9.1.7 Hydrochemical imaging

Water classification diagrams are useful for studying the distribution of water types in an area. Topographic features, rock types, or surface activities (anthropogenic influences) may influence the water type. Water classification is useful for regional groundwater studies, particularly to delineate the distribution of groundwater types and identify areas where poor quality water may occur. Such delineation of the water quality distribution in space lends itself to hydro-chemical mapping and quality classification.

Addendum to Dihlabeng Implementation Readiness Study: Fouriesburg/Mashaeng June 2014

a) Piper Diagram Description of the Fouriesburg / Mashaeng Boreholes:

General Description: The aquifer of Fouriesburg is classified as of a sodium bicarbonate / chloride type [NaHCO3] of the dynamic regime. The cations in groundwater of the following boreholes are of sodium / potassium type. The anions in groundwater of all boreholes are of bicarbonate type.

b) Expanded Durov Diagram Description of the Fouriesburg / Mashaeng Boreholes:

The chemistry of the boreholes of the Northern Borehole Field falls in the following expanded Durov fields:

Field 2: HCO3- and Mg2+ dominant or HCO3- and Ca2+ and Mg2+ important, indicates water often associated with dolomite or mafic igneous rocks. The following boreholes are displayed within field 2: FBH06 and FBH07.

9.1.8 Conclusion on Groundwater

From the Borehole Potential Study it is clear that there are potential to develop more boreholes. If the aquifer yield tests are considered it is deducted that the yield of boreholes in the area is very low and not sustainable.

9.2 INVESTIGATION OF SURFACE WATER SUPPLY OPTIONS

IWR Water Resources was appointed to conduct a study into the surface supply options for Fouriesburg/Mashaeng on request from DWA at a meeting held in Bloemfontein on 23 July 2013.

It should be noted that Ficksburg, Ladybrand and especially Bloemfontein are also dependent on water from the Caledon River.

Their report can be summarised as follows (refer to Annexure G ):

Despite the substantial runoff from the upper Caledon River, the yield is negligible. The reason for this is that the flow is highly seasonal and can reduce to almost zero at times.

For all practical purposes, the sustainable yield of the Caledon river at this point is zero. This does not imply that this should not be used as a source of water but that supplementary sources are required to ensure sustainable supply to Fouriesburg.

The capacity of the Meiringskloof Dam is only 53 000 m 3 and with a catchment of only 7.55 km 2, the yield of this dam is very limited. The yield of the Meiringskloof Dam has been estimated using the Water Resources Modelling Platform (WReMP) (Mallory et al ., 2011) to be 0.11 million m 3/a. This is only 11% of the water requirement of 1.04 million m 3/a.

The sustainable abstraction rate for the boreholes in and around Fouriesburg is only 0.7ℓ/s (0.022 million m 3/annum). This is only 2.1% of the current estimated demands of 1.04 million m 3/a (2010).

The suitability of the Caledon River as a source of water for the town of Fouriesburg was investigated and found to be inadequate due to regular low flows. The conjunctive use of other sources (groundwater and the small Meiringskloof Dam) was also investigated. Even using all available sources optimally there is still a risk of severe water shortages. As the water requirements of the Fouriesburg grow, the risk of failure will increase.

It is therefore recommended that additional sources of water be investigated.

Addendum to Dihlabeng Implementation Readiness Study: Fouriesburg/Mashaeng June 2014

9.3 REFURBISHMENT OF PUMP STATION AND REPLACEMENT OF DEFECTIVE PIPE

The broken and missing equipment in the new pump station must be replaced to bring the pump station to a working unit. The collapsed pipe must be replaced in order for water to reach the pump station. A second pipe must be installed from the renovated pump station to where the new pipe begins at the control unit; the existing pipe is not sufficient. Furthermore decent access must be constructed to the control unit.

This is also a short term measure, as the Caledon River often runs dry and no water can be pumped from the river.

9.4 RAISING OF THE WEIR IN THE KLEIN CALEDON RIVER

The possibility of raising the weir in the Klein Caledon River was investigated, with a pipe feeding the renovated pump station. This water is much cleaner and with a much lower sedimentary content, consequently the pumps will also last longer before maintenance will have to be done.

It should be noted that this option is also dependent on the availability of water in the Klein Caledon River as it is also not a perennial river and Clarens is also utilising this River.

A study regarding the availability and utilisation of surface water was done and it was found that due to the sporadic flow of the river, this is not a feasible option.

9.5 CONSTRUCTION OF A 38KM BULK WATER SUPPLY PIPELINE FROM CLARENS TO FOURIESBURG / MASHAENG

If this option is considered, it must be noted that raw water will be pumped from Clarens. The capacity of the WTW at Fouriesburg will need to be increased with at least 1M ℓ per day. The process design and modifications to the WTW will also need to be addressed to optimise the functioning of the WTW if this option is considered.

There is an abstraction point at the tunnel from the Highlands Water Scheme for Clarens. Unfortunately the capacity of this point is only 3Mℓ per day. The future demand for Clarens will be 1.92Mℓ per day, while the future demand for Fouriesburg will be 5.16 Mℓ per day. This will leave a deficit of 4.08 Mℓ per day.

In order to utilise this option modifications will need to be made to the existing abstraction point in order to increase the capacity. This will be a costly exercise.

This option will comprise of the following:

28km rising main 10km gravity main 0.3M ℓ pressure break tank 1 Pump Station

This option is a more costly than option 9.6 due to the topography and geology of the pipe route. This route crosses a very rocky terrain and the pipeline need to cross a provincial road several times.

9.6 UPGRADING OF EXISTING WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

The upgrading of the existing water supply system was investigated and will be discussed in detail under most feasible option and short term solution.

9.7 CONSTRUCTION OF A 55KM BULK WATER SUPPLY PIPELINE AND APPURTENANT WORKS FROM BETHLEHEM TO FOURIESBURG / MASHAENG

This option will be discussed in detail as most feasible option.

Addendum to Dihlabeng Implementation Readiness Study: Fouriesburg/Mashaeng June 2014

10. MOST FEASIBLE OPTIONS

10.1. UPGRADING OF EXISTING WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM (short-term solution)

It should be noted that the upgrading of the existing water supply system is a short-term solution which is dependent on the availability of water from the Caledon River.

The pump at the Caledon River is insufficient and needs to be replaced. It is proposed that a hydro-cyclone system be installed at the abstraction point in order to remove most of the sediment from the water before it is pumped to Fouriesburg. The sediment needs to be removed before water is pumped into the system as the sediment accumulates in the storage tanks at Carolina and reduces the storage capacity. These tanks have to be cleaned on a regular basis.

The electrical supply at Caledonspoort abstraction point is insufficient and Eskom will have to enlarge the transformer before additional pumps can be installed.

When more water is pumped towards Caroline Pump Station, this pump station will need to be upgraded in order to accommodate the additional water. The Boarding School Pump Station will also need to be upgraded in order to pump the water to Meiringskloof Dam.

It is proposed that the water supply to the Fouriesburg Water Treatment Works should be from Meiringskloof Dam. The reason for this is that when there is a power failure at Caledonspoort no water can be supplied to the Fouriesburg WTW. Water from Meiringskloof Dam will flow under gravity and will not be vulnerable to power failures.

Due to the old and dilapidated state of the asbestos/cement pipeline between the Boarding School Pump Station and Meiringskloof Dam, water cannot be pumped to the Dam at present. The old pipeline needs to be replaced and a new gravity pipeline needs to be constructed. Due to the terrain the replacement of the existing pipeline and the construction of a new pipeline will be very expensive.

It is of utmost importance that additional storage capacity be constructed for the town as the current storage capacity is insufficient. The existing clear water holding tank at the WTW also needs to be replaced as it is in urgent need of replacement.

The two pressure towers in Foureisburg is very old and in need of replacement. In order to alleviate maintenance it is proposed that a new pipeline be installed from the reservoirs in Mashaeng to the existing water supply system of Fouriesburg. This will also improve the pressure for Fouriesburg.

It has been established that the WTW at Fouriesburg does not have a capacity of 4M ℓ per day. Tests are being conducted to establish the actual capacity of the WTW. This WTW needs to be upgraded in order to supply in the current demand of Fouriesburg/Mashaeng.

10.1.1 CONSTRUCTION PROGRAMME

Date of approval of project = X

Contract Document = X + 2 weeks Approval of Contact Document = X + 3 weeks Tender advertisement = X + 4 weeks Clarification Meeting = X + 5 weeks Tender Closure = X + 7 weeks Tender Evaluation = X + 8 weeks Tender Award = X + 12 weeks Contractor on site = X + 15 weeks

Construction Period = 8 months

Addendum to Dihlabeng Implementation Readiness Study: Fouriesburg/Mashaeng June 2014

10.1.2 ESTIMATED CONSTRUCTION COSTS

Construction of 6M ℓ Reservoir and 0.8M ℓ Clear Water Holding Tank

1. Construction of 6M ℓ Reservoir R 9 500 000 2. Construction of 0.8M ℓ Clearwater Holding Tank R 1 170 000 Sub-total 1 R10 670 000 Contingencies (10%) R 1 067 000 Sub-total 2 R12 340 000 Escalation (5%) R 617 000 Sub-total 3 R12 957 000 Professional Fees and Supervision R 1 684 410 Sub-total 4 R14 641 410 VAT (14%) R 2 049 797 Total R16 691 207

Upgrading of existing water supply system

Construction of Hydro-cyclone plant at Caledon River R 150 000 Appurtenant works to safeguard this plant R 85 000 Supply and installation of pumps at Caledon River R 237 000 Supply and installation of new pumps at Carolina PS R 190 000 Replacement of existing AC pipe to Meiringskloof Dam (1500m) R 1 800 000 Installation of gravity main from Meiringskloof Dam (3700m) R 4 440 000 Site clearance and establishment R 1 500 000 Upgrading of pump station at Boarding School R 150 000 Installation of telemetry system R 100 000 Sub-total 1 R 8 652 000 Contingencies (10%) R 865 200 Sub-total 2 R 9 517 200 Escalation (10%) R 951 720 Sub-total 3 R10 468 920 Professional Fees and Supervision R 1 256 270 Sub-total 4 R11 725 190 VAT (14%) R 1 641 526 Total R13 366 717

Total Project Cost R30 057 924

Addendum to Dihlabeng Implementation Readiness Study: Fouriesburg/Mashaeng June 2014

10.2 CONSTRUCTION OF A 55KM BULK WATER SUPPLY PIPELINE AND APPURTENANT WORKS FROM BETHLEHEM TO FOURIESBURG / MASHAENG (Long-term solution)

This project will comprise of the following (see Annexure H for proposed layout):

Upgrading and extension of the Bethlehem WTW

Replacement of the two 450mm dia asbestos cement pipelines from the WTW to Birdcage Reservoir with two 450mm dia uPVC pipelines (length 3.25km per pipeline)

Construction of a 55km bulk water supply pipeline and appurtenant works, which comprise of the following:

Construction of 35 km rising main Construction of 20 km gravity main Construction of 0.5M ℓ pressure break tank Construction of 1 Pump Station

The pipeline and related activities will be discussed under Section 10.1 and the upgrading of the Bethelehem Water Treatment Works will be discussed under Section 10.2

10.2.1 CONSTRUCTION OF A 55KM BULK WATER SUPPLY PIPELINE AND APPURTENANT WORKS FROM BETHLEHEM TO FOURIESBURG / MASHAENG

10.2.1.1 Route Planning

The pipeline route was determined through various site visists with involved parties, including land owners

10.2.1.2 Wayleaves and Servitudes

The pipeline will be constructed 10m from the road reserve, inside farm land. Three meetings have already been held with the affected landowners to explain the process. Attached as Annexure I is a confirmation letter from the Department of Police, Roads and Transport regarding the position of the pipeline.

Servitudes will be registered in terms of the National Water Act, Act No 36 of 1998, Chapter 13: Access and Rights Over Land, Part 2: Servitudes as well as Schedule 2: Procedural Matters Regarding Servitudes. The landowners will be kept abreast of all developments and will be informed when access is needed onto their farms.

Once the project is at a more advances stage, the landowners will also receive written notification of the project.

Servitudes can only be registered once the pipeline has been completed as the route may change due to soil formations and other unforeseen circumstances.

10.2.1.3 Survey

A comprehensive survey of the proposed pipeline, pump station and reservoir sites has been conducted.

10.2.1.4 Preliminary Design

A Preliminary Design of the pipeline was completed from the survey information.

The Water will be pumped from the WTW to Birdcage Reservoir. The existing pipeline is an asbestos cement pipeline and is due for replacement. This pipeline consists of two 3,25km, 450mm dia asbestos cement pipelines. These pipelines will be replaced with two uPVC pipelines. The new pipelines will be installed parallel to the existing pipelines.

Addendum to Dihlabeng Implementation Readiness Study: Fouriesburg/Mashaeng June 2014

A pumpstation will be constructed at Birdcage Reservoir. From Birdcage Pumpstation a 35km rising main will be constructed. On the farm Stillewoning a 0.5M ℓ pressure break tank will be constructed. From this point a 20km gravity main will be constructed and will end at a new 6Mℓ reservoir at Mashaeng. Water will then be gravity fed into the existing reservoirs, from where it will be fed into the supply system.

10.2.1.5 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

JIS Consulting Engineers were appointed to undertake the EIA. Attached as Annexure J find the acknowledgement of receipt by the DETEA of the Application for an Environmental Authorisation for the project. The reference number for this application is EMB/9,37/13/23.

The Environmental Authorisation was obtained in November 2013.

10.2.1.6 Licensing

Bethlehem has an abstraction permit for 11 300M ℓ/year or 30,96M ℓ/day from the Sol Plaatjies Dam. An application to increase the abstraction volume to accommodate the additional demand will also need to be lodged with DWA once the scheme is implemented. The application for the increase of the abstraction permit can only be lodged once the Environmental Authorisation has been received.

10.2.1.7 Geotechnical Investigation

A consultant will be appointed to complete a geotechnical investigation for the pipeline route in order to determine soil conditions for the final design and documentation.

10.2.2 Upgrading and extension of Bethlehem WTW

The 2030 water demand of the Greater Bethlehem area is estimated at 32.12M ℓ/day. With the implementation of the Paul Roux Water Scheme, the demand on the Bethlehem WTW will increase with 2Mℓ/day to 34.12Mℓ/day. If the scheme to Fouriesburg is implemented the demand on the Bethlehem WTW will increase with an additional 5.16 Mℓ/day to 39.28Mℓ/day. The design capacity of Sol Plaatjies Dam water treatment works is 40M ℓ/day, leaving a spare capacity of 0.72Mℓ/day.

The Bethlehem WTW is however experiencing some difficulty in supplying the required amount of water at present.

Comprehensive studies were conducted at the Bethlehem WTW (attached as Annexure K). In short the status quo at the WTW can be summarised as follows:

1. The current operating capacity of the plant is approximately 32 Mℓ/day with acceptable final water quality. (the design capacity of 40 Mℓ/day is not achieved).

2. No pre-chlorination takes place.

3. No lime dosing or CO 2 correction takes place.

4. No backwash water is recovered.

5. The sludge drying beds are inadequate and not functional.

From the reports it is clear that the Bethlehem WTW is at the end of its lifespan and is in need of upgrading and extension as the systems and equipment are outdated and cannot supply in the demand.

Addendum to Dihlabeng Implementation Readiness Study: Fouriesburg/Mashaeng June 2014

The following recommendations were made:

Short Term:

Mechanical

1. Automation of the dosing should be implemented to adjust the dosing automatically to the raw water quality.

2. Installing variable speed drives on the clarifier mixers and experiment with installation of Lamella Packs to decrease the upward flow velocity and increase the settling.

3. To increase the turbidity levels in the Sol Plaatjies Dam by installing a slow speed submersible mixer at the intake tower. The mixer should be cantilevered off the intake tower and will constantly mix the raw water in the vicinity – creating a localized area of high turbidity around the intake tower. This is however not a long term solution.

Electrical

1. Power supply to pumps and mixer on dam wall

2. VSD drives for clarifier mixer replacement

3. General Electrical Upgrades

Long Term :

Mechanical

1. The long term solution should be a simplified process. The plant should be able to operate with simplified techniques and at a wider range of turbidities, especially low turbidities.

2. The upflow velocity of the “high rate” clarifiers should be reduced to enable floc’s to settle efficiently. Additional clarifiers are therefore required.

3. The addition of 2 x 10M ℓ/day clari-floculators are proposed.

Electrical

1. Main Substation: Construction of an indoor substation to house all of the medium voltage (MV) equipment as well as the provision of an emergency generator.

The MV equipment should be replaced as they have exceeded the lify cycle of twenty years and the visible oil leaks on the transformers are evidence of the deterioration and condition of the equipment.

2. Motor Control Centres (MCC) Upgrading of all MCC’s with new state of the art starting technology controlled by a complete automated PLC with Mimic panels and Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) packages. These upgrades should be considered on the sort term.

Automation of the dosing should be implemented to adjust the dosing automatically to the raw water quality.

Installing variable speed drives on the clarifier mixers and experiment with installation of Lamella Packs to decrease the upward flow velocity and increase the settling.

3. General Electrical Installation Upgrading of the complete electrical installation which is in excess of twenty years and will include energy efficient lighting in the form of LED’s and T5 tubular technology.

Upgrading of the whole security lighting system and lightning protection system.

Addendum to Dihlabeng Implementation Readiness Study: Fouriesburg/Mashaeng June 2014

4. Remote Reservoirs Provide complete Telemetry System with both indication and control functions.

The WTW as master station, will be connected to the remote reservoirs which is fed from the WTW.

Funding can be split into phases. The phasing priorities proposed are as follows:

1st Priority: Short terms emergency interventions 2nd Priority: Clarifiers and sand filters 3rd Priority: Sludge Drying Beds and Washwater Recovery 4th Priority: Abstraction works and pump pipeline

10.2.3 CONSTRUCTION PROGRAMME

We propose that this project be phased for the different activities over 3 financial years.

These activities will include the following:

55km Pipeline 24 months

Replacement of asbestos pipeline and Construction of Pump Station 12 months

Upgrading of WTW 8 months

10.2.4 ESTIMATED CONSTRUCTION COSTS

Water Pipelines and Appurtenant Works to Fouriesburg/Mashaeng from Bethlehem:

1. Licensing R 250 000 2. Pipeline (55km) R 65 000 000 3. Pumpstation R 3 500 000 4. Replacement of 6.5km AC pipe R 10 000 000 Sub-total 1 R 78 750 000 Contingencies R 8 000 000 Escalation R 8 000 000 Sub-total 2 R 94 750 000 Professional Fees and Supervision R 11 370 000 Total R106 120 000

Upgrading and extension of Bethlehem WTW

Short Term Emergency Interventions R 3 283 200 Abstraction Works and Pump Pipelines R 1 710 000 Clarifiers R 400 000 Sand Filter R 2 746 425 Sludge Drying Beds and Wastewater Recovery R 2 314 200 Clear Water Transfer Pumps R 6 486 600 Sub-total R16 940 425 Contingencies R 1 694 042 Sub-total R18 634 467 Professional Fees and Supervision R 2 608 825 Total R21 243 292

Total Project Cost R127 363 292

Addendum to Dihlabeng Implementation Readiness Study: Fouriesburg/Mashaeng June 2014

11. CONCLUSION

From the surface water potential study the following can be deducted:

DESCRIPTION OF YIELD % OF WATER SOURCE DEMAND Caledon River 0.421 million m 3/a (as 40.5% per water allocation) Meiringspoort Dam 0.11 million m 3/a 11% Groundwater 0,022 million m 3/a 2.1% Total 53.6% Shortage 46.4%

Demand 2010 = 1,04 million m 3/a

The allocation from the Caledon is 421M ℓ/a (0,421 million m 3/a) which is about 60% less than the 2010 water requirement of 1.04 million m 3/a).

The estimated water demand for 2030 is 1,72 million m 3/a.

The assured yield of 98% was based on the 2008 demand of 0.84 million m 3/annum. As the demand on the system increase, the assured yield will decrease exponentially.

12. RECOMMENDATION

It is recommended that Option 10.1 be implemented as short term solution for the water shortages experienced in Fouriesburg / Mashaeng.

That after the completion of the implementation of Option 10.1, Option 10.2 be implemented in order to address the long term solution.

Addendum to Dihlabeng Implementation Readiness Study: Fouriesburg/Mashaeng June 2014

References:

Dihlabeng Local Municipality Implementation Readiness Report – October 2010 prepared by RudNat Projects cc

Groundwater Potential Study for Fouriesburg / Mashaeng prepared by GHT Consulting Scientists, August 2013

Aquifer Testing of Boreholes for Fouriesburg / Mashaeng prepared by GHT Consulting Scientists, September 2013

Investigation of Surface Water Supply Options prepared by IWR Water Resources, November 2013

Department of Water Affairs, South Africa, 2011. Reconciliation Strategy for Fouriesburg Town Area consisting of Fouriesburg and Mashaeng Settlements in the Dihlabeng Local Municipality in the Upper Vaal Water Management Area. Prepared by WRP Consulting Engineers (Pty) Ltd in association with DMM, Golder Associates, KV3, Zitholele and Sub Consultants on behalf of the Directorate: National Water Resources

South African National Standards (SANS 241: 2006 and SANS 241 : 2011)

Department of Water Affairs Water Monitoring Systems Best Practice Guidelines 2007 (page 10)

National Water Act, Act No 36 of 1998