Bonn zoological Bulletin 62 (2): 220 –252 December 2013

On the Linck collection and specimens of figured by Johann Jakob Scheuchzer (1735) – the oldest fluid-preserved herpetological collection in the world?

Aaron M. Bauer 1 & Richard Wahlgren 2 1Department of Biology, Villanova University, 800 Lancaster Avenue Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, U.S.A. 2Prennegatan 23B, SE-223 53 Lund, Sweden. *Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected]; telephone: +1-610-519-4857

Abstract . One of the great private natural history cabinets of the 18 th century was that of the Linck family of Leipzig pharmacists. Parts of the collection have survived to the present and form the core of the Naturalienkabinett Waldenburg in Saxony, Germany. The collection was particularly rich in and was documented by Johann Jakob Scheuchzer in his Physica Sacra (1731–1735), which figured 67 specimens of snakes and amphisbaenians based on a set of unpu - blished illustrations, the Icones Serpentum et Viperarum , prepared under the direction of Johann Heinrich Linck the El - der. We review the original herpetological content of the Linck collection as documented by Johann Heinrich Linck the Younger in his Index Musae Linckiani (1783–1787) and provide both a summary of earlier identifications (to 1858) of the depicted in the Icones and Physica Sacra and new identifications based on our research. Some of these sna - kes served as holotypes or syntypes of species described by Linnaeus and Blasius Merrem and, thus, are of taxonomic significance. As many as 11 of these illustrated specimens (although none of them types), and an unknown number of others, are still extant in Waldenburg. At a minimum, these specimens were present in the Linck collection in 1729, but they may be as much as half a century older, as the collection was already large and well-known by the debut of the century. Even at the minimum age possible, the surviving Linck snakes figured by Scheuchzer are among the oldest documented fluid-preserved herpetological specimens in the world. Key words. Johann Heinrich Linck, Naturalienkabinett Waldenburg, Physica Sacra , Johann Jakob Scheuchzer, Serpen - tes, historic collections.

IntROductIOn

Natural history cabinets, either self-standing, or as part of 1642), and Ole Worm (1588–1654; Worm 1655, see also more inclusive curiosity cabinets or Kunstkammer, were Schepelern 1987, 1990). Not until the late 17 th century a well-established feature of educated society throughout when William Croone [or Croune] (1633–1684) and much of Europe by the late 16 th century and flowered in Robert Boyle (1627–1691) began experiments involving the 17 th century as the expansion of global trade and trav - the alcohol preservation of organic specimens (Croune el provided ever more subjects for collection and study 1662 in Birch 1756; Boyle 1663 in Birch 1756; Boyle (Seifert 1935; MacGregor 2007). Although many of the 1666) did fluid-preserved specimens become a hallmark most sumptuous cabinets were owned by royal families of such collections. and other aristocrats, there were also a great many schol - Many of the spirit-preserved collections from the first arly and private cabinets, many of which were owned by third of the 18 th century or earlier featured human anatom - physicians and apothecaries for whom objects of natural ical preparations. Some still survive, including specimens history were of professional as well as personal interest. from the collections of Bernhard Siegfried Albinus Perhaps the most famous of the early private natural his - (1697–1770) in Leiden (Habrich 1994) and Frederik tory cabinets was that of Ulisse Aldrovandi (1522–1605), Ruysch (1638–1731), who sold his famous collection of today represented by a variety of dried specimens and an anatomical specimens to in 1717 extensive “paper museum” of contemporary paintings of (Luyendijk-Elshout 1994; Driessen-van het Reve 2006). natural objects (Alessandrini & Ceregato 2007; Bauer et The latter included many skeletal preparations as well as al. 2013). Many others survive only in the form of pub - dry injected mounts, none of which appear to have sur - lished catalogues and iconic images, for example the mu - vived, but also fluid preserved material, some of which seums of Francesco Calzolari (1521–1600; Ceruti & is still extant in St. Petersburg (Driessen-van het Reve Chiocco 1622), Ferrante Imperato (1550–1625; Impera - 2006). to 1599), Basilius Besler (1561–1629; Besler 1616, 1622,

Received: 02.05.2013 Corresponding editor: Ph. Wagner Accepted: 19.11.2013 The Historic Linck Collection of Snakes 221

Fig. 1. Stuffed anaconda ( Eunectes murinus ) from the first collection of Albertus Seba on display in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg. The head of the specimen was missing and a new “head” fashioned from the front of the skin. Photo courtesy of Daniel A. Melnikov.

Zoological collections were also popular in natural his - (George 1987). Mostly obtained from the tropics, these tory cabinets of this period and these often contained large were generally small, easy to store and display, and attrac - numbers of fluid-preserved amphibians and reptiles tive to collectors in temperate Europe because of their ex - otic appearance as well their real and imagined medical significance. Perhaps the most well-known spirit-pre - served herpetological collection of the early 18 th century was that of Albertus Seba (1665–1736) who sold his first collection to Peter the Great in 1716 (Engel 1937; Driessen-van het Reve 2006) and then built an even larg - er second collection. All herpetological components of the first collection, except a stuffed anaconda (Fig. 1) and per - haps a few other dry preparations appear to have been lost (Juriev 1981), but remnants of the second collection are known to exist in a variety of museums, having been dis - persed through a series of auctions following Seba’s death (Boeseman 1970; Juriev 1981; Thireau et al. 1998; Bauer 2002; Daszkiewicz & Bauer 2006; Driessen-van het Reve 2006; Bauer & Günther 2013). Older still is the collection of the Franckesche Stiftun - Fig. 2. Suspended stuffed crocodile ( Crocodylus niloticus ) gen in Halle, established in 1698 as part of the orphan - mount and (below, in cabinets) spirit-preserved collection of am - age and educational complex founded by August Hermann phibians, reptiles and other material in the Franckesche Stiftun - Francke (1663–1727) (Köhler 1799; Sauerlandt 1911; gen in Halle. The painted cabinet fronts are modern but repro - Storz 1962; Jahn 1994; Müller-Bahlke & Göltz 1998, duce historical designs. Photo: A. M. Bauer. Müller-Bahlke 2004). Today this collection includes 28

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Plate 1. a. Heinrich Linck (1638–1717), founder of the Linck collection and of the Linck apothecary dynasty in Leipzig. Image from Seifert (1934) from an engraving by Nicolaus Haublein. b. Johann Heinrich Linck the Elder (1674–1734), son of Heinrich Linck and accomplished naturalist and pharmacist. Image courtesy of U. Budig, Museum Waldenburg – Naturalienkabinett und Stadtmuseum. c. Johann Heinrich Linck the Younger (1734–1807), grandson of H. Linck and son of J. H. Linck the Elder, who prepared the Index Musae Linckiani . Image from Seifert (1934) from an engraving by G. G. Endner. d. Fürst Otto Victor I von Schönburg-Waldenburg (1785–1859), who purchased the remaining portions of the Linck collection in 1839, establishing it in its existing building in 1844. Image courtesy of U. Budig, Museum Waldenburg – Naturalienkabinett und Stadtmuseum.

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Otto & Otto 1999), and the dried echinoderms that were figured by Heinrich Linck’s son, Johann Heinrich Linck the Elder, in his treatise De Stellis Marinus (1733a, 1733b). The collection at Waldenburg also includes a num - ber of Linck birds from the 18 th century (Steinheimer 2005). On September 25–26, 2005 and again on June 22–23, 2009 we visited the Naturalienkabinett Waldenburg in or - der to examine its herpetological collections and to deter - mine if any of the specimens therein could be confirmed as having survived from the early 18 th century portion of the collection. Whether any material dates to the 17 th cen - tury founding collection by Heinrich Linck is unknown, and probably unknowable, but the accurate illustration of some of the specimens of the Linck collection before 1730 (Scheuchzer 1735) provides a benchmark for establishing a minimum age of any illustrated specimens that still sur - vive. Such specimens could, however, be as much as 60 years older. Thus, it is possible that any such extant spec - imens might represent the oldest fluid-preserved herpeto - logical specimens in the world. Fig. 3. Exterior of the Museum Waldenburg Naturalienkabi - nett und Heimatmuseum in 2005. Photo: A. M. Bauer. BuILdIng OF the LIncK cOLLectIOn early 18 th century alcohol preparations consisting chiefly of amphibians and reptiles as well as embryonic materi - Heinrich Linck was born in 1638 in Danzig, a center of al (Altner 1984; Fig. 2). However, perhaps the most im - natural history collections and later home to Jakob portant intact herpetological collection from the dawn of Theodor Klein and other notable naturalists and collec - fluid preservation is that established by the pharmacist tors (Friedrich 2001; Daszkiewicz & Bauer 2006). He Heinrich Linck (1638–1717; Plate 1a) in Leipzig, Ger - came to Leipzig in 1669 and first managed and then (1671) many. Linck was one of many European apothecaries who leased the pharmacy “Zum Goldenen Löwen”, becoming assembled such collections during the 17 th century (Dilg its owner in 1686 (Bormann 1909; Seifert 1934, 1935; 1994), but his collection, augmented by his son and grand - Beyrich 1994; Budig 1999b; Friedrich 2001). The phar - son, is one of few that has survived – in part – the vagaries macy, as the Löwenapotheke, is still in business in its orig - of more than 300 years of turbulent European history. To - inal position on Grimmaische Straße (Fig. 4) and in 2009 day the collection forms part of the Museum Waldenburg (Fig. 3) in the small Saxon town of Waldenburg, 67 km south of Leipzig, Germany and is regarded as one of the very oldest surviving museum collections of this kind (Mohr 1940; Fleck et al. 1990; Zinke 1999). No records exist documenting the oldest parts of the col - lection and thus the unambiguous identification of any por - tions of the collection dating from Heinrich Linck’s time is not possible. Nonetheless, the collection includes a num - ber of distinctive specimens of various kinds that date from the first decades following Heinrich Linck’s death. For ex - ample, the famous “chicken man” (Hühnermensch), a mal - formed human foetus, was described and figured in 1737 by Gottlieb Friderici and is still extant today (Müller 1999). Other specimens from these early days that are still present in the collection include a number of distinctive fossils (Rößler 1999a, 1999b), among them examples of Fig. 4. The Löwenapotheke, on Grimmaische Straße, Leipzig “lying stones,” crude fossil forgeries described by has functioned as a pharmacy for over 600 years and was first Beringer (1726), raw and worked mineral samples (Thal - managed by Heinrich Linck in 1669 under the name “Zum Gold - heim 1999), a collection of wood samples (Beyrich 1990; enen Löwen.” Photo: A. M. Bauer.

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The Linck collection was already well known for its size and diversity by the early 18 th century (Kanold in Neick - elius 1727) and for many years thereafter it was noted as one of the treasures of Leipzig (Schulz 1784; Leonhardi 1799, Klemm 1838) and was visited by important zoolo - gists, including Marcus Elieser Bloch (1723–1799), Jo - han Christian Fabricius (1745–1808), and Lorenz Oken (1779–1851) (Mohr 1940). Linck was honored by Johann Gottlob Schneider (1750–1822) who dedicated his Am - phibiorum Physiologiae, Specimen Alterum (1792, 1797) “ad virum doctissimum Iohann. Henricum Linck Serenis - simo Saxoniae Electori a Consiliis Commerciorum Acad - emiae Caesareae Naturae Curiosorum Socium et cet.” and, indeed, the last four pages of the work extol Linck’s virtues and the value of his collection. Fig. 5. View of the Green Room, housing the bulk of the her - Following the death, in 1807, of Johann Heinrich Linck petological collections, on the first floor of the Museum – Naturalienkabinett Waldenburg. Photo: A. M. Bauer. the Younger, his widow Dorothea Linck leased the phar - macy, eventually selling it to Karl Heinrich August Rhode celebrated its 600 th anniversary. Linck began collecting in 1818. Upon her death in 1827, the collection was also natural history specimens around 1671 or 1672 (Bormann purchased by Rhode. Rhode sold the fabulous library (doc - 1909), although the details of the foundation of his natu - umented by Linck 1787 and today represented by at least ral history cabinet are largely unknown (Beyrich 1994; some volumes in the Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig) sep - Budig 1999b), and continued to enlarge its holdings un - arately as well as some of the spirit-preserved specimens til his death in 1717. The collection became a family pas - – including snakes and amphibians, but subsequently sold sion and the collection was enlarged by Heinrich’s son, the remaining collection to Fürst Otto Victor I von Schön - Johann Heinrich Linck the Elder (1674–1734; Plate 1b) burg-Waldenburg (1785–1859; Plate 1d) in 1839 for 3,300 and later by his grandson, Johann Heinrich Linck the Thaler (Seifert 1934; Mohr 1940; Fleck et al. 1990; Younger (1734–1807; Plate 1c). Beyrich 1994; Budig 1999b; Zinke 1999). Johann Heinrich the Elder established an extensive trad - Otto Victor received the material in Waldenburg the fol - ing network with other collectors and also purchased ma - lowing year (Beyrich 1990) and in 1844 moved it into a terial from all over the world. During his travels across newly built museum (Budig 1999a; Fig. 3), where it is still Europe, Linck visited the important collections of Seba housed today. Also in 1840, Otto Victor purchased sever - in , Klein in Danzig, and Sloane in London, al other significant natural history collections: the herbar - amongst others (Seifert 1934, 1935; Beyrich 1994; Budig ium, mineralogical and geological collection of Dr. Karl 1999b). As well as being a collector, Linck was a scien - Ferdinand Reichel (1800–1860), a pharmacist from Ho - tist himself and published an important work on starfish henstein (today Hohenstein-Ernstthal), an entomological and related echinoderms (Linck 1733a, 1733b) and con - collection from Karl Gerhardt, and an important collec - ducted a variety of entomological experiments (Seifert tion of birds and other from Karl Ferdinand Ober - 1934; Beyrich 1994). He was also a member of the Kaiser - länder (1805–1866) of Greiz, a baker and confectioner as lich Leopoldinisch-Carolinische Akademie der Natur - well as an accomplished ornithologist (Heyder 1935; Mohr forscher, and a corresponding member of the Accademia 1941; Beyrich 1990). The last significant addition to the delle Scienze dell’Instituto di Bologna and the Royal So - collection was derived from the African hunting expedi - ciety of London (Lingke & Lingke 1909; Beyrich 1994; tion of Otto Victor II (1882–1914) in 1908–1910, consist - Budig 2007). After his death the collection languished for ing chiefly of large mammals and birds. a time until his son came of age and took over both the On 26 October 1928 the Fürstlich Schönburg-Walden - pharmacy and the collection in 1757. burg’scher Familienverein “Schloß Waldenburg” was Johann Heinrich Linck the Younger subsequently en - founded and subsequently administered the collection. riched the collections by the purchase of the large natu - During the period from early 1933 to 1 July 1934 the nat - ral history collection of Johann Christoph Richter ural history collection was closed due to major renova - (1689–1751) in 1784 (Beyrich 1994). Most importantly tions and reorganization of the collection motivated by he reorganized the collection, largely after Linnaeus’s Sys - Fürst Günther von Schönburg-Waldenburg (Seifert 1935; tema Naturae and published an extensive catalogue (Linck Fischer 1936). On 25 October 1945 control of the collec - 1783–1787) listing the material then present, which in - tion passed to the Landesverwaltung Sachsen and in 1951 cluded approximately 3,400 zoological items (Budig responsibility was transferred to the town of Waldenburg, 1999b). which continues as the custodian of the collection. Today

Bonn zoological Bulletin 62 (2): 220–252 ©ZFMK The Historic Linck Collection of Snakes 225 the Naturalienkabinett is housed in the upper floor of the additional specimen of a ( Coluber coerulescens ) that museum building (Fig. 5), whereas the Stadtmuseum (for - appears to have been missed initially. The third and last merly Heimatmuseum) occupies the ground floor. part of the Index (Linck 1787) contains a supplement (Ad - Its purchase and move to Waldenburg account for the ditamenta; pages 245 –260) that includes three snakes on survival of the Linck collection in World War II, when oth - page 248, one being the same listed in the appendix men - er collections in Leipzig were damaged or destroyed by tioned above. allied bombing (3 –4 December 1943). However, the amal - Latin names follow Linnaeus (1766) in nearly all cas - gamation of several collections by Fürst Otto Victor I, as es (Table 1), and in a few instances, Linck cited a descrip - well as his subsequent additions to the collection through tive name from Seba’s Thesaurus (1734, 1735) or anoth - the early 20 th century clouded the identity of the original er source. German vernacular names are also provided, Linck collection. Nonetheless, it has been argued that his - along with the country or region of origin of the species torical museum material can be reasonably identified on (if known), and occasionally more extensive comments. the basis of intrinsic evidence in the absence of preserved Linck collection specimen numbers are also provided as labels or other documentation (Faxon 1915) and we em - are plate and figure references for those specimens fig - ploy this approach to identify some of the oldest extant ured in published works (Plate 2b; Table 2). The Index lists specimens in the Linck collection. 10 species of chelonians, 13 species of frogs, one croco - dile, two amphisbaenians, one caecilian, 28 species of lizards, three species of salamanders and 63 species of heRPetOLOgIcAL SPecIMenS In the LIncK snakes (numerous specimens listed by Linck as varieties cOLLectIOn of some of these actually represent separate species). In addition, the Index lists three large snake skins, snake ver - From at least the time of Johann Heinrich Linck the Eld - tebrae, rattlesnake rattles, numerous snake, turtle and croc - er, herpetology was a focal point in the Linck collection. odile eggs, and a “snake stone,” supposedly taken from By 1727 the collection included 800 jars of spirit preserved the head of a large snake. specimens, including many snakes and other herpetolog - It is unknown what cataloguing system, if any, was used ical specimens (Kanold in Neickelius 1727). By 1783, prior to the time of Johann Heinrich Linck the Younger. when the first and only published catalogue of the collec - His system (Linck 1783), however, included several cat - tion appeared, amphibians and reptiles constituted approx - egories. Dry preparations were numbered separately from imately 50% of the spirit preserved collection, or almost spirit-preserved ones and a separate numbering applied to 450 specimens. This is larger than the herpetological col - specimens kept in numbered drawers. Thus, the cheloni - lection of Marcus Elieser Bloch, assembled in the mid- ans included specimens 1–8 in drawer 25, as well as dry to late 18 th century, which formed the nucleus of the Zo - preparations 95–100 plus 100A and 100B, and spirit spec - ological Museum of Berlin in 1810 and originally includ - imens 326 and 327 (Table 1). In total, the spirit specimens ed about 380 specimens (Bauer & Günther 2006). range from 293 to 697, but with the addition of a few in - The catalogue of the Linck collection, the Index Musae tercalated specimens with an alphabetical suffix, the to - Linckiani (Plate 2a) was published in three parts between tal number of spirit-preserved herpetological specimens 1783 and 1787 (incorrectly stated to be different editions comes to 411. Dry preparations included eight turtles plus by MacGregor 2007; now available online through Die two large snake skins (all probably displayed on the walls Sächsische Landesbibliothek – Staats- und Universitäts - or hung from the ceiling) and smaller specimens stored bibliothek Dresden at http://digital.slub-dresden.de/ in some of the 184 drawers devoted to zoological speci - werkansicht/dlf/9369/1/0/cache.off). The first part (Linck mens (eight chelonians in drawer 25, one frog and seven 1783) includes the section “Die Amphibien. Amphibia,” lizards in drawer 27, two snakes in drawer 24, a third snake divided into “Schwimmende Amphibien. Nantes,” includ - skin and an unspecified number of rattlesnake rattles in ing lampreys, sharks and rays, sturgeons and a diversity drawer 127, crocodile and turtle eggs in drawer 17, and of teleosts, “Kriechende Amphibien. Reptiles,” including snake vertebrae and “snake stone” in drawer 175). Unfor - most amphibians and non-avian reptiles except snakes, and tunately, no trace of these earliest labels remains with the “Schleichende Amphibien. Serpentes,” including snakes, specimens today, nor were any labels apparently present as well as amphisbaenians, caecilians, and some limbless at the time of the reorganization of the collection in lizards. The latter two sections occupy pages 61–79 in the 1933/34 (Seifert 1935), and no correspondence between catalogue and are followed by a two-page section these early numbers and those used subsequently can be “Einzelne Theile von Amphibien” comprising skins, eggs, established, except in cases where the extant specimens and other parts of “Amphibien” as broadly construed. An are both unique and known to have been part of the col - appendix in part 1 (Anhang; pages 275–277) lists speci - lection in the late 18 th century. mens that initially were overlooked or obtained while the Another copy of the Linck Index in the Universitätsbib - catalogue was in press and includes on page 276 a single liothek Leipzig bears additions in the hand of J.H. Linck

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Plate 2. a. Title page of volume I of the Index Musae Linckiani (1783). Image courtesy of Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig. b. Typ - ical snake specimen accounts in the Index Musae Linckiani (1783) showing Linck’s associations with names from Linnaeus (1766) and reference to Scheuchzer (1735) plates. “LK” (Linck Kabinett) numbers corresponding to the illustration numbers in the Icones Serpentum et Viperarum have been added in the hand of J. H. Linck the Younger. Image courtesy of Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig. c. Reverse of inserted leaf in the Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig copy of the Index Musae Linckiani (1783), with additions in the hand of J. H. Linck the younger. Image courtesy of Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig. d. Page of reptile entries in Verzeichnis der im Fürstlichen Museum zu Waldenburg befindlichen Gegenstände (Archiv Museum Waldenburg, 315), the 1886 hand-written versi - on of the museum catalogue. Photo: A. M. Bauer.

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reptiles on 10 pages. In this list, which uses contempo - rary nomenclature, no specimen numbers are listed, only the number of jars (Plate 2d). This list certainly includes newer material, probably from the Oberländer collection – also purchased by Otto Victor in 1840, as distinctive species, such as Phrynosoma orbiculata [sic], not from the Linck collection, are included. However, a diversity of ma - terial corresponding to the older collection is also listed. Three handwritten copies of this document exist at the Mu - seum, differing only in presentation but not content with respect to “Amphibien in Spiritus.” In the 1930s a major reorganization of the Naturalienk - abinett was undertaken in which an attempt to identify the Linck specimens present since at least the time of Johann Heinrich the Younger was made. This took place during the time of Prince Günther of Schönburg (1887–1960) who took an active interest in the museum and its collec - tions and was active in the Fürstlich Schönburg-Walden - burg’scher Familienverein “Schloss Waldenburg,” which published its own Mitteilungen (Fig. 6), with contributions about the historical collections. The identification of these early specimens was carried out in 1933 and 1934 by the mineralogist Alfred Seifert Fig. 6. Cover of number 8 (Mohr, 1940) of Mitteilungen des (1906–1953) and the zoologist Konstantin Leopold Wöp - Fürstlich Schönburg-Waldenburgschen Familienvereins , pub - ke (????–1944; Fig. 7) as part of a major reorganization lished by the Familienverein “Schloß Waldenburg.” Courtesy of Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin. himself (Mohr 1940; Budig 1999b). In the herpetological portion of the catalogue there are three such annotations. On page 76, specimen number 684 has been stricken out under the entry for Coluber haie and, on a leaf inserted after this page, the same number has been assigned to Col - uber Dipsas (specimen 684). On the reverse of the same leaf Coluber Aspis Aegyptiaca (specimen 818) and Col - uber Indicus putorius gryseo-luteus (specimen 817) have both been added (Plate 2c). These changes must have been made very shortly after the publication of the catalogue, as the third part of the catalogue (Linck 1787) includes an Additamenta section in which they are printed along with reference to the originally omitted specimen of Col - uber coerulescens. Further, the specimen numbers as - signed to the two new entries closely follow the highest number for a spirit preserved specimen in the first part of the catalogue (815, a monkey mentioned in the list of spec - imens obtained while the catalogue was in press). This al - so suggests that specimens added after the publication of the catalogue were given sequential numbers, regardless of the taxonomic group to which they belonged. Following Linck’s catalogues (1783–1787) the next Fig. 7. Zoologist Konstantin Wöpke (left), museum guard Al - recorded accounting of the herpetological holdings of the bin Clauder (center), and mineralogist Alfred Seifert (right) in front of the Museum Waldenburg Naturalienkabinett und collection was the Verzeichnis der im Fürstlichen Muse - Heimatmuseum in 1933 or 1934. Wöpke and Seifert reorgan - um zu Waldenburg befindlichen Gegenstände (Archiv Mu - ized the Waldenburg Museum collections and attempted to iden - seum Waldenburg, 315). This handwritten document, pre - tify material dating to the time of Johann Heinrich Linck the pared in 1886, lists the spirit preserved amphibians and Younger. Image courtesy of U. Budig, Museum Waldenburg – Naturalienkabinett und Stadtmuseum. Bonn zoological Bulletin 62 (2): 220–252 ©ZFMK 228 Aaron M. Bauer & Richard Wahlgren

organization (Beyrich 1990; Fleck et al. 1990) and these remain associated with these specimens today. Material present at the time of the reorganization is recorded in the Accessions Katalog der zoologischen Abteilung des Fürstlich-Schönburgischen Museums zu Waldenburg i./Sa. (Archiv Museum Waldenburg 342; Fig. 9) prepared by Wöpke. In this document, ruled columns record Lfde. Nr. (consecutive number = a different number assigned to each species), Bezeichnung (description = species and type of preparation), Fundort bezw. Vorkommen (locality or, more commonly, distribution), Zahl (number of speci - mens), Dat. (date – only for “modern” specimens), Stan - dort (physical position in the collection), and Bemerkun - gen (remarks – generally correspondence to the page and specimen number in the Index Musae Linckiani ). In gen - eral, the first three columns are typed and others have en - tries in ink; additions and corrections to the names and lo - calities are also entered in ink in Wöpke’s hand. The old collection of amphibians and reptiles occupies seven pages in the catalogue. In addition, two mounted reptiles are list - ed from the African trip of Otto Viktor II, both collected in 1908: “2069, Crocodilus [sic, Crocodylus ] niloticus Laur., Nilkrokodil, Afrika” and “2070, Emys orbicularis

Fig. 8. Title page of the guide to the reorganized Waldenburg Museum prepared by K. Wöpke (1937). of the Waldenburg collections (Budig 1999a), although subsequent workers have identified other zoological spec - imens from Linck’s collection that were not recognized as such during the 1930s (Mohr 1940). Exactly how pre - sumed original Linck specimens were recognized is un - known. It is unclear if the jars used at the time of the cat - aloguing in 1783 were actually numbered, or if the posi - tions of the jars on shelves were numbered. In either case, no unambiguous numbering system of specimens seems to have survived to the 20 th century (Seifert 1935), nor does the earlier catalogue of 1886 suggest that any numbering system was present at that time (Wöpke 1937). Rather, it is likely that Wöpke tried to match specimens to those list - ed in Linck (1783–1787). Seifert (1934, fig. p. 36; 1935, fig. 1) figured a selection of spirit-preserved specimens, chiefly snakes, that were supposedly from the Linck col - lection. No markings can be seen on the jars (although some numbering system may have been used on the top of the bladders capping the jars). Wöpke, who had actu - ally published a single paper in herpetology (Wöpke 1930) based on his Inaugural-Dissertation from the University of Leipzig, later published a visitor’s guide to the collec - tions (Wöpke 1937; Fig. 8) in which he stated that he be - lieved that a large number of the specimens on display dat - Fig. 9. Page of reptile specimens from Accessions Katalog der zoologischen Abteilung des Fürstlich-Schönburgischen Museums ed to the time of J.H. Linck the Younger. zu Waldenburg i./Sa. (Archiv Museum Waldenburg 342), a cat - Specimens believed to be part of the original (pre-1783) alogue of the collection prepared by K. Wöpke during the reor - Linck collection were given red labels in the 1933/34 re - ganization of the museum in 1933. Photo: A. M. Bauer.

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Fig. 10. View of part of the herpetological collection in the Naturalienkabinett Waldenburg showing jars sealed with glass plates and covered in picein that were prepared during the 1994 reorganization of the collection. Photo: A. M. Bauer.

L., Sumpfschildkröte, Europa u. Westasien” [this speci - The existing fluid preserved specimens were last men is actually the large and highly distinctive softshell topped-up with ethanol and their containers sealed in turtle, Trionyx triunguis , the misidentification suggests that 1993–1994 by the then preparator of the Museum, Olaf Wöpke’s knowledge of systematic herpetology was lim - Zinke. At least some of the containers of amphibians and ited]. The number of entries for the old collection totals reptiles are conserved in 80% alcohol (presumably 98 species and approximately 250 specimens, falling in ethanol) and 5% glycerin, as recommended by Arndt the number range 527– 645. The next inventory was con - (1937, 1943). The glass jars are sealed with a glass plate ducted in 1994 and was recorded on index cards, one per and covered in picein (Fig. 10). Prior to this the prepara - specimen, each with data on one side and a black and tions were in 95% alcohol and sealed with a tin plate and white photo on the reverse. The specimens were each giv - cow’s bladder (Zinke 1999; see Beyrich 1990, fig. 6; Zinke en numbers (applied to their jars or to the specimens them - 1990, fig. p. 90), a common sealing technique of the late selves in the case of dry preparations), where the number 18 th century (Bauer & Günther 2006). This and other 17 th is not shared with either the Index Musae Linckiani or the and 18 th century methods for sealing glass containers for 1933/34 Accessions Katalog . Each number is prefaced by fluid-preserved specimens were presented by Ruysch a Roman numeral “I,” signifying a zoological object, and (1710), Turgot & Duhamel du Monceau (1758), Pallas followed by the designation “A 3,” indicating a herpeto - (1781), Pole (1790) and Osiander (1793) and these and logical specimen according to the museum inventory sys - other methods were later summarized by Naumann (1815), tem devised by Knorr (1957). These same specimen num - Thomas (1892), Altner (1984), and Carter & Walker bers were recorded in the most recent inventory (2001) (1999). and small labels bearing these numbers have been uni - The existing spirit-preserved collections in Waldenburg formly affixed to specimen jars and dry specimens or their comprise 120 fish, 18 amphibians, 95 reptiles and 22 mounts. anatomical preparations (Zinke 1999). The fish have been

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Fig. 11. Dry preparation of a loggerhead sea turtle ( Caretta caretta ) suspended from the ceiling of the “Linckzimmer,” a room in the Naturalienkabinett containing specimens believed to be from the period of the Linck family and arranged in the fashion of the 18 th century. Photo: A. M. Bauer. discussed earlier (Mohr 1940). Herpetological specimens, both ethanol preserved and dry preparations, are found chiefly in “das erste grüne Zimmer,” whereas a few jars occupy a glass-fronted cabinet on the stairwell landing, and several large sea turtles and some additional spirit pre - served specimens are in the “Linckzimmer” in an arrange - ment that has remained essentially the same since the 1933–34 renovations (Fischer 1936; Fig. 11). Two addi - tional mounted reptile specimens, a Nile crocodile ( Croc - odylus niloticus ) and African softshell turtle ( Trionyx tri - unguis ) dating from Otto Victor II’s African expedition are on display in “das braune Zimmer.” Fig. 12. Title page to volume 4 of the Physica Sacra (Scheuchzer 1735), which includes all 24 of the plates depict - ing Linck’s snake collection. ScheuchzeR, SeBA, And LIncK’S Icones jects in order to achieve an artistic effect (Müsch 2000). Ultimately he turned to Scheuchzer in order to have his From 1714 onward, Johann Heinrich Linck the Elder snake images published. maintained a correspondence with the Swiss naturalist and Scheuchzer’s Physica Sacra or “Copper Bible” physician Johann Jakob Scheuchzer (1672–1733) (Beyrich (1731–1735; Fig. 12) was illustrated by 760 copper en - 1994; Budig 1999b). Linck had just purchased the collec - graved plates, the vast majority of which depicted bibli - tion of Christian Sigismund Wolf (1685–1737), which in - cal scenes incorporating aspects of natural history, which cluded material in turn obtained from Scheuchzer. In the were designed by Johann Melchior Füßli (1677–1736) and intervening years, the two exchanged specimens, as well engraved by Johann Andreas Pfeffel (1674–1748) (Fisch - as letters (Beyrich 1994). Linck’s letters to Scheuchzer are er 1973; Müsch 2000). The history of this grand under - today preserved as Ms. H 304 (pp. 211–306) in the Zen - taking and its execution are chronicled by Müsch (2000). tralbibliothek Zürich. Linck had originally planned to pub - Included among the biblical scenes were a number of lish one or more works on zoology, including snakes, with plates illustrating actual natural history specimens. Among Albertus Seba, and had even sent copper engravings of these was the famous Homo diluvii testis (first described snakes and other specimens to him. However, Seba re - by Scheuchzer in 1726) as well as 24 plates (606, turned these to Linck, although he had made copies, some 628–630, 647–648, 652–655, 657, 660–662, 678, 715, of which served as the basis for illustrations in Seba’s own 717, 737–739, 746–749) depicting 67 snakes and amphis - Thesaurus (1734–1735). As has often been noted, how - baenians from the Linck collection (Table 2), all in the ever, Linck objected to plate layouts like those of Seba, fourth and final volume of the work. These plates appear which combined a variety of unrelated natural history ob - to have been executed by 1730 (Seifert 1934), establish -

Bonn zoological Bulletin 62 (2): 220–252 ©ZFMK The Historic Linck Collection of Snakes 231 ing a minimum age of specimens illustrated in the Phys - 2004, but went unsold and were offered again for sale in ica Sacra . 2013. These each depict multiple specimens, presumably The Leipzig University Library today holds a set of col - clustered for Scheuchzer’s use. Eight of these correspond ored illustrations of fish and reptiles ( Icones Piscium Mu - in content to the finished plates as published in the Phys - sei Linckiani nach daselbst befindlichen Originalen ica Sacra whereas the remaining five images were never gemahlt and Icones serpentum et viperarum Musei Linck - published and possibly never even engraved. These paint - iani nach daselbst befindlichen Originalen gemahlt – here - ings appear to be annotated in Linck’s hand, suggesting after simply the Icones ), rediscovered in 1998, that are be - that they were prepared in Leipzig rather than having been lieved to have been the original drawings upon which the executed in Zürich from drawings sent by Linck. The cor - plates of Scheuchzer were ultimately based (Budig respondence between these paintings and those in the 1999b, Zinke 1999). The snakes are illustrated with one Icones is exact and the former were probably traced from specimen per sheet, except for plate LXVII, on which two the latter. snakes are figured. The paintings were originally prepared under the direction of Johann Heinrich Linck the Elder and were sent to Scheuchzer no later than 1730 (they are men - tAxOnOMIc SIgnIFIcAnce OF the LIncK tioned in a letter sent by Linck to Scheuchzer on 17 March cOLLectIOn 1730; Zentralbibliothek Zürich Ms. H 304). In the text ac - companying the first of the Linck snake plates (pl. 606) During the 18 th century, the Linck collection was visited Scheuchzer (1735) specifically mentions that J.H. Linck by a number of well-known taxonomists, who selected had sent him color illustrations for use in preparing the specimens as type material. For example, among ichthy - plates. Johann Heinrich Linck the Younger subsequently ological specimens, the extant holotype of Lutianus linckii bound the paintings returned by Scheuchzer and append - (or Lutjanus linkii ; the name is spelled differently in the ed his own notes to them (Budig 1999b). Linck’s notes, text and on the accompanying plate in the description fide in Latin, appear on the pages facing the corresponding Eschmeyer 1998), a synonym of Symphodus tinca (Lin - plates. They typically provide the Roman numeral of the naeus, 1758), was described and figured by Marcus Ele - plate, a copy of the text from Linnaeus (1766) for the sier Bloch (1790), who visited the collection in 1767 species to which Linck believed each snake to belong, and, (Mohr 1940; Zinke 1999). Although few herpetological at the bottom, Scheuchzer’s (1735) plate and figure des - taxonomists appear to have seen or worked with the Linck ignation, a page reference to Linnaeus (1766), and the col - collection, Scheuchzer’s plates in the Physica Sacra made lection number of the spirit specimen illustrated, as record - at least some of the collection well-known to a broad au - ed in the Index Musae Linckiani . Presumably, when mul - dience. As was common at the time, and well into the 19 th tiple specimens were listed these also included specimens century, these images were sometimes chosen as icono - referable to not only to the same species as recognized by types and the specimens upon which the images were Linck, but also the same variety or form (see Table 1). In based served as holotypes or syntypes of validly described all there are 89 plates numbered I–XC (plate LXXXVI is taxa. Among the Linck snakes at least seven specimens apparently lacking, see Table 3). The first 67 of these, with illustrated by Scheuchzer (1735) represent type specimens. the exception of number LXVI, are all represented by fig - Linnaeus (1758) based two names, in part, on specimens ures and accompanying text in Scheuchzer (1735) and of from the Linck collection (Bauer 2012). Boa scytale , con - these only IV and XLVII are not explicitly associated with sidered a synonym of Eunectes murinus (Linnaeus, 1758) particular spirit specimens (although the number of the by McDiarmid et al. (1999), is based on indications to a specimen corresponding to plate XLVII was handwritten specimen noted by Gronovius (1756:55) and one illustrat - into Linck’s annotated copy of the Index ). Plates 68–90 ed by Scheuchzer (1735) as figure 1 on plate 737 of Phys - generally lack text and references to Linck collection spec - ica Sacra (Plate 3a). Linck (1783), however, considered imens, although plates LXXII, LXXIX, LXXXIV, and this illustration to be of Coluber aesculapii – nos. 483–484 LXXXV do correspond to particular specimens (Table 3). in the Linck catalogue, a species now called Scaphiodon - The Roman numeral plate numbers in the Icones are tophis venustissimus (Wied, 1821). Linnaeus (1766) lat - equivalent to “Musei Linckiani” specimen numbers rep - er revised and expanded the description of B. scytale in resented in Arabic numerals on the Physica Sacra plates the 12 th edition of so significantly from for each corresponding species and corroborate that the that of 1758 as to be unrecognizable as the same species. Icones illustrations were available to Scheuchzer. These Smith & Gloyd (1963) consequently restricted the appli - same numbers were also added to the annotated copy of cation of the name Boa scytale to the anaconda, E. mur - the Index in in Linck’s hand, prefaced by “LK” for Linck inus , the species clearly intended by Linnaeus (1766) and Kabinett (Plate 2b). consistent with the general use of the name over the pro - Thirteen pen and wash paintings similar to those in the ceeding two centuries. Icones , were offered at an auction in London on 13 May

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Plate 4. a. Figure 2, plate 648 from Physica Sacra (Scheuchz - Plate 3. a. Figure 1, plate 737 from Physica Sacra (Scheuchz - er 1735). The Linck specimen illustrated was one of the sources er 1735). The Linck specimen illustrated is one of two syntypes for the description of Elaps corallinus Merrem, 1820 [= Micru - of Boa scytale Linnaeus 1758 [= Eunectes murinus (Linnaeus rus corallinus ]. b. Figure 2, plate 746 from Physica Sacra 1758)] but is actually referable to Erythrolamprus aesculapii. (Scheuchzer 1735). The Linck specimen illustrated depicts the (see text for explanation). In this and other figures from Physi - holotype of Coluber (Natrix ) cancellatus Merrem, 1820 [= Li - ca Sacra elements other than the specimens of interest have been ophis reginae (Linnaeus 1758)]. c. Figure 1, plate 648 from Phys - digitally removed for clarity. b. Figure 4, plate 747 from Phys - ica Sacra (Scheuchzer 1735). The Linck specimen illustrated is ica Sacra (Scheuchzer 1735). The Linck specimen illustrated is a syntype of Cophias Jararaca Merrem 1820 [= Bothropoides one of two syntypes of Anguis reticulata Linnaeus 1758 [ = Ty - jararaca ]. phlops reticulatus ]. c. Figure 1, plate 647 from Physica Sacra (Scheuchzer 1735). The Linck specimen illustrated is the holo - type of Scytale Scheuchzeri Merrem, 1820 [= Cylindrophis ruf - ated with the latter specimen by Merrem. According to fus (Laurenti 1768)]. Roze (1966) Merrem’s description was also based on spec - imens collected by Wied and published on by him later A second Linck specimen serves as a type of the Lin - in the same year (Wied 1820). Roze (1966), therefore, des - naean name Anguis reticulata = Typhlops reticulatus fide ignated AMNH 3911, collected by Wied, as the lectotype. McDiarmid et al. (1999). Linnaeus (1758) cited both a Scheuchzer’s plate 746, figure 2 (Plate 4b) depicts the Gronovius (1756) specimen, and Scheuchzer’s illustration holotype of Coluber (Natrix ) cancellatus Merrem, 1820, (pl. 747, fig. 4). Scheuchzer’s illustration clearly shows a synonym of Liophis reginae . Cophias Jararaca (= Both - the diagnostic pale snout and pale tail ring of this species ropoides jararaca ) also appears to have been described (Plate 3b). by Merrem (1820) based, in part, on Schecuchzer’s plate Merrem (1820) also cited a number of Scheuchzer plates 648, figure 1 (Plate 4c). However, McDiarmid et al. (1999) in his original descriptions. Scytale Scheuchzeri Merrem, and other sources credit the name to Wied (1824). Al - 1820, a synonym of Cylindrophis ruffus , is based solely though Coluber ornatus (= Chrysopelea ornata ) is cor - on the snake depicted in Scheuchzer’s plate 647, figure 1 rectly credited to Shaw, 1802, Schlegel (1837) cited (Plate 3c). Elaps corallinus Merrem, 1820 (now Micru - Scheuchzer’s plate 606, figure C as an image of a syntype rus corallinus ) was based on Scheuchzer’s plate 648, fig - of Coluber (Natrix ) ornatus Merrem, 1820. Schlegel ure 2 (Plate 4a) and questionably plate 737, figure 1, al - (1837) also cited Scheuchzer’s plate 630, figure A as the though the names Coluber fulvius Linnaeus, C. nigro-ru - image of the type of Coluber (Natrix ) Scheuchzeri (= ? fus La Cépède, and C. fulvus Latreille were also associ - Platyceps rhodorachis fide Wallach 2012), although Mer -

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Plate 5. a. Figure 8, plate 655 from Physica Sacra (Scheuchzer 1735). The Linck specimen illustrated is one of the syntypes of Pseudoboa fasciatus Schneider 1801 [= Bungarus fasciatus ]. b. Figure 2, plate 657 from Physica Sacra (Scheuchzer 1735). The Linck specimen depicted is a syntype of Dipsas multomaculata Reinwardt in Boie 1827 [= Boiga multomaculata ]. c. Bottom por - tion of p. 1296 from Physica Sacra (Scheuchzer 1735) showing Latin text related to plates DCLIII–DCLV, which illustrate Linck snakes. d. Specimen of Lacerta marmoratus = Polychrus marmoratus (I2003A 3) in the Naturalienkabinett Waldenburg on a red- labeled stand, signifiying its recognition as a Linck specimen by Wöpke in the 1933/34 reorganization of the collection.

Bonn zoological Bulletin 62 (2): 220–252 ©ZFMK 234 Aaron M. Bauer & Richard Wahlgren rem (1820) himself listed this image in his account of Col - snakes then recognized (Table 2). Unfortunately for them, uber fulgidus . Coluber (Natrix ) Linkii , another Merrem and for us, at the time that the plates were executed, the (1820) name, despite its patronymic epithet, was not as - significance ventral and subcaudal scale counts, as first sociated with a Scheuchzer plate by its author. advocated by Linnaeus (1745 et seq.) and used by some Schneider’s (1801) description of Pseudoboa fasciatus other mid-18 th century workers (e.g., Gronovius 1756), = Bungarus fasciatus is based in part on material in the was not appreciated and so these useful pieces of infor - Bloch collection (now part of the Museum für Naturkunde, mation are not recorded in the images or in the text of the Berlin) and in part on the Linck specimen illustrated on Physica Sacra . It was not until the work of Merrem plate 655, figure 8 by Scheuchzer (1735; Plate 5a). Final - (1790a, 1790b, 1809, 1810, 1821) that the utility of oth - ly, Dipsas multomaculata Reinwardt in Boie, 1827 (= er scalation features, such as head scales and the condi - Boiga multomaculata ) was described in part on the basis tion of the anal plate was recognized and regularly fig - of the snake figured in Scheuchzer’s plate 657, figure 2 ured accurately (Schmidtler 2006). (Plate 5b). Because their scale counts could not be ascertained Lin - naeus ignored many of the snakes illustrated by Scheuchz - er, despite their otherwise largely accurate portrayal (Shaw the IdentIty OF SnAKeS FIguRed By 1802). However, other workers, many of whom had the ScheuchzeR benefit of having seen many snakes in other collections, attempted to place Scheuchzer’s images into context The identity of the snakes illustrated in Linck’s Icones and (Table 2). Gronovius (1756) was the first to consistently Scheuchzer’s Physica Sacra has never been adequately re - reference Scheuchzer’s (1735) images, but this work was solved. The identifications published by Linck (1783–1787) can only be considered tentative as they were Linck’s best guesses based on those species known to Lin - naeus at the time of the 12 th edition of Systema Naturae (1766), which Linck used as his main source. Linnaeus’s descriptions were often brief and Linck had no special training or knowledge of snakes, so the margin for error was great. Linck may also have been swayed in his iden - tifications by the presumed geographic origin of the snakes. However, the stated origins of most specimens that reached natural history cabinets in the early to mid-18 th century were mostly unreliable, as the material generally came through a series of intermediaries, often via Dutch commercial vessels that may have visited any of the main areas from which reptiles were exported, namely Suri - name, the Cape, Ceylon, and the East Indies. In short, Linck’s (1783–1787) identifications in the Index cannot be relied upon. Information from Scheuchzer’s (1735) text is likewise of little use in identifying the snakes of the Linck collec - tion. It is possible that Johann Heinrich Linck the Elder had sent Scheuchzer some information about the speci - mens, such as their presumed places of origin, but Scheuchzer seems to have used a combination of classi - cal sources as well as contemporary biological literature, including Hernandez (1651), Marcgrave (1648) and Piso (1658), Kaempfer (1712), Ray (1693), and Kolb (1719), amongst others, in order to provide text that was usually not particularly relevant to the particular snake figured Plate 6. a. Match of (left) Psammophylax rhombeatus (Plate 5c). (I2022A 3) to (center) Scheuchzer (1735) plate 739, figure 7, and Thankfully, many of the plates in the Icones and Phys - (right) Icones XXVI. Left and center images: A. M. Bauer. Right image courtesy of Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig. b. Match of ica Sacra are lifelike enough that some hope of identifi - (left) Amphisbaena alba (I2046A 3) to (top right) Scheuchzer cation is possible on the basis of the images alone. Indeed, (1735) plate 652, figure 1, and (bottom right) Icones XXXIV. until the mid-19 th century many herpetologists attempted Left and top right images: A. M. Bauer. Bottom right image cour - to place Scheuchzer’s images into the synonymies of the tesy of Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig.

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of opinion and some images were regarded as being too imprecisely drawn to allow unambiguous identification. We used the identifications of previous authors as a guideline for our own determinations of Scheuchzer’s fig - ures, but did not restrict our considerations to these taxa. We also compiled lists of possible subjects based on our own knowledge of snakes and obtained suggestions from a panel of colleagues (see Acknowledgements) with broad familiarity of snake systematics and identification. Ulti - mately our identifications as given in Table 2 were the re - sult of comparisons of the plates with photographs and specimens of all candidate taxa compiled. In some in - stances no identifrication was possible. In a majority of cases we could confirm that the identifications of Duméril & Bibron (1844) and Duméril et al. (1854a, 1854b) were correct. As predicted for an early 18 th century reptile col - lection, virtually all of the specimens represent species oc - curring in parts of the world to which access was con - trolled by the Dutch, who were the source of most com - mercially traded exotic natural history objects at the time. In particular, the greatest part of the collection is repre - sented by South American species that would likely have been collected in Suriname. However, South African (Cape) species, such as Causus rhombeatus , Psammophy - lax rhombeatus , and Pseudaspis cana are represented, as

Plate 7. a. Match of (left) Boa constrictor (I2013A 3) to (right) Scheuchzer (1735) plate 746, figure 1. Photos: A. M. Bauer. b. Match of (left) Crotalus durissus (I2085A 3) to (center) Scheuchzer (1735) plate 738, figure 4, and (right) Icones XLI - II. Left and center images: A. M. Bauer. Right image courtesy of Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig. itself pre-Linnaean and did not use binominal nomencla - ture. Selected images of Linck’s snakes were subsequent - ly cited by Linneaus (1758, 1766), Laurenti (1768), Gmelin (1789), La Cépède (1789), Bonnaterre (1790), Schneider (1801, 1821), Shaw (1802), and Daudin (1802a, 1802b, 1802c). Of these authors, only Schneider, who was based in eastern Germany and who had praised Linck and his collection (1792, 1797) is likely to have ac - tually seen the specimens or perhaps at least the Icones (see footnotes Table 2). Merrem (1820) was the first au - thor to formally place the majority of the Scheuchzer plates into the synonymy of recognized species. Boie (1827) in his critique of Merrem (1820) also commented on the identity of the Linck snakes. The most comprehen - sive evaluations of their identities, however, were made Plate 8. a. Match of (left) Boiga dendrophila (I2068A 3) to (top by Schlegel (1837) in his Physionomie des Serpens , a center) Scheuchzer plate 662, figure 11, (bottom center) Icones global review of snakes, and by Duméril & Bibron (1844) XLV, (top right) Seba (1735) Plate 21, figure 1, and (bottom and Duméril et al. (1854a, 1854b) in Erpétologie right) illustration in Shaw (1802). Bottom center image courtesy Générale , the most detailed herpetological treatise pro - of Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig. All other images: A. M. Bauer duced to that time (Table 2). These authors largely agreed b. Match of (left) Helicops angulatus (I2014A 3) to (right) Icones on identifications, although there were some differences plate LXXXIII. Left photo: A. M. Bauer. Right image courtesy of Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig.

Bonn zoological Bulletin 62 (2): 220–252 ©ZFMK 236 Aaron M. Bauer & Richard Wahlgren are Sri Lankan (Ceylonese) snakes, including Cylindrophis ble matches for three of the red-labeled specimens maculatus , Amphiesma stolatum , and Chrysopelia orna - (Ahaetulla prasina ; Liophis lineatus ; Psammophylax ta , and those from Indonesia (former Dutch East Indies), rhombeatus , Plate 6a). In addition, seven specimens not e.g., Cylindrophis ruffus , Boiga dendrophila , and Homa - indicated by Wöpke’s red labeling were considered match - lopsis buccata . es to Scheucher figures ( Amphisbaena alba , Plate 6b; Boa constrictor , Plate 7a; Croatalus durissus , Plate 7b; Boiga dendrophila , Plate 8a; Corallus hortulanus ; Thamody - IdentIFIcAtIOn OF ORIgInAL LIncK SPecI - nastes pallidus ; Naja naja ) and one additional specimen MenS corresponds to a plate in the unpublished Icones but was not subsequently illustrated in Physica Sacra (Helicops We examined the entire collection of the amphibian and angulatus , Plate 8b). Thus, if our identifications are cor - reptile specimens present in the Waldenburg collection in rect, 11 of the specimens illustrated in the Icones and 10 2005 and 2009. These are arranged chiefly in two glass- figured by Scheuchzer (1735) appear to be extant (Table fronted wooden cabinets and are in numbered aisles 52, 4). It is certainly possible that additional, unfigured spec - 53, 56 and 57. Additional specimens are on display in the imens of spirit-preserved snakes, as well other reptiles and Linck Room and in the stairwell between the two main amphibians, both dry and in fluid, may also date from this floors of the building. Unfortunately, the specimen labels, time, but this cannot be confirmed based on the evidence including red labels meant to denote Linck specimens available. identified in the reorganization of the 1930s, are attached One of the surviving specimens, here identified as Boiga to small wooden bases on which the jars stand (Plate 5d). dendrophila (and more specifically as B. d. occidentalis The jars are weakly glued to the bases and in some cas - by Wallach 2012), has long been a source of contention. es were loose and in many cases these bases were clear - Shaw (1802) noted that this same specimen was figured ly associated with the wrong specimens. There are no tags by Seba (1735, pl. 21, fig. 1) and by Scheuchzer (1735, or other identifiers associated with the specimens within. pl. 630 [sic]) and reproduced the image himself (Plate 8a). However, each jar bears a small, uniquely numbered la - Merrem (1821) correctly cited the image as plate 662, fig - bel, added in the 1993/1994 reorganization of the collec - ure 11 in Scheuchzer and considered that the similarity of tion. None of the specimens in the stairwell display case the figures indicated that one of the authors had plagia - was associated with a numbered label or a labeled base rized the other. He concluded that it is Seba who had nor were several of the dry preparations in the Linck copied without attribution and indeed accused Seba of ly - Room. Photographs were taken for subsequent confirma - ing in claiming that he had received the snake from “a tion of identification and comparison with Scheuchzer’s friend with good standing in society, who greatly valued (1735) plates but these were of limited use as all fluid- it.” In fact, given that Linck had initially provided Seba preserved specimens were sealed with a glass plate and with images of his snakes (see above), no plagiarism of covered in picein from the 1993–94 inventory and reor - Scheuchzer is implied, although it may be argued that Se - ganization, requiring that photos were taken through the ba misrepresented the specimen figured as being part of glass. Identification methods were the same as for the his own collection. Johann Heinrich Linck the elder him - Scheuchzer plate images (see above). self, felt ill-used by Seba, who kept Linck’s snake illus - We examined the eight specimens that had been previ - trations for half a year and copied them in association with ously identified as deriving from the Linck collection by a planned co-authored work on snakes, but ultimately de - Konstantin Wöpke during his reorganization in the 1930s cided to publish on his own (Zentralbibliothek Zürich Ms. (Table 4). Because only snakes and other reduced limbed H 304). reptiles and amphibians (amphisbaenians and caecilians) were figured by Scheuchzer, we had no way of confirm - ing the lizards indicated as being part of the original Linck the OLdeSt FLuId-PReSeRVed heRPetO - collection. However, we compared all the snake and am - LOgIcAL cOLLectIOnS phisbaenian specimens now present in the Waldenburg collection, including those without red labels, to the pub - The Linck collection is of both historical and taxonomic lished plates of Scheuchzer and to the original illustrations relevance. The majority of the specimens that can be as - prepared by Linck in the Icones . Linck’s images and the sociated with some assurance to the Index of the 1780s, Scheuchzer plates are consistent with one another with re - the Icones watercolors in Leipzig, or the plates of the Phys - spect to the approximate body positions of the snakes fig - ica Sacra , are important as links to one of the most im - ured and we believe these to be accurate representations portant German herpetological collections of the 18 th cen - of the specimens as they appeared to Linck. Thus, we con - tury. At least those 11 specimens that can be matched to sidered specimens showing the same body positions and the Icones and Scheuchzer’s plates must have been in the color patterns to be possible matches. We found plausi - Linck collection at least since 1729 (Linck noted in March

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1730 that Seba had kept the drawings of snakes he had between 1716, the year of the sale of Seba’s first collec - sent from Easter to Michaelmas, presumably of the pre - tion (of which no spirit-preserved material is known to sur - vious year; Zentralbibliothek Zürich Ms. H. 304) making vive), and about 1735, the year in which the second of the them among the oldest fluid-preserved herpetological two volumes of Seba’s Thesaurus that contain herpetolog - specimens in the world. ical specimens was published. The surviving material from Nehemiah Grew (1641–1712) was one of the first to re - all three collections could therefore be approximately the port on anatomical specimens preserved in fluid, among same age, but the material from the Linck collection can them some of Boyle’s earliest preparations (Jahn 1994) – be explicitly proven to date to at least 1729 (versus 1736 including a snake, in his catalogue of the Royal Society for specimens in Halle and 1734–35 for the now scattered Museum (Grew 1681). Some of these specimens were still specimens from Seba’s collection) and has the potential extant more than a century later (Dobson 1956), but much for the greatest possible age, given that Heinrich Linck be - of the early spirit-preserved material is known to have de - gan his collection more than 25 years before the founda - graded by the first third of the 19 th century (Select Com - tion of the Franckesche Stiftungen, when Albertus Seba mittee 1835; Whitehead 1969). An illustration, made in was only a child. 1703, of the collection of Levinus Vencent (MacGregor Unfortunately, none of the type specimens from the 2007, fig. 51) clearly shows jars of spirit preserved spec - Linck collection appear to be among the surviving spec - imens, amongst them lizards, turtles and frogs. Other large imens in Waldenburg. Even if all of the putative Linck herpetological collections were assembled by James Petiv - specimens identified by Wöpke are among the extant spec - er (1663–1718) and Theodor Jakob Klein (1685–1759), imens and the majority of other herpetoloigical specimens as well Sir Hans Sloane (1660–1753), who ultimately in - also date from at least the time of Johann Heinrich Linck corporated Petiver’s collection into his own. However, no the Younger, it is clear that the vast majority of this once fluid-preserved herpetological specimens are believed to massive collection has been lost or destroyed over the be extant from any of these collections (although records years. It is probable that many were either sold by Rhode of what once existed in Sloane’s collection are held by The prior to the purchase of the rest of the collection by Otto Natural History Museum, London (Clutton-Brock 1994)). Victor and have subsequently become lost or destroyed, Despite the relative stability of fluid-preserved speci - or that they deteriorated and were destroyed at some point mens, most private herpetological collections dating to be - prior to the collection reorganization of the 1930s. Indeed, fore the middle of the 18 th century were eventually de - the value of such historical specimens was generally not stroyed or greagtly diminished by fire, jar breakage, al - appreciated until late in the 19 th century, resulting in ex - cohol evaporation, or simply curatorial neglect or indif - tensive losses in the name of curation (Steinheimer 2005). ference. Royal or national collections fared somewhat bet - There is a remote possibility that additional specimens il - ter, as they were less likely to suffer some of these vicis - lustrated by Scheuchzer (1735) and therefore dating from situdes, but even the oldest of these, the Swedish Muse - the time of Johann Heinrich Linck the Elder, potentially um of Natural History (with collections dating from 1739), even some of the missing types, may yet be identified if is younger than the Linck collection. specimens sold by Rohde can be identified in other col - It is impossible to determine the actual age of the snakes lections. figured in the Physica Sacra and today housed in the Nat - uralienkabinett Waldenburg, as no records exist that doc - Acknowledgements. We are indebted to Frau Ulrike Budig of ument any herpetological portion of the Linck collection the Museum und Naturalienkabinett Waldenburg who provided prior to 1730, the year in which Scheuchzer’s plates are us with free access to the collections and archives of the Muse - um and kindly answered our queries and facilitated our access believed to have been executed (Seifert 1934). However, to material in the Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig. This research the collection of snakes was large and well-known sever - could not have been completed without her support over a pe - al years earlier (Kanold in Neickelius 1727) and it is cer - riod of several years. We thank Susanne Dietel (Universitätsbib - tainly conceivable that some specimens could date back liothek Leipzig) for permission to reproduce images from the to the period of Heinrich Linck, and perhaps to as early Icones Serpentum et Viperarum and Rainer Walter (Zentralbib - as the 1680s, by which time spirit-preservation of reptiles liothek Zürich) for providing copies of Johann Heinrich Linck the Elder’s correspondence with Jakob Scheuchzer. The diffi - had become common. cult 18 th century handwriting in these letters was graciously ren - A similar lack of temporal precision applies to the few dered into modern German by Margaret and Gunnar Thiem and other collections of comparable age. Thus, specimens in Pr. Adolf Pentz, through the kind assistance of Prof. Annika the collection of the Franckesche Stiftungen in Halle, de - Thiem. Travel to Waldenburg by AMB was funded through the spite its late 17 th century origins, cannot be accurately dat - Gerald M. Lemole, M.D. Endowment Fund. We thank Frank ed beyond 1736, when Gotfried August Gründler Tillack, Christoph Kucharzewski, Patrick David, Markus Monzel, Bo Stille, Didrik Claesson, Gernot Vogel, and Van Wal - (1710 –1775) catalogued and reorganized the existing col - lach for providing their insight into the identification of the lection there. The Seba collection likewise can only be dat - snakes figured by Scheuchzer. Hinrich Kaiser kindly assisted ed approximately, with specimens having been obtained with the translation of a tricky passage from Merrem.

Bonn zoological Bulletin 62 (2): 220–252 ©ZFMK 238 Aaron M. Bauer & Richard Wahlgren

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Piso W [Pisonis G] (1658) De Indiæ Utriusque re Naturali et Schneider JG (1797) Amphibiorum Physiologiae specimen al - Medica Libri Quatuordecim. Quorum Contenta Pagina Se - terum, historiam et species generic Stellionum seu Geckonum quens Exhibet. Apud Ludovicum et Danielem Elzeverios sistens. Apud Friedericum Frommannum, Züllichoviae [Daniel and Louis Elzevier], Amstelædami [Amsterdam], [22], [Sulechów (Zielona Góra, Poland)] , [2], 54 pp 327, [5], 39, 226 pp Schneider JG (1799) Historiae Amphibiorum Naturalis et Lite - Pole T (1790) The Anatomical Instructor; or, an Illustration of rariae. Fasciculus Primus continens Ranas, Calamitas, Bufo - the Modern and Most Approved Methods of Preparing the Dif - nes, Salamandras et Hydros in Genera et Species Descriptos ferent Parts of the Human Body, and of Quadrupeds, by In - Notisque suis Distinctos. F. 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Sächsische Landesstelle für Museumswesen, Chemnitz Naturæ Curiosorum Collega Xenocrates dictus; Societatis Re - Roze J (1966) On the synonymy and type specimens of the coral giæ Anglicanæ, et Instituti Bononiensis, sodalis. Tomus I. Jans - snakes Micrurus corallinus and M. ibiboboca (marcgravii ). sonio-Waesbergios, & J. Wetstenium, & Gul. Smith [Jansson- Copeia 1966: 369–371 Waesberg, J. Wetsten & William Smith], Amstelaedami [Ams - Ruysch F (1710) Thesaurus animalium primus/Het eerste cab - terdam], [33], 178 pp, 111 pls inet der dieren . Joannem Wolters, Amsterdam, [56], 42 pp, vii Seba A (1735) Locupletissimi Rerum Naturalium Thesauri Ac - pls curata Descriptio, et Iconibus Artificiosissimis Expressio, per Sauerlandt M (1911) Die Naturalienkammer des Halleschen Wai - Universam Physices Historiam. Opus, cui, in hoc Rerum senhauses. Museumskunde 7: 133–146 Genere, Nullum par Exstitit. Ex Toto Terrarum Orbe Colle - Schepelern HD (1987) Natural philosophers and princely col - git, Digessit, Descripsit, et Depingendum Curavit Albertus Se - lectors: Worm, Paludanus and the Gottorp and Copenhagen ba, Etzela Oostfrisius, Academiæ Caesareæ Leopoldino Car - Collections. Pp 121–127 in Impey O & MacGregor A (eds.) olinæ Naturæ Curiosorum Collega Xenocrates dictus; Soci - The Origins of Museums. The Cabinet of Curiosities in Six - etatis Regiæ Anglicanæ, et Instituti Bononiensis, sodalis. To - teenth- and Seventeenth-Century Europe. Clarendon Press, mus II. Janssonio-Waesbergios, & J. Wetstenium, & Gul. Oxford, xiii, 335 pp, 54 pp pls Smith [Jansson-Waesberg, J. Wetsten & William Smith ], Am - Schepelern HD (1990) The Museum Wormianum reconstruct - stelaedami [Amsterdam], [34], 154 pp, 114 pls ed. Journal of the History of Collections 2: 81–85 Seifert A (1934) Die Apothekerfamilie Linck in Leipzig und ihr Scheuchzer JJ (1726) Homo Diluvii Testis et Theoskopus. Typ - Naturalien- und Kunstkabinett (1670–1840). Gesellschaft für is Joh. Henrici Byrgklini, Tiguri [Zürich], 24 pp Geschichte der Pharmazie, Mittenwald (Bayern), 76 pp Scheuchzer JJ (1731–1735) Kupfer-Bibel in welcher die Physi - Seifert A (1935) Das Lincksche Naturalien- und Kunstkabinett ca Sacra, oder Geheiligte Natur-Wissenschafft derer in Heil. in Leipzig (1670–1840) und seine teilweise Neuaufstellung im Schrifft voirkommenden Natürlichen Sachen deutlich erklärt. Fürstlich Schönburgischen Naturalienkabinett in Waldenburg Christian Ulrich Wagner, Augsburg und Ulm. (Sachsen). Museumskunde, Neue Folge 7: 1–15 Scheuchzer JJ (1735) Kupfer-Bibel in welcher die Physica Sa - Select Committee (1836) Report from the Select Committee on cra, oder Geheiligte Natur-Wissenschafft derer in Heil. the Condition, Management and Affairs of the British Muse - Schrifft voirkommenden Natürlichen Sachen deutlich erklärt. um; Together with the Minutes of Evidence, Appendix and In - Band 4. Christian Ulrich Wagner, Augsburg und Ulm, pp 739– dex. Hansard (for the House of Commons), London, iv, 623 1426, pls dlxxvi –dccl [pagination continuous with volume 3, pp, 4 pls plate numbering continuous across all four volumes] Shaw G (1802) General zoology or systematic natural history. Schlegel H (1837) Essai sur la Physionomie des Serpens. Par - Vol. III. Part II. Amphibia. G. Kearsley, London, vii, 313–615 tie Descriptive. M. H. Schonekat, Amsterdam, [4], 606, xv, pp, 87–140 pls [1] pp Smith HM, Gloyd HK (1963) Nomenclatural notes on the snake Schmidtler JF (2006) Blasius Merrems (1790) “Beytraege zur names Scytale , Boa scytale , and Agkistrodon mokasen . Her - Geschichte der Amphibien” — eine neue Ära in der Metho - petologica 19: 280–282 dik der Schlangen-Darstellung. Sekretär 6 (2): 45–60 Statius Müller PL (1774) Des Ritters Carl von Linné Königlich Schneider JG (1792) Amphibiorum Physiologiae specimen al - Schwedischen Leibarztes &c. &c.vollständiges Natursystem terum, historiam et species generic Stellionum seu Geckonum nach der zwölften lateinischen Ausgabe und nach Anleitung sistens. Typis Chr. Ludov. Frid. Apitzii. Commissum Iohan - des holländischen Houttuynischen Werks mit einer ausführ - ni Andr. Kunze, Traieti ad Viadrum [Frankfurt an der Oder], lichen Erklärung ausgefertigt von Philipp Ludwig Statius 54 pp Bonn zoological Bulletin 62 (2): 220–252 ©ZFMK 242 Aaron M. Bauer & Richard Wahlgren

Müller. 3. Theil. Von den Amphibien. Gabriel Nicolaus Ra - Wagler JG (1830) Natürliches System der Amphibien, mit vo - spe, Nürnberg, 64, 350, [16] pp, xii pls rangehender Classification der Säugthiere und Vögel. G. J. Statius Müller PL (1776) Des Ritters Carl von Linné Königlich Cotta’schen Buchhandlung, München, vi, 354 pp, 1 pl Schwedischen Leibarztes &c. &c. vollständiges Natursystems Wahlgren R (2003) Johann Jakob Scheuchzer and the Physica nach der zwölften lateinischen Ausgabe und nach Anleitung sacra . Newsletter and Bulletin of the International Society for des holländischen Houttuynischen Werks mit einer ausführ - the History and Bibliography of Herpetology 4 (2): 5–6 lichen Erklärung ausgefertigt von Philipp Ludwig Statius Mül - Wallach V (2012) Synonymy and preliminary identifications of ler. Supplemente und Register-Band über alle sechs Theile the snake illustrations of Albertus Seba’s ‘Thesaurus’ oder Classen des Thierreichs. Gabriel Nicolaus Raspe, Nürn - (1734–1735). Hamadryad 35 (2): 1–190 berg, [15], 384, [40], 536 pp, iii pls Whitehead PJP (1969) Zoological specimens from Captain Steinheimer FD (2005) The whereabouts of pre-nineteenth cen - Cook’s voyages. Journal of the Society for the Bibliography tury bird specimens. Zoologische Mededelingen 79: 45–67 of Natural History 5: 161–201 Storz J (1962) Das Naturalien- und Kunstkabinett der Francke - Wied [Wied-Neuwied] M [Prince Maximilian] (1820) Ueber die schen Stiftungen zu Halle an der Saale. Wissenschaftliche Zeit - Cobra Coral oder Cobra Coraës der Brasilianer. Nova Acta schrift der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Physico-Medica Academiae Caesareae Leopoldino-Carolinae Gesellschafts- und Sprachwissenschaften Reihe 11: 193–200 Naturae Curiosorum 10 (2): 107–110, pl. iv Thalheim K (1999) Edle Minarale und schlichte Gesteine – Die Wied [Wied-Neuwied] M [Prince Maximilian](1824) Cophias Mineraliensammlung. Pp 46–57 in Budig U, Zenker R & jararaca , Lieferung 8, fig. 6, in Abbildungen der Stadtlander G (eds.) Heimatmuseum und Naturalienkabinett Naturgeschichte Brasiliens. Landes-Industrie-Comptoir, Waldenburg, Sächsische Museen 7. Sächsische Landesstelle Weimar, 90 pls., [182] pp für Museumswesen, Chemnitz Wöpke K (1930) Die Kloake und die Begattungsorgane der Thireau M, Sprackland RG, Sprackland T (1998) A report on Se - männlichen Zauneidechse ( Lacerta agilis L.). Jenaische ba’s specimens in the herpetological collection of the Zeitschrift für Naturwissenschaft 65: 275–318, pls iv–vi Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, and their sta - Wöpke K (1937) Führer durch das Fürstlich Schönburgische Na - tus as Linnaean types. The Linnean 13: 38–45 turalienkabinett in Waldenburg/Sa. und die in ihm enthalte - Thomas O (1892) On the probable identity of certain specimens nen Sammlungen. Fürstlich Schönburgische Naturalienkabi - in the Lidth de Jeude Collection, and now in the British Mu - nett in Waldenburg, Waldenburg, 38 pp seum, with those figured by Albertus Seba in his ‘Thesaurus’ Worm O (1655) Museum Wormianum. Seu Historia Rerum Ra - of 1734. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London riorum, tam Naturalium, quam Artificialium, tam Domestica - 1892: 309–317 rum, quam Exoticarum, quae Hafniae Danorum in Aedibus Turgot EF, Duhamel du Monceau HL (1758) Mémoire instruc - Authoris Servantur. Apud Iohnnem Elsevirivm, Lugduni Ba - tif sur la manière de rassembler, de preparer, de conserver et tavorum [Leiden], [12], 389, [3] pp, 2 pls. d’envoyer les diverses curiosités d’histoire naturelle. Auquel Zinke O (1999) Die Welt im Weingeist – Spirituspräperate des on a joint un Mémoire intitulé : Avis pour le Transport par 17./18. Jahrhunderts. Pp 83–90 in Budig U, Zenker R & Stadt - mer,des Arbes, des Plantes vivaces, des Semences, & de di - lander G (eds.) Heimatmuseum und Naturalienkabinett Wal - verses autres Curiosités d’Histoire Naturelle. Chez Jean Marie denburg, Sächsische Museen 7. Sächsische Landesstelle für Bruyset, Lyon, xvi, 237, [1], 25 pls. [pages 141–146 misnum - Museumswesen, Chemnitz bered 146–150, p. 149–235 misnumbered 151–237]

Bonn zoological Bulletin 62 (2): 220–252 ©ZFMK The Historic Linck Collection of Snakes 243

APPendIx

table 1. Herpetological material in the Linck collection as listed in the Index Musae Linckiani (1783–1787). Binominal names used in the Index are from the 12 th edition of the Systema Naturae (Linnaeus 1766) and reflect the identifications of Johann Hein - rich Linck the Younger. Specimens differing from the typical named forms in size, color, or provenance were listed by Linck im - mediately following the species they most closely resembled. Index page refers to the volume (I: 1783; III: 1787) and page num - ber in the Index upon which each species or variety account begins. Specimen numbers alone refer to spirit-preserved material, “aufgeh.” (aufgehängt = hung) or “trocken (= dry) aufgeh.” refers to preparations hanging on a wall or from the ceiling, “Schubl.” refers to dry preparations in drawers (Schubladen). Linck provided citations to the corresponding page number in Linnaeus (1766), as well as to corresponding images in Scheuchzer (1735; see Table 2), Seba (I: 1734, II: 1735), and Müller (as Müll. or Müllers Ueb. or Uebers.; III: 1774, Suppl.: 1776) and mentions in Ray (1693) and Laurenti (1768). Information in this table may be cross- referenced with that in Table 2 by comparing the Specimen numbers columns.

Index name Index Specimen numbers Linnaeus Other citations Page 1766

Testudo coriacea I:61 aufgeh. 98, 25, Schubl. No. 6 350 Testudo imbricata I:61 aufgeh. 100a 350 Testudo mydas I:61 trocken aufgeh. 95, 96 350 Desgl. eine von der nemlichen Art, I:61 326, 327, aber kleiner trocken aufgeh. 97 Testudo orbicularis I:61 25 Schubl. No. 5 351 Desgl. nur die Oberschaale I:61 aufgeh. 100b Testudo scabra I:61 25 Schubl. No. 4, aufgeh. 100 351 Testudo scorpioides I:61 aufgeh. 99 352 Testudo graeca I:62 25 Schubl. No. 2 352 Testudo carolina I:62 25 Schubl. No. 8 352 Testudo geometrica I:62 25 Schubl. No. 1,3 353 Müllers Uebers. T. III. T. XII, f. 1 Noch eine Verschiedenheit I:62 25 Schubl. No. 9 353 von der Geometrica Testudo pusilla I:62 25 Schubl. No. 7 353 Rana pipa I:62 322–325 354 Müllers Ueb. T. III. T. XII, f. 2 Desgleichen ein Exemplar woran man I:62 321 die aufgesprungenen Eyer recht genau beobachten kann Rana musica I:62 303 354 Rana bufo I:62 320 354 Rana gibbosa I:63 310, 311, 319 355 Seb. II, 37-3 Rana bombina I:63 312 355 Rana ventricosa I:63 309 355 Ein kleinerer I:63 318 Rana marina Americana I:63 316 356 Rana ocellata I:63 315 356 Seb. I, 76-1 Rana marginata I:63 297 356 Rana paradoxa I:63 293, 294, 294A–C 356 Seb. I, 78-6,16,21 Rana temporaria I:63 302 357 Rana arborea I:63 295, 296, 298–301, 305, 357 306; 27 Schubl. No. 5 Dergleichen ein ganz großer weißer I:63 307 Surinamischer Laubfrosch Einer dergleichen mit einem Fusse I:63 304 Rana boans I:64 308 358 Dergleichen Art aus Surinam I:64 313 Dergleichen aus Brasilien I:64 314 Dergleichen aus Carolina I:64 317 Phil. Trans. 210:215 Draco volans I:64 439–442, 27 Schubl. No. 2 358 Müllers Ueb. T. III. T. I, f. 4 Desgleichen die Amerikanische I:64 443–447 358 Müllers Ueb. T. III. fliegende Eidechse T. I, f. 5 Bonn zoological Bulletin 62 (2): 220–252 ©ZFMK 244 Aaron M. Bauer & Richard Wahlgren

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Lacerta crocodilus I:64 328–334, 336, 340 359 Seb. I, 103, 104, 106 Dergl. noch einige junge afrik. Krocodile I:65 335, 337–339 Lacerta superciliosa I:65 72, 374, 449, 450 360 Seb. I, 1-9-24 Lacerta monitor I:65 343–349 360 Seb. I, 94-1-3 Lacerta principalis I:65 417 360 Lacerta cordylus I:65 341, 391, 393 361 Desgl. Aus Amerika I:65 392, 27 Schubl. No. 7 Lacerta mauritanica I:66 458 361 Lacerta azurea I:66 342 362 Seb. II, 62-6, 97-4 Lacerta turcica I:66 456 362 Lacerta ameiva I:66 376-384, 384, 412, 419, 362 Seb. I, 88-2 27 Schubl. Desgl. eine mit getheilten Schwanze I:66 398 Desgl. eine Verschiedenheit I:66 394, 395, 413 Seb. I, 85-2-4, 86-4 Lacerta agilis I:66 375, 397, 403–405, 407, 363 Seb. II, 79-5, 4-5 418, 428, 429 Desgl. mit einem länglichen Auswuchse I:66 386 auf der Oberseite des Schwanzes Lacerta seps I:66 399 363 Lacerta de taletec. min. mas et foem. I:66 409, 410 Seb. I, 79-1 Noch eine Amerikanische I:67 406, 27 Schubl. Seb. I, 92-5 Lacerta chamaeleon I:67 433, 435, 436, 438, 438A, 364 Seb. I, 82-1-5, 83-5 27 Schubl. No. 3 Dergl. Ein Exemplar aus Morea I:67 437 Lacerta gecko I:67 452, 455, 457, 459–461, 365 Seb. I, 108 27 Schubl. No. 6 Lacerta stincus I:67 400–402 365 Seb. I, 105-3 Lacerta orbicularis I:67 424, 451 365 Seb. I, 109-6 Lacerta ypsilon I:68 290A Lacerta iguana I:68 350, 351, 353–363 366 Seb. I, 96-4,5, 97-3, 98-1 Lacerta calotes I:68 364–371, 373, 396 367 Lacerta agama I:68 448 367 Seb. I, 107-1-3 Lacerta marmorata I:68 385, 387–390, 414–416, 434 368 Seb. II, 76-4 Lacerta teguixin I:68 420, 421, 423, 425–427 368 Die größte Teguixin I:68 352 Lacerta punctata I:68 430, 432 369 Lacerta chalcides I:69 431 369 Lacerta lemniscata I:69 408, 422 369 Lacerta arguta I:69 411 Müll. Uebers. im Suppl. Bande p. 188.41.A) Noch verschiedene Eidechsen I:69 264, 579, 27 Schubl. No. 1, 4 Lacerta aquatica I:69 453 370 Seb. II, 12-7 Lacerta palustris I:69 454 370 Seb. I, 89-4,5 Lacerta salamandra I:69 462–468 371 Seb. II, 15-5 Crotalus miliaris Lin. I:70 469 372 Crotalus dryinas Lin. I:70 563 372 Seb. II 95-3 Crotalus durissus Lin. I:70 553 372 Seb. II 95-2 Boa hipnale Lin. I:70 671 373 Seb. II 34-2 Boa constrictor Lin. I:71 669–670 373 Boa hortulana Lin. I:71 661–662 374 Eine mit braunen Bändern I:71 488 Coluber vipera Lin. I:71 552 375 Coluber atropos Lin. I:71 540 375 Coluber plicatilis Lin. I:71 564 376 Coluber domicella Lin. I:71 530 376 Coluber buccatus Lin. I:72 651–652 377 Coluber berus Lin. I:72 609 377 Desgl. die surinamische Natter I:72 499 Coluber angulatus Lin. I:72 502 377 Eine aus Ceylon dergl. I:72 503, 654 Bonn zoological Bulletin 62 (2): 220–252 ©ZFMK The Historic Linck Collection of Snakes 245

Index name Index Specimen numbers Linnaeus Other citations Page 1766

Coluber aspis Lin. I:72 690 378 Coluber lebetinus Lin. I:72 576 378 Coluber melanocephalus Lin. I:72 574–575, 578, 673 378 Coluber reginae Lin. I:72 580–581 378 Coluber severus Lin. I:73 668 379 Coluber aurora Lin. I:73 565 379 Coluber stolatus Lin. I:73 679 379 Coluber vittatus Lin. I:73 676–678 380 Seb. T. 661.8 1 Coluber aesculapii Lin. I:73 483–484 380 Desgl. aus Afrika I:73 491, 493–494, 587 Desgl. Eine sehr grosse dieser Art I:73 649 Desgl. noch verschiedene I:73 486–487, 560 Noch eine Verschiedenheit I:73 485, 592 Coluber rhombeatus Lin. I:73 482, 562 380 Coluber cyaneus Lin. I:73 635–636 380 Coluber natrix Lin. I:73 473 380 Seb. II. 35-4 Dergl. eine aus Surinam I:74 475–481, 542 Dergl. kleinere I:74 548–549, 554, 556–558, 614, 680 Dergl. vom Vorgeb. der guten Hoffnung I:74 471–472, 500–501, 504–508, 375 viel verschiedene Arten 520–529, 531, 537, 539, 545–547, 666, 681–683 Coluber agilis Lin. I:74 655 381 Coluber lacteus Lin. I:74 534 381 Coluber jaculatrix Lin. I:74 643 381 Coluber pallidus Lin. I:74 519, 536, 566 381 Coluber lineatus Lin. I:74 551, 642, 644 382 Coluber naja Lin. I:74 645 382 Seb. II. 94-1 Dergl. noch verschiedene I:74 646–648 Seb. I. 44-1 Coluber padera Lin. I:75 689 382 Coluber canus Lin. I:75 541, 573 382 Coluber sibilans Lin. I:75 685 383 Coluber atrox Lin. I:75 538 383 Coluber nebulatus Lin. I:75 509–512, 516–517 383 Dergl. kleinere I:75 513–514 Coluber fuscus Lin. I:75 664–665 383 Dergleichen von heller Farbe I:75 474 Dergleichen von brauner Farbe I:75 470 Coluber saturninus Lin. I:75 561 384 Seb. II. 1-8 Coluber corallinus Lin. I:75 24 Schubl. No. 2 384 Coluber exoletus Lin. I:75 638 385 Coluber lemniscatus Lin. I:76 495, 585–586 386 Coluber annulatus Lin. I:76 535, 695 386 Dergl. Eine Varietaet von der Annulata I:76 686 Coluber aestivus Lin. I:76 633 387 Coluber ahaetulla Lin. I:76 618–628, 637 387 Eine dergl. Kleine Art I:76 629 mit schwarzen Flecken Coluber petalarius Lin. I:76 496 387 Seb. II. 16-2 Coluber haie Lin. I:76 684 2 387 Coluber dipsas [I:76] [684] 2 Coluber filiformis Lin. I:76 640 388 Coluber pullatus Lin. I:76 667 388 Coluber hippocrepis Lin. I:76 543, 567–568 388 Coluber cinereus Lin. I:76 555 388 Coluber mucosus Lin. I:77 641 388 Coluber cenchoa Lin. I:77 656, 663, 688, 691 389 Noch dergl. verschiedene I:77 515, 653, 657–660 Dergl. eine Varietät I:77 692–694, 696 Coluber mycterizans Lin. I:77 631 389 Dergl. Pfrischblüthfarbne, aus Ceylon I:77 616–617 Dergl. große blaue und grüne I:77 634 Dergl. ganz dunkelblaue I:77 639 Bonn zoological Bulletin 62 (2): 220–252 ©ZFMK 246 Aaron M. Bauer & Richard Wahlgren

Index name Index Specimen numbers Linnaeus Other citations Page 1766

Eine, welche die schönsten Farben I:77 630, 632 wie ein Opal spielt, aus Surinam Coluber coerulescens Lin.? I:77 675 389 Coluber reticulatns I:77 533 Coluber , s Vipera maculata I:77 672 Laurenti ? Coluber , s. Vipera americana, I:77 518 Raj [Ray] variis characteribus orientalibus inscriptus Noch verschiedene Nattern, I:78 569 vom Capite bonae spei Noch verschiedene Arten aus I:78 492, 532, 544, 550, 570, verschiedenen Ländern 24 Schubl. Anguis meleagris Lin. I:78 572 350 Seb. II. 21-4 Anguis maculata Lin. I:78 599 391 Anguis reticulata Lin. I:78 608 391 Anguis laticauda Lin. I:78 559 392 Seb. II. 30-3 Anguis scytale Lin. I:78 489–490, 582–584 392 Dergleichen etwas kleiner I:78 497–498, 588–590 Dergleichen noch kleiner I:78 591, 611–612 Noch eine Verschiedenheit aus Amerika I:79 593–595 Anguis americ. ex albo sub nigro tessellatus I:79 600, 650 Anguis eryx Lin. I:79 610 392 Anguis fragilis Lin. I:79 577, 687 392 Amphisbaena fuliginosa Lin. I:79 596–598, 615 392 Dergleichen I:79 601–606 Amphisbaena alba Lin. I:79 607 393 Caecilia tentaculata Lin. I:79 571, 613 393 Seb. II. 25-2 exuvia boae contortricis I:80 aufgeh. 102 exuvia boae contortricis I:80 aufgeh. 101 Seb. I. 53-1 exuvia boae contortricis I:80 127 Schubl. coronae serpentis I:80 175 Schubl. No. 6 lapidees serpentini magnetici I:80 175 Schubl. No. 8 spina dorsalis serpentis I:80 175 Schubl. No. 4 ova serpentis I:80 697A Seb. I. 7 ova serpentis I:80 17 oder 18 Schubl. ova lacertae crocodilli I:81 17 Schubl. No. 4 ova testudinis I:81 17 Schubl. No. 5 Coluber coerulescens Lin. I:276, 674 III:248 Coluber aspis aegyptiaca III:248 818 Seb. II.188-1 [sic, prob. 88-1] Coluber Indicus putorius gryseo-luteus III:248 817

1This reference to Seba by Linck is a lapsus or printer’s error. The “661.8” actually corresponds to the plate (661) and figure (8) in Scheuchzer (1735) and the intended citation would have been “Sch. T. (Tafel = plate) 661.8”. 2In the University of Leipzig copy of the Index annotated by J. H. Linck the Younger specimen number 684 is crossed-out in as - sociation with Coluber haie and a note has been added on the facing blank page indicating that this specimen should be associ - ated with Coluber dipsas , figure 5 on plate 738 in Scheuchzer (1735).

Bonn zoological Bulletin 62 (2): 220–252 ©ZFMK The Historic Linck Collection of Snakes 247 . . - - s l s r n e a a u e

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Bonn zoological Bulletin 62 (2): 220–252 ©ZFMK The Historic Linck Collection of Snakes 249

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Bonn zoological Bulletin 62 (2): 220–252 ©ZFMK 250 Aaron M. Bauer & Richard Wahlgren a n e s e g o e a n p w i

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Bonn zoological Bulletin 62 (2): 220–252 ©ZFMK The Historic Linck Collection of Snakes 251 table 3. Identification of the snakes and lizard illustrated in plates of the Icones that do not correspond to published figures in Scheuchzer (1735). Correspondences to the Linck specimen numbers, species names, and Seba references as used in the Index (1783) are indicated as are subsequent references to the unpublished Icones plates. Current Identification reflects the authors’ best interpretation of the identity of Scheuchzer images based on extensive comparisons with specimens and photographs (see text). Current name in bold is a specimen positively identified as appearing in the corresponding Icones plate.

Icones Linck (1783) name in Seba Schneider (1801) daudin (1802) current Identific. Plate n° number Linck (1783)

LXVI 1 Elaps Duberria Chrysopelia pelias LXVIII unknown LXIX Duberria lutrix ? LXX Crotalus durissus LXXI Coelognathus radiatus LXXII 2 645 Coluber naja Lin. Seb. II. 94-1 Naja naja LXXIII Naja naja LXXIII Liophis reginae ? LXXIV Liophis cobella LXXV Anguis rufus Cylindrophis ruffus LXXVI unknown LXXVII Ahaetulla prasina LXXVIII Eryx rufus unknown LXXIX 641 Coluber mucosus Lin. LXXIX Ahaetulla prasina LXXX Crotalus sp. LXXXI unknown LXXXII Oxybelis aeneus LXXXIII Helicops angulatus LXXXIV 572 Anguis meleagris Lin. Seb. II. 21-4 Anguis meleagris Acontias meleagris LXXXV 495, 585, 586 Coluber lemniscatus Lin. Micrurus lemniscatus LXXXVI plate missing 3 LXXXVII unknown LXXXVIII unknowm LXXXIX typhlonectid caecilian XC

1 Scheuchzer plate 606 incorrectly indicates Mus. Linck. N. 66 (rather than 67) as the source of figure B. 2 Mislabeled XLII in Icones . 3 The Roman numerals associated with Icones plates LXXXV and XC are clearly visible, but there are no numbers on the three intervening plates. However, handwritten pagination is continuous across the associated pages, suggesting that one plate is miss - ing. We interpret the missing plate as LXXXVI.

Bonn zoological Bulletin 62 (2): 220–252 ©ZFMK 252 Aaron M. Bauer & Richard Wahlgren table 4. Specimens of reptiles in the Naturalienkabinett Waldenburg identified by K. Wöpke as having been in the Linck collec - tion at the time of the Index Musae Linckiani (1783–1787) and those identified by the authors as the likely subjects of images in 1730 in the Icones Serpentum et Viperarum (1730) and volume IV of Physica Sacra by Scheuchzer (1735). Inventory numbers of specimens identified by a red shelf label (signifying presumed Linck specimens) indicated in bold. An asterisk (*) indicates an egregious mismatch of the specimen and its identification on the associated shelf label/stand, implying that they became dissoci - ated from one another sometime after the reorganization of the collection in 1933–1934.

Shelf label Actual Identification Inventory n° Icones plate Physica sacra Figure in plate–figure this paper

Coluber vittatus Psammophylax rhombeatus * I2022A 3 XXVI 739–7 plate 6a Coluber domicella Helicops angulatus * I2018A 3 no match no match Coluber filaformis Ahaetulla prasina I2017A 3 XIII 655–7 (2 specimens) Coluber melanocephalus Liophis lineatus * I2016A 3 LIII 715–2 Coluber angulatus Helicops angulatus I2101A 3 no match no match Lacerta marmorata Polychrus marmoratus I2003A 3 no match no match Lacerta calotes Calotes calotes I2037A 3 no match no match Ameiva surinamensis Thecadactylus rapicauda* I2040A 3 no match no match Amphisbaena alba Amphisbaena alba I2046A 3 XXXIV 652–1 plate 6b Boa constrictor Boa constrictor I2013A 3 XLIV 746–1 plate 7a Crotalus durissus Crotalus durissus I2085A 3 XLIII 738–4 plate 7b Coluber pullatus Thamodynastes pallidus* I2072A 3 VIII 678 –1 Boa hortulana Corallus hortulanus no number, XVII 661 –9 in stairwell Coluber naja Naja naja no number, XLII 749 –9 in stairwell Dipsas dendrophila Boiga dendrophila I2068A 3 XLV 662 –11 plate 8a Coluber pallidus Helicops angulatus* I2014A 3 LXXXIII – plate 8b

Bonn zoological Bulletin 62 (2): 220–252 ©ZFMK