Wagon Tracks Volume 25 Article 1 Issue 3 Wagon Tracks Volume 25, Issue 3 (May 2011)
2011 Wagon Tracks. Volume 25, Issue 3 (May, 2011) Santa Fe Trail Association
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This Full Issue is brought to you for free and open access by UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Wagon Tracks by an authorized editor of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. : Wagon Tracks. Volume 25, Issue 3 (May, 2011) NTRA SANTA FE TRAIL ASSOCIATION QUARTERLY
VOLUME 25 MAY 2011 NUMBER 3
MICHAEL MARTIN MURPHEY SANTA FE TRAIL CONCERT DODGE CITY, KANSAS SEPTEMBER 21, 2011 SFTA SYMPOSIUM , . "- DODGE CITY,KANSAS I, SEPTEMBER 22-25,2011 I I f " t ;:~T~.':'i}\ . '?:: ;" .. ::. .. .'\\\'!';.• }iiiii,of y.,,,.•...,"'.J!I:_. .,~... ..'. "', . ~.'~;:i;~t!I~~:~:;~~~.;,/.~~:':.:;; ,". r ~...t.i " " . -.b:s;r;,. "<, ,', ~~,.. ,.I': ,'~~ : "I'JI,:' _~:'. " r.. "';t .:';,~ ~...... ,~.~ ..._ .. -,'...... fORT MfII11I11 . fORT IUI
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PRESIDENT'S COLUMN All matters relating to Wagon ' WAGON TRACKS (ISSN 1547-7703) Tracks should be directed to SFTA, is the official publication ofthe Santa AFTERa 'winter with lots of snow, I Editor Leo E. Oliva, PO Box 31, Fe Trail Association, a nonprofit or think spring is finally here to stay. Woodston KS 67675. ganization incorporated under the Last week Sandy and I took a group Toll-free Phone: 888-321-7341 laws ofthe State of Colorado. Letters through the,woods on our family FAX: 785-425-6865, " and articles are welcome" but they become the property of WT and may farm and we found a lot of wildflow- E-Mail:
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. for the Board meeting at the end of querque this November. He was also in this issue. Several chapters,- in the month here in Lexington, Mis encouraged by efforts in most of the cluding Cottonwood Crossing, Bent's souri. I have to admit it was more states to add Trail-related sites to Fort', Wagonbed Spring, and.Heart of work than I expected, but I think it the National Register. The signage the Flint Hills are busy working on was successful and enjoyable for the program also is expl;mding nicely. signage plans for their areas. Funds 50 or so Board members, chapter of The long Board meeting on Fri to place these SFNHT signs will. ficers, committee members, and day, April 1, concluded with chapter come from SFTA through a Coopera spouses who attended. I certainly en reports. Presentations on· member tive Trail Marking agreement with joyed introducing everyone to our ship and mapping/marking plus sev the NPS. Other chapters have also community and the Trail in our area eral committee meetings were held expressed interest in takingadvan on three tours. tage of this program, and Jeff Trot . . on Saturday. As for business,. some highlights Overall, a lot of good progress was man, MappinglMarking Chair and would include Ruth Peters's treas made in a lot of areas, but there is Steve Schmidt, Cottonwood Crossing urer's report that our. income for still a lot to do. Elsewhere, I will dis Chapter President, will be helping , 2010 was somewhat greater than our cuss the Symposiumin a little detail, them get started on their projects. To expenditures. Joanne reported that but please try to make it to Dodge see a sample of the signs, go to the the tabletop'displays for the chap City in September if you possibly NPS web site:
form or another will continue to be MANAGER'SCOLUMN o' plains how to use "Google Earth" to supported by the· NPS. S FTA is in the process of redesig~ positIon sign icons along the Trail to Chris Day said the Junior Wagon-' ing our web site at
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Applications are reviewed by the going on tours will be free to tour on niversaryofthe Santa Fe Trail Asso- SFTA Scholarly Research Commit their own. The Friday evening'event ciation. Happy Trails! tee: Chair Joy Poole, LaDonna Hut: will take place at Boot Hill Museum For additional information: e-mail ton, and Leo Oliva. with fantastic food and wonderful
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.MORE THAN·A NAME ON A LAND GRANT: CHARLES HIPOLITE BEAUBIEN
, by Priscilla Shannon Gutierrez. [SFTA member Priscilla Gutierrez is west.2 The. group of 15 or so men an educator at the New Mexico made their way south from the Mis School for the Deaf in Santa F<:; and souri River, trapping along the front adjunct faculty at New Mexico High range of the Rockies. At some point, lands University. She has. contrib likely near the Arkansas or Huer uted articles to WT about Thomas fano River, Mexican officials encoun Boggs (which won the Marc Sim tered the group and escorted them to mons Writing Award in 2010) and Taos. Perhaps news ofMexican Inde Red St. Vrain Bransford. A~ earlier pendence and its accompanying per version 01 ,the Beaubien ,biography mission to trade with Americans ar was' 'published in LaC,ronica de. rived before the group could be • Nuevo Mexico, (January 2008): 1-3.] carted south toward the capitaL The OF the many trappers a~d'traders men apparently were released as who made their way to Taos in the there is no record of them being , 0 taken to' Santa Fe. The group i' early to midcHe halfofthe nineteenth' century, few had as great an impact trekked back east, but evidently on the history and development of Charles was not quite ready to settle New. Mexico as' Charles Hipolite down to city life. In December 1823 Beaubien. During the four decades Superintendent of Indian Mfairs Portrait of Charles H. Beaubien from the William 'Clark (of Lewis and Clark Beaubien called Taos home, he man Villa Philmonte Museum. , aged to use his education and know fame) granted Charhls and Antoine the well-established French commu Robidoux a permit to trap.3 In the how to become one of its wealthiest, nities scattered throughout the St. most influential citizens and public spring of 1824 Beaubien again en Louis area. At Kaskaskia, 50 miles tered Indian territory with Robidoux servants. 'Not surprisingly, south of St. Louis, Beaubien made m~n Beaubien was friend and confidante and both set to work gathering the acquaintance of several of th,e pelts. . to many of the Southwest's most fa French-Canadian families who re mous mountain men and traders, in Other trappers continued to make sided there, including the Chouteaus their way to the Colorado and Green Cluding Charles and William Bent, and Menards. The patriarchs of both rivers, but as word, of the potential , , Lucien Maxwell, Richens "Dick" these families hailed from the Trois Wootton, Kit Carson, Gervais Nolan, wealth of the Mexican beaver trade Rivieres area of Canada; both sired began circulating, the area received arid the Robidoux brothers. While families who became well-educated ma'ny associate the name Beaubien an influx of foreigners. Augustus and were related through marriage, Storrs, in an 1824 letter to Senator with the infamous land grant of and both families becaml:) integral to northern New Mexico, in truth Char Thomas Hart Benton, stated that he the development of the town'as well had brought in over $10,000 of bea les Beaubien's influence and impact as the fur trade. For a short time, extended far beyond the land grant. ver pelts from a r~cent trade caravan Beaubien found work as a clerk for there.4 Taos's.location on a wide pla Born Alexis Hipolite Trotier, Pierre Chouteau, Jr~, in his St. Louis Sieur de Beaubien in October 1800, teau at the extreme end of the San store before heading west. Coinci Luis Valley provided a convenient, in Saint-Jean Baptiste de Nicolet, ' dentally, Charles's future son-in Quebec, Canada;l the, inf~nt was gateway, to the southern Rocky law, Lucien Maxwell, was grandson. Mountains. At the time, beaver could named after his uncle, AleXIS Duro of both Pierre Chouteau and PIerre cher the priest who presided over still be found within a reasonable Menard. The Chouteau and Menard distance from Taos as the rivers had the ~hild's baptism. Perhaps the in families had long operated a lucra fluence of his uncle is what con- not yet been trapped out; The town tive trading business with the offered a place to get supplies and o vinced young Beaubien to enter the nearby Osage Indians and other was a welcomed respite from the seminary around 1812. He remained tribes farther west. While at. St. at the institution for eight years, per hard life of trapping. Especially • Louis Beaubien also made the ac prized, after long months of solitude fecting his French and Latin while quaintance of the extensi~e Silas studying the classics and advanced and deprivation, was the warm hos Bent family, in.cluding hIS sons pitality of the Mexican yvomen, ') theology. In later years, his educa Charles and William, driven men • whose dark beauty trappers found tion at the seminary set him apart who would soon create their sprawl from many of his contemporaries in difficult to ignore. Also welcomed ing empire synonymous with the was the local whiskey known as Taos, and gave him a keen edge in Santa Fe Trail. business. aguardiente or Taos ,lightning that Charles did not remain in St. provided the trappers with a warmth For reasons not known, in 1821 Louis for long. Either late in 1821 or of its own. Mter resting in Taos, the Beaubien decided to leave the semi sometime in 1822, Beaubien joined a men set out during the late winter nary and set out on his own. Assun: trapping party that included Le and early spring months-the frigid ing the name Charles, he made hIS Doux, Bijeau, Duchesne, Gremer, weather during the harshest months way into the' United States, toward and Jean Baptiste Bouqet on a foray produced prime beaver pelts, heavy
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with fur. titionedthe local Mexican Govern- Shortly after his return to the ment for permission to become a: resi- Taos area, Beaubien made the ac- dent of Taos and to wed Pabla. Hop- quaintance of resident Ceran St. ing to prevent the marriage between Vrain, who in' 1824 was still trap- a native and an extranjero whom he ping. St. Vrain had already made distrusted, Padre Antonio Jose Taos his home, had learned the Martinez forced the couple to get Spanish language, and was married permission, from the bishop all the 'to the first of his four wives, a Mexi- way in Durango, Mexico. Mter can woman by the name of Maria months of delay the marriage' peti- DolOres Paula Luna. While both men tion was finally approved; aI1d on De- mad~ ,T~o~, thei~' home, base" they cember11, 1827, Charles wed,Pabla, contmue~ to trap, joining Baptiste with Padre Martinez presiding over ,LacroiJ:(on several forays' in~o 'the the wedding, 7, At the ceremony, Pa- mountains during the 1820s, and, blastood'beside her Charles,s}'Vollen • Beaubien joiped Sylvestre Pratte on and n~ar~-term with the first of their . , . ' 'an expedition~ as late as ,January "'ll1any children.i3ix weeks later Jose 1827.5 '" Narciso.'was born." He would be Portrait of Pabla Lovato Beaubien from , • But Beaubien had other plan~ for', ~l'lowri,as., ~arc~so'~dliri:~g' his 'life- the Villa Phil monte Museum. his future and began to experiment" tune: The fo1l6wmg,yefir ,. on August tribes toward Beaubien and his with the merchant end of business'. 3, a,second chi~d, Maria: Luisa,A~to,- friend, Charles Bent-also a Taos Likely, he saw the lucrative poten_ nia, was 'born:", , resident who handled the business tial in the burgeoning trade business Beaubien's stay in Taos 'became end of the Bent-St. Vrain operations between the United States and Mex- permanent on June 25, 1829, when, in northern Mexico. While residing ieo. In 1826 Beaubien received, an along with Gervais Nolan,John inTaos, Bent began' courting Ignacia early gu{a, number 23, from the Roland, Antoine Robidoux and 'his Jaramillo, a widow with children Mexican Government to travel to brother Louis, he became a Mexican who carrie from a promInent ex Chihuahua as a trader. His caravan citizen and· adopted the Spanish tended Taos family. Ignacia soon be hauled 2,000 yards offabric, 5 dozen spelling of his firstname.8 Thereaf- came his common-law wife. Through mirrors, umbrellas, ribbons, 100 ter he was knowh as Carlos his alliance withIgnacia, Bent later pairs of shoes, buttons, combs, and Beaubien: In' the years to' come, became brother-in-law to Kit Carson beads south to an eager market.6 The many of the men would continue to when Carson married Ignacia's sis venture must have proved'profitable be friends and business associates. ter Josepha in 1844. Padre Martinez as Beaubien, never much of an en- Nolan; in particular, would remain considered both Beaubien and Bent thusiast for the harsh life of trap- one of Beaubien's closest friends, in opportunists who would hand over ping, began to turn his time and en- spite of the fact that he was an illit- Mexico to foreigners at the drop of a ergy toward mercantile prospects. erate trapper. That same year the hat. Time would prove the Padre's , Inaddition to the potential profit, group b,ecam~ .Taos's first group of suspicions were not without merit. ' Charles's 'shift toward the life' of a naturahzed cItIzens, Carlos and Pa- Along with Carlos's boominghusi merchant businessman was likely bla's third child, Maria de la Luz, ness ,interests, the Beaubien famlly also influenced by the comforts pro- was born on June 24. , continued to grow. Leonora was born vided in established communities on During the next several years on March 27, 1833; another daugh the Mexican frontier, such as Santa Beaubien's influence' in affairs in, ter, Teodora, was born on January Fe and Taos, not to mention the op- northern Mexico increased while his 20, 1835, but died shortly after birth 'portunity to put to good use his edu- mercantile operation on the south from unknown causes, Yet another cation at the seminary. At the time side of the plaza did a solid business. daughter, Juana, was born on July 6, "Beaubien was hauling freight south Known for his ability to judge pelts, 1838. The family moved to larger to Chihuahua, the Lajeunesse broth- he often bought and sold furs for his quarters in the Ranchitos area south ers were operating a successful mer- friends in the Santa Fe trade, includ- ofOur Lady of Guadalupe Church on cantile business in Fernando de ing St, Vrain, the Bent brothers, and or near present Ledoux Sheet to ac Taos. When one of the brothers was Stephen Louis Lee. Carlos also be- commodate the growing family. Up killed, Charles purchased his share gan to assume prominence in politi- until the 1930s, when the name was and became' a partner in the busi- cal affairs, becoming the first elector changed to Ledoux, the street had ness, The remaining brother eventu- for two Taos precincts in 1832, and been known for many years as ally sold his' interest to Charles, First Alcalde of Taos in 1834, much Camino de Beaubien or Bovien.9 making young Beaubien a full- to the chagrin of Padre Martinez, As the 1830s' decade ended and fledged Taos merchant. who remained a staunch Mexican the next one began, tension in At some point local beauty FabIa patri~t and no fan of Beaubien or the creased between the Americans and Lovato caught Beaubien's eye and Amencan traders. Mexicans who feared their growing the couple fell deeply in love-likely Indeed, in subsequent years, in influence on commerce and govern another factor in the decision to spite of having presided over his ment. The audacity ofthe Texans, af maintain a more permanent resi- marriage, the Padre, directed much ter winning independence from Mex dence in town. In 1827 Beaubien pe- of his anger and anti-foreigner dia- ico, to claim the territory all the way
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to the Rio Grande del Norte, and at civil/military governor and, on April gal,under Mexican law, Charles Bent tempt to make good that claim in 15, he sustained the claim to the secretly agreed to supervise the de 1841, only added to their distrust. grant.10 Thus, with the stroke of the velopment of colonies along the And the American traders resented pen, the beginnings of the vast Poiiil, Rayado, Cimarron, and Ver the high tariffs charged on the mer Beaubien-Miranda-Maxwell Grant mejo rivers. Establishment of long chandise freighted into Mexico. were set into motion. Carlos had a term settlements was proving diffi Emotions continued to run high log house constructed on the north cult due to marauding Indians who amongst citizens and officials alike. side of the Cimarroncito River, ap considered the area prime hunting Manuel Armijo, governor of the proximately three miles south of grounds. And Padre Martinez con territory at the time, deftly managed ·present Cimarron, New Mexico. Je tinued his attempts to prevent addi to play both sides of the fence. While sus -Silva, an employee of Beaubien, tional settlement by writing fre he recognized the value.of the goods occupied. the.building for several quent letters ofcomplaint to the gov , and .income that the American and years until other buildings were con ernment about Bent's suspected in French traders brought into Taos structed.l1 volvement/ownership. Beaubien, in response, a~sured the government • and Santa Fe, he also understood the Beaubien's family continued to ex- need to appease the staunch Mexi ·pando Not only did he and Pablawel that Bent had 'no part of the grant, can loyalists ofthe territory. In 1840 come a second son, Juan Lucas, born that Martinez's petiti9n was founded , on erroneous principle, and that the ., ' Armijo issued an edict that. ex on July 6, 1840; they welcomed Teo empted all native-born citizens from dora on May 17,' 1842, who was Padre, as well as others, "pretend to paying taxes on their storehouse and named after the first infant who had involve our property when they have shop goods, putting virtually the died. Yet another daughter, Petra, no connection."16 complete burden oftaxes on natural arrived on June 29, 1844. During In spite of the opposition, in 1843 ized citizens and foreign merchants. this time the family also adopted Beaubien increased his land hold The move was a way to continue re Maria, one of their servants, and ings when he requested a second ceiving. revenue on trade goods, gave the family name to her,12 Maria grant in the hame ofhis son, Narciso, while presenting himself as a loyal would become Ceran St. Vrain's who was away at school in St. Louis, Mexican national to the nativist common-law wife for a short time. and fellow Taos merchant Stephen minded residents. Naturally, the Upon meeting her, Lewis Garrard Louis Lee. The petition encompassed edict infuriated Bent, Lee, Beaubien, referred to St. Vrain's wife as a dark the southern part of the fertile San and others who saw it as a direct af eyed, languid beauty,13 Luis Valley, bordered by·. the front to their commercial interests. The family also added their first Trincheras, Culebra, and Costilla . At the same time he issued the son-in-law when Lucien Maxwell rivers. Once again, Armijo readily edict targeting foreigners, Armijo took Maria de la Luz's hand in mar approved the petition, which became " approved the petition. of Beaubien riage at the tender age of 14, as was known as .the S~ngre de Cristo and Provincial Secretary of State the custom at the time. 'Maxwell was Grant. Beaubien was able to con Guadalupe Miranda for an undevel employed as a freighter for the Bent vince a group of Taos residents to oped section of land on the north brothers and had worked as a scout settle and farm part of the. grant. eastern frontier of Mexico. In their during John C. Fremont's first expe Thus, settlements such as San Luis petition, the men stated they ini dition west. No doubt Beaubien's fa and Costilla began to take shape in tially planned to raise sugar beets, miliarity with the Menard and spite of the ongoing threat from the then eventually cotton and wool as Chouteau families influenced his ac Ute and Comanche Indians. the land was developed. As a silent ceptance of Maxwell as a son-in-law. As the pivotal year of 1846 ap partner, Armijo .likely procured a He knew Lucien came from good proached, surely Beaubien and oth sum of money in order to sign off on French stock; erssaw the writing on the walland their request for the large tract of During the years 1843-1846, likely did whatever they could to en land east of the Sangre de Cristo while Carlos built up his successful courage the U.S. takeover of the ter Mountains. Miranda, also the Sur mercantile business, he often pro- ritory. Early that same year, Charles veyorGeneral under Armijo, defined ·cured his wares through Pierre Bent and Ceran St. Vrain made a the tract with the Purgatoire River Chouteau, Jr., in St. Louis, at times trip to visit Colonel Stephen W. as the northern boundary, the Old making the trip himself.14 Known as Kearny at Fort Leavenworth, and it Taos Trail as its western boundary, Cadet to family and close associates, is possible the men made prepara Raton Pass as the eastern boundary, Pierre's . circle included B'ernard tions for Kearny's entry into New and Sibley's gap near Rayado ap Pratte and his son, Sylvestre, Joseph Mexico. Surprisingly, the historical proximating the southern boundary Robidoux, and John Jacob Astor,15 record is silent and one cannot be of the tract. During his visits east, Carlos must certain what they were thinking or In 1844, when Armijo was re have enjoyed spending time with his what their specific actions were. No moved as governor, Padre Martinez French-Canadian compatriots while doubt they were fed up with interfer was able to get a stay of the graJ:lt purchasing merchandise for the ence in their business affairs by Pa when he convinced new Governor business in Taos. dre Martinez and the.local Mexican Mariano. Chavez to suspend Beau Beaubien also began to devote government, including the lopsided bien and Miranda's' rights to the more effort to improving the grant tax burden, as well as frequent raids grant on February 27. Two months east of the mountains. In exchange on storehouses in search of hidden later, Armijo was reinstated as the for a one-fourth interest, albeit ille- merchandise. The merchants and
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traders tried to recoup their losses nate. When mob violence broke out bly, with the exception of Narciso, and evade taxes by keeping their ac the night of January 19, 1847, Pre- the rest of the Beaubien family sur tual inventory out of sight. The .fect Cornelio Vigil, uncle to Ignacia vived the violence and unrest that Mexicans, no fools, staged regular Jaramillo Bent, was literally hacked swept the territory until Colonel raids on their storehouses, often to pieces while trying to quell the an Sterling. Price brought troops up finding the hidden merchandise. Itis ger of the mob. Sheriff Stephen Lee from Santa Fe to restore order. likely that Beaubien, Bent, Lee, and was dragged out ofbed and similarly While most of the family got their associates welcomed the pros butchered. Circuit Attorney James through the tumultuous days of re pect of American control and its ac' W. Leal was stripped naked, scalped bellion without physical harm, the companying commercial freedom. alive, and paraded through streets emotional toll must have been stag Indeed, when General Kearny while his tormentors shot arrows at gering. One can only imagine Pabla's marched into Santa Fe in August of him. Begging for death, he was fi elation at having Narciso, her first 1846 and declared the territory as nally put out of his misery with a born, back in the family home after part of the United States, the former bullet to the head by a 14-yearold.!8 five long years away at school, and colonizers, .trappers, and traders Charles Bent, just returned· from her anguish of losing him so tragi , suddenly found themselves trans Santa Fe, was aroused by banging at cally after four short days together. formed into politicians and civil ser his front door and he too was scalped, . One can only imagine Carlos's vants. Within weeks ofthe U.S. take pierced with arrows, and subse own sorrow and guilt over his inabil .. over, Charles Bent was named in quently shot in front of his wife and ityto foresee or stop the rebellion terim governor, Stephen Louis Lee children in their home just north of and the ensuing damage. Not only was named sheriff of Taos; and Car.- : . the plafa...... : ., .,,'."' .. ' ... ':.. :was the Beaubien patriarch unable los Beaubien was named one 'of three .As 'the' din of. the' reb~llion.g~~w to protect his farriily, his eldest son circuit judges. The newly-appointed louder, Pablo Jaramillo, brother to was gone, as were some of his Closest officials must have beamed at the Ignacia Bent and Josepha Carson, friends and confidente's with whom prospects and potential profi~ that heard the mob coming and grabbed he had worked and known for dec lay ahead. Narciso Beaubien, who just four ades. Moreover, his home arid busi But the fledgling territorial gov days earlier had returned to Taos ness had been sacked by the enraged ernment would be convulsed in vio from college in St.Louis, on the same mob-most of his property was gone. lence just'a few short months after caravan with Lewis Garrard and The price of complicity in the U.S. the invasion: While Bent, Beaubien, Ceran St. Vrain. The .boys quickly takeover of New Mexico'was higher and others enjoyed their newfound threw themselves under some straw than Beaubien or anyone else could freedom to trade and earn money un in a nearby barn and prayed the mob have anticipated. But there was no der U.S control,' a carefully-orches would not discover them. The riot turning back the clock now. There trated plot by Mexican loyalists and ers, unaware of the boys hidden in were dead to be buried' and put to Indians from Taos Pueblo to rid the the barn, passed them by in search of rest; no choice but to go on. territory of the foreigners began to other prey. After Colonel Price regained con take shape not long after the take Sadly, fortune was not on their trol of the town, the main conspira-. over. Not surprisingly, some New side. A nearby housekeeper who had tors were thrown in jail and a trial Mexicans resented the recent take seen the boys enter the barn jumped was set for the end of January. Ap over of their country by the U.S., on a roof and called the mob back to pointed as one of the judges at the while the Taos Indians held little ar where Pablo and Narciso were hid trials for the men who had killed his fection for yet another set of intrud ,ing, proclaiming, "Kill the young first-born son, Beaubien sat in stoic ers onto their ancestral lands. The ones and they can never become men silence listening to one grisly, gut pot boiled over shortly after the New to trouble US."19 Before they could wrenching testimony after another. Year arrived. manage to get out ofthe barn, the at The jury included Lucien Maxwell, As fate would have it, many of the tackers fell upon the young men, Narciso's brother-in-law; as well as key players in the Taos and Santa Fe piercing their bodies with swords several other Bent-St. Vrain Com trade were away at the tiine' of the and lances overand over again until pany men. Given this orchestrated rebellion and escaped what surely their victims were unrecognizable: scenario, the verdicts handed down would have been a death sentence. Both were scalped and, as further in were inevitable. When delivering the During the month of Jaimary 1847, sult, an attacker cut off one of Nar sentences and sealing the fate of his as a newly-appointed judge, Beau ciso's fingers for a ring. Their bodies, son's murderers, Beaubien.quietly bien was actually holding court down along with the others .killed, were repeated the words, "Muerto, muer- in Los Luceros near present Es left for th~ dogs and wild animals to to,' muerto."20 . panola, not Tierra Amarilla as is of forage upon. Young Lewis Garrard, who accom ten reported.!7 Lucien Maxwell was Luz Beaubien Maxwell was' hid paniedWilliam Bent back from the at Bent's Fort, returning from a trip den by a sympathetic neighbor dur Arkansas, was a witness to the trials east. Kit Carson was en route to ing the long night of mob violence and the firsthand testimony of Igna California with Kearny, while Ceran and made it through physically.un cia Bent, Josepha Carson, and Ro St. Vrain, along with newcomer scathed. As to the whereabouts ofthe maIda Boggs, all of whom were with Lewis Garrard, had left to do busi rest of the Beau1;lien family-where Charles Bent when he was mur ness in Santa Fe. they were and how they managed. to dered. While he clearly sympathized Others were not nearly as fortu- survive-the record is silent. Incredi, with the horrific losses incurred;
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. Garrard recognized the' motives be would become pioneering settlers of nent members ofthe Rayado area, in hind the actions of the Mexicans and the Greenhorn Valley in Colorado. later years establishing a stage sta Indians and wo'ndered at the just Meanwhile, in Taos, Beaubien tion as well as a lovely chapel that ness of killing men trying to defend and Pabla welcomed the last of their stands across the road from the an invasion of their country. eleven children into the world on Maxwell-Abreu house. Both became . The untimely deaths of both Nar February 3, 1853, when Juan very active in civic affairs. One of ciso . and Stephen Lee meant the Crist6bal was born. Their joy was their daughters, Josepha, married young Beabien's holdings in the San short-lived, however, as the infant D. A. Clouthier, who opened the first gre de Cristo Grant were transferred died a mere six days after his birth mercantile store in Springer, N.M., to his father's name. Carlos paid the from unknown causes. . and was instrumental in the devel heirs of Stephen Lee $100 for their That same year Guadalupe Mi opment of that town. At the time of share of the grant, thereby increas randa, in exile and in financial Petra's death in 1914, at the age of ing his land holdings considerably. 70, she had 32 grandchildren and 3 straits in El Paso, wrote to Beaubien, 22 Perhaps as a means to busy himself empowering his son Pablo to sell his great-grandchildren. The graves of and soothe the loss of his son, share of the grant to Beaubien. Petra and Jesus are located in the Beaubien began to focus on develop While Carlos decided not to buy Mi family cemetery behind the Max ing settlements on the grants in his randa's share, son-in-law Maxwell well-Abreu house in Rayado. Their , name. Son-in-law Maxwell, Kit Car was more than willing and bought imposing stone monuments are testi .' son, Thomas O. Boggs (husband to the offered share for the sum of mony to the prominence they held . Romalda Luna Bent), and Jose Pley $2,745. Beaubien then vested title to within the community during their lifetimes. made a stab at establishing a perma 3/6 of the Sangre de Cristo grant to I nent settlement at Rayado~' Jesus Maxwell, Jose Pley, and James Around the same time Rayado Abreu, son ofone-time governor San Quinn. In 1858, Beaubien sold an was beginning to take hold as a set tiago Abreu who was butchered dur other 1/6 interest in the grant to St. tlement, the United States Govern ing the 1837 rebellion against Gover Vrain for $1,000, who in turn, would ment began the process of assessing nor Albino Perez, also accompanied later sell it to William Gilpin, the fu and confirming the various Spanish them. Jesus would make Rayado his ture governor of Colorado.21 land grants scattered across the home for the next several decades, Beaubien, now known as Don Car recently-acquired territory. Beau and become an important citizen of los, had served as judge for a number bien was incredibly fortunate that the area. Later, he became one of of years. As the years passed and the U.S. Government refognized in Carlos and Pabla's sons-in-law. Carlos got on in years, he decided their entireties both the Beaubien A welcomed respite from the in that he'd had enough of political life Miranda Grant as well as the Sangre tense sorrow of the rebellion and its and settled into semi-retirement. de Cristo Grant. Perhaps the' fact aftermath came when the family Beaubien increasingly struggled that Kit Carson testified in front of welcomed the first grandchild in from bouts ofillness and had to cease William Pelham, Surveyor General 1848; Luz and Lucien Maxwell's his role ofa traveling circuit judge. A of the New Mexico Territory, that he first-born son, Peter Menard Max partnership with another Taos resi and Maxwell had settled and culti welL Over the years, nine more chil dent, Frederick Muller, was instru vated 200 acres, had $15,000 worth dren would follow Peter's birth. Yet mental in helping Beaubien rebuild of livestock, and an additional another child for Carlos and· Pabla his mercantile business that had $15,000 worth of buildings at Ray also eased their pain in 1849, when been ravaged by the rebellion. Mul ado, helped convince P~lham.23 Most their son Pablo was born. ler would later become his'son-in others were .not nearly as lucky. By By 1850, work on creating a settle law through marriage with daughter the time his grant was confirmed, ment in Rayado was near comple Teodora. Over time, Frederick began Ceran St. Vrain saw his vast Vigil tion. Lucien and other men con running the store on the plaza and St. Vrain Grant in southern Colo structed a complex containing multi increasingly took on financial duties. rado eviscerated to a mere fraction of ple buildings surrounded by protec The business prospered and both what it had been originally. tive high adobe walls. The home Muller and Beaubien added consid Curiously, once the Beaubien .Maxwell made for Luz at Rayado erably to their wealth. Miranda Grant was confirmed by the contained 16-20 rooms-ample space By now, Beaubien's other children U:S. Government, Beaubien no for a growing family. The house still were coming of age and marriage longer wanted the grant and decided stands in excellent condition off of was again in the air. Leonora to sell all of his interests to his son New Mexico Highway 21. A short in-law Lucien Maxwell for the mere Beaubien married Vidal Trujillo and 24 distance. southeast, Carson lived in remained:in the Taos area. Juana, a sum of $2,500. Maxwell and Luz re another building with his family. quiet beauty, married Jose Clouthier mained in Rayado until 1860 when The Carson adobe has been recon and settled into a home of their own they sold the house and buildings to structed and turned into a museum in Taos. sister Petra and brother-in-law Jesus. The Maxwell family moved to that is open during summermonths. In 1860 Petra, another beauty, A Dutch immigrant, Zan Hicklin, a large home in Cimarr6n, a short married Jesus Abreu, 20 years her distance north of Rayado. By then who would later marry Estefania senior, and joined him at the Rayado Bent, daughter'of Charles and Igna Luz had given birth to a daughter, settlement, moving into the Maxwell Verenisa, who quickly became the cia, also briefly joined the group at home. They would become promi- Rayado. Hicklin and Estefania apple of grandmother Pabla's eye.
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Shortly after he sold his interest well at their Cimarron home. So did whom were working on behalf of the in the Beaubien-Miranda grant, Don 16-year-old Pablo, who had justcom newly-formed Maxwell Land Grant Carlos also sought to get rid of the pleted his education at St. Genevieve and Railway Company. Sangre de Cristo grant. Taxes im near St. Louis. The family barely had By October the Maxwell caravan, posed by the U.S. were an increasing time to put Beaubien's death behind which included 40 families, was drain. He was comfortable enough fi them when tragedy struck yet again. packed up and headed out of Ci nancially with his interests in Taos, Little Verenisa Maxwell, just two marron. The town came out to see and health problems continued to years old, took ill and nlilver recov them off, wondering what the future plague him. It was time' to let the ered. In March, just one month after held for the area without the driving grant go." In 1863, with his health grandfather Carlos's passing, the force of larger-than-life Lucien. It quickly deteriorating, Beaubien en family buried Verenisa in a small was not long before violence and law tered into negotiations for sale of the grave a short distance from the'Max lessness became the trademark of grant with William Gilpin. The sale well home on the Cimarron Plaza. the area. Within weeks of their de would not be completed in time Grief-stricken, unable to gather parture, riots broke out at the mines eventually it was Pabla who signed up the will to live after the recent at Ute Creek and in the Moreno Val- , over to Gilpin the rights to over death of her beloved husband and ley, and the fabled Aztec Mine that 1,000,000 acres of prime acreage in cherished granddaughter, Pabla Lo had produced such an abundance of northern New Mexico and southern vato Beaubien died in June and was gold broke down after just a few " Colorado. buried alongside her precious years. Fights broke out nightly at Not long after the New Year of Verenisa. Their graves still remain Swink's Saloon just down the street 1864, daughter Luz and husbandLu inside a wrought-iron fence adjacent from the Maxwell mansion and noto cien, as well as Petra and Jesus, to the old Cimarron Plaza. rious Black Jack Ketchum, among braved the deep winter snows cover other outlaws, became a regular fea ing the Sangre de Cristo Mountains ture in town. Cimarron became syn to be with their father in his final onymous with the wild .frontier and hpurs: On February 6, 1864, at the truly represented its definition in age of 64, Carlos Hipolite Beaubien the Spanish language. died, "surrounded by his grieving The Beaubien-Maxwell family at family and friends. The ne,¥:spaper, tempted to adjust to life in Fort Sum The Santa Fe New Mexican, in not ner. While the old fort buildings pro: ing Beaubien's passing, stated that vided a larger space for the family to he was renowned for' his great rOe_ live in, the terrain and weather were spectability, large sphere of influ nothing like the family wasaccus ence, and general good-hearted tamed to. Gone were the mountains ness.25 The groves of Pablo Beaubien and her granddaughter, Verenisa Maxwell, just blanketed with pinon. Gone were the After all those years removed off the old Cimarron Plaza. 'lovely creeks that meandered down o ' from Quebec, Charles's' seminary Several years later, in 1870, Lu from the hills providing water to education had proved an advantage. cien Maxwell decided to pull up roots thirsty deer, elk, and wild turkeys; By the time of his death, Beaubien yet again. For some reason, Maxwell Never' one to back down, Lucien had recouped his losses from the re set his sights on the old Fort Sumner marched forward with Luz and fam bellion and left a considerable estate buildings down south. Beaubien's ily·intow. His business ventures in for the time and place. The total son, Pablo, then 21 years of age, de cluded banking and investing in the value ofhis possessions was $63,705, cidedto make the move with his sis Texas Pacific Railroad, but none including a buggy worth $265, ten ter's family. Before leaving Ci proved fruitful. He made improve freight wagons valued sans cargo at marron, Pablo agreed to sell his ments on the property, even though $1,250, as well as a large amount of rights as' heir to the Beaubien he did not yet have legal title to it. whisky he had kept for thirsty cli He'd bought the buildings from the 26 Miranda-Maxwell Grant to Luz and ents. Considering his debut in the Lucien for the sum of $3,500.28 One government, but never secured title territory had, been as a relatively by one, the rest of Beaubien's child to. the surrounding 13,645 reserva poor man, his exit as a well-off busi" ren agreed to sell their share of the tion acres. It took Peter Maxwell un nessman is all the more impressive. grant to Maxwell. The sales of these til 1884 to be able to purchase some Beaubien's Last Will and Testa shares meant that Lucien Maxwell of the Fort Sumner land at a public 29 ment, dated January 16, 1864, indi now owned over two million acres of sale. cated that all of his real estate hold prime acreage, which to this day is Not long after the move, Max ings were to be divided among his considered the largest land holding well's health began to decline, exac surviving children, while his rights in the continental United States. erbated by a drinking problem and and property in his share ofthe busi Maxwell would not keep it very long, perhaps melancholy over the loss of ness with son-in-law Muller was to in spite of a number of working gold his beloved Cimarron country. On be divided among his wife andchil mines on the grant. In April Lucien July 25, 1875, the sixth birthday of 27 dren. signed papers deeding the entire his youngest daughter, Odile, Lucien Upon her husband's death, Pabla property over to three New Mexico died-most likely from kidneyprob left Taos and moved in with her officials, including the governor of lems. Luz lived considerably longer, daughter Luz and son-in-law Max- the territory, William A. Pile, all of finally passing away on July 13,
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1900, having outlived most of her York: Argosy Antiquarian, 1942). children. 11. Cragin, Early Far West Notebooks, Her brother Pablo married Re XII, 27-28. becca Abreu, cousin to Petra's hus i 2. Thomas D. Martinez, Taos baptisms band, Jesus. Pablo Beaubien re- 1701-1852: Baptism Database , ' , Manuscript of Archives Held by the mained at Fort Sumner, becoming a Archdiocese of Santa Fe and the successful sheep rancher while State Archive of New Mexico (Tho '~)Uilding a solid foundation for his mas D. Martinez, 2000). family there. Over the years Pablo 13. Lewis Garrard, Wah-to-Yah and the and his descendants contributed Taos Trail (Norman: University 'of much to the development of the Fort Oklahoma Press, 1955). Sumner area. The final resting place of Charles 14. John W. Grassham, "Charles H. Beaubien,1800-1864'~ Carlos Beaubien's first grand Beaubien, beneath the parking lot at (MA Thesis, child, Peter Maxwell, gained some Guadalupe Plaza in Taos. '' New Mexico State University, 1983), 21 . Grassham states it was Auguste notoriety when the bandit Billy the find'yourselfin Ta'os, make'it a point with whom Beaubien did business, Kid was killed in his home on July to visit Guadalupe Plaza and re but he died i,n 1829, long before 14, 1881. Reasons for Peter's com member that somewhere beneath Charles's mercantile business really plicity in Pat Garrett's plan to kill your feet lie' the remains ofone ofthe took off. Charles may have had Billy are not fully clear but may have preeminent contributors to New some dealings with Auguste prior to centered around the Kid's romantic Mexico history. Carlos Hipolite his death, but negotiated mainly involvement with Peter's younger Beaubien came to New Mexico as an with Pierre, Jr. sister, Paulita, as well as with Delu unknown French trapper in 1821. 15. Shirley Christian, Before Lewis and Clark. The story of the Chouteaus, vina, an Indian girl adopted by the Upon his passing four decades later Maxwells. In any event, the Kid was the French Dynasty that Ruled he left a lasting legacy that America's Frontier (N~w York: Far gunned down in the Maxwell home, significantly shaped' the state's rar, Straus and Giroux, 2004). further adding to the family's notori transition from Mexico's northern 16. Transcript of Title of the Maxwell ety. frontier to United States territory , Land Grant, (Chicago: Rand Mc , When all is said and done, the list and eventual statehood. While many Nally&Co, 1881). offamous players in the life of Carlos can claim a hand in New Mexico's 17. Grassham, "Charles Beaubien," 25. Beaubien and his extended family is history, few can profess the depth of 18. Cragin; Early For West Notebooks, quite remarkable. The family's con influence that Beaubien and his de XI, 36. tributions in shaping New Mexico scendants have had. When you walk 19. Ibid, XI, 37-38. ' , , , history are impressive by any stan the pavement in Guadalupe Plaza, 20. Garrard, Wah-to-Yah and the Taos Trail, 172-173. ' dard. And yet, in spite of his promi give the old man his due- wherever nence and contributions to New 21. Dalton Bergan, History of the Men he is. Carlos Beaubiencertainly has ard, Maxwell, Beaubien Family, Lu Mexico's development, the grave of earned it. . cien B. Maxwell, Jaramillo and Well Carlos Beaubien has been buried in Notes born Family (Atascadero, CA, virtual obscurity. Unlike many other 1. Lawrence Murphy, "Charles H. Beau 1990),43. ' famous Taosefios whose final resting bien," French Fur Traders and Voya 22. Obituary, "The Death of Mrs. Petra place can be found in the Kit Carson geurs in the American West, ed. Le Beaubien Abreu,': (Springer NM, Cemetery, both Carlos and his son roy R. Hafen (Lincoln: University of " July 9, 1914), Henry McGavran Col Narciso lie somewhere beneath Gua Nebraska Press, 1997), 23. , lection, New Mexico State Records dalupe Plaza, just off Camino de la 2. Francis Cragin. Early Far West Note Center and Archives. Placita off the main Taos Plaza.30 books (Francis Whittemore Cragin 23. Keleher, Maxwell Land Grant, 18. Their graves fell victim to the fire Collection, The' Colorado Springs 24. Harriet Freiberger, Lucien Maxwell, Pioneers Museum), I, 29; and XII, 25. Villain or Visionary (Santa Fe: Sun that swept the old Our Lady of Gua stone Press, 1999), 69. dalupe Church several decades ago. 3. Murphy, "Charles H. Beaubien," 25. 4. David Weber, The Taos Trappers: The 25. Santa Fe New Mexican, February The community rebuilt the church to Fur Trade in the For Southwest, 1540 20, 1864. the northwest of its former location 1846 (Norman: University of Okla 26. Grassham, "Charles H. Beaubien," • and Guadalupe Square, where the homa Press, 1968), 82. , 23. old church and camposanto once 5. Murphy, "Charles H. Beaubien," 26. 27. Bergen, History of the Menard, Max stood, were' converted; for modern 6. Cragin, Early Far West Notebooks, well, Beaubien Family, Lucien B. convenience, into a public parking XII, 11. Maxwell, Jaramillo & Wellborn Fam lot. The Beaubien graves, along with 7. The author is indebted to Karen ily, 44 many others, were ravaged by the Mitchell, who provided the mar 28. Freiberger, Lucien Maxwell, 100., fire. Sadly, the remains were not re riage and baptismal data for the 29. Lawrence R. Murphy, Lucien Bona interred during construction and are Beaubien family from Taos parish parte Maxwell, Napoleon of the now covered in cement and parking records. , Southwest (Norman: University of 8. Murphy, "Charles H. Beaubien," 26. Oklahoma Press, 1942). meters. In spite of his immense role 9. Taos, New Mexico, 1929 Map (New 30. Quentin, Eternal New Mexicans: A in shaping the history of Taos, no York: Sanborn Insurance Com , Guide to the Final Resting Places of marker or plaque commemorates his pany). 350 Noteworthy Persons of the Land efforts. 1O.William A. Keleher, Maxwell Land Of Enchantment, 4th ed. (Oakland; So the next time you happen to Grant: A New Mexico Item (New CA: Lawrence W. Rand, 1994).
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DOGS ON THE SANTA FE TRAIL by Phyllis S. Morgan [Phyllis Morgan serves on the SFTA, . the wagon, fell under the wheels, board and is afrequent contributor to and was killed instantly. There was Wagon Tracks. This is the third es great sorrow and indignation in the say in a series about domesticated camp when it was known Lee was animals on the Trail. The fourth, and dead, and the soldiers who pitched last, will be on horses and burros our tents would not allow the man (donkeys).} who had charge ofhim to come about HUMANITY'S best friend, the dog the. place. I cried all day for my (Canis familiaris ofthe Family Cani puppy, and never would have an-, dae); is the oldest of all domesticated other."2 animals. The prehistory of the dog, Dogs were often not welcomed by going'back thousands of years, is wagon masters, because a dog might shrouded in the mists of time.. Only bite or frighten the mules, oxen, or in recent years, especially with the horses and cause a stampede. Also, advent of DNA research, have webe Dog with teamsters at the end of the dogs could get under footand cause gun to learn about the transforma Santa Fe Trail, July 1880 (Ben Wittick injury to the people in a caravan. tion of the wolf to dogs, now photo, Museum of New Mexico, nega Men would quarrel and fightwhen a numbering over 400 breeds. There is tive no. 15817). dog belonging to one of them bit an increased interest in the history' of ' iards: 'The dogs also performed a' v~L . other man or one of his animals. Vet their origins and the human-dog re riety of tasks, such as turning spits eran wagon master Tom C. Cranmer lationship. This seems only proper for cooking meat, pest control, and stated in his Rules and Regulations and fitting in light of humans' close garbage patrol. Dogs also served as a by Which to Conduct Wagon Trains interaction with dogs. It has been food supply, in particular for special (1866): "Never allow a dog in the over 30 years since Marc Simmons, feasts, among .certain tribes, and as train."3 Such sound advice was fre Santa Fe Trail historian, pointed out the number of wild animals, espe- ' quently overlooked. Many on the that the contributions of the dog to cially buffalo, declined. In freezing Trail would not even consider leav- the history of the American West winters, they were useful as foot and ing their dog or dogs behind. . were being overlooked and ne- bed warmers, which a number of Dogs would sometimes become' glected.1 ' Trail travelers also appreciated. The lost along the way. Ifthey were good There were numerous dogs on and Indians also kept dogs as compan trackers, using their keen sense of near the Santa Fe Trail in the 1800s. ions or pets. smell, they might find the wagon Their names were short: Bob, Boots, Sometimes dogs' lives were short. train. Often, the lost dogs would be Duke, Jack, Lee, Toots, Watch, and Many died along the routes of the in pitiful condition. A traveler who Zeus, among others. They were pri Trail, because the trip was as dan wrote about a dog he was sure was marily large, muscular, strong dogs, gerous for them as it was for hu lost was popular author Washington and, for the most part, alert, intelli mans. Death came in a number of Irving, who traveled with an aristo gent, and faithful. There was a vari ways: overwhelming thirst and de cratic hunting party and afterward ety ofpure breeds, in particular bull hydration, starvation, disease, stam published A Tour on the Prairies dogs, greyhounds, Newfoundlands, pedes, crushed under wagon wheels (1835): "Pursuing our journey, we pointers, setters, and St. Bernards. and the hooves of domesticated ani were met by a forlorn, half-famished These are the breeds most frequently mals, killed by wild animals, and dog, who came rambling along the mentioned in diaries, journals, and shot and killed accidentally-or' not Trail, with inflamed eyes and bewil narratives of Trail travelers. They so accidentally in skirmishes and dered look. Though nearly trampled were useful as hunters, trackers, battles. Some might say it was "the upon by the foremost rangers [rifle guards, protectors, and companions. survival of the fittest," or the luck of men], he took notice of no one, but There were, of course, smaller the luckiest dog, in surviving on the rambled . heedlessly among the breeds, mixed breeds, and the stan frontier. horses. The cry 'mad dog!' was imme dard mutt. Lydia Spencer Lane, among the diately ra~sed and one of the rangers The dogs of the Indian tribes of .number of military wives who trav leveled his rifle, but was stayed by the Plains, having inhabited this eled over the Trail, wrote about the ever-ready humanity of [our vast land for thousands of years, bringing along Lee, her St. Bernard leader], who exclaimed, 'He is blind! ranged in size from small to large puppy, on one of her trips and losing It is the dog of some poor Indian, fol and were invaluable as watch dogs, him in a fatal accident: "He was lowing his master by the scent. It hunters, and draft animals carrying , growing fast and, of course with his would be a shame to kill so faithful packs on their backs or dragging the cunning ways, was a great pet with an animal. .. .' The dog blundered travois, a platform mounted on two everybody. He was put into our blindly through the cavalcade '-:In long poles for carrying goods or small wagon on leaving camp, where there hurt, and keeping his' nose to the children. The long hair of some dogs was someone to look after him. But ground, continued his course along '1 "4 was used for weaving, until the arri one day the watchman went to sleep, th e trm .... val of sheep brought by the Span- and our poor puppy crawled out of Matthew C. Field, 'a retired St.
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Louis stage actor, joined a wagon skeleton, and its extreme shyness to instant they came up, he had been train in 1839 as an adventure with a wards us sufficiently proved that it listening, he flew out with a fi[e]rce group offriends. He mentioned there had endured much. Misery and lux bark, an9, drove them away. I felt were two dogs in their caravan. Field ury are equally potent in making like caressing him for his kindness, wanted to learn Spanish and some cowards, and the rule applies to dogs but I had another business to attend times used it in his writing and for as well as men."? to just then. Rid[d]ed of our pest [the dating his daily journal entries, two Field concluded his article: "The wolves], I was destined to suffer from of which mentioned a lost dog: "Sa poor animal we had picked up in the another." She was referring to "the bado [Saturday] 5th-Travelled along, wilderness, followed us through the winged pestilence" of the Trail, the Semirone [Cimarron River] from remainder of our travel, till we known as "musquitoes." While fight 6 a.m. till Trece y Media [three reached the first log house that ap ing off mosquitoes, Susan wished thirty]. Saw a Stray Dog"; and "Do peared among the far western settle "my faithful Ring would not sleep so mingo [Sunday]6th-Long, flat, tedi ments ofMissouri. Here we gave him soundly. Just then, as if he had ous prairies, grass crop[p]ed short, to a farmer, and as we sat'beneath heard my thoughts and was anxious ground hard, strong wind. Found to prove to me that I was too hasty in " the hospitable shelter ... feasting fresh horse tracks-Stray dog still fol upon a luxurious ·banquet of corn my decision as to his vigilence, he lowing US."5 bread, fried bacon, and rich milk un gave one spring' from his hiding • Field later wrote a series of arti mingled with water, we told the his .place, and in a twinkling had driven • cles about his experiences on the tory and adventures, and excited the them off entirely. As lonely as I was, Santa Fe Trail,' published in the good farmer's sympathy for our poor I laughed outright. Sleep had en Picayune, a prominent New Orleans desert foundling, the lost dog."8 If tirely deserted me, so I 'kept watch' newspaper. In an article titled "The anyone could convince the farmer to till daylight. All the morning I have Lost Dog," he told about venturing adopt the dog, it surely would have been nod[d]ing."lo . out from the camp on the banks of been kindhearted, eloquent Matt While walking in a thicket of the Arkansas to get a look at a wolf Field. . grape vines along a stream near that appeared nearby. His party The best-known dog in the history Council Grove, Susan suddenly be soon discovered that the wolf was a ofthe Santa Fe Trail, no doubt, is Su came very fearful, but Ring came to dog, "a'nearly starved, timid, domes san Shelby Magoffin's greyhound, the rescue: "Ring, my faithful Ring, tic creature, which had 'been lost Ring (short for Ringling). Susan first came by me just then "and I com probably by some solitary trapper or mentioned Ring near the beginning menced patting his head which made wandering Indian hunter." He also of her diary when she described the him lie at my feet and I felt safe with thought the dog might have been lost wagon train belonging to her hus this trusty soldier near me;"ll When from a passing caravan. Although he band, trader Samuel Magoffin: "We the caravan was "out on the prairie and his companions tried to coax the now numbered, of ourselves only, with no wood' and little water," she forlorn creature nearer in order to quite a force. Fourteen big waggons wrote of the wind, lightning, and give it some food, the lost dog was with six yoke each, one baggage wag chilly damp air on the prairie one full of fear and ran from them. Field gon with two' yoke, one dearborn night when she had to look for her recalled: "It still turned to gaze at us, with two mules (this concern carries bed cover: "After searching in the and rather slunk than ran."6 my maid), our own carriage with two dark, I found that Mr. Ringling had The next morning a night guard more mules; two men on mules driv very gallantly made his bed on it. I reported that a wolf had approached ing loose stock. ... With Mr. Hall, the hoisted him from this berth though, him within 20 feet, but he could not superintendent'of the waggons, to and with my bilrtheIi crawled back to shoot his gun because it would alarm gether with his mule, we number my own, to 'make the best of it."'12 the camp. The following night, all twenty men, three are our tent ser-, When they were in buffalo coun were awakened by the fierce barking vants (Mexicans). Also, Jane, myat try, Susan wrote at Big Coon Creek: of the caravan's dogs, and every man tendant, two horses, nine mules, "Passed a great many buffalo (some was instantly awake with rifle some two hundred oxen, and last thousands), they crossed the road ready. The cause of alarm was' "the though not least our dog Ring. A gray frequently within two or three hun' same poor starving animal" follow hound he is of noble descent; he is dred yards.... Ring had his own fun ing them. The forlorn dog had crept white with light brown spots, a nice chasing them." When Ring got near a into camp in search of food. Field's watch for our tent door."9 There were buffalo, "he [the buffalo] would whirl party left bones and scraps of meat 45 wagons in the entire caravan, around and commence pawing the behind whenever they struck camp. which left Council Grove on June 21, earth with not a very friendly feeling For five days the lost dog followed 1846, and arrived in Santa Fe on for his delicately formed persuer."13 the caravan, always crouching at a August 31, 1846, following General After reaching "the entrance of what distance when it stopped. When the Stephen W. Kearny's Army of the is called the 'Raton,' a difficult pass dog seemed to want to come nearer, West into the city. of fifteen miles through the Moun the two dogs chased it away. Field Susan wrote while in camp: "Last tains'" she noted in her diary: "Our recalled: "This poor dog had been night I had a wolfish kind of a sere tent is stretched on the top of a high wandering about the prairieevi riade! May Pan preserve me from the hill, at the foot and on the sides of dently a long time, for when it was at likes tonight.... Ring, my dear, good which I have been rambling accom last brought into camp we could per dog!, was lying under my side of the panied by our faithful Ring, who all ceive it was dwindled almost to a bed; which was next to wolves. The the while kept strict watch for Indi-
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.ans, bear, panther, wolves &c., and smartness, keen sense of smell, and settlement, poorer than they had would not even leave my side as if short hair. He wrote in his popular' left-except in experience.21 conscious I had no other protector at book, The Plains of North America Among the trappers who spent hand."14 and Their Inhabitants (1876): "A time at Bent's Fort was William One more "ramble" with Ring on· well trained dog is most invaluable Bransford, known for his red whisk the mountain.was recorded. It was to the sportsman, for. whatever his ers and unusual ways. He became. a the last mention of faithful Ring in skill as a marksman or trailer, he friend and hunting companion of the remainder of Susan's diary. One will lose more or less game unless he William Bent and Tom Boggs, a wonders whatever happened. to has the assistance of man's best member of the family for which Ring. This is a common occurrence in friend."18 Boggsville in southeastern Colorado other diaries and memoirs. A dog Dodge found pointers especially was named, and a grandson of Dan may be written about from time to useful for tracking deer and other. iel Boone. A story was often told at time, but then there is no further animals. He rejected setters·because the fort about Bransford when he comment. Did those canine compan they have long hair and could not was still a greenhorn. Once when ions survive traveling over the Trail? stand the heat and' dryness of the hunting buffalo, Bransford tried to Did something happen and it was Plains. He rejected greyhounds and kill. a big. bull by dismounting his not recorded? Was there so much sor bloodhounds because they were "stu horse directly in front of the animal row that the death of a beloved com pid" andcuts and foxhounds because and shooting it three times in the panion was not mentioned? they were "difficult to train." He did forehead. At that time, he did not " .Catherine· (Katie) Cary . Bowen admit, however, that even· his be know a buffalo could not be killed wrote, in less glowing terms than Su loved poip.ter, "like a dimwitted en that way,. and as the bull charged san Magoffin's, about the dog travel thusiastic junior officer, was not al closer, Bransford had to scramble, ing with her and her husband from ways totally under control."19 while ..the party "hoorawed" Fort Leavenworth to Fort Union in . Richard T. Dodge helped· found (cheered).22 He later proved he had 1851. Katie faithfully wrote to her Dodge City, Kansas, in 1872. The some amazing skills with animals. family in· Maine, commenting in a city was named for Fort Dodge, David· Lavender told in his ac letter written at Fort Leavenworth which was' named for its, founder, claimed chronicle, Bent's Fort (1954), on April 15; 1851: "Isaac's dog isa General Grenville Dodge, no r~lation how Bransford happened· to ,acquire bouncer. We call him Bruno. He .will to Richard. Mter traveling to many a dog at the famous fort: "; .. a huge be a fierce protector."15 Her husband, forts and seeing ilUmbers of dogs, Lt. white dog, as big asa Newfoundland, Captain Isaac Bowen; was the Col. Dodge stated:' "Soldiers were appeared one evening yvith the newly-appointed chiefofcommissary proverbially fond ofdogs and, as a re .wolves that always prowled outside for the military department of New sult, most forts resembled bre~ding the walls for refuse. The men lured Mexico. In early July 1851, Katie in kennels featuring countless dogs of the dog inside the entrywith a bait of cluded in a letter: "We keep our big seemingly limitless variety."2o He raw meat and slammed the gate shut dog chained to the waggonin front of also thought the majority of those behind it. Promptly the beast went our tent at night, but he must have dogs consisted of curs, lacking "the berserk and chased every person in slept wondrous sound last night for a snap and obedience" demanded by the fort up on the roof. From that wolf went to the fire and ate what him and other military officers. vantage point they managed to lasso scraps were left in the pots, rattled Many mountain men, trappers, the dog, put it in iron chains, and among the tin pans so that the team and other hunters had a dog with locked it in the fort's bastion. For two sters were disturbed, and then put them wherever they went. William days it stayed there, howlIng and out for the herd."16 Later that month, Bent, younger brother of Santa Fe leaping bare-fanged at anyone who .she complained: "Our great worth- Trail trader Charles Bent, both part approached."23 Finally, on the third less dog gave out and we had to take ners in Bent's Fort on the Mountain day, Bransford exclaimed that him in, quite to my disgust, for my Route, was in Santa Fe in August enough was enough, walked up to love of dogs is not' great."17 Poor 1830. He headed out with three the ferocious dog, and patted. its Bruno may have given out because other meri to .trap beaver._Each man head. From that point in tim~, the July was one of the hottest months rode a horse, and they took alo'rig' dog was Bransford's, but no one else on the Trail. He could have.been suf nine pack mules, twenty-four traps, dared to touch it, and the traders fering from heat exhaustion and de a huge dog called Lolo, and a Mexi ceased their joking about the buffalo hydration, which severely affected can roustabout. On their return, the episode. both animals and people. successful trapping trip suddenly Bransford became a legend in his Many hunters .and sportsmen turned into a dire situation that own time for his way with the dog, traveled over the Trail and brought ended with the five men defending his constant companion. Among his along their favored breedfor hunt themselves against a large number human companions was .adventur ing, tracking" and retrieving. They of Indians. Mter 30 minutes of fero ous 17-year-old Lewis Garrard, who had strong opinions about the best cious fighting, the Indians lost inter in 1846 and 1847. traveled the Trail dog for hunting. One of those men est and left with their injured and into the Rocky Mountains and to was Lieutenant Colonel Richard dead men. Lolo, William's dog, con Taos, New Mexico. He, like Brans Irving Dodge, an avid hunter and tributed by whipping two of the Indi ford, was enamored with the joys ofa confirmed .admirer of pointers, a ans' dogs. The trappers and Lolo rap hunter's life. During a trip up Tim breed favored for its strength, speed, idly headed for the nearest Spanish pas Creek, close to the Mountain
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'Route in southeastern Colorado, a well. Their camp was south of the . snowstorm stopped the party from Arkansas-a great qig camp.... They moving on, and for two nights they furnished.us a lodge to live in." The had no firewood. ,To stay warm dur partners dined on hearty soup, ing those freezing nights, Garrard roasted buffalo, a sausage made of .had· to sleep with Bransford, but buffalo meat and red berries, and a Bransford first had to convince his dish of '.'little. dogs roast,ed.;' Those huge dog that a guest was accept little dogs, according to Weichselc able. baum, were raised for that purpose Garrard wrote about the sarrie and. "just as nice ~nd fat as could trip with Bransford in his classic Indian woman with Indian dog and fra be."28 Garrard describ.ed the cooked book, Wah-to-yah and the Taos Trail vois with cover for children, courtesy of meat as being rather uninviting to (1850), in which he described Brans Black Kettle Museum. . . the eye; but delicate, sweet, and ford's dog as "of the Mexican trol hundreds of sheep, which be reminiscent of cold roast pork. shepherd breed, somewhat larger came a.mainstay ofthe frontier econ In his memoir, My Life on the than the Newfoundland, with white, omy in New Mexico. This breed is Frontier, 1.864-1882 (1935), Miguel coarse, and long hair." Neither man generally now considered extinct. 25 Otero,Jr., the first Hispano governor , " .. . . 1 . mentioned the dog:s name, if it had of New M~xico Territory, told Of ·his i Garrard saw n\lmerous dogs when one. Garrard also described how the he stayed in Indian villages. He love for animals, in particular horses dog was baited with meat and wrote about one ofhis visits with the and dogs. His favorite diversion was trapped at Bent's Fort: "The infuri Cheyennes: "In this vill~ge were hunting, especially antelope (prong ated dog, Jar more strong and savage more than a hundred dogs-from the horn), for which.h(3 kept a pack of 16 than the largest wolf, turned on his large half-wolf down to the smallest greyhounds. He lived in the area of assailants, who safely stood on the specimen. Often,. during the night Granada. in southeastern Colorado, roof ... with lassos to noose him as they broke forth in a prolonged howl, actually,at New Granada, the termi he ran from one side to the other. The nus of the Santa Fe Railroad at that with the accompanying .music of ti~e dog bit several lassos in two. 'He was hundreds of prowling wolves making and.where the prominent mer fastened with a heavy iron chain in a most dissonant, unearthly noise."26 cantiie firm of Otero, Sellar & Com the bastion. On the third morning, H~ added: "Frequently when we exe pany was built to supply Fort Union. Bransford ,walked up without'show cuted a song in our very best man, The Granada. to' Fort Union. Military of fear, patted him onthe head." Re ner, the village dogs chimed in wjth Road was used by freighters headed garding those freezing nights with their original and touching music, for the fort arid Santa Fe. - out firewood, Garrard recollected: . forcing us to acknowledge ourselves Among.the numerous dogs. Otero "Bransford and I occupied the same beaten, in fair fight, and to withdraw owned during that time was Duke, a bedding; and, if I wanted to sleep leaving them undisputed masters of fine English bulldog, who became a first, he had to accompany me until the field."27 As Garrard noted, the close comrade of Kiowa, Otero's be safe between the blankets, for the dogs ofthe Indians comprised a vari loved blue roan pony; once a wild faithful guardian always asserted ety of sizes, shapes,. and colors. mustang and later a champion rac his right to coil himself on Brans Trained by the women, the larger ing horse. Duke stayed with Kiowa ford's property and growl at those dogs transported the Indians' pos day and night, arid would not let any who approached. His warm body was sessions on the travois and medium one approach the pony unless the quite an acquisition to the comfort of sized dog,s carried goods in packs on person was a family member. During our feet."24 their backs until the horse arrived spring and summer months, Kiowa Garrard described Bransford's and event~ally replaced the dogs as was usually picketed with about 125 dog as "of Mexican-shepherd breed." transporters. feet of rope near Otero's house. The He was probably referring to the Dogs were used for food by some iron picket pin came loose one day New Mexican sheep dog that had a tribes, while others refrained en and Kiowa joined a herd of horses bloodline reaching back to Spain. Ac tirely from eating dog meat. Euro passing near his home, "thus expos cording to historian Marc Simmons, American and European travelers ing himself to every chance in the when the Spanish colonists brought dined on dog meat and wrote about world ofbeing conducted into the In their dogs, among them very large the experience, some stating that the dian territory, whence the herd was greyhounds and mastiffs, to the Rio meat was delicious and nourishing. bound. Not until late in the after , Grande Valley, they crossed theirs Among those was Trail merchant noon did any of us notice Kiowa's ab J with the Indians' dogs. The new mix. Theodore Weichselbaum, who tra sence, and when we did, we discov was larger and tougher than better ded with the Cheyennes, Arapahos, ered that Duke was likewise absent. known shepherd ·breeds. A very and Kiowas for buffalo robes and an Not a trace of either could we find young PllP. was taken from· its telope (pronghorn) skins. In his 1908 during the next few days, although mother, made to nurse a ewe, and narrative ofhis adventures along the we made a diligent search."29 grew up with the sheep, d~velopinga Trail in 1864, Weichselbaum told Otero was about to come to the strong sense of attachment and re about being invited by the Cheyen conclusion that he had lost Kiowa sponsibility for the flock. Those' dogs nes to trade with them in their camp. and Duke forever. It happened, how effectively.kept wQlves and coyotes He and his partner spent four wEleks ever, that some freighters returning at bay" and, when trained could con- at the camp: "The Indians treated us from the Canadian River passed by.
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In response to Otero's queries, they pIe, throughout history .and today, 14. Ibid, 78. reported seeing the herd and had no are beholden to dogs for their faithful 15. Catherine (Katie) Cary Bowen Let ticed a horse following it at some dis service, courage, and companion ters, ed. Leo E. Oliva, Wagon Tracks tanc;e and dragging a long rope with ship. 16 (Aug. 2002): 23. Katie Bowen's letters appear in Wagon Tracks, be It a bulldog pulling on the end. was a Epilogue: ginning with the February issue of stroke of luck for Otero,' for the road Mter reading about dogs, one may Vol. 16. See, also, "A Faithful Ac from Granada to the Canadian River wonder if cats (domestic felines) count of Everything: Letters from Ka was seldom traveled. Immediately, traveled on the Santa.Fe Trail. Most tie' Bowen on the Santa Fe Trail, he began preparations to hunt for cats would never put up with such a 1851," ed. Leo E. Oliva, Kansas His the two, when "in walked Duke lead long, hard trip. They would head tory 19, (Winter 1996-1997): 271-272. 17. Ibid, 274. . ing Kiowa with the rope! Duke was lickety-split for the nearest settle tired· and haggard, clearly showing 18. Mark Derr, A Dog's History of Amer ment,' preferably one with a' milk ica (New York: North Point Press, that he had suffered terribly on the cow. However, some cats did have to trip, which hid taken ten days. I 2004),17'5-176.. . make a "forced" trip. They were "en 19. Ibid, 176. doubt very much whether he had had listed" by the U.S. Army to eradicate 20. Ibid. anything substantial to eat since he mice. Historian Leo E.' Oliva has 21. David Lavender, Bent's Fort (1954; left home. The pony, on the other written about-one such occurrence at reprint, Lincoln: University of Ne hand, looked as fine as usual, for he Fort Atkinson on the Santa Fe Trail braska Press, 1972), 131-133. had found' plenty of grass and wa in Kansas during the summer of 22. Ibid, 257. ' ter."30 1851, when field mice invaded the 23. Ibid, 257-258. Throughout the rest of his life, fort's sod buildings and were de 24. Lewis H. Garrard, Wah-to-yah and the Taos Trail (1850; reprint, Norman: Otero believed there had never been stroying provisions. He describes the a better example of an animal's love University of Oklahoma Press, 1955), situation: ". .. a' requisition for a . 131. and affection-and determination: dozen cats from Fort Leavenworth 25. Morc Simmons, "Sheep Dogs in the "There is no doubt in niy mind that was filled. So far as'is known, this Southwest," Santa Fe Reporter, July when those freighters saw Duke tug was the first time that cats were car 11-17,1990,15. ging at Kiowa's rope, he was trying ried on the property lists ofthe army. 26. Garrard, Wah-to-Yah and the Taos to turn the pony in the direction of They did their duty, and the mouse . Trail, 61. Granada, and I am sure he never threat to Atkinson was virtually 27. Ibid, 66. gave up until he had accomplished eliminated. Two years later the cats 28. "Theodore Weichselbaum:Trail Mer-' his purpose. When he had finally in were declared to be 'perfect wrecks' chant, Part II," Wagon Tracks 6 (Feb ruary 1992): 13. duced Kiowa to accept his views, he .because ·of another kind of vermin took the end of the rope and led 29. Miguel Antonio Otero, Jr" My Life on fleas."33 the Frontier, 1864-1882 (1935; re Kiowa back to Granada. I learned Notes print, Albuquerque: University of later from reliable sources that dog 1. Marc Simmons, "New Mexico Histori New Mexico Press, 1987), 80. and pony had followed the herd of ans Have Forgotten the Role of the 30. Ibid, 80-81. horses for more than 150 miles bef Dog," New Mexico Independent. 31. Ibid, 81. . ore Duke could change Kiowa's December 1, 1978, 9. 32. Ibid. mind." Otero stated: "I 'am greatly 2. Lydia Spencer Lane. I Married a Sol 33. Leo E. Oliva, "Fort Atkinson on the beholden, for it kept me from losing dier, or Old Days in the Old Army Santa Fe Trail, 1850-1854," Kansas Kiowa."31 (1893; reprint, Albuquerque: Horn & Historical Quarterly (Summer 1974); Wallace, 1964),25-26. (reprinted by Wet/Dry Routes Chap Duke regained his usual good con 3. Tom C. Cranme.r, Rules and Regula ter of the Santa Fe Trail Association, dition, only to be poisoned a few tions by Which to Conduct Wagon 2007), 11- 1~. weeks later by an inhumane brute. Trains (1866; reissue, Larned, Kansas: Otero remembered with sorrow: "We Wet/Dry Routes Chapter, SFTA, OLD SPANISH TRAIL ASSO did all in our power to save hiJJ;l, but 2007),26.. CIATION SEEKING EDITOR the poison had already done its 4. Washington Irving, A Touron the Prai work." He felt that Duke understood ries (London: John Murray, Albe THE Old Spanish Trail Association they were trying to help him, and marle Street, 1835), 40-41. (OSTA) is seeking an editor for its would never forget "his pitiful and 5. Matthew C. Field, Matt Field on the periodic journal, Spanish Traces. Santa Fe Trail, ed. John E. Sunder pleading look and the way his eyes The journal is issued three times per (1960; reprint, University of Okla year. said thanks for all we were doing."32 homa Press, 1995),55. Duke was buried in the yard close to 6. Ibid, 309. The position is volunteer in na Kiowa's stable,' where the two 7. Ibid, 309-310. ture but an honorarium is provided friends enjoyed each other's com 8. Ibid, 310-311. for completion of each issue along pany. Kiowa lived to the age of 30, 9. Susan Shelby Magoffin, Down the with reimbursement for certain ex dying of old age. Santo Fe Trail into Mexico, ed. Stella penses. Example of past issues avail Dogs have, indeed, a long and hon M. Drumm (1926; reprint, Lincoln: able on the OSTA web site
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GEORGE AND LOUIS: GOLDS OF TERRITORIAL NEW MEXICO by Doyle Daves' [Daves received a grant from SFTA to Tobias says that "the earliest person ceived a good education, as his writ research Euro-American traders who to be involved on the Santa Fe Trail ten language skills attest. George married Hispanic women in New who was unquestionably Jewish and first entered the historical record on Mexico. This is another in the fine se who settled in New Mexico [in 1844] June 19, 1820, when he,along with ries of articles resulting from his in was Solomon Jacob Spiegelberg,"6 In Henry Gold, perhaps a brother,' ar vestigation. No photo of George Gold contrast, Jewish Pioneers of New rived at the port of Quebec on the has been found.] Mexico declares that "Louis Gold im ship Commerce,.l2 Soon after his.arri GEORGE Gold and Louis Gold migrated from Poland 'and was mer val, George received, on. September were about a generation apart in chandizing in Santa Fe by 1835."7 5,1820, a land grant in Upper Can age; both were born in Europe, albeit There are good reasons (discussed ada, which was then sparsely popu in different countries; both immi- below) to believe this is incorrect and lated and located up the Saint Law . grated to North America at different that Louis Gold did not arrive in rence River basin from the present times and to different places; both Santa Fe until after 1850. What is Province of Quebec and included certain is that a significantnumher most of the modern Province of On- later traveled the Santa Fe Trail and 3 ; of Jewish merchants did arrive in tario.l . " settled in New Mexico. Apparently, they did not encounter each other. New Mexico shortly after its annexa George Gold Settles in New Mexico They share a surname that IS viewed tion by the United States in 1846. In and Becomes a Freighter and as quin~essentiallyAshkenazi1(Ger a report to his superiors iri Rome, Merchant· man, Northern European) Jewish, Bishop Jean Baptiste Lamy, in 1855, What George did' in Canada and although the surname Gold also ap indicated: "In New Mexico, besides how .long he stayed there is not peared early in Christian communi the enumerated [130,000 to 140,000] known: It seems likely he remained ties in England.2 There is compelling Catholics, there were four to five in Canada but a short time and soon evidence that Louis was·indeed Jew thousand Americans, more' atheist made his way into the United States, ish; in the case of George, no defini than Protestant, [and] three to four probably by descending the Missis tive evidence has been found hundred Jews...."8 sippi River as far as St. Louis, then a although it has been passed down in Although they were few in community .largely populated by his familythat he was of Jewish an number, Jewish settlers in New French-Canadians. This speculation cestry.3 In New Mexico, both George Mexico had a major influence on the results from the. fact that Wallace and Louis married local Hispanic development of the territory and its Gold, age 49 and born in Missouri, is women and established families. To economy. Perhaps this was because listed in the 1870 census for Mora day many of their descendants prac "most Jewish settlers in New Mexico County, New Mexico, in the house tice the Catholic religion of their became merchants and proprietors hold of George Gold's widow. Julian Hispanic ancestors. ofmercantile stores" and "the Jewish Vigil speculates that Wallace is Jewish Settlers in Territorial New merchants ... have been credited likely a son ofGeorge Gold;14 surpris Mexico with introducing the capitalist sys ingly no other record related to Wal tem to a largely barter-driven soci lace Gold has been found. IfWallace There has been a great deal writ ety."9 Paul Horgan noted that in was indeed son of George Gold, ten about crypto (s!iJcret) Sephardic a Santa Fe, circa 1850, "Dry goods George must have been in Missouri (Spanish) Jewish heritage within brought by the prairie wagons soon after his arrival in Canada. It is the Catholic population of New Mex [across the Santa Fe Trail from Mis apparent that he then became in ico.4 Such Hispanics descend from souri] filled the shelves of shops es volved in Rocky Mountain fur·trap Spanish. or Portuguese people, so tablished by enterprising German ping and may have visited New Mex called "conversos," who ostensibly Jews who came with the early trad ico a number oftimes before deciding gave up their Jewish religion follow ers and who brought cultural styles to settle there. During the late ing the decree of 1492 by the Spanish and .educated ways from Europe."lo 1820s, "Gold was a mountain man king that all Jews in Spain must con Well-stocked and well-managed who had headquartered in Taos after vert to Catholicism or leave the coun mercantile establishments had not giving up trapping."15 He was settled try. The New Mexican descendants previously been present in New Mex in Taos by about 1830 where he was of converted Sephardic Jews gener- 1CO• baptized into the Catholic Church by . ally were unaware of their back Father Antonio Jose Martinez on ground and were and are indistin George Gold, Born in Scotland, Im I.," February 12, 1832.16 guishable from their Catholic co migrates to Canada religionists. Anthony George Gold was born to George Gold arrived in New Mex ico and settled in ,Taos during the There is some evidence that a Joseph Joshua Gold and Mary Isabel Mexican era which began in 1821 Jewish man, Paul Levi, probably of Palen, probably in Lanark, a small when independence from Spain was French ancestry, was living in Santa market town in south central Scot achieved,17 During the 1830s he was Fe as early as 1773.5 However, until land, about 1798, although this is involved in freighting and mercan the Santa Fe Trail began to bring not certain as available records do 1 tile businesses and probably also people from the United States after not agree.l No information has been was engaged in farming. The Mexi 1821, there was essentially no Jew found about George's early life in can Archives of New Mexico records' ish presence in New Mexico. Henry Scotland beyond the fact that he re-
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that in )836 he freighted blankets ofOctober 10, 1848, chaired by Padre daughter of Jesus Avila and Maria down the Camino Real to sell in Antonio Jose Martinez.25 Later Gold Josefa Lujan. Available genealogies Sonora, and in 1839 he hauled pinon served in the first five New Mexico indicate that two children were born (pine nuts) to Chihuahua.l8By 1837, territorial legislative assemblies to George and Maria Dolores: Maria he had petitioned for Mexican citi (1850-1854).26 . . Nestora Gold in 1833 and Jose zenship19 to realize the advantages Miguel Gold in 1835. George Gold Moves from Taos . '. such citizenship afforded in his busi As early as 1837 George Gold was In 1850, George married Maria ness activities and travel. In 1842 he active in seeking a land grant from Estafana Montoya, daughter of Jose traveled to St: Louis, Missouri, the Mexican government when he, Ramon Montoya and Maria Lorenza where he acquired the supplies nec along with 75 others, petitioned for Cruz. By the time of their marriage, essary to construct a still for whiskey Estafana had already borne him sev 20 the, Guadalupita Grant. Malcolm production. If George operated the Ebright, who has lived in Guadalu eral children. When their relation still, it was only for a short time. He pita for many years and is a noted ship began is uncertain. The 1841 had sold it by sometime in 1843.21 .. New Mexico land-grant historian, re Taos 'census lists Maria Estafana George Gold Serves in the Territo- centlywrote an, informative sum Montolla, age 25, with a daughter, rial Militia and Territorial Legis- Maria Dolores, age four. Dolores is lature . , mary of the history of the Guadalu pita Grant and the prominent role probably George's daughter as later A new era began in New Mexico played by George. Gold in its early census records 'list her as "Gould." and surrounding areas in 1846, fol years.27 He noted that "Comanche The baptismal and Census records lowing the conquest and annexation an~ Apache raids ... caused ....the identify the other 10 children of of vast territories into the United Guadalupita area [to be] abandoned George Gold and Estafana Montoya: States by Stephen Watts Kearny's from around 1837 to 1851."28 George Maria Eduvigen born in 1843, Maria Army ofthe West. Kearny app·ointed Gold left Taos and moved his family Facunda in 1846, Jose David in merchant Charles Bent as territorial to Guadalupita about 1855, although 1848, Jose Guillermo in 1850, Maria governor of New Mexico. Although he probably took possession ofhis al Guadalupe in 1851, Josue in 1854, the illitial takeover by the AnlEiri lotment of 900 varas (much larger Maria Sara in 1856, Maria Elisa in cans had 'been essentially without than that received by any other set 1857,. Shela 'in 1858, and Maria bloodshed,· an uprising by Hispanics tler)29 within the land grant in 1851. Ursina in 1859. and Pueblo Indians in Taos in Janu It ~s interesting that he maintained In addition, another son, 'Pedro ary 1847 resu~ted 'in the death of close ties with Taos even ·after his Jose Gold, was born in 1848 to Bent and a number 6f other promi~ move .over· the Sangre de Cristo George ilnd Maria de la Encarnacion nent men affiliated with the new Mountains to Guadalupita near Martinez, daughter of Pablo Martin government. Colonel Sterling Price Mora, and he was a founding mem ez and Maria Dolores Cordova. The led an expedition to quell the rebel ber of the Masonic Lodge there in new mother died five days after the lion and punIsh the rebels. Included 1859.30 baptism of her son. in his force was "a company of Apparently having given up on George Gold died at Guadalupita mounted volunteers, composed of 11 moving to the Guadalupita Grant on May 10, 1869; Estafana lived on officers and 68 privates" which had during the years of intense Indian until June 10,1888, when she died at been organized by "Ceran St. Vrain, depredations, George Gold· at age 68.32 New Mexican resident for many tempted to establish a settlement years" and business partn·er of Gov Louis Gold, Born in Poland; Immi 22 north of Taos near what is now the grates to America and Settles 'in ernor Bent. One of the privates of New Mexico-Colorado border. Ac Santa Fe St. Vrain's company was George cording to Olibama Lopez-Tushar, Gold who wa's severely wounded in Louis Gold was born March 13, "In 1848 the first settlement in the 1820, in Poland and came to New the subsequent fighting at Taos San Luis Valley was that of George Pueblo' on February 4, 1847.23 In a York City via Liverpool on the ship, Gold (Gould), who brought a colony Fidelia, arriving on August 5, 1851: letter written in 1855 from Taos to to Costilla." The new settlement was an unidentified friend inCaliforriia, Accompanying him were his wife, within the huge Beaubien-Miranda Mary, and their children, Moses George noted that "I had the bad (later Maxwell) land· grant and when luck to get wounded several times in Aaron, Abraham, and ,Margaret Beaubien protested it was quickly (Maggie). Louis and Mary Harris different parts of my body ... which abandoned.31 entirely had [laid?] me up, and unfit (Anglicized from Hersch) had mar for any kind ofbusiness; for upwards The George Gold Families ried in 1844 when he was 24 and she of twelve months."24 Although he George Gold had relationships was 17. It appears the family de never fully recovered, George subse with several women that produced layed little after arriving in New quently served as a Major General of children. As noted earlier, it is likely York before traveling by rail to Mis the Southern Division of the Militia that George had a son, Wallace, born souri and then joining a wagon train ofthe New Mexico Territory. in Missouri about 1821, who was ap for passage over the Santa Fe Trail parently left with his unknown to Santa Fe. 33 Louis was undoubt Perhaps 'as a result of George edly following Joseph Hersch, often Gold's valiant service in the suppres mother when George departed Mis souri for. the Rocky Mountains and referred to as an uncle, who is listed sion. of the Taos Rebellion, he was in the 1850 census for Santa Fe. chosen to represent Taos County in Taos. In Taos, George began a rela the Territorial Convention Council tionship with Maria Dolores Avila, As noted earlIer, in Jewish Pio-
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neers of New Mexico, Tomas Jaehn cause of the investment required in erty will be cheap as I need money." reports a claim that Gold "was mer flour milling ... [d]uring the 1850s The New Mexican (January 19, 1872) chandizing [in Santa Fe] in the mid [only] four millers [including Joseph reported a mortgage sale of Louis dle 1830s at about the age offifteen." Hersch] filled almost all contracts for Gold's store and sawmill to the bene The 'next sentence indicates his flour produced in the department [of fit of Willi Spiegelberg. Louis Gold skepticism of this, as it begins: "If New Mexico].37 Louis served for a was bankrupt in 1871 but, somehow, true. .. ."34 Although it is possible time as "an Indian Commissioner, he recovered and was reasonably that Louis had made an earlier trip and as such was delegated to keep prosperous again by· the time of his to America and to Santa Fe, it is.far peace among the Navajo Indians. He death in 1880. Just what happened more likely that this report is simply would trade their Buffalo meat to ,his. major assets is not clear as, erroneous as Jaehn apparently be which had been dried in the sun for later, Louis's son, Jacob (Jake), lieves. , flour, which we understand he him opened one of Santa Fe's first Indian We have an unpublished docu self milled. His reward from the gov Curio Store at Louis's earlier busi ment written by a descendant, Aaron ernment was Land Grants. With ness location on San' Francisco Davis,35 that reports that Louis "did great faith in the idea that gold was Street. not leave his wife; she simply would to be found he held the Grants and Louis was active in the local Jew not go to a land where dietary food of spent about all his finances on other ish community and also in the larger ,.. her religion' was unavailable." This lands."38 This interest in gold ex Santa Fe society. In 1860 the "first claim, also, is not accurate as Mary plains a notice in the Santa Fe New Yom Kippur held at Santa Fe" at the did travel to Santa Fe and lived there Mexican (August 8, 1868): "We'are home of Levi Spiegelberg was at~ a number of years. However, it does informed that an old manuscript is tended by Louis Gold and sons Aaron indicate that Mary was strongly at now in the hands ofLouis Gold, Esq., and Abraham and "probably...the tached to the Jewishcommunity and one of the enterprising merchants of whole Jewish population of the Santa Fe, dated early in the seven- was not comfortable living in' New , " town.'" For this observance, Louis Mexico with its small and not well~ teenth century, descriptive of the Gold and his uncle, Joseph Hersch, developed Jewish institutions. Itap- wonderfully rich gold mines in the served as cantors.H . Louis was , pears that Mary remained in New mountain of San Lazero." In 1856, elected to membership in the New Mexico from arrival in the early Louis Gold bought a significant tract Mexico Historical Society and he was 1850s until about 1858 when she re of land on Upper Canyon Road a Mason and was buried in the Ma turned to New York City to stay. In within Santa Fe that "was once part sonic Cemetery. ' the 1860 census, Louis was living in ofManuel Trujillo's 1731 Talaya Hill Louis Gold and Refugio Newman y Santa Fe with his sons, Aaron and Grant. A U. S. Quartermaster built Esquibel (Refugio Aguilar) Abraham. About 1861 Mary (Harris) Santa Fe's first sawmill there in 1847."39 In the 1860s, after his wife Mary and Gold married Louis Gelpstein. In the the children had moved to New York 1870 New York census the couple The Santa Fe NeziJ Mexican City, Louis Gold began a relation had with them three of the younger (August 16, 1875) reported that ship with Refugio Aguilar. She was Gold children and four of their own. Louis Gold had been awarded three , , born in Santa Fe in January of 1838, As noted, the three oldest Gold chil contracts by the Quartermaster De the daughter of John Rafael New dren, Moses' Aaron, Abraham, and partment of Santa Fe for supplies for man, born in Louisiana in 1807 and Margaret were born in Poland, the the Army: one contract for 60 tons of Maria Altagracia Esquibel.42 Appar next three, Elizabeth, Mary and Ja gramma (native grass) hay and two ently, Refugio's .first relationship cob were born in Santa Fe, and the contracts for six hundred cords of pi was with Cristoval Aguilar who died youngest, Fannie was born in New fion wood. And (August 2, 1872), in the early 1850s; for whatever rea York City after Mary's return there. "Louis Gold's wagon starts for the son, Refugio used the Aguilar sur One of the Gold children, Mary, did Jemez Springs tomorrow morning-a name for much of her adult life. 43 By not live to adulthood; of the remain good chance for any who wishes to the mid 1850s, Refugio had devel ing six, only Elizabeth did not live in go.' He will take passengers." These op~d a r~lationship with Dr. Finis
New. Mexico as, , an adult. contemporary accounts help define Ewing Kavanaugh, who was born in the nature and scope of Louis Gold's Louis Gold, Santa Fe Merchant and , ' Missouri in 1832. This led to the Citizen mercantile activities. birth of three children: Maria was Upon his arrival in Santa Fe, Although Louis Gold continued in born about 1857, Juan Francisco was Louis Gold quickly established, a business from the time of his arrival born in June of 1858, and Jose Abran mercantile business and became ac in Santa Fe to his death, he experi was born in 1860. In the 1860 census tive in local affairs. He established enced significant financial problems. for' Santa Fe, Refugio and the chil "Gold's Provision House, centrally lo As a consequence of the Confederate dren are listed as living with her cated at the corner of San Francisco occupation of Santa Fe (March 13 mother, Altagracla, who may have Street"and Burro Alley [which] was a April 7, 1862), "Louis Gold ...lost been married to Roque Martin at thriving frontier dry goods mercan $2,300 dollars of clothing and sta that time;in this record all are listed tile."36 'In addition to this business ples."40 Later, the Santa Fe New with the surname Martin. Dr. 'Kava Gold, togetherwith his uncle, Joseph Mexican (August 13, 1869) carried naugh left New Mexico at the time of ,Hersch, was active in contracting to an advertisement in which Louis the Civil War and served in the Con~ provide 'supplies for the American Gold announced that he was selling federate Army as a surgeon; so far as army posts. Leo Oliva notes that "Be- his store building, noting "This prop- is known, he never returned to New
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stantial and lasting contributions. Santa Fe. Each left behind large families that The name "Gold" presented have endured in New Mexico and . Spanish~speaking New Mexicans across the country. Many descen with great difficulty. When George was baptized, his surname was re dants remain in northern New Mex corded as 'Orial," an obvious de ico and contribute to the rich heri rivative of "oro," Spanish for "gold." tage and diversity of the region. In other records the "Gold" sur Notes name was variously rendered as :;;.,. ". . " I ',.., 1. Ashkenazi Jews, Wikipedia, the free Oro, Gould, Guld, Gul. Gull, Goel. "( ; 6)1 . encyclopedia. Bul, and Bule. Some of ~eorge 2. Gold, The Internet Surnarne Data Gold's descendants use the sur I[,~i{?,' ~~i~~~ ~ base, http://www.surnarnedb.com name "Gould." " /Surname/Gold. 17. David A. Clary, Eagles and Empire, Refugio Newman y Esquibel (Refugio 3. Interviews with Jarnes A. Rarnirez; The United States, Mexico' and the Aguilar) and Louis Gold, courtesy of See also the discussion py Rarnirez Struggle for a Continent (New York: Ken Horner and the Farnily of Delores and other descendants on the An . Bantam Books, 2009), 14-18. Allen. cestry.com rnessage board: http:// 18. Mexican Archives of New Mexico Mexico. boards.aricestry.com/surnames. (October 22, 1836) Reel 21, image . Little is known about the relation gould/301.392.397.398.401.629.717. 294 and (July 9, 1839) Reel 21, im age 315, New Mexico State Library ship between ~ouis Gold and Refu 718.720.1 .1 /mb.ashx. 4. See, for example: Stanley M. Hordes, and Archives, Santa Fe. gio; one descendant has suggested To the End of the Earth: A History of 19. Ibid, (August 2, 1837) Reel 23, im that Refugio lived out her life in the the Crypto-Jews of New Mexico ages 414,415. home of her mother, Altagracia Es (New York: Columbia University 20. Ritch Collection (RI 201-203), Hunt quibel, and never established a Press, 2005). ington Library, San Marino, CA. household with any ofthe men in her 5. Henry J. Tobias, A History of the Jews 21. Mexican Archives of New Mexico life. It is certainly true that mother in New Mexico (Albuquerque: Uni (March 23, 1844) Reel 35, images and daughter are listed together in versity of New Mexico Press, 1990), 274-276. all the available census records. In 23. 22. William A. Keleher, Turmoil in New Mexico, 1846-.1868 (Santa Fe: The any event, Louis and Refugio were 6. Ibid, 25. 7. Tomas Jaehn, ed., Jewish Pioneers of Rydal Press, 1952),3-26, 116, 117. parents to three children: Luis born New Mexico (Santa Fe: Museum of 23. United States War Department, "in in January 1869, Maria Carlota Ysa New Mexico Press, 2003), 42. surrection Against the Military Gov bel born in 1870, and Maria Teodora 8. Paul Horgan, Lamy of Santa Fe (Mid ernment of New Mexico and Cali Sara born about 1872. dletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan fornia 1847 and 1848," Senate Louis Gold died January 6, 1880, University Press, 1975), 335. Document No. 442, 56th Congress, of typhoid fever at the age of 60; 9.Jaehn, Jewish Pioneers, 23, 25. First Session, June 5, 1900, 15. Refugio lived on until 1916. After 10. Horgan, Lamy of Santa Fe, 122. 24. Julian Josue Vigil, "George Gold's 11. When George Gold was baptized Letter to the Unidentified Friend in Louis's death she married Filomeno Catholic in Taos in 1832, he said he California,"," New Mexico Genealo Coriz; census records for 1900 and was 29, making his birth in 18020r gist, 27 (September 1988): 73-74. 1910 show Refugio; Filomeno, and, 1803; when he died in 1869, he was 25. Taos County Comprehensive Plan Refugio's mother Altagracia Es said to be 77, making his birth date Update: Vision, Goals and Strate quibel living together in Santa Fe. about 1792; see: Julian Josue Vigil gies, http://www.taoscounty.org/ Louis Gold's first wife, Mary Harris "Grandma's Grandfather, Some Documentview.aspx?DID=30,6. Gold Gelpstein, died February 22, Notes on George Gold," New Mex 26. Benjamin M. Read, Historia lIustrada 1894, in New York City. ico Genealogist, 27 (June 1988): 36 de Nuevo Mexico (Santa Fe: Com 38). An old picture in the possession pania Impresora del Nuevo Mexi George and Louis Gold, New Mexico of the Ramirez family shows one of cano, 1911),288,294. Pioneers' . George's daughters, Maria Guada 27. Malcolm Ebright, "The Coyote George and Louis Gold were nota lupe, and her family. On the back it . Creek State Park: History of Title and ble pioneers in nineteenth century states that George Gold was born in History of the Guadalupita and New Mexico. George, if he was in 1798 (James A. Ramirez, Amazon Mora Land Grants," 2009; http:// deed Jewish as some descendants be message board). www.newmexicohistory.org/featur lieve, was one of the earliest of his 12. David Dobson, Directory of Scottish ed_projects/Legislative%20Reports/ Settlers in North America, 1625-1825, . documents/Coyote.pdf. faith to settle there. Whatever his Vol. 1 (Baltimore: Genealogical early faith, George lived the life typi 28. Ebright. "The Coyote Creek State Publishing Company, ,1985): 103. Park," 6. cal of early mountain men who came 13. Upper Canada, Wikipedia, the free • first to trap, then to settle and take 29. Ibid, 36. encyclopedia. 30. K. Boyer, Kit Carson's Lodge (The '14. Interviews with Dr. Julian Vigil; see, up other pursuits..,-farming; freight Lodge of Research, A. F.. & A. M. of ing, business. Louis came to New also, Vigil "Grandma's Grandfa New Mexico, Publication No.3, May Mexico later and was a part of the ther," 38. 8, 1965), 2-3. . 15. Virginia McConnell Simmons, The impressive German Jewish business 31. Olibama Tushar Lopez-Tushar, The San Luis Valley (BOUlder: University class who did so much to bring mod People of EI Valle: A History of the of Colorado Press, 1979),46. Spanish Colonials in the San Luis Val ern commerce to the state. In New 16. Archives· of the Archdiocese of ley (Pueblo: EI Escr;tor;o, 1975),26. Mexico, George'and Louis lived quite . Santa Fe, Reel 20, image 178; New different lives but both made sub- Mexico State Library and Archives, 32.Vigil, "Grandma's Grandfather." 33. Ken Horner, "The Golds of New York
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and Santa Fe," December 24,2006, distracted, but tell them what is http://home.earthlink.net/-kenhor going on with the SFNHT and what ner/gold_genealogy5.htm. our needs are. ' 34. Jaehn, Jewish Pioneers, 24. 13th Long Distance Trails Con 35. Aaron W. Davis, "Louis Gold-1820 1879," History File 102, New Mexico ference - Hosted by the Overmoun State 'Library and Archives, Santa tain Victory Trail Association, the Fe. next conference' will be in Abingdon 36. Dottielndyke, "In Passionate Pursuit VA, May 13-18. This is the biennial of Early Curio'Trade," Santa Fe New conference sponsored by the PNTS Mexican, February 28, 1997, 35. and all members of NTS organiza 37. Leo, E. Oliva, Fort Union and the tions like SFTA are invited to attend. Frontier Army in the Southwest Registration information is available (Santa Fe: Southwestern Cultural at
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TRAIL TROUBADOUR Risks. the loss of miles, of time, the miss- With haze or dust; and none thought Ing well of it. -Traffic in Vers;~e Of a landmark. On plains like these Some prophesied heat and drought; Sandra M. Doe, Editor Even a veteran will lose his bearings. Storm, said others. Middle of the morning, excitement in Noon still an hour This column continues "Santa Fe, Or two away; the air so stiU Santa Fe" by Albert Edmund the column. Water loomed an hour's trek beyond. The dust we raise<:i hung: foglike Trombly. By Section VII, the trav Far behind. Almost straight ahead elers have left "the States" and And good it looked shining there in the sun, The sky darkened; clouds came on journey through the Jornada, seeing Inviting us, refreshing in the promise Blacker and blacker; gusts of cold mirages on "the waterless plain"; Of rest and solace from the heat and wind ' ~ore they view a tornado, followed by dust. ' And dust; and drops of muddy, rain, as,they hope to "strike the Ci The older men only shook their heads; rain, ' marron" which they do find, calling it Not water we saw but a false pond, FeU and hail. fine at first, then , Trick of the desert, devilish combina- Large as plums. The cattle sensing a "puny stream" and also their "cup danger ,',' o'kindmiss." , tion Of sun and air currents, some had Came to a halt, the oxen raising their Section VIII reminds readers that heard; heads the travelers left Council Grove the And others, while they had no expla And lowing; the mules, though worn, third week of May and have traveled nation, restless, ' into July: "The heat trembles as over Knew that the thing.before us wasn't Hard to handle; one of the teams bolting, ' the lid of a stove." After traveling water. As we advanced we got no nearer.to Taking at top speed a half-a-mile ' three days next to the Cimarron, the To run its madness down. In spite of travelers see mountains, "like a low/ it. ' Like the horizon, it always kept its dis- the' dust lying cloudbank'" and the sight We saw the funnel of the storm bob "heartened"·the men: They encount tance; " , Then, mysteriously as it had come, bing, bobbing er ."Indians" arriving like "wind Disappeared. We saw others later, Slowly along the ground, keeping a driven hail." The wagon train makes Came to recognize them, though course a corral. The yo:ung narrator ob they always Opposed to ours and paraUel to it. serves the Indians as the plains Caught the eye much as a rainbow Never closer than a mile to the funnel. travelers parley with them: "they wiU Clearly we heard the noise of its vio- lence " And always looked aUuring qs the first. rode/Like centaurs." Boggs tricks the Like the roar of waters over a dam. Indians, calling for a Medicine Man Men are tricked by them; nqt so cat 'tie; , How like an elephant the cloud and showing him bundled, sweating looked, gigantic elephant ' men, calling their illness "smallpox." For men will trust the eye, but animals Are keener-sensed and smeU water at Of a nightmare, treading the earth, The Comanches ride off in haste as hand., ' , reaching, Boggs explains how "tribes [were] Into the sky; d<:mgling, as it shambled exterminated." In the e'nd, '''flight Twenty miles are a long day's march on, from terror is slow however fleet." Rarely accomplished by a caravan Its fearful trunk, feeling for forest trees , . Meeting obstacles like changeable It might uproot; cattle, wagons, men SANTA FE, SANTA FE . " River-beds; but here on the waterless It might swaUow; rivers to be sucked VII plain, up Having crossed the river we left the Dusty yet hard under foot, with dread In its spiraling thirst, trumpeting as it . States behind. Of the desert, need of water arid went. Ahead lay miles and miles of desert grass to goad us, RainfoUowed, enough to aUay the Range of hostile elements and tribes. We pushed on marching until sunset. dust ' South southwest the trail ran, For camp we chose as grassy a piece And freshen the scanty grass. We ' Uncharted save in the minds of men: of ground rested and grazed South As we could find. Nowhereplel)tiful The grass was short, tufty, parched al- The cattle; ourselves took a hurried Southwest we followed under its spell. . meal; Plains we had seen, but not like these. ready , Resumed the march. The sun had re Plain rather than plains, for aU was Even before summer had set in. appeared one. Far as we could, we stretched the And hardly a vestige of the storm re On every hand clean to'the horiion, wagons out mained And a for horizon it was, a level stretch For the night's corral to give aU possi Save clouds behind us to the north ,With never hiU or vaUey; almost ble east. grassless; . Pasturage to the cattle; and before So dry that wagons creaked and we drove them in Dry as the plain the bed ofSand cracked We grazed them in the plain until the Creek '. And biUowing dust swaUowed the 'last " And hardly recognizable. Wind caravan. Vestige of light had gone; and we And sand had done their work; but doubled the watch. dry and shaUow , WeU for us we had a compass to As it was, that creek-bed was a sign: , guide us. With daythe burning baUoon of the With care and luck we should strike The sun is a polar star if you have the sun rose; . ' , sun; Not golden red as it most often looks the Cimarron. But its hourly change makes difficult When night or a shower has washed, , Most often with the approach of night Keeping a constant course; and a the atmosphere, A caravan's gait is slow, faUen from smaU deviation But ember red as when it sets veiled what
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~.. "' ,, ,.' .• '" c . " , ...... ' ,l> " .' " .' .. " . ".' <
It was in the morning, broken by the mountains appeared. like two open calipers miles Mountains we knew them to be only Angle opposite angle, tips to, tips And trials of day. Now an hour or fwo when Forming a hollow square in which we This side of sunset, oxen, As on the first day there they were drove Mules, the riders'horses, the extra On the next, but clearer; and though The extra cattle. Done so often before heads they were days and day . It was daily routine as we camped All quickened their step; quickened Distant, men who had seen them bef for the night too ore We did it with dispatch; our line be Were our spirits: water at hand! And Knew and were heartened by their sil come a gate well for us houettes. Barred against attack. , That it was; for while we had known And troo'ps of wild horses The Indians halted no suffering, . antelopes. Out ofrange of our guns ,
We had watered the cattle sporingly; Or. buffaloes, we took them. for in , like wolves giving the distc;mce; Much huntedthey'had learned More to horses and mules, less to A piebald stallion I still remember, what measure . . ' oxen, All savage strength and speed and A rifle a<;lds to the length of a For they can do with less. Another pride, , man's arm daY,' . And a half-dozen others tempted us And they respected it, However, and all must have gone dry. To round them up; qut fleet as they The hotheads were wild Favored giving them battle; but sense I So this was the Cimarron, this puny • And the Trail calling and our own prevailed. stream eagerness . Soon a small troop of them advanced Broad and swift in rains, no doubt, . To follow cutting short our pa To parley with us. As they rode up Or when its sourcewas big with tience A chill ran along myspin~ and I . melting snows they clutched Trickling through the sands, its bed Were too much for trail-jaded horses. My rifle more tightly. Many times and banks Had I seen Indians, but never these, So shallow none could say: here Nearing Rabbit's Ear Creek, with an And horsemen: God knows I've seen Begins the river, there the plain ends. hour ' the best But water it had and lavishly we took To go before the miqday halt, The plains produced; but where the it. We were jogging along: heavy with , men I've known, We camped ofUhe river. The hunters sun, silent Left off, these savages began~ tracking Except that here or there a wagon- With only a rawhide girth qnd a bridle, .Its bed came to a cottonwood thicket driver "" No saddle, no stirrups, they rode ' Leafy with wild turkeys. And camp Hummed or whisHed hims,elf a tune Like 'centaurs. Rider and horse were that night Scanning it now with ,"up there" to his one; Rang with gaiety we had not known team, now . " One gathered flesh, movement, will. For days. Regaled with turkey and With a crack of his whip, when: fresh-baked . '. down'from the van It struck you at once; even more . Biscuit, we danced to the fiddling of Like a bugle call, the cry: "'Indians!" sharply tune on tune No false alarm this time. When a rider dismounted; he was out And sang in chorus Auld Lang Syne Hundreds of them galloping down a ofhis element, With water of Cimarron for our cup slope , Walked lumberingly. ·o'kindness. Like wind-driven hail, coming Comanches, we learned VIII Straight toward us. A moment's helter On the warpath against the Cheyen July on the plains is as nowhere else skelter nes and eager July; no streams .. no trees Men leaving their posts. rushing for As their broken Spanish told us and To temper, break or turn the double ward; , . the plains Indians' , barrelled Others calling out as they scram Universal code, the sign language Sun's rays; the dust chokes and burns; bled for the reor; To strike their unsuspecting enemies And off toward the horizon over the "Where's my pouch?" While they were running buffaloes, plain ."Who took my ramrod?" leaving , The heat trembles as over the lid of a "Reckon they'll attack?" Their villages unprotected. How they .stove. And above it all eyed The captain's voice: "Order! Order! Our mules and horses, tried to worm South southwest for three d,ays Back their way ,We kept the Cimarron close ,pr",our Inside the corral! But all we showed • left . . To your posts! Ready for corral forma tion!" them of it And only crossed it when its course Was a gun With order restored the two outer col- Cut athwart the trail from west to east. "big gun" to .them , umns , Early risen we would travel short of mounted midday, Advanced keeping straight lines yet bringing , In one of the wagons. Salutary sight Rest and graze the cattle into after We hoped it would be, if anything .Their heads to a point, the tails flaring noon, COUld. Then drive ahead to a suitable camp out , site At a brOad angle; the two inner col But more and more of them kept rid As close to sunset as possible. umns ing up. Opening up at the head to meet the Crowding us, clamoring for presents, Slightly west of due ahead rear especially . . blurring Of the outer two, and closing in be Keen for fire-water. Abad turn The horizon's clean line like ,a low hind, Things were taking: began to look-- Lying cloudbank The whole
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alarming. Comanches. years of New Mexico Territory. It But Boggs and Jean-Pierre, while oth More credible it seemed and less fan- . includes a look at the Santa Fe trade ·ers tastic from the'western end of the Trail. Parleyed and parried, had cooked up When Boggs explained the ravages of Along with The Santa Fe Trade, a ruse smallpox And'asked if the Indians hada . Among the Indians: noted above, this is an invaluable" medicine-man tribes exterminated; collection of source material and Among them,saying.that two of our· Others which had once been power good reading. Special thanks to Len men were sick. ful derman for compiling these fine "Owl Eyes," they called; and an ugly Now decimated and the easy prey books and making them available at brute . Of neighbors they once scorned and reasonable prices. Dismounted, hobbled up on a crip preyed upon; • • •• pled leg. And all, strong and weak, terrified Marci Penner, 8 Wonders of Kansas Broken, it looked tome, and badly At sight or mention of that dread dis Guidebook. Inman, KS: Kansas set .' . ease,· Sampler Fomidation, 2011. Pp. 272. And all followed as he' was led to the White men, even their "big guns," . . Which shook the earth like thunder; . Maps, illustrations, index. Spiral wagon . bound, $30.00 postpaid from Last Where lay the two said to be 'sick, . they could circumvent; But this Unknown which struck insidi Chance Store. Bundled. up,.. sweating because of the. bundling, ously, This handsome ,volume includes And tossing and moaning according Spread like a prairie fire and which information about the 216 'finalists to instructions. The strongest medicine of the in the various 8 Wonders contests, As Jean-Pierre drew'the wagon-flap medicine-man including a number ofsites alongthe To show the patients off, Boggs ex- Could never conjure away, was terror itself; . Santa Fe Trail, conducted by the plained . Kansas Sampler Foundation. Coun He knew it was smallpox they had but And flight from terror is slow however fleet. cil Grove is one of the 8 Wonders of was anxious Kansas History. There are hundreds To keep it secret' from the rest of the men of remarkable color photographs. It is much more than a travelers' guide, Far the bad effect the. . truth was sure to have providing interesting .details about On their spirits. . CONVERSE OF THE places you may never visit but will Smallpox! Even firing PRAIRIES appreciate knowing from a distance. The "big gun" could not have sfartled -BOOK NOTICES- Ifyou are traveling in Kansas, don't them more. Gary D.' Lenderman, The Santa Fe leave home without it. A scramble; and off they rode and how the cripple" Trade: Selected Newspaper Articles, 1813-1846. Amarillo: Gary D.. Len NO MAIL FOR THE STAGE Could ride' by Inez Ross . forgetting about presents, chattering, derman, 2011. pr>. 164. Paper cover, Excited as hens that see a chicken $12.00 postpaid from Last Chance I T:S a longlonely 83 miles ofthe' Ci hawk; Store. marron Route on Highway 56· be And in less than I can tell it. the whole SFTA member Lenderman has tween Springer.' and Clayton in party scoured early newspapers, mostly in northern New Mexico. The midway Was a cloud of dust vanishing to the Missouri plus Niles Register, for in oasis for tired travelers is the little north. formation about trade with Santa Fe store with gas pumps and, till re We crowded around Boggs and and related items. The articles are cently, a post office at Gladstone.' Jean-Pierre: reproduced as written, without com Gladstone was founded a few miles What had they.said and done? And mentary. The result is a large cache from the Trail in 1880 by English how we laughed of more than 250 articles, good pri man William Harris, who planned a And cheered! Without a single shot Utopian settlement which he named firE3d . mary source material readily avail They had rO'uted the terror of the able for researchers. It is also to honor British Prime Minister Wil plains. We turned on Richards: fascinating information for any Trail liam Gladstone. A fair number ofset What flanking movement or frontal at enthusiast. tlers came to Gladstone, but most did tack • •• • not remain. It became a thriving Could have done the half of this? Gary D. Lenderman, The Santa Fe farm community until the Dust Bowl And what did he call Republican: New Mexico Territory's days. Now the area is mostly cattle Such a stroke? Tactics? Strategy? First Newspaper, 1847-1849. Amar ranches, and the little store is the Would Caesar approve it or Hannibal? illo: Gary D. Lenderman, 2011. Pp. only stop along Highway 56. . . For we had had to listen times and 167. Introduction, appendices. Paper times The shop features Trail souvenirs To what the one would do, the other cover, $13.00 postpaid from Last· and books, as well as grocery staples say. Chance Store. and homemade baked goods. One Around the fires that night the talk ' This collection of articles and ad- . can buy a buckskin-color T-shirt Centered again on that incredible vertisements from the Santa Fe featuring the old water pump and a flight; . Republican, is a mine of information map of the Santa Fe Trail. We could And all agreed that none had ever about the people, commerce," mili buy stamps and postcards to mail seen tary, Indain/white relations, govern from there until the recent economic Indians take to their heels as had the ment, and society during the first shift closed seven post offices in New
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www.mostateparks.comjarrowrock: vation htm , 127 Bridge Street • Contact for information. PO Box 728 Barton County Museum & Village Las Vegas NM87701, PO Box 1091 Telephone: 505-425-8803 Great Bend KS 67530 E-mail: [email protected] . Telephone: 620-793-5125 . . Website: www.lasvegasnmcchp.com
Website: www.bartoncount)imuseum ' • Call. for information.. , .org ,'. Cleveland Roller Mill Historical Mu- . · Tuesday-Friday, '10. a.m.-5 ,p.m. seum Call for visiting 'on -weekends'arid PO Box 287 " Mondays. Group tours by reservac ClevelandNM 87712 . . .~ tion. . Telephone: 575-447-2646 . ' • The site is a Santa Fe National E-mail: [email protected] Trail Interpretive Center. Website: angelfire.comjfolkjrollermill Bent's Old Fort National Historic Site • Call for information: . . 35110 Highway 194,East . Coronado Quivira Museum " Thelma Price has expanded gift shop La Junta CO 81050 Rice County' Historical SocieN into former post office area at Glad- , . .' . Telephone: 719-383-5010 ,105 West Lyon . stone NM. , E-mail: [email protected] Lyons KS 67554 Mexico, including Gladstone. Store Website: www.nps.gov.beol . Telephone:'620~257"3941 owners are filling out forms to peti • Hours: 9 a.m.-4:00 p.m. daily.Ori E-mail: [email protected] tion for reopening, but till then you entation film' ahd ' self-guided • Call for information. tours., ' can still enjoy the break there, buy , , Fort Larned National Historic Site your Trail .souvenirs, and' mail the • Visit the trade room & bookstore. 1767 K-156 Hwy , Boggsville Historic SitE! Larned KS 67550 postcards in Clayton or Springer as Telephone: 620-285-6911 ' you travel along the old Trail. , PO Box 68 Las Animas CO 81054 " Website: www.nps.govjfols THE CACHES Telephone: 719-456-1358 • Open daily, except major holidays. E-mail: [email protected] . Fort Union National Monument . -MUSEUM NEWS-, Website: www.bentcounty.orgjsites POB,ox 127 • Paula Manini, Editor andcelebrationsjhistoriCjhtm Watrous NM 87753 This column lists events and news • Contact for informatit)ll: . Telephone: 505-425-8025 from Trail sites, museums, and re Boot Hill Museum E-mail: [email protected] Front Street Website: www.nps.govjfoun lated organizations. Plea'se sendin~ • Open daiJy except major holidays. formation following the format be Dodge City KS 67801 Telephone: 620-227-8188 Located 8 miles northofInterstate low. Be sure to include your address, E-mail:[email protected] " 25 on NM Highway 161. . phone number, and e- mail. The next Website: www.boothill.org • Self-guided interpretive trails (1.6 column will list hours and activities • Boot Hill Cemetery, Boot Hill,' & mile and .5 mile) through the ru scheduled for September through Front Street:Open Monday-Sattir ins. Guided tours by,. request; December. To be included, 'send in day 9:00"5:00 and Sun. 1:00-5:00. . groups of ten or more people. need formation to
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-... , " .. ". ""
, Website: www.sangres.com , o West of Lakin is Chouteau's Is Homestead House" 1875 Inde o Enjoy mountain scenery, historic land, Indian Mound, and Bluff pendence School, and the' Fort towns, and museums along High Station, Approximately 3' miles Lupton Museum. Call for,. ad way 12, Stop at Marion and Rich· east, wagon ruts can be seen at dresses and hours. ard Russell's beloved Stonewall "Charlie's Ruts" site. Trinidad History Museum .. ! , and the cemetery. Koshare Museum (History,Colorado) , -~"., .. -\ . -, o From Cordova Pass trailhead, Otero State Junior College 312 E Main (PO Box 377)
hike in theSpanish Peaks Wilder 115 West 18th Street Trinidad, CO.81082 ness Area and experience Trail La Junta, CO 81050 , ,Telephone: 719-846-7217 landmarks up close. Telephone: 719-384-4411 E-mail: [email protected] Historic Adobe Museum Website: www.koshare.org Website: www.coloradohistory.org
PO Box 909 (300 E Oklahoma) o Call for information. ' 0, May'2-September 30: ~aca Hous~, ' Ulysses, KS 67880 , o Trading Post: online at website. Bloom ,Mansion, pahta Fe Trail' Telephone: 620-356-3009 Las Vegas Museum Museum;' arid Heritage ';Gardens E-mciil: [email protected] 727 Grand Ave will be open Monday-Saturday, 10 o Call for information. , Las Vegqs NM 87701 ', AM-4 PM; Closed state hol~days. ' Historic Trinidad Telephone: 505-454-1401, ext: 248 o Tourist InformationCen'ter and City of Trinidad Tourism Board e-mail: [email protected] Museum Shop, which features -lo PO Box 880 o Call for information. cal history books and gifts made in Trinidad, CO 81082 , , Morton County Hist. Society Museum Colorado, have the same hours: Website: www.historictrinidad.com ' 370 E Highway 56 (PO Box 1248) o Groups of 12 or more people by ap o Triniciad's' Main,· Street,' 'on the' Elkhart KS 67950 , , pointment year-round.
Santa Fe National Historic Trail , Telephone: 620-697-2833 or 4390 o Greek Programs,contact the mu Auto Route,' 'offers self-guided E-mail: [email protected] seum. , , walking tours, shopping and din Website: www.mtcoks.com/museum ing in an acclaimed national his • Visit this Santa Fe National His CAMP TALES toric district near the Purgatoire toric Trail official interpretive fa: -CHAPTER REPORTS- ' River Walk. cility, Tuesday-Friday, 1.-5 p:m., Cimarron Cutoff ' o and weekends by appointment. ' ' Visit the Louden-Henritze Archae President Leon Ellis M1;ls~um National Frontier Trails Museum . . .-' ology at ,Trinidad State PO Box 668 318 W Pacific St Junior College. Open' 10, a.m.,-2 Elkhart KS 67950 Independence MO 64050 p.m., Monday-Thursday" from (620) 697-2517 (home), -4321 (work) January-November.; Telephone: 816-325-7575
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(505) 982-1172 , ber. They were both elected at our Oliva' presenting a program as
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I NEW SFTA MEMBERS I Trail, Beavercreek OH 45385 FROM THE EDITOR This list includes new member- I TRAIL CALENDAR Ruth Friesen makes my retire ships received since the last issue. If I ment as editor look even better, for Everyone is invited to send no there is an error in this information, WT will soon be in more capable tices for this section; provide loca please send corrections' to the editor. hands. Mter 25 years, I'm still trying tion' date, time, and activity. This is We thank you for your support. to figure out what I'm doing, but she a quarterly. The next issue should LIFE MEMBERSHIPS has the knowledge and experience to appear in August, so send informa do what needs to be done. The following members upgraded to tion for September and later to ar Live Membership: The people who deserve the credit rive by July 20,2011. Other events for 'what WT has become are those Curtiss Frank, PO Box 338, Truchas are listed in chapter reports and The who conduCted the research and' NM 87578 Caches. . Rich & Debbie Lawson, 612 Darrow, wrote the articles, Anyone who Warrensburg MO 64093 June 12-19,2911: Trail Rendezvous writes about the Trail today; without BUSINESS MEMBERSHIP. at NRA Whittington Center near Ra consulting the outstanding research Merlan Associates LLC, 1677 Cerro ton NM. that has been published in WT, does Gordo Rd, Sant~ Fe NM 87501 July 15, 2011: Deadline to mail so at his or her peril. I know what I INSTITUTIONAL MEMBERSHIPS SFTA election ballots (please vote)' wrote 40 years ago is now terribly Council GrovelMorris County Cham Sept. 21, 2011: Michael Martin out of date and deficient, To all those \ ber of Commerce, 207 W Main St; Murphey show, Dodge City, Ma who contributed over the years, you Council Grove KS 66846 gourik Conference Center, 7:00 p.m. have my deepest gratitude and re South Howard County Historical So- spect. It has been pleasant to share ciety, PO Box 201, New Franklin Sept. 22-25, 20'11: SFTA Sympo sium, Dodge City K$. the credit, but I know who has done MO 65274 the work and deserves it. I hope you FAMILY MEMBERSHIPS COME TO THE SYMPOSIUM will continue writingfor Ruth. Doug & Carol Earp, PO Box' 5671, Santa Fe NM 87502 As many ofyou know fro~ personal Special thanks to Marcia Fox and Kenneth & Margaret Horton, PO experience, it's a lot ofwork to put on . the education committee for provid Box 875, Elkhart KS 67950 a symposium, but, as even more of ing the kids' activity pages over the Dale' & Karen Otte, 1231 M Rd, you know, going to a symposium is a years. This issue contains the final Larned KS 67550 lot oHun, and a great educational ex insert in this education effort. From INDIVIDUAL MEMBERSHIPS perience as well. now on, the education material will , be on the web site. Maggie Carlson, 105W Lyon, Lyons Jim. Sherer, president of the KS67554 Dodge City/Fort Dodge/Cimarron Please plan now to attend. the Tami Clay, 21 MountaiQ. View Rd, 25th anniversary symposium in Clayton NM 88415 . Chapter, and his gang are doing a great job of putting together a first Dodge City. Our chapters are the Bill Coppedge, PO Box 531, Satanta foundation and much of the struc KS 67870 class event, September 22 through Kathy Earnest, 519 Myers Dr,. Alva September 25. I know he has more ture of SFTA, and every chapter that OK 73717 details elsewhere in this issue, but I undertakes the tasks of putting on a symposium deserves the support and Ruth Friesen, 1046 Red. Oaks NE, just want to formally invite you to Albuquerque NM 87122 join us in Dodge for the 25th Anni participation of every member of Marieta Hauser, 2847 S Rd B, John- versary of the Santa Fe Trail Asso SFTA. Every. chapter and every son KS 67855 . '. . ciation, Hope to see you there! ' member is important. I plan to see Sylvia Palmer, 38 Verano Loop, you there. Roger Slusher Santa Fe NM 87508 Happy Trails! Peggy Yurczak, 1829 Grand Portage President, SFTA -Leo E. Oliva Santa Fe Trail Association NONPROFIT ORGANIZAnON PO Box 31 U.S. POSTAGE Woodston, KS 67675 PAID' PERMIT NO. 2 Change Service Requested WOODSTON KS 67675
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