SPECIMEN COPY 3 4 1.1 7 1 W A 111 WASTE STABILIZATION PONDS EARNEST F. GLOYNA A clothbound edition is available at £1.80 $6.00 Sw. fr. 18.— For list of national distributors, see back cover World Health Organization Geneva ]mm im International Reference for Community Water : WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION MONOGRAPH SERIES No. 60 WASTE STABILIZATION PONDS j fui Community >AV.er Suppíy \\\ WASTE STABILIZATION PONDS EARNEST F. GLOYNA, D. Eng. Dean, College of Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, Tex.. USA UBRARY, INTERNATIONAL RE! Ci:.:-U:. i •••'3:i COMiviUWiTY WATER SUPPLY •'•••Ü €,•-: 'PA'';:.;;-; (SUC) r.C r.:o:' i'.^.vjO, 2bO9 AO The Hague TV.. (070) 814^11 ext 14Ï/142 unity Wf Supp(y WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION GENEVA 1971 © World Health Organization 1971 Publications of the World Health Organization enjoy copyright protection in accord- ance with the provisions of Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. Never- theless governmental agencies or learned and professional societies may reproduce data or excerpts or illustrations from them without requesting an authorization from the World Health Organization. For rights of reproduction or translation of WHO publications in toto, application should be made to the Office of Publications and Translation, World Health Organiza- tion, Geneva, Switzerland. The World Health Organization welcomes such applications. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Director- General of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers. Authors alone are responsible for views expressed in the Monograph Series of the World Health Organization. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers' products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature which are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. PRINTED IN SWITZERLAND CONTENTS Page Preface 11 CHAPTER 1. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS . 13 Types of pond 14 History of pond development 15 Modes of operation 17 CHAPTER 2. EXTENT OF WASTE STABILIZATION POND USAGE . 20 Worldwide survey 20 India 22 Israel 22 Central and South America 25 South Africa 26 Europe 29 Australia 29 New Zealand 31 United States of America 31 Canada 35 Cost 39 Summary of practices 44 CHAPTER 3. WASTE-WATER CHARACTERISTICS AND BIOLOGICAL STABILIZATION 45 Nature of pollution 45 Waste characteristics 45 Biological reactions 50 Oxygen demand 51 Stoichiometry of algal and bacterial systems 54 CHAPTER 4. PROCESS DESIGN PROCEDURES 56 Predesign considerations 56 Typical pond layouts 58 Facultative ponds 59 Anaerobic ponds 75 Aerobic ponds 83 Summary and design recommendations 88 CHAPTER 5. DISEASE TRANSMISSION CONTROL AS A FACTOR IN POND DESIGN 93 Pathogenic agents in waste-waters 93 Indicator organisms 94 Other bacteria 98 Mortality rate estimates 101 Page Viruses 106 Helminths 107 Protozoa 108 Summary 108 CHAPTER 6. FACILITIES DESIGN 109 Plant location and layout 109 Pretreatment units Ill Flow-measuring devices 117 Piping arrangements 120 Earthwork 129 CHAPTER 7. RESPONSIBLE OPERATION 133 Initial considerations 133 Responsibility of management 134 Organization of personnel and plant 134 Design checks 135 Tool and material requirements 137 Operation and maintenance checks 137 Start-up of ponds 143 Annex 1. Living organisms and other influencing factors in waste stabilization ponds 145 Annex 2. List of symbols and abbreviations 160 Annex 3. Conversion factors: metric, British and US units . 163 References 165 Index 173 — 6 — REVIEWERS Dr G. Àkerlindh, Sanitary Engineer, Djursholm, Sweden Dr E. Akwei, Director of Medical Services, Ministry of Health, Accra, Ghana Mr A. Amramy, Sanitary Engineer, Tel-Aviv, Israel Mr J. A. Andu, Western Nigeria Water Corporation, Ibadan, Nigeria Professor S. J. Arceivala, Director, Central Public Health Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, India Professor J. M. de Azevedo Netto, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Brazil Professor J, K, Baars, Head, Water and Soil Division, Research Institute for Public Health Engineering T.N.O., Delft, Netherlands Mr R. Bates, Water and Sewage Authority, Port-of-Spain, Trinidad Professor M. V. Bopardikar, Central Public Health Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, Tndia Professor F. J. Burgess, Head, Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engi- neering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oreg., USA Dr D. H. Caldwell, President, Brown and Caldwell Consulting Engineers, San Francisco, Calif., USA Professor Chamras Chayabongse, Deputy Secretary-General, National Economic Development Board, Bangkok, Thailand Mr C. C. Collom, Chief Drainage Engineer, Auckland Regional Authority, Auckland, New Zealand Mr W. S. Crumlish, Engineering Services, Texas Water Quality Board, Austin, Texas, USA Dr H. M. El-Baroudi, Department of Sanitary Engineering, University of Alexan- dria, United Arab Republic Dr C. P. Fisher, Associate Chief — Research, Public Health Engineering Division, Environmental Health Centre, Department of National Health and Welfare, Ottawa, Canada Mr M. Fontaine, Chief Engineer, Ponts et Chaussées, Paris, France Dr S. V. Ganapati, Department of Biochemistry, M.S. University of Baroda, India Professor Shigehisa Iwai, Department of Sanitary Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan 8 WASTE STABILIZATION PONDS Professor L. D. Jensen, Department of Environmental Engineering Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md., USA Dr F. Josa, Chief Engineer, Highways Department, Barcelona, Spain Professor E. Leclerc, Faculté des Sciences Appliquées, University of Liège, Belgium Mr E. Liljequist, Water Conservancy Division, National Nature Conservancy Office, Solna, Sweden Professor V. Madera, Rector, Institute of Chemical Technology, Prague, Czecho- slovakia Professor N. Majumdar, All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health, Calcutta, India Mr K. M. Malouf, Chairman, Associated Consulting Engineers S.A.L., Beirut, Lebanon Mr G. van R. Marais, Professor of Water Resources and Public Health Engi- neering, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Cape Town, Ronde- bosch, Cape Town, South Africa Professor J. Matsumoto, Department of Civil Engineering, Tohuku University, Sendai, Japan Professor R, S. Mehta, Consulting Engineer, Ahmedabad, India Professor L. Mendia, Sanitary Engineering Study and Research Centre, Naples, Italy Professor D. M. Mine, Deputy Director, Pamfilov Academy of Communal Economy, Moscow, USSR Professor D. A. Okun, Head, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engi- neering, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N.C., USA Mr L.A. Orihuela, Chief, Wastes Disposal, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland Dr W. J. Oswald, Professor of Sanitary Engineering and Public Health, Univer- sity of California, Berkeley, Calif., USA Dr M. P. Otolorin, Chief Medical Adviser to the Federal Government, Federal Ministry of Health, Lagos, Nigeria Mr C. D. Parker, Director, Melbourne Water Science Institute, Water Science Laboratories, Carlton, Victoria, Australia Dr A. Pasveer, Water and Soil Division, Research Institute for Public Health Engineering T.N.O., Delft, Netherlands Mr R. Pavanello, Chief, Environmental Pollution, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland Mr G. Ponghis, Regional Adviser in Environmental Health, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark Dr F. W. Popel, Professor of Sanitary Engineering, Technische Hochschule Stuttgart, Federal Republic of Germany REVIEWERS y Mr H. R. Alvarez, Chief Engineer, Water Supply and Sewage Authority, Mexico D.F., Mexico Professor Rodolfo Sáenz F., School of Engineering, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica Professor G. J. Schroepfer, Civil Engineering Department, University of Minne- sota, Minneapolis, Minn., USA Mr H. R. Shipman, Water Supply Section, Projects Department — Public Utilities, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Washington, D.C., USA Professor H. I. Shuval, Director, Environmental Health Laboratory, Department of Medical Ecology, Hebrew University—Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel Mr Purtej Singh, General Manager, Hindustan Steel Ltd, Bhilai Steel Plant, Bhilai, India Mr D. Smallhorst, City of Austin Water Treatment Plant, Austin, Texas, USA Dr C. D. Spangler, Pan American Health Organization — WHO Regional Office for the Americas, Washington, D.C., USA Dr G. J. Stander, Director, National Institute for Water Research, South African Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa Dr D. R. Stanley, President, Stanley Associates Engineering Ltd, Consulting Engineers, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Mr V. Suwannakarn, Bangkok, Thailand Mr J. H. Svore, Director, National Center for Urban and Industrial Health, US Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA Professor B. Teodorovic, Head, Department of Environmental Sanitation, Andrija Stampar School of Public Health, University of Zagreb, Yugoslavia Mr A. H. Ullrich, Director, Department of Water and Wastewater Treatment, City of Austin, Texas, USA Mr A. F. Vinces, Superintending Engineer, Public Health Service, Lima, Peru Professor A. M. Wachs, Sanitary Engineering Laboratories, Israel Institute of Technology, Technion, Haifa, Israel Dr E. Windle Taylor, Director of Water Examination, Metropolitan Water Board,