Sunland Tribune

Volume 25 Article 12

1999

Tampa at 1948

Gary R. Mormino

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Recommended Citation Mormino, R. (1999) "Tampa at 1948," Sunland Tribune: Vol. 25 , Article 12. Available at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/sunlandtribune/vol25/iss1/12

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Sunland Tribune by an authorized editor of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. TAMPA AT 1948

Dr. Gary R. Mormino Floridians, once optimistic that V-J Day would usher in a Pax Americana, witnessed It was a year to remember, a period when a world spinning out of control. Large parts the highs were higher and the lows were of Europe and Asia, devastated and lower then anyone could recall. In disoriented by the war, confronted the Washington, a feisty Democratic president spectre of revolution, famine, and home- cursed the Republican-dominated Congress lessness. Displaced persons entered the and negotiated a delicate foreign policy in lexicon, along with the "Iron Curtain" and the troubled Middle East. Articulating a "Free World." vision of an activist state with the dream of national healthcare, the President openly The United States, by virtue of the atomic clashed with conservatives' demands for tax bomb, prosperity, and attrition, seemed the cuts and a return to limited government. In only "Free World" power capable of halting the White House, the First Lady fiercely the Communist juggernaut. In attempted to protect her daughter's privacy Czechoslovakia, the Reds toppled the from an annoying press. The GOP, confident democratic Benes government; Communist of a landslide victory, suffered instead a forces battled for power in China, Greece, humiliating defeat. Italy, and Berlin.

Florida in January served as a welcome The region's Greek, Italian, and Czech refuge from the world's problems. Not even communities nervously followed events in record rains dampened tourists' spirits, their homeland. A bloody civil war especially elated University of Michigan enveloped Greece as Communist guerrillas fans. The Wolverines won the national battled monarchists and republicans. In championship in football, while the Italy, the Communists seemed poised for University of , alas, fell short again victory at the ballot box. Alarmed, the State of an SEC championship. Department asked local Italian Americans to write Sicilian relatives, urging them to A surging economy and a cornucopia of renounce the Communists. The Christian consumer goods promised new comforts, but Democrats triumphed after a bitter contest. Americans expressed old anxieties. Amidst In Masaryktown, Czech chicken farmers the new cars, homes, and electronic gadgets, openly wept at the news of a Communist old demons haunted Tampa: race, poverty, seizure of power. In 1948, foreign crises in and government. Problems aplenty the Middle East, Europe, and the Caribbean confronted Tampans: the municipal hospital drew intense interest from Tampa Bay area teetered on bankruptcy, while leaders residents. On May 14, Israel proclaimed demanded a new stadium to enhance the itself a state. Local Jews, exhilarated by U.S. city's image. African Americans, organized recognition of Israel, recoiled in horror at and frustrated over dreams deferred, the violence and war which followed the demanded change. It was 1948. partition of Palestine. Jewish groups gave generously to Hadassah, the national Jewish Like Banquo's ghost, the spirits of WWII relief organization. lingered well past their appointed hour. Freshly scrubbed fourth graders pose for their class photograph in Mrs. Hood's class at Henry Mitchell Elementary School, 1948-49.

(Robertson-Fresh photograph courtesy of the Hampton Dunn Collection, USF Library.)

In May 1948 the Tampa Tribune printed a crossed the skies of Tampa Bay, headed headline eerily familiar to present-day toward the Avon Park bombing range. In Floridians: "Cuban Politicians In Exile September, a crowd of 200,000 gathered at Campaign From Miami Beach." Since he MacDill Field to gasp at American lost the presidency in 1944, Cuban strong- airpower.2 Air power fascinated Americans, man Fulgencio Batista had lived in splendid who incorporated such terms as jet lag and exile at Daytona Beach, plotting a counter jet set into their language and culture. The revolution. Time nicknamed Batista, the 1948 Cadillac drew its inspiration from the "Senator from Daytona."1 P-38 Lightning, a WWII twintailed fighter. By the summer of `48, the DC-6 Buccaneer In December 1948, Tampans gathered at whisked Tampans to New York in four MacDill Army Air Field to dedicate "Miss hours. Tampa International Airport, only Tampa," a new B-29 bomber. The only recently Drew Army Air Field, adjusted to question seemed where "Miss Tampa" civilian flight patterns. would drop her bombs--Berlin, Peking, or Moscow. While cargo-carrying C-54's and Technology held out a dazzling future while C-47's relieved Berlin during the decisive it was reshaping the lives of Tampa Bay airlift, new weapons, such as P-80 and F-86 residents. By 1948, penicillin, and blood fighter jets, and B-36 heavy bombers criss- plasma had saved thousands of lives while DDT was being hailed a miracle pesticide. there is any section where a Methodist Consumers eagerly accepted the transistor preacher is treated respectfully by the com- and FM radio. In May 1948, the region's munity and its newspapers, it cannot be first FM station opened, WFLA-FM. The considered civilized." Mencken conceded he Tribune-owned company forecast television enjoyed arroz con polo at Las Novedades.4 in the near future. Time predicted television would "zoom like a V-2 rocket." In Ybor Insults turned injurious when Fortune City, an aging Latin workforce-- the magazine profiled Florida. The Sunshine personification of hand-crafted tradition-- State "is booming and busting, whooping welcomed the first radio broadcast of a and worrying," observed the respected World Series in Spanish.3 journal. "It is the U.S. 1948 in a distorted mirror." Tampans were aghast when Entertainment would never be the same. Fortune's Lawrence Lessing depicted Soon, transistor-powered radios wafted Tampa as "a gently decaying town with a across Gulf beaches while TV antennae distinctive flavor."5 sprouted along rooftops. Entertainment was becoming increasingly personalized. The Tampans dismissed the naysayers, pointing serenity of Florida beaches projected a vital at the crowded parking lots as proof of the image in the selling of the Sunshine State. In city's health. Yet in hindsight, "gently a state obsessed with image, television decaying" aptly described Tampa's postwar would later redefine the selling of sunshine plight. The seeds of the crises of the 1990s-- and leisure. But on this dawn of TV, inadequate municipal facilities, traffic newspapers, magazines, and personalities gridlock, a declining downtown, and still dominated the image industry. St. political distrust-- were sown in the 1940s. Petersburg and Tampa supported two English-language dailies and two afternoon In 1946 Tampa had ended its fifty year love newspapers, and several Spanish-language affair with the street car. St. Petersburg papers. Magazines, such as Life, Look, and mothballed its fleet two years later. The Saturday Evening Post enjoyed enormous region paid dearly for its abandonment of a circulations. mass transit system already in place. Hundreds of abandoned yellow street cars Tampa's image took a beating in 1948. A rusted in a vacant lot at Columbus Drive and series of print articles lampooned the city, Lincoln Avenue. Others a had been sold, prompting the Tribune to ask: "Is Tampa used as converted homes or trolley cars in Progressing or Slipping" In the winter, the Colombia. Ironically, Tennessee Williams' influential Holiday magazine suggested that brilliant play, "A Streetcar Named Desire," Tampa smelled, that its Gasparilla Festival premiered in 1948. The eccentric Williams smacked of a "slapstick comedy," and that resided in Key West. Americans adored the its slums "beggared a Mexican peon vil- individual freedom allowed by the lage." In the spring, the iconoclastic jour- automobile. A resurgent Detroit seduced nalist H.L. Mencken vacationed in the area. consumers with power and style. Whether The aging satirist mocked the region's man- one purchased a Crosley or Studebaker, ners and morals, ridiculing in particular traffic jams and potholes awaited octogenarian softball players in St. commuters. Since automobiles required Petersburg. The Baltimore native, when individual parking spaces, increasing asked about Tampa, responded, "As long as amounts of surrendered to In 1948, downtown Tampa was a mecca for movie Boers. The State Theater, 1008 Franklin Street, was one of many such motion picture houses.

(Photograph courtesy of Special Collections, USF Library.) parking lots. Cheap gasoline--in September October 22, 1948. Born in Mississippi in one could find petrol for 18ยข a 1855, Isaac Milner Brandon had come to gallon--encouraged even more drivers. By Hillsborough County with his family in the end of 1948, downtown Tampa needed 1857. The Brandons first settled in Seffner at least 4,500 more parking spaces.6 but later moved to the place which bore their name. Brandon was still a rural hamlet Leaders brushed aside such problems, smug notable for its serenity and unhurried pace.7 knowing that complaints about congestion reflected health, not decline. Shoppers from In 1948, commentators noted increasing Arcadia to Zephyrhills continued to drive to traffic and housing starts in Brandon, but Tampa and patronize upscale stores, such as Tampa's most serious threat loomed across Maas Brothers, the region's finest Tampa Bay. St. Petersburg, and its booming department store. But in January 1948, St. Pinellas neighbors, now posed a daunting Petersburg opened its own "million dollar" challenge to Tampa's hegemony. When Maas Brothers store. Downtown Tampa statisticians released figures documenting would not see a significant new building, the the amount of new construction, Tampans Marine Bank, erected until 1960. were stunned. In 1947, Tampa's building permits amounted to $9.4 million. St. In Tampa, old economies and new realities Petersburg, however, nearly doubled collided in 1948. "The Cigar City" struggled Tampa's total, while Miami experienced a to redefine itself. Thousands of cigarmakers, growth five times Tampa's. In the 1960s, to many of them pioneers from the hand-rolled the horror of Hillsborough County officials, heyday of as the capital of Pinellas County overtook Hillsborough in premium cigars, remained unemployed. The population.8 Great Depression and the popularity of cheap cigarettes during the war--a tonic for Clearly, much of the unplanned growth in "war nerves"--had seriously eroded the Hillsborough County was occurring outside market for Tampa's finest. Most notably, Tampa's constricted boundaries. But more fashionable men no longer smoked cigars. importantly, Tampa and Hillsborough County were not experiencing the quantity Still, the moniker "Cigar City" lingered. or quality of growth unfolding in Pinellas. While cigars held powerful memories for Moreover, Hillsborough County was not Tampa, the city's economy was far more attracting new industries with high-paying dependent upon phosphate and shipping, jobs. construction and services, military defense and organized crime. Old firms and first If any single Tampan personified 1948, it families held power and controlled civic was Jim Walter. Returning from the navy - - affairs, but a new generation of businessmen his wife, a WAVE, outranked him - the and leaders emerged after the war, typified young veteran earned $50 a week driving a by Jim Walter, Sam Gibbons, Chester truck for his father, a fruit packer. He Ferguson, Tony Pizzo, John Germany, and became intrigued with the idea of filling a Julian Lane. need in the frantic housing market by building inexpensive "shell houses." An One resident who had witnessed economic empire was born. By 1948, Walter and prosperity and great depressions, the Third partner Lou Davenport sold semi-finished Seminole War and two world wars, died frame homes from their company site at . For less than a thousand costs and outbreaks of discord," concluded dollars, aspiring homeowners could the Tribune, "to support belief that cities can purchase a "shell house," provided one manage hospitals on a sound basis."10 owned a lot and possessed some carpentry skills.9 If 1947 was the year of education, 1948 was the year of political tumult. Everywhere, Jim Walter was to Hillsborough County political institutions crumbled and angry what the Levitt brothers were to postwar voters searched for new leaders. Two America. By 1962, the Jim Walter intertwining issues seemed paramount: the Corporation, with branches in 187 cities and question of states' rights and the vexing 28 states, was the world's largest builder of question of racial equality. shell homes. Walter's success, however, came with a price. His early homes left The 1948 presidential race occupies a Hillsborough County in dire straits, since special place in American political history. many of the inexpensive homes generated A moment of high political melodrama, the little or no tax revenue but still required 1948 election offered genuine heroes, an county services. improbable script, and compelling issues. For President Harry Truman, the prospects Spurred by new freedoms and cheap of reelection seemed hopeless. Truman was gasoline, the automobile became a symbol simply no FDR. In what seemed a harbinger, and presence in postwar Tampa. Emblematic the Republicans had triumphed respondingly of postwar culture, the drive-in flourished. in the 1946 elections. "To error is Truman," Tampans expressed a love affair with quipped a cynic. The issue of civil rights Goody-Goody, Falor's, the Spar, and imploded the Democratic Party. Truman had Colonnade. Anticipating new tastes, Charles appointed a controversial Committee on Olson finally perfected a machine touted as Civil Rights, which challenged the "revolutionary." The Sulphur Springs sacrosanct doctrine of white supremacy. The machinist had built a stainless steel published report, To Secure These Rights, contraption that allowed short-order cooks condemned segregation, recommended the to broil rather than fry hamburgers. integration of the armed services, and criticized police brutality. The South reacted The broiled vs. fried burger debate predictably. A Baptist minister from Florida notwithstanding, more serious problems wrote Truman, warning, "If that report is threatened the social welfare of Tampa Bay. carried out, you won't be elected dogcatcher Since 1947 had been declared the year of in 1948." education in Florida, citizens despaired that the state's hopelessly inadequate tax The civil rights plank, written by young revenues could solve problems of growth. Minnesotan Hubert Humphrey, ruptured the Officials earmarked massive new expendi- Democratic convention. E. D. Lambright, tures for education, but parents discovered the Tribune editorial director and a the same problems of overcrowding and newspaperman in Tampa since 1899, dilapidation. Defiantly, Hillsborough expressed his sentiment bluntly: "Lambright County voters defeated a 1948 school refer- Declares South Is Kicked Out of Democratic endum. Tampa's municipal hospital also Party." Florida's 20 delegates voted twenty languished. "Little is found in the long to zero against the party's civil rights record of Tampa Hospital, with its climbing platform. The chairman of Florida's Sunshine Motors at 200 Street, displays a 1949 model Willys Jeep.

(Robertson-Fresh photograph courtesy of Special Collections, USF Library.)

Democratic Party stated, "No sensible vice president, Wallace veered to the left of citizen can honestly support the president's mainstream Democrats by 1948. In par- plan to abolish racial segregation."11 ticular, Wallace championed a rapproche- ment with the Soviet Union, offering an Truman's worst nightmare occurred during olive branch to Stalin and a thorn to the summer of `48. In rapid succession, two Truman. Wallace's brother John lived in St. vital wings of the Democratic Party--the Petersburg. Deep South and liberals--bolted. Southern whites rallied under the banner of the States' The Republicans nominated a safe can- Rights Party, popularly called the didate, Governor Thomas Dewey of New Dixiecrats. A young South Carolina York. "Only a political miracle or extraordi- Governor and war hero, , nary stupidity on the part of the Republicans burst on the national scene. Ironically, can save the Democratic party in Thurmond had earned a reputation as a November," predicted Time. The Tribune southern moderate. asked strollers to comment on Truman's prospects. Wade Hoffmann, a clerk, said The enigmatic Henry Wallace led the bluntly, "Truman is out of luck." Progressive Party ticket in 1948. An Iowan who served as secretary of agriculture and In 1948, the F. W. Woolworth store anchored North Franklin Street.

(Robertson-Fresh photograph courtesy of Hampton Dunn Collection, USF Library.)

When Henry Wallace stumped for votes in Spanish Civil War and flirted with the Deep South, hecklers frequently hurled Communism. According to the Tampa rotten eggs at the candidate, but not in Times, Robeson spoke and sang to a "non- Tampa. Wallace tapped into the liberal segregated" audience of 600 at Plant Field. reservoir that had once challenged cigar Within a month of one another, Robeson manufacturers and embraced radical doc- sang "Old Man River" in Tampa and testi- trines. Elderly Latins expressed a genuine fied before the House Un-American fondness for the Progressive Party candi- Activities Committee in Washington. Major date, shouting "Viva Wallace" at a large General Sumter Lowry, Jr. warned Tampans rally at Plant Field. A Tribune reporter that Henry Wallace and Paul Robeson posed noted, "perhaps the strangest sight of all was a Communist threat to America.12 the mingling of white and negro people in the grandstands." In October, the majestical Never had so many prominent celebrities Paul Robeson arrived in Tampa to rally campaigned in Tampa as in 1948. Correctly support for Wallace. Robeson, an all- sensing opportunities in Florida, Ohio American football player at Rutgers, a cele- Senator Robert Taft -- "Mr. Republican"-- brated baritone and movie star, was also a campaigned in Pinellas County. A pollster lightning rod for controversy. Robeson had asked elderly Republicans lounging on St. actively supported the loyalists during the Petersburg's green benches what they thought of the Republican ticket of Tom In Pinellas County, the election electrified Dewey and Earl Warren. To a person, they Florida's moribund Republican Party. all wished Dwight Eisenhower had run for Dewey took the county and Republicans president. The long-abused Republican seized City Hall, a signal moment in St. Party of Hillsborough County detected a hint Petersburg history. William Cramer urged of optimism, organizing a Young the leaders of the Republican Party take Republican Club.13 note. In 1954 Cramer became Florida's first Republican Congressman in the twentieth The November election served as Harry century.16 Truman's defining moment. Giving Republicans hell, he adroitly concentrated In Tampa, 1948 marked a political his criticism at a "do nothing" Republican watershed, a moment when one can observe Congress. Truman managed to rally in the a changing of the guard. R.E.L. Chancey, waning moments of the campaign to defeat three-time mayor of Tampa in the 1930s and Dewey in the greatest upset in American `40s, died. J. Tom Watson, Florida's political history. Hortense K. Wells, a enigmatic and briary attorney general, Tampa Democrat who once ran for gover- abandoned the Democratic party and never nor, seemed to summarize local sentiment. held office again. Watson had arrived in "I held my nose and voted for Truman," she Tampa in 1906 serving as judge, legislator, acknowledged. Ultimately, Florida's leading and gadfly. politicians refused to sacrifice the Democratic Party for the Dixiecrat windmill. The year 1948 also undermined Hugh U.S. Senator Spessard Holland told Culbreath. Elected Hillsborough County members of Florida's United Daughters for Sheriff in 1940, Culbreath had established a the Confederacy that "we, in the South, will powerful political base. Critics, including solve this in a decent, Christian way in the the Tribune's "Jock" Murray, accused best interests of both races involved."14 Culbreath of blatant corruption. In 1948, W.B. "Bill" Myers challenged Gulbreath, charging him with malfeasance of duty, Truman carried Florida and Hillsborough forcing the incumbent into a runoff. County, but the biggest surprise was Henry Culbreath adamantly denied that organized Wallace's showing. The Progressive crime and gambling existed, let alone candidate won seven precincts--all in Ybor flourished. In a "last hurrah" performance, City and --representing Culbreath rallied to win the election, but he Wallace's most effective support anywhere never ran for sheriff again. The Tribune, outside Manhattan. The Dixiecrat Thurmond which once tolerated such corruption, fizzled in Florida, as most Democrats attacked Culbreath and others with a new reckoned that a protest vote was a wasted ferocity. In 1950 he was implicated by the vote. Thurmond's greatest support came in Kefauver investigation into organized crime. Duval County. Wallace's "triumph" represented a last gasp of Latin radicalism in A new era dawned. Randolph McLaughlin, Tampa. Quickly, Communist-baiting and the School Superintendent was vulnerable; McCarthyism created a hostile climate for voters seethed over the condition of local progressives.15 schools. The challenger came from the gridiron. J. Crockett Farnell--he of the square jaw--had compiled a legendary career as a football star at the a snub which the President never forgot or and as coach with a 61-8 record at forgave. Senator Pepper's shifting stands on Hillsborough High. The resolute Farnell issues irritated voters. In 1944, candidate destroyed the hapless McLaughlin at the Pepper opposed an anti-lynching bill, polls and remained a powerbroker until announcing, "The South will allow nothing scandal forced him out of office in the to impair White supremacy." By December 1960s.17 1948, he promised to support Truman' civil rights program, "even if it beats me in the The 1948 elections also brought new faces next election." It would.18 to Tallahassee. Floridians elected to the governorship. A flamboyant Pepper's actions baffled Floridians. In a visit character, Warren seemed to be running for to the Soviet Union, the Senator praised governor since he enrolled at the University Stalin's willingness to work with the West. of Florida. While participating on the boxing Pepper attended a Madison Square Garden team and cheerleading, he also represented rally and shared the stage with Paul Calhoun County in the State Legislature. Robeson. The Tribune asked Tampans, Days after Pearl Harbor, Warren wrote the "What do you think of now" Secretary of War a letter which the William Segars, an advertising agent, political-minded volunteer sent to scores of opined, "I believe he is too pink." Ellsworth state newspapers. "I want to take an active Rue, a clerk, remarked, "I don't believe part in slaughtering the Japs and Germans," Senator Pepper has used his education for the thirty-six year old Blountstown native the progress of Florida."19 wrote, adding, "I have no inclination to kill Italians--whom I consider craven cowards." As Claude Pepper, Strom Thurmond, and Harry Truman realized, the battle for civil Fuller Warren defeated challenger Dan rights ignited a firestorm of controversy. In McCarty, a war hero, Ft. Pierce farmer, and Hillsborough County, 1948 marked the first former speaker of the Florida House of time in a half century that African Representatives. The candidates fiercely Americans registered and voted as debated Florida's antiquated tax structure. Democrats. For three years, local leaders Warren vowed to veto any sales tax, which such as John Dekle, Supervisor of of course he signed in 1949. Angry voters Registration, and J. Tom Watson, Attorney never forgave Warren, whose administration General, had resisted the implementation of became mired in scandal. Merchants placed the Supreme Court's 1944 Smith ruling, jars on the counter with labels reading which banned the White Primary. By 1948, "Pennies for Fuller." the legal challenges had been exhausted. Black preachers and leaders led a crusade to Claude Pepper faced a very gloomy future in register thousands of African- Americans as 1948. For the forty-eight year-old U. S. Democrats. Senator, once featured on the cover of Time as "Roosevelt's weather cock," 1948 was a Voting was only a small part of a larger civil disaster. When Pepper came to Tampa's rights revolution. Led by C. Blythe Plant Field for an October campaign rally, Andrews, Perry Harvey, Sr., and James State Senator Sheldon apologized to the Hargrett, Sr., Tampa's African-American senator for the sparse crowd. He encouraged community agitated for decent schools, Henry Wallace and opposed Harry Truman, better municipal services, and humane treatment from the police. In 1948, black whites, aside from an occasional race crime. leaders sought respect and equality within a The all-county football and basketball teams segregated Tampa. What is remarkable is were all white, as they had been for decades. that Tampa's white leaders regarded such change as radical. An examination of Tampa's surviving African-American newspaper, the Florida In 1948, Tampa was a city of sunshine and Sentinel Bulletin, reveals a hidden world, a shadows, a city brightened by its ethnic society which cherished its segregated vitality and sense of pride, but darkened by schools, patronized black-owned shopkeep- the lengthening shadows of poverty and ers on Central Avenue, and nurtured pow- inequality. An unyielding Jim Crow line erful dreams for its children. It would be the divided the city into separate neighborhoods, children of Perry Harvey, James Hargrett, schools, and public and private and others who would advance the civil accommodations. A casual reader of 1948 rights revolution. newspapers might draw the conclusion that Tampa was a city populated chiefly by Change was on the land.

Tribune, September 19, 1948; Robert Sheehan ENDNOTES "Should Jim Walter Come Out of His Shell" Fortune (April 1962).

Gary R. Mormino holds the Frank E. 10 Tribune, April 14, July 15, September 12, 1948. Duckwell Professorship in Florida History at the University of South Florida. 11 Tribune, May 2, June 6, July 15, September 7, 30, 1948.

12 1 Tampa Morning Tribune (hereafter cited as Tribune, September 11, 23, October 5, 1948; St. Tribune), April 12, May 2, October 10, 1948; Petersburg Times, February 18, 1948; Tampa Daily "Senator from Daytona," Time (April 12, 1948), 44. Times, September 30, October 5, 1948.

13 2 Tribune, July 17, August 1, September 12,19, Tribune, September 12, October 14, 1948; St. Petersburg Times, October 12, 13, 14, 1948. December 7, 81948; 5 January 1950. 14 Tampa Daily Times, September 30, 1948. 3 Tribune, April 29, May 2, 8, October 7, 1948; St. 15 Petersburg Times, March 2, 1948; Tampa Daily Tribune, November 3, 1948.

Times, November 15, 1947; "Zoom," Time (April 12, 16 1948), 67. Tribune, October 14, December 16, 1948; St. Petersburg Times, November 3, 4, 1948; William 4 Tribune, November 7,1947; Holiday (January Cramer papers, University of Tampa.

1948). 17 Tribune, May 8, 1948. 5 Lawrence Lessing, "State of Florida," Fortune, 18 XXXVII (February 1948): 65-72, 211-13. Tribune, July 21, 1948; Tampa Daily Times, October 29, 1948. 6 Tribune, 26 December 1947, September 25, 1948; 19 Tampa Daily Times, September 30, 1948. Tribune, July 21, 1948. 7 Tampa Daily Times, October 23, 1948.

8 Tribune, January 10, 1948.

9 Alvin Moscow, Building a Business: The Jim Walter Story (Sarasota: Pineapple Press, 1995);