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BEYOND TRADITIONAL PEACEKEEPING Also by Donald C BEYOND TRADITIONAL PEACEKEEPING Also by Donald C. F. Daniel INTERNATIONAL PERCEPTIONS OF THE SUPERPOWER MILITARY BALANCES (editor) STRATEGIC MILITARY DECEPTION (editor with Katherine L. Herbig) ANTISUBMARINE WARFARE AND SUPERPOWER STRATEGIC STABILITY BEYOND THE 600-SHIP NAVY THE FUTURE OF SEA POWER (with Bradd C. Hayes) Also by Bradd C. Hayes NAVAL RULES OF ENGAGEMENT: Management Tools for Crisis THE FUTURE OF SEA POWER (with Donald C. F. Daniel) Beyond Traditional Peacekeeping Edited by Donald C. F. Daniel Director. Strategic Research Department Center for Naval Warfare Studies. US Naval War College and Bradd C. Hayes Deputy Director, Strategic Research Department Center for Naval Warfare Studies. US Naval War College Palgrave Macmillan ISBN 978-1-349-23857-6 ISBN 978-1-349-23855-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-23855-2 Selection and editorial matter © Donald C. F. Daniel and Bradd C. Hayes 1995 Chapters 1-16 © Macmillan Press Ltd 1995 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1995 978-0-333-62653-5 All rights reserved. For information, write: Scholarly and Reference Division, SI. Martin's Press, Inc., 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 First published in the United States of America in 1995 ISBN 978-0-312-12512-7 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Beyond traditional peacekeeping / edited by Donald C. F. Daniel and Bradd C. Hayes. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 978-0-312-12512-7 I. United Nations-Armed Forces. 2. Intervention (International law) 3. United States-Military policy. I. Daniel, Donald C. F. (Donald Charles F.), 1944- . II. Hayes, Bradd C. JX 1981.P7B47 1995 341.5'8--dc20 94-38458 CIP Contents List of Figures and Tables vii Notes on the Contributors viii Glossary xii Foreword by Shashi Tharoor xvi Introduction by Donald C. F. Daniel and Bradd C. Hayes xx Part I: Sovereignty and Intervention 1 On the Brink of a New Era? Humanitarian Interventions, 1991-94 Thomas G. Weiss 3 2 National Perspectives on International Intervention: From the Outside Looking In Dorinda G. Dallmeyer 20 3 UN Intervention in Civil Wars: Imperatives of Choice and Strategy Stephen John Stedman 40 Part II: Supporting Non-Traditional Peacekeeping: National Choices 65 4 The Case for Engagement: American Interests in UN Peace Operations Edward C. Luck 67 5 Minding Our Own Business: The Case for American Non-Participation in International Peacekeeping/ Peacemaking Operations Christopher Layne 85 6 Working Multilaterally: The Old Peacekeepers' Viewpoint Bo Huldt 101 7 Other Selected States: Motivations and Factors in National Choices Angela Kane 120 v vi Contents Part ill: Improving Eft'ectiveness and Efficiency 149 8 Structural Issues and the Future of UN Peace Operations William J. Durch 151 9 UN Peace Support Operations: Political-Military Considerations Jim Whitman and Ian Bartholomew 169 10 Military Issues in Multinational Operations Margaret Cecchine Harrell and Robert Howe 189 Part IV: Case Studies 205 11 The United Nations Operation in the Congo: Peacekeeping, Peacemaking and Peacebuilding 207 Indar Jit Rikhye 12 United Nations Peacekeeping in the Former Yugoslavia Mats Berdal 228 13 Beyond Traditional Peacekeeping: The Case of Cambodia James A. Schear 248 14 UNOSOM II: Not Failure, Not Success Gary Anderson 267 15 Success and Failure in Southern Africa: Peacekeeping in Namibia and Angola Virginia Page Fortna 282 Part V: Conclusions 301 16 Problems and Progress: The Future of UN Peacekeeping Donald C. F. Daniel and Bradd C. Hayes 303 Index 308 List of Figures and Tables Table 6.1 UN Peacekeeping Operations, 1948-93 102 Table 6.2 Early Peacekeepers - Participants in the First 13 Operations (1948-87) 106 Table 6.3 Contributors to UN Peacekeeping Operations since 1988 106 Table 6.4 Ten Largest Troop Contributors 107 Table 6.5 Contributing Countries for UNPROFOR I-III and UNOSOM II 108 Table 6.6 Ten States Most in Debt to the UN 109 Figure 8.1 UN Department of Political Affairs, Proposed Organisation 162 Figure 8.2 UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations, Current Organisation 163 Figure 9.1 Proposed Control Structure for UN Peacekeeping Operations 178 Figure 9.2 Proposed Control Structure for UN Peace- Enforcement Operations 179 vii Notes on the Contributors Gary Anderson is a Colonel in the US Marine Corps serving as the Course Director, Amphibious and Offensive Operations, at the Marine Corps Combat Developmen! Command in Quantico, Virginia. He has served as the senior US Military Observer with UNTSO in both Leba­ non and Jerusalem and was the operations officer in Operation Sea Angel in Bangladesh. Ian Bartholomew is a Commander in the Royal Navy and was seconded to the Global Security Programme when his chapter was written. Mats Berdal is a Research Associate at the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London. Dorinda DaIlmeyer is the Research Director for Rusk Center and teaches international negotiations at the University of Georgia School of Law. She is involved with numerous projects ranging from new approaches for reconciling international trade conflicts to environmental protection to developing confidence and security-building measures for Balkan states. Donald C. F. Daniel is the Director of the Strategic Research Devel­ opment of the Center for Naval Warfare Studies, Naval War College, Newport, Rhode Island. He has been a Visiting Scholar at the Brookings Institute in Washington, DC, a Research Associate of the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London, and winner of a Ford Foun­ dation competition for research in international security and arms con­ trol. Since 1992 he has been actively involved in United Nations research, overseeing the production of numerous reports and chairing two inter­ national conferences on peacekeeping. William J. Durch is a senior associate at the Henry L. Stimson Center and author-editor of The Evolution of UN Peacekeeping: Case Studies and Comparative Analysis (1993). He holds a doctorate in political science from MIT. Virginia Page Fortna is a PhD candidate in the Government Depart- viii Notes on the Contributors ix ment at Harvard University. She worked on peacekeeping issues as a Research Assistant at the Henry L. Stimson Center in Washington, DC. Margaret Cecchine BarreD is an Operations Research Analyst with the RAND Corporation. She has been involved in several studies of peace support operations, ranging from the traditional UN peacekeep­ ing missions to Somalia operations. Bradd C. Bayes, a captain in the US Navy, is the Assistant Director of the Strategic Research Department. He has served as the Strategy and Policy Officer for US Naval Forces in Europe and as a Federal Executive Fellow with the RAND Corporation. Robert Bowe is an Operations Research Analyst with the RAND Cor­ poration, involved with projects analysing the planning process at US service headquarters, the Joint Staff and field commands. He has also focused on the structure of residual US forces in Europe for the Army Staff and training requirements for forces engaged in multinational operations. Bo Boldt is currently head of the Department of Security Policy and Strategy at the Royal Swedish Military Staff and War College. A former director of both the Swedish Institute of International Affairs and of the International Institute of Strategic Studies in London, Dr Huldt has written extensively on the United Nations, Nordic and European security, Swedish foreign policy, and the international arms trade. Angela Kane is the Principal Officer in the Executive Office of the UN Secretary-General. She has extensive experience, having worked with the UN for over fifteen years. Since assuming her current posi­ tion in early 1992, she has focused primarily on political issues in the European region. She attended the University of Munich and has de­ grees from Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, and the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) in Washington, DC. Christopher Layne is a widely published, unaffiliated international re­ lations scholar living in Los Angeles. Edward C. Luck is President of the United Nations Association of the x Notes on the Contributors United States (UNA-USA), the nation's leading centre for policy re­ search and public education on the UN, where he also served as Ex­ ecutive Vice-President and Vice-President for Research and Policy Studies. He worked as a consultant in the Social Science Division of the RAND Corporation and was a fellow of the Russian Institute of Columbia University. He has written extensively on arms control, na­ tional security policy, Soviet foreign policy, and multilateral diplomacy, including scores of articles, two edited books, and dozens of Congres­ sional testimonies. Indar Jit Rikhye is a veteran of Second World War Middle East and Italian campaigns. After the war he saw service on the Northwest Fron­ tier, in the first Kashmir operations and in Ladakh. He began his UN service as Commander Indian troops and Chief of Staff, UNEF. He was then appointed Military Advisor to Secretaries-General Hammar­ skjold and Thant, and finally Commander, UNEF. On leaving the UN, he became Founding President, International Peace Academy. He is now the Senior UN Advisor to the United States Institute of Peace, Washington, DC. He is the surviving regular member of Hammarskjold's Advisory group for the Congo Operations known as the 'Congo Club.' James A. Schear, PhD, is Senior Associate at the Henry L. Stimson Center, Washington, DC, and also serves as a policy consultant to the UN Secretary-General's Special Representative for the former Yugo­ slavia. During 1992-93 he worked for the head of the UN Transitional Authority in Cambodia. Stephen Stedman is an Assistant Professor of African Studies and Comparative Politics with The Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University. Shashi Tharoor is Special Assistant to the Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations at the United Nations. Thomas G.
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