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Vol 16 Issue 2 UNITED STATES AIR FORCE AIR UNIVERSITY REVIEW SATELLITES, SENSORS, AND SPACE SPECIALISTS... PROJECT MANAGEMENT...PRESSURE SUIT DEVELOPMENT JANUARY-FEBRUARY 1965 S atellites, S en so r s, and Spa c e Spe c ia l ist s— USAF’s S pa c e Surveillance Story.................................................................................................................................. 2 Maj. Gen. Horace A. Hanes, usaf P roject Ma n a gemen t : A n I nnovation in Managerial T houcht and Theory.................................................................................................................................................................. 13 Maj. David I. Cleland, usaf Pressure Suits—T heir Evol ution and Devel o pmen t ........................................................................................... 23 Lt. Col. Frederick R. Ritzinger, Jr., usaf (mc) and Capt. Ellis G. Aboud, usaf (msc) A ir Hostilities in the Ph il ippin e s, 8 D ec ember 1941...........................................................................................33 Dr. Robert F. Futrell E xercise Sky Soldier/Tie n Bin g VI............................................................................................................................4 6 T he Computer Use of Human Being s............................................................................................................................59 Maj. Robert L. Able, usaf T he Constitutional Basis of the United States Air Force........................................................................63 Dr. Maurer Maurer In My Opinion F lexible Respon se vs. D et er mined Ret a l iat ion .............................................................................................69 Maj. Gen. Dale O. Smith, usaf (Ret) Air Operations in Viet Nam Air l if t in Southeast Asia ....................................................................................................................................................... 72 Col. Thomas B. Kennedy, usaf Paratroop Training, A R V N ..........................................................................................................................83 Air Force Review G round Electronics En gineer ing and I nstallation.........................................................................................87 Col. Charles U. Brombach, usaf T ec h n ica l Data Ma n a gemen t ...........................................................................................................................................91 Lt. Col. William O. Rennhack, usaf T he Contributors.................................................................................................................................................................................94 the cover Address manuscripts to the Editor, Air Uni- When construction was under way on the versity Review, Aerospace Studies Institute, Maxwell Air Force Base, Ala. Printed by the 140-foot “golfbaH” radomes of Ballistic Government Printing Office, Washington, Missile Early Warning System Site III at D.C. Subscriptions are sold by the Air Uni- Fylingdales Moor, England, the maze of versity Book Department, Maxwell Air Force wires and girders formed an intricate Base, Ala.: yearly $4.50, back issues 75 tracery against North Sea skies. Major cents. USAF recurring pu bl ic a t io n 50-2. General Horace A. Hanes, in “Satellites, Sensors, and Space Specialists,” tells about BMEWS and more recent space sur- Vo). XVI No. 2 J anuary-F ebr ua r y 1965 veillance developments and techniques. SATELLITES, SENSORS, AND SPACE SPECIALISTS USAF’s Space Surveillance Story HROUGH the ages storytellers who One of the first steps into this new dimen- set themselves down to recite strange sion in aerospace defense was taken in 1958 Tand wondrous tales have commenced with the establishment of an interim filter cen- with the classic phrase, “Once upon a tim e---- ” ter called “spa c et r a c k” a t L a u r e n c e G . H a n s - Only a short time ago the subject of this story com Field, Massachusetts. The facility was would have made an excellent plot for an ad- placed under the control of the Geophysics venture comic strip. Since the chain of events Research Directorate of the Air Force Cam- which have taken place may significantly bridge Research Center. To provide military/ change our lives, it is fitting and proper that civilian program coordination and continuity, we employ the time-honored opening. So, several special agencies were created. The De- “once upon a time” the habitual study of the partment of Defense established the Advanced heavenly bodies in the universe around us was Research Projects Agency (arpa) and assigned confined largely to astronomers, navigators, it the responsibility for conducting a research and young lovers. Then in October 1957 the and development program. The National Aer- Soviets abruptly upset this comfortable state onautics and Space Administration ( nasa) of affairs. With the explosive hurling of Sput- was given responsibility for the civilian scien- nik I into orbit around the earth, the infinite tific space efforts. Operation of the spa c et r a c k ocean of space above was no longer the exclu- filter center was handed to the Air Force. The sive preserve of theorists and poets. It had Army and Navy were directed to establish been successfully invaded by the twentieth portions of an electronic radar fence across century scientist and engineer. the southern United States to detect satellite In the roughly 90 minutes required for crossings. Sputnik I to make a complete circuit of the The heart and brain of the aerospace sur- earth, a new frontier for human conquest and veillance system was the Hanscom Field filter competition opened up. Around the globe, center. Cooperative arrangements with other people who had heretofore looked skyward agencies, both military and civilian, brought for comfort or a hint of tomorrow’s weather all sensor detection data to spa c et r a c k. A c e n - now did so with a sense of uncertainty, even tral data-processing unit was installed in 1958 alarm. This spectacular achievement by a for- to receive, process, and store satellite observa- eign power did produce one immediate result. tion information. High-speed electronic com- It made the entry of the United States into puter systems, beginning with the ibm 650 space, and in particular the aerospace defense and progressing through the Philco 2000, were business, inevitable. used for data processing. Among the first to recognize the vast mili- In October 1960, three years to the month tary potential of man-made earth-orbiting sat- after Sputnik I was launched, operation of ellites was General Thomas D. White, then what was to be known as the Space Detection Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force. and Tracking System (spadats) was assigned The launching of the 184-pound Sputnik I to the North American Air Defense Command. package clearly demonstrated the inadequacy An initial cadre of twelve hand-picked usaf/ of existing detection and surveillance equip- adc air defense specialists was dispatched to ment. As a counter to this new threat, General Hanscom Field to attend what was then sched- White ordered the establishment of a system uled to be a two-year training program. The which would provide for the detection and curriculum included celestial mechanics, ra- continuous surveillance of all man-made ob- dar, radiometric and optical sensor devices, jects in space. What followed was one of the high-speed computer operations and mainte- most intensive and compressed joint Depart- nance, satellite tracking procedures, and or- ment of Defense and civilian industry scien- bital computation techniques. An order also tific and engineering efforts in our peacetime went out to the Air Force to construct a per- history. manent spadats/spa c et r a c k Center for cinc- Eye camera, Holloman AFB, New Mexico norad at Ent Air Force Base, Colorado Springs, of our present usaf spa c et r a c k System, he Colorado. also added impetus to the Ballistic Missile Astonishing progress by both the U.S.S.R. Early Warning System (bmew s), which was and U.S. space programs by this time prompt- steadily approaching operational capability. It ed a swift change in our aerospace defense was to be comprised of very long-range, ultra operations and planning requirements. In Jan- high-speed radars capable of providing the uary 1961 there were 35 man-made satellites brief but vital warning time necessary to take in orbit around the earth, and the celestial defensive and offensive measures in the event population was doubling every ten months. of a hostile missile attack launched against Top defense officials in the Pentagon directed the North American Continent by way of the that the new center under construction in polar approaches. Thule, Greenland, and Colorado Springs be completed and ready for Clear, Alaska, were selected as the first two full operation by 1 July. The already com- site locations in the system. The Thule site be- pressed two-year training course for the original came operational late in 1960 and the Clear twelve students in training at Hanscom Field site in early 1961. Although not specifically was accelerated. By attending classes ten to designed as a satellite sensor, it was quickly twelve hours a day, they completed the course discovered that bmew s was an extremely effec- in the incredibly short period of five months. tive and reliable source of space satellite ob- At the same time that General White took
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