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IDEAS and POLITICS in MODERN BRITAIN Also by J IDEAS AND POLITICS IN MODERN BRITAIN Also by J. C. D. Clark THE DYNAMICS OF CHANGE: The Crisis of the 1750s and English Party Systems ENGLISH SOCIETY 1688-1832: Ideology, Social Structure and Political Practice during the Ancien Regime REVOLUTION AND REBELLION: State and Society in England in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries THE MEMOIRS AND SPEECHES OF JAMES, 2ND EARL WALDEGRAVE, 1742--63 (editor) Ideas and Politics in Modern Britain Edited by J. C. D. Clark Foreword by John Patten, MP M MACMILLAN Selection, editorial matter, Introduction and Chapter 2 © J. C. D. Clark 1990 Foreword © John Patten 1990 Chapter 1 © Nathan Glazer 1990 Chapter 3 © Roger Scruton 1990 Chapter 4 © John Gray 1990 Chapter 5 © S. W. Sykes 1990 Chapter 6 © The Macmillan Press Ltd 1990 Chapter 7 © Stephen Grover 1990 Chapter 8 © S. J.D. Green 1990 Chapter 9 © Adrian Wooldridge 1990 Chapter 10 © Patrick Minford 1990 Chapter 11 © Martin Holmes 1990 Chapter 12 © John Redwood 1990 Chapter 13 © John Stevenson 1990 Chapter 14 © Oliver Letwin 1990 Chapter 15 © Terence Kealey 1990 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 33-4 Alfred Place, London WClE 7DP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. First published 1990 Published by THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG212XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Ideas and politics in modem Britain. 1. Great Britain. Politics I. Clark, J. C. D. (Jonathan Charles Douglas) 320.941 ISBN 978-0-333-51551-8 ISBN 978-1-349-20686-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-20686-5 Contents Foreward by John Patten vii Notes on the Contributors ix Introduction 1 Jonathan Clark PART I CONTEXTS: BRITAIN, EUROPE AND AMERICA 1 Ideas and Politics in Britain: an American View 13 Nathan Glazer 2 The History of Britain: a Composite State in a 32 Europe des Patries? Jonathan Clark PART II POLITICAL THOUGHT: THE NATION AND THE INDIVIDUAL 3 In Defence of the Nation 53 Roger Scruton 4 Conservatism, Individualism and the Political 87 Thought of the New Right John Gray PART III THEOLOGY: THE VISION OF MAN 5 Theology, Toleration and Conflict 103 S. W. Sykes 6 The Church and the Government 116 Raymond Plant 7 Theology, Philosophy and Politics 130 Stephen Grover v vi Contents PART IV SOCIAL POLICY: MERITOCRACY AND RESPONSIBILITY 8 Needs, Entitlements and Obligations: Towards a 149 New Consensus on Welfare Policy S. J.D. Green 9 Education: From Boyle to Baker 161 Adrian Wooldridge PART V ECONOMIC REVIVAL: SOME THEORETICAL PREMISES 10 Ideology and Pragmatism in Economic Thatcherism 191 Patrick Minford 11 The Collapse of Corporate State Keynesianism 203 Martin Holmes 12 Popular Capitalism and World Politics 213 John Redwood PART VI PLANNING: HISTORY, THEORY AND PRACTICE 13 Has Planning a Future? 233 John Stevenson 14 Three Myths of Government 246 Oliver Letwin 15 Government Investment in Universities and Science 257 Terence Kealey Foreword The political scenery in 1990, and the political agenda for the decade that follows, are both very different from those to be found in the mid-1970s, when Macmillan also published a set of brief essays, edited by Robert Blake and myself, entitled The Conservative Opportunity (1976). Then the concerns were not just of post-imperial decline after the loss of empire, but whether the country was governable and, if so, by whom. The first decade of Conservative Government under Margaret Thatcher has resoundingly resolved that set of questions. We have one of the most strongly governed countries in the world, democracy combined with direction. The preoccupations of the 1980s were somewhat different to those of the 1970s, economic revival and a reduction in unemployment being to the forefront. They were combined with the laying of foundations for personal development by individuals in the families and communities in which they live; for example, by fundamental changes in education. Now, the 1990s have a new agenda, still dependent on economic success, but focusing on the creation of a country which is safer for its citizens, cleaner and better managed, contributing to environmental improvement not economic dereliction, helping individuals, families and communities to lead more contented and happier lives with healthier children and old people. Quality of life and quality of thought march together, or should, in the 1990s. But one thread runs through each of these phases and that is how public and private enterprise and public and private cooperation can fructify. This debate centres on the role and relations of the state and the community it both governs and serves. So this book ranges widely over these and related themes, and shows, above all else, both that conservatism flourishes in Oxford and that conservative thought continues to make the running as it has throughout the past two decades. It is the only contemporary political philosophy with real moral and practical coherence. No other political party or school of thought in this country has managed to produce a 'big idea', or set of 'big ideas' knitted together, to challenge it; the hegemony of the right of centre in political thought continues. This is clearly illustrated in what fifteen distinguished vii viii Foreword writers and thinkers from a variety of points on the political spectrum contribute in this thought-provoking, entertaining, and sometimes authoritative set of essays. Political thought is more than alive and well in Oxford and its intellectual networks. Thinking across a range of disciplines - from history and economics to philosophy and theology - is evolving rapidly as account is taken of the ferment of ideas which emerged from the right of centre since the mid-1970s. The opportunity is seized in this volume to re-examine some familiar topics in the light of new thinking, new evidence and the passage of the last ten or fifteen years. Familiar arguments are applied to contemporary problems, and in some cases found wanting. Conversely, new arguments are measured against the yardstick of the old and found to be a bit less revolutionary than was first thought. How old, or new, for example, is economic liberalism? And do the arguments about church and state necessarily reflect reality? These are searching questions posed - and sometimes answered - in its pages. The analytical approaches brought to bear on the different topics by their groups of authors, itself a most interesting approach, vary widely. The philosophical and theological are interposed with the practical. For example, the intensely practical world of welfare policy is debated against the background of morality, as it should be, making for most stimulating argument. Nathan Glazer's 'American View' includes surprise at the vigour of contemporary Conservative thought even after ten years of putting that thought into practice (and, one might add, four years of prior soul-searching, debate and planning in opposition). I think this book remains just such a surprising contribution. JOHN PATIEN Hertford College, Oxford Minister of State at the Home Office and MP for Oxford West and Abingdon Notes on the Contributors Jonathan (J. C. D.) Clark has been a Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford, since 1986. Born in 1951, he was educated at Downing College and Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. After returning to academic life from a career in the City, he was elected a Fellow of Peterhouse, Cambridge, in 1977, and subsequently held a Research Fellowship of the Leverhulme Trust. As well as articles on eighteenth­ century British history in learned journals, he is the author of The Dynamics of Change (1982); English Society 1688-1832 (1985); Revolution and Rebellion (1986); and (as editor) The Memoirs and Speeches of James, 2nd Earl Waldegrave (1988). He is currently writing two books: on Britain's relations with America, and on England's relations with Scotland, Ireland and Wales, in the seven­ teenth and eighteenth centuries. Nathan Glazer is Professor of Education and Sociology at Harvard University and co-editor of the quarterly The Public Interest. Born in 1923, he was educated in the public schools of New York City, the College of the City of New York, the University of Pennsylvania and Columbia University. Among his books are Beyond the Melting Pot (with Daniel P. Moynihan, 1963); Affirmative Discrimination (1975); Ethnic Dilemmas (1983); and The Limits of Social Policy (1988). He is presently working on a book on New York City. John Gray has been a Fellow and Tutor in Politics, Exeter College, Oxford, since 1976. Born in 1948, he was educated at Exeter College, Oxford, where he took his DPhil, and was formerly lecturer in Government, Essex University, 1973--6. His books include Mill on Liberty: A Defence (1983), Hayek on Liberty (1986); Liberalism (1986); Limited Government: A Political Agenda (1988); and Liberal­ isms: Essays in Political Philosophy (1989). He is currently writing a study of post-totalitarianism, and a volume of essays on post­ liberalism. S. J, D. Green has been a Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford, since 1982. He was born in 1959, and educated at Hampton Grammar School and Balliol College, Oxford, where he was a Brackenbury Scholar in Modern History. Subsequently, he was a research student in sociology at Nuffield College, Oxford. He is the author of numerous ix X Notes on the Contributors articles on various aspects of political theory and public policy, and has in preparation a study of life and thought of R.
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