Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research 12 (12): 1754-1757, 2012 ISSN 1990-9233 © IDOSI Publications, 2012 DOI: 10.5829/idosi.mejsr.2012.12.12.1203

Investigation for the Performance and Emission Test Using Oil in Single Cylinder Diesel Engine

12J.R. Kumar, C.J. Vikram and 3 P. Naveenchandran

1P.G. Student, Department of Automobile Engineering, Bharath Institute of Science and Technology, Bharath University, Chennai, India 2Assistant Professor, Department of Automobile Engineering, Bharath Institute of Science and Technology, Bharath University, Chennai, India 3Professor and Head, Department of Automobile Engineering, Bharath Institute of Science and Technology, Bharath University, Chennai, India

Abstract: Due to the concern on the accessibility of recoverable fossil fuel reserves and their environmental problem creates a considerable attention has been given to biodiesel production as an alternative to petro diesel. The two most common types of biofuels are ethanol and biodiesel. However, as the biodiesel is obtained from vegetable oils and animal fats, which is a major concern, that biodiesel feedstock may compete with food supply in the perennial-term. Hence, the current objective is to find oil bearing that produce non-edible oils as the feedstock for biodiesel production. In this project, , CITRONELLA is discussed as newer sources of oil for biodiesel production. Citronella oil is obtained from the leaves and stems of different species of Cymbopogon. Citronella oil is extracted from Cymbopogonnardus (also known as Andropogonnardus) and is of the Graminae (Poaceae) . It is also known as Sri Lanka or Lenabatu citronella. This study focused on the Citronella oil based bio diesel which is important renewable and alternative fuel in future. Citronella oil is used as an input for biodiesel production via transesterification. Diesel fuel is much employed moreover than any other gasoline fuels. Due to diesel engines have many adaptable domestic uses like small irrigation water plumbing systems, light weight four/two seated auto cab & car engine small electricity generators etc. Citronella biodiesel fuel properties are observed and the experimental tests been carried out with standard procedure. Then an experimental set up is construct to study the performance of a small Kirloskar Diesel in the internal combustion engine by using different blends of Citronella Oil based biodiesel under different Operation Conditions. The primitive objective is to determine the optimum performance of this citronella biodiesel. NOx emission from the test engine can be measured by chemical luminescent detector type NOx analyzer.

Key words: Biodiesel Citronella Particulate emissions Transesterification and Blending process

INTRODUCTION alternative under consideration [1]. Bio-diesel would be cheap to produce as it can be extracted from certain India imported about 2/3rd of its petroleum species of which is more common in many parts of requirements which involved a cost of approximately India. Rs. 80,000 crores in foreign exchange. Even 5% However, as the biodiesel is produced from vegetable replacement of petroleum fuel by bio-fuel can help India oils and animal fats, there are concerns that biodiesel save Rs.4000 crores per year in foreign exchange feedstock may compete with food supply in the long-term transactions and has been hit hard by the increased cost [2]. Hence, the current outlook is to find oil bearing plants and uncertainty and so is exploring other energy sources that produce non-edible oils as the feedstock for biodiesel occurring bio-diesel extracted from is one such production. As the demand for vegetable oils for food has

Corresponding Author: J.R. Kumar, P.G. Student, Department of Automobile Engineering, Bharath Institute of Science and Technology, Bharath University, Chennai, India 1754 Middle-East J. Sci. Res., 12 (12): 1754-1757, 2012 increased tremendously in recent years, it is impossible to virtually no sulphur content. Much of the world uses a justify the use of these oils for fuel use purposes such as system known as the "B" factor to state the amount of biodiesel production. Hence, the contribution of non- biodiesel in any fuel mix, in contrast to the "BA" or "E" edible oils will be significant as a no edible plant oil system used for ethanol mixes. For example, fuel source for biodiesel production [3]. containing 20% biodiesel is labelled B20. Pure biodiesel is Citronella grass (Cymbopogannardus) is a native referred to as B100. aromatic tall sedge (family: Poaceae) which grows in many The volumetric energy density of biodiesel is about parts of tropical and sub-tropical South East Asia and 33 MJ/ and that be much lower is 9 % lower than regular Africa. In India, it is cultivated along Western Ghats Number 2 petro diesel. Variations in biodiesel energy (Maharashtra, Kerala), Karnataka and Tamil Nadu states density are more dependent on the feedstock than the besides foot-hills of Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim. production process. Still these variations are less than for Lemongrass is native to India and tropical Asia [4]. petro diesel [9]. It has been claimed biodiesel gives better Citronella grass (Cymbopogonnardus and lubricant and more complete combustion thus increasing Cymbopogonwinterianus) grows to about 2 meters (about the engine energy output and partially compensating for 6.5 feet) and has red base stems. The species are used for the higher energy density of petro diesel. the production of citronella oil, which is used in soaps, as an insect repellent in insect sprays and candles [5]. Transesterification: In general, vegetable oil contains The citronella oil essential oil is extracted from 97% of triglycerides and 3% di- and mono glycerides and Cymbopogon citrates [6]. The chief chemical components fatty acids. The practice of removal of all glycerol and the of citronella oil are myrcene, citronellal, geranyl acetate, fatty acids from the vegetable oil in the presence of a nerol, geranial, neral and traces of limonene and citral. catalyst is called transesterification. The vegetable oil reacts with methanol and a form esterifies vegetable oil in Biodiesel: Biodiesel is the alternative fuel that can be the presence of sodium/potassium hydroxide as catalyst. produced from algae, vegetable oils, animal fats or Transestrification is crucial for producing biodiesel recycled restaurant greases, domestic, renewable from oils. The transesterification process is the reaction of resources. It contains no petroleum, but it can be blended a triglyceride (fat/oil) with a bio-alcohol to form esters and at any level with petroleum diesel to produce a blend of glycerol. However; consecutive and reversible reactions diesel and which been utilized in the compression ignition are believed to occur. (diesel) engines with little or no modifications [7]. Biodiesel is simple to use, environment friendly liquid fuel These reactions are represented in Equations below: similar to petro-diesel in combustion properties biodegradable, nontoxic and essentially free of sulphur Triglycerides + ROH= diglycerides + R1COOR------1 and aromatics. It is a processed fuel consisting of short chain alkyl (methyl or ethyl) esters, made by Diglycerides + ROH= monoglycerides + R2COOR------2 transesterification of vegetable oils or animal fats, which can be employed (alone, or blended with conventional Monoglycerides + ROH= glycerol + R3COOR------3 diesel fuel) in unmodified diesel-engine vehicles [8]. Biodiesel is a liquid which varies in colour between Catalyst is usually a strong alkaline (NaOH, KOH or golden and dark brown depending on the production sodium silicate) medium. feedstock. It is practically immiscible with water with high boiling point and low vapour pressure. Typical methyl ester biodiesel has a flash point of ~ 150 C (300 F). Biodiesel has a density of ~ 0.88 g/cm³, less than that of water. It has a viscosity similar to petro diesel, the current industry term for diesel produced from petroleum. It can be used as an additive in formulations of diesel to increase the lubricant of pure Ultra-Low Sulphur Diesel (ULSD) fuel, which is advantageous because it has Fig. 1: Esterification

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The first step is the conversion of triglycerides to insect repellent, with no reports of adverse effects of triglycerides followed by the conversion of triglycerides concern over a 60 year period. Because some products are to monoglycerides and of monoglycerides to glycerol applied to human skin, EPA requires proper precautionary yielding one methyl ester molecule from each glyceride at labelling to help assure safe use. If used according to each step. Meher et al. reported that the experimental label instructions in the US, citronella is not expected to study revealed that the optimum reaction condition for pose health risks to people, including children and other methanolysis of Karanja oil was 1% KOH as catalyst. sensitive populations. The US Food & Drug MeOH/oil of molar ratio 6:1, reaction temperature 65 C, at Administration considers citronella oil as generally the rate of mixing 360 rpm for a period of 3 h. The yield of recognized as safe. methyl ester was >85% in 15 min and reaction was almost In Europe, Ceylon type citronella oil is placed on the complete in 2 h with a yield of 97- 98% with 12:1 molar category 3 list, with some safety concern regarding methyl ratio of MeOH oil or higher, the reaction was completed eugenol. In the UK, E.U. legislation governing insect within 1 h. The reaction was incomplete with a low rate of repellents came into force in September 2006, which stirring, i.e. 180 rpm; whereas, stirring at high rpm was a banned citronella as an active ingredient in any insect time-efficient process. repellent products. This applied to both insect repellent for humans and animals. It can still be sold as a perfume, Utilization of By-Product but must not be sold as an insect repeller. Citronella grass By product defiled cake obtained from oil expeller can (Cymbopogonnardus and Cymbopogonwinterianus) be utilized for isolation of bioactive constituents grows to about 2 m (about 6.5 ft) and has magenta colored such as Flavonoids, Furan flavonoids, Furan base stems. These species are used for the production of derivatives. citronella oil, which is used in soaps, as an insect repellent These constituents can be used for skin disease and especially mosquitoes in insect sprays and candles and in as bio pesticide. aromatherapy, which is famous in Bintan Island, Indonesia and the Philippines. Therefore, its origin is Citronella: Citronella is a of trees and in the assumed to be Indonesia [11]. The principal chemical Cardiopteridaceae family, it lies in 25 species occurring constituents of citronella, geranial and citronellol, are mostly in tropical climates. Earlier the genus was treated antiseptics, hence their use in household disinfectants in family. and soaps. Besides oil production, citronella grass is also Citronella oil is also a renowned plant-based insect used for culinary purposes, in tea and as flavouring. repellent and has been registered for this use in the Citronella is usually planted in home gardens to ward United States since 1948 The Agency considers oil of off insects such as whitefly adults. Its cultivation enables citronella as a biopesticide with a non-toxic mode of growing some vegetables (e.g. tomatoes and broccoli), action [10]. However, since citronella insect repellent without applying pesticides. Intercropping should include effects were not proven within the EU, the use of physical barriers, for citronella roots can take over the citronella as an insecticide is prohibited under the Biocidal field. Product Directive 2006 At present, the world production of citronella oil is approximately 4,000 tonnes. The main producers are China and Indonesia - producing 40% of the world's supply. The oil is also produced in Taiwan, Guatemala, Honduras, Brazil, SriLanka, India, Argentina, Ecuador, Jamaica, Madagascar, Mexico and Africa. The market for natural citronella oil has been eroded by chemicals synthesised from turpentine derived from conifers. However, natural citronella oil and its derivatives are preferred by the perfume industry. The US Environmental Protection Agency states that citronella oil has little or no toxicity when used as a topical Fig. 2: Citronella

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CHARACTERISTICS REFERENCES

Properties 1. Bio-diesel as an alternative fuel for diesel engines. Citronella oil has a slightly sweet, lemony smell. A review by A. Murugesan, C. Umarani, The therapeutic properties of citronella oil are R.Subramanian and N. Nedunchezhian antiseptic, bactericidal, deodorant, diaphoretic, 2. Jatropha. Palm biodiesel blends: An optimum mixfor insecticide, parasitic, tonic and stimulant Asia. Rakesh Sarin, Meeta Sharma, S. Sinharay, R.K. Malhotra. Chemical Composition: The main chemical components of citronella oil are citronellic acid, borneol, citronellal, geraniol, nerol, citral, citronellal, camphene, dipentene and limonene.

Method of Extraction: Citronella oil is extracted from the fresh or partly dried leaves by steam distillation. The essential oils tested were isolated by the hydro-distillation method using Clevenger-type apparatus (Kawther et al., 2007). They were extracted separately from leaves and stalks of citronella grass at certain temperature and extraction time based on the optimization range to give a mixture of water/ essential oil. Dichloromethane was used to separate the essential oil from the water layer. The recovered oils were dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate and stored in darkness between 4 and 6 C for further analysis.

CONCLUSION

The experimental set up is constructed to study the performance of a small Kirloskar Diesel in the internal combustion engine by using different blends of Citronella Oil based biodiesel under different Operation Conditions. We have determined the optimum performance of this citronella biodiesel.

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