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Volume XIII, Issue 08, August 2017 THE MONTHLY MAGAZINE ON POSITIONING, NAVIGATION AND BEYOND

INDOOR POSITIONING

PGM2016: A new Geoid Model for the Philippines LOCAL INDIA, 13 OCT 2017

Be Captivated Visit www.leica-geosystems.com/becaptivated to find out more and request a demonstration.

Leica Viva GS16 Experience 3D innovation Meet the self-learning GNSS, powered by RTKplus and SmartLink and seamlessly connecting with the new Leica Captivate touch-technology software. While RTKplus automatically selects the optimal GNSS signals with a robust 555-channel engine, SmartLink uses precise point positioning technology to stay connected. Experience 3D innovation with the most accurate positions and complete the job from anywhere.

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COLOPHON AND CONTENTS

In this issue Coordinates Volume 13, Issue 08, August 2017

Articles

Indoor Positioning Using Probabilistic Virtual Anchor Point Graphs EIKE JENS HOFFMANN 6 Synchronet service demonstration results in DEMETRA H2020 Project ENRICO VARRIALE AND QUIRINO MORANTE 11 GNSS data for ionosphere characterization JOSIP VUKOVIC AND TOMISLAV KOS 19 PGM2016: A new Geoid Model for the Philippines R GATCHALIAN,RFORSBERG AND AOLESEN 31

Columns

My Coordinates EDITORIAL 6 Old Coordinates 18 News IMAGING 41 UAV 42 GIS 44 GNSS 45 GLONASS UPDATE 46 GALILEO UPDATE 22 INDUSTRY 47 Mark your calendar SEPTEMBER 2017 TO APRIL 2018

This issue has been made possible by the support and good wishes of the following individuals and companies $2OHVHQ(LNH-HQV+RIIPDQQ(QULFR9DUULDOH-RVLS9XNRYLü4XLULQR0RUDQWH5*DWFKDOLDQ5)RUVEHUJDQG7RPLVODY .RVDQG(I¿JLV+L7DUJHW,36ROXWLRQV-DYDG/HLFD3HQWD[6%*6\VWHPV6SHFWUD7UDFH0HDQGPDQ\RWKHUV

Mailing Address Coordinates is an initiative of CMPL that aims to broaden the Printed and published by Sanjay Malaviya on behalf of A 002, Mansara Apartments scope of positioning, navigation and related technologies. Coordinates Media Pvt Ltd C 9, Vasundhara Enclave CMPL does not neccesarily subscribe to the views expressed Published at A 002 Mansara Apartments, Vasundhara Delhi 110 096, India. by the authors in this magazine and may not be held Enclave, Delhi 110096, India. Phones +91 11 42153861, 98102 33422, 98107 24567 liable for any losses caused directly or indirectly due to the Printed at Thomson Press (India) Ltd, Mathura Road, information provided herein. © CMPL, 2017. Reprinting with Faridabad, India Email permission is encouraged; contact the editor for details. [information] [email protected] Editor Bal Krishna [editorial] [email protected] Annual subscription (12 issues) Owner Coordinates Media Pvt Ltd (CMPL) [advertising] [email protected] [India] Rs.1,800 [Overseas] US$100 [subscriptions] [email protected] Web www.mycoordinates.org This issue of Coordinates is of 52 pages, including cover. 4 | Coordinates August 2017 MYCOORDINATES

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ADVISORS Naser El-Sheimy PEng, CRC Professor, Department of Geomatics Engineering, The University of Calgary Canada, George Cho Professor in GIS and the Law, University of Canberra, Australia, Professor Abbas Rajabifard Director, Centre for SDI and Land Administration, University of Melbourne, Australia, Luiz Paulo Souto Fortes PhD Associate Professor, University of State of Rio Janeiro (UERJ), Brazil, John Hannah Professor, School of Surveying, University of Otago, New Zealand

Coordinates August 2017 | 5 INDOOR POSITIONING Indoor Positioning using probabilistic Virtual Anchor Point graphs Hybrid indoor positioning with concept of Virtual Anchor Points along with Bluetooth Low Energy tags saves infrastructure and maintenance costs

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,QVWHDGRISUHVHQWLQJWKHEHVWDFKLHYHG SHUIRUPDQFHVLWLVFRQVLGHUHGLQWHUHVWLQJ WRUHSRUWWKHEHKDYLRURIWKH6<1 DFURVVWKHZKROHH[SHULPHQWDWLRQ FDPSDLJQXSWRWKHWLPHRIJDWKHULQJ GDWDSUHVHQWHGEHORZ7KHRYHUDOOSHULRG FRYHUHGLVPRUHWKDQGD\VGXULQJ ZKLFK6\QFKUR1HWSURWRW\SHRSHUDWHG FRPSOHWHO\XQPDQQHGDQGZLWKRXWQHHG IRUPDQXDOLQWHUYHQWLRQRUSDUDPHWHUV Figure 4: Phase offset between SYN and UTC(IT), over full test campaign period ¿QHWXQLQJWKHSORWVUHSRUWHGLQFOXGHRI FRXUVHWKHSHULRGLQZKLFKWKHSODQQHG VWUHVVWHVWVKDYHEHHQFDUULHGRXWDVZHOO DVXQLQWHQWLRQDOVWUHVVWHVWVFDXVHGE\ QHWZRUNLQJLPSDLUPHQWVKDSSHQHGDW '(0(75$KRVWLQJVLWHDQGWKDWFDXVHGD VXEVWDQWLDOGHJUDGDWLRQRIFRPPXQLFDWLRQ FDSDELOLWLHVEHWZHHQ6<1DQG057IRU PRUHWKDQGD\VGXULQJZKLFKRQO\ RISODQQHGV\QFKURQL]DWLRQWRRNSODFH VXFFHVVIXOO\WKLVSHULRGLVWKHULJKWPRVW SDUWRIWKHSKDVHSORWVVKRZQEHORZ

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Volume III, Issue 8, August 2007 THE MONTHLY MAGAZINE ON POSITIONING, NAVIGATION AND BEYOND

Geospatial futurology

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18 | Coordinates August 2017 GNSS GNSS data for ionosphere characterization The increasing number of GNSS receivers enables comprehensive studies of ionosphere. Different products derived from calculated ionization levels give insight in ionospheric conditions and dynamics

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97(&YDOXHVGHSLFWWKHFXUUHQWVWDWHRIWKHLRQRVSKHUHRYHUD UHJLRQRILQWHUHVW,QRUGHUWRDYRLGDSSHDUDQFHRIIDXOW\GDWD LWLVUHFRPPHQGHGWRFDOLEUDWHWKHYDOXHVDQGWRQRWWRXVH GDWDRIVDWHOOLWHVZLWKORZHOHYDWLRQDVVXFKGDWDDUHVHYHUHO\ DIIHFWHGE\PXOWLSDWKDQGPDSSLQJIXQFWLRQHUURUV$QH[DPSOH Figure 1: European GNSS stations with publicly RIWKHPRVWFRPPRQO\XVHG*166GDWDGHULYHGLRQRVSKHULF available RINEX data (UNAVCO, Inc.) SURGXFWD97(&PDSLVVKRZQLQ)LJXUH,WLVEDVHGRQ GDWDRIVHYHUDO*166UHFHLYHUVVLWXDWHGLQVRXWKHUQ%UD]LODQG JLYHVLQIRUPDWLRQRQWKHFXUUHQWVWDWHRIWKHLRQRVSKHUH

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,QRUGHUWRIRFXVPRUHRQFXUUHQWLRQRVSKHULFG\QDPLFV5DWH RI7(& 527 FDQEHXVHG527UHSUHVHQWVWKHDPRXQWRI FKDQJHRI7(&LQRQHPLQXWH:KLOH7(&UHYHDOHGWKHDUHDV ZLWKWKHKLJKHVWDQGWKHORZHVWLRQL]DWLRQOHYHOV527UHYHDOV WKHDUHDVZLWKWKHELJJHVWFKDQJHRI7(&OHYHOV)LJXUH VKRZV527RYHU(XURSHFDOFXODWHGRQSRLQWVPDUNHGLQUHG Figure 3: TEC east-west gradients over southern Brazil on DQGLQWHUSRODWHGLQEHWZHHQ,QQRQGLVWXUEHGLRQRVSKHULF February 12 2012, 03:10 UTC (Cesaroni et al., 2015)

20 | Coordinates August 2017 FRQGLWLRQVWKH527YDOXHVLQPLGGOHODWLWXGHVDUHXVXDOO\ YHU\ORZEXWLQGHSLFWHGH[DPSOHDVWURQJJHRPDJQHWLFVWRUP ZDVXQGHUZD\FDXVLQJIDVWFKDQJHVLQLRQL]DWLRQOHYHOV 7KHKLJKHVWFKDQJHVDUHREVHUYHGLQWKHQRUWKHUQSDUWRIWKH REVHUYHGUHJLRQRYHU'HQPDUN6FRWODQGDQG)LQODQG

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5HVHDUFKFRPPXQLWLHVLQWKH¿HOGVRI*166DQGLRQRVSKHUH EHQH¿WRIHDFKRWKHU*166DUHDSRZHUIXOWRROIRULRQRVSKHULF UHVHDUFKFRQWLQXRXVO\SURYLGLQJGDWDIURPDURXQGWKHZRUOG ZLWKHYHULQFUHDVLQJQXPEHURIDYDLODEOHUHFHLYHUV3XEOLF DYDLODELOLW\RIWKHGDWDDQGVWDQGDUGL]HGGDWDIRUPDWVSOD\NH\ UROHLQHQDEOLQJLRQRVSKHULFVWXGLHVFRPSUHKHQVLYHERWKLQWLPH VSDQDQGJHRJUDSKLFFRYHUDJH7KH*166EDVHGLRQRVSKHULFGDWD FDQEHIXUWKHUSURFHVVHGFUHDWLQJ7(&GHULYHGSURGXFWVZKLFK VKRZWKHFXUUHQWVWDWHRIWKHLRQRVSKHUHUHYHDOLWVWHPSRUDO Figure 5: ROT over Europe on June 22 2015, G\QDPLFVDQGKLJKOLJKWWKHDUHDVZLWKWKHKLJKHVWDPSOLWXGHVRI 20:00 UTC (Vukovic´ and Kos, 2016) FKDQJHVLQLRQL]DWLRQOHYHOV8VXDOO\DFRPELQDWLRQRISURGXFWV

Figure 6: ROT north-south gradients over Europe on June Figure 7: ROT east-west gradients over Europe on June 22 2015, 20:00 UTC (Vukovic´ and Kos, 2016) 22 2015, 20:00 UTC (Vukovic´ and Kos, 2016)

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9HUWLFDOFRRUGLQDWHV LH +HLJKWV RISRLQWVDUHUHIHUUHG Figure 1: Philippine Vertical Control WRDFRRUGLQDWHVXUIDFH Network established by Levelling

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7KH¿UVWDWWHPSWRIFRPSXWLQJD SUHOLPLQDU\JUDYLPHWULFJHRLGIRUWKH 3KLOLSSLQHVLVWKURXJKWKH1DWXUDO 5HVRXUFHV0DQDJHPHQW'HYHORSPHQW 3URMHFW 150'3 LQ/DQG JUDYLW\GDWDDQGDOWLPHWULFDOO\GHULYHG DQRPDOLHVDWVHDDQG268$WR GHJUHHDQGRUGHU UHIHUHQFH Figure 3: Detailed geoid of Visayas and Mindanao JOREDOPRGHO ZHUHXVHG%LDVHV EHWZHHQWKHJUDYLPHWULF1DQG*36 1,0$DQG'DQLVK1DWLRQDO6XUYH\SDYHG /HYHOOLQJZHUHIRXQGUDQJLQJIURP WKHZD\IRUWKHXVHRIDLUERUQHJUDYLW\LQ PQDWLRQZLGH .HDUVOH\  ¿OOLQJWKHLQWHUPHGLDWHZDYHOHQJWKEDQGV )LJXUHVDQGVKRZVWKHFRPSXWHG EHWZHHQVDWHOOLWHJUDYLW\HJ*5$&(DQG GHWDLOHGJHRLGVRIWKH3KLOLSSLQHV *2&( 5)RUVEHUJ 2OHVHQ IRU DFFXUDWHJHRLGPRGHOOLQJ7KHUHLVQRZ IXOORSHUDWLRQDOFDSDELOLW\RIFROOHFWLQJ The making of Philippine Geoid VHDPOHVVDLUERUQHJUDYLW\GDWDDFURVV Model 2016 (PGM2016) ODQGDQGPDULQHDUHDVDWP*DOUPV DFFXUDF\DQGDWDURXQGNPUHVROXWLRQ ,Q2FWREHUZLWKWKHWHFKQLFDO GXHWRWKHQHZJUDYLW\DFFHOHUDWLRQVHQVRUV DVVLVWDQFHRI1DWLRQDO6SDFH,QVWLWXWH DQGLPSURYHG*36SURFHVVLQJPHWKRGV 'HQPDUN7HFKQLFDO8QLYHUVLW\ '78 6SDFH DQGIXQGLQJIURP1DWLRQDO $IWHUWKHLUVXFFHVVIXODLUERUQHJUDYLW\ *HRVSDWLDO,QWHOOLJHQFH$JHQF\ 1*$  FDPSDLJQVLQWKHRWKHUUHJLRQVRIWKH DSUHOLPLQDU\JHRLGPRGHO3KLOLSSLQH ZRUOG HJ0DOD\VLD0RQJROLD(WKLRSLD Figure 2: Detailed geoids of Northern (above) and *HRLG0RGHO 3*0 KDV 6RXWK.RUHD1HSDO '786SDFH Palawan with South West Philippines (below) EHHQFRPSXWHGIRUWKHFRXQWU\XVLQJWKH FRQGXFWHGWKHDLUERUQHJUDYLW\VXUYH\LQ GDWDIURPODQGJUDYLW\DLUERUQHJUDYLW\ WKH3KLOLSSLQHVRQ0DUFKXQWLO0D\RI PRGHUQYHUWLFDOUHIHUHQFHV\VWHPWKHJHRLG PDULQHVDWHOOLWHDOWLPHWU\DQGWKHQHZHVW XVLQJD&HVVQD&DUDYDQDLUFUDIW LVUHTXLUHGWRREWDLQRUWKRPHWULFKHLJKW+ VDWHOOLWHJUDYLW\GDWDIURPWKH*2&( 7KLVLVSDUWRIWKHSURMHFWWRLPSURYHWKH ³KHLJKWDERYHVHDOHYHO´ IURP*36E\ PLVVLRQUHOHDVHZLWKDQDFFXUDF\RI JOREDOJUDYLW\¿HOGPRGHO(*0 PHWHUV,QWKLVSDSHUWKHFRPSXWDWLRQ XQGHUWKHXPEUHOODRIWKH1*$'DQLVK   RIWKH3*0ZLOOEHGLVFXVVHGWKHQ *HRGDWD$JHQF\%(&$DJUHHPHQW LWVUHFRPSXWDWLRQLQWR3*0 )LJXUHVDQGVKRZVWKHDLUFUDIWXVHG :KHUHhGPSLVWKH*36HOOLSVRLGDOKHLJKW LQWKH3KLOLSSLQHDLUERUQHJUDYLW\VXUYH\ DQG+WKHOHYHOOHG RUWKRPHWULF KHLJKW DQGLWVFDELQOD\RXWUHVSHFWLYHO\ The airborne gravity survey ,QWKH3KLOLSSLQHVGHWHUPLQDWLRQRIHOHYDWLRQ 7KHIROORZLQJLQVWUXPHQWVZHUHXVHG +RISRLQWVDQG%HQFKPDUNV %0V  7KHVXFFHVVRIWKH¿UVWORQJUDQJHDLUERUQH  /D&RVWHDQG5RPEHUJ$LU ZDVQRUPDOO\FRQGXFWHGWKUX*HRGHWLF JUDYLW\VXUYH\LQ*UHHQODQG 6HDJUDYLPHWHU6 /HYHOOLQJDWHGLRXVSURFHVVWKDWKLQGHUVWKH E\WKHJURXSRI861DYDOUHVHDUFK  &KHNDQ$0JUDYLPHWHU GHQVL¿FDWLRQRI%0VGXULQJWKHHDUO\WLPHV /DERUDWRU\LQFRRSHUDWLRQZLWK12$$  -DYDG/H[RQ*36UHFHLYHU

32 | Coordinates August 2017  -DYDG'HOWD FRGHGÀLJKWWUDFNHOHYDWLRQV *36UHFHLYHUV  1RYDWHOGXDO )UHH±DLUJUDYLW\DQRPDOLHVDW IUHTXHQF\DLUFUDIW DLUFUDIWOHYHODUHREWDLQHGIURP *36DQWHQQD  3RZHU   UDFNZLWK'&$& Figure 4: The Cessna Grand Caravan aircraft used in the airborne survey LQYHUWHUV836HWF :KHUH LVWKHJUDYLPHWHUREVHUYDWLRQ WKHDSURQEDVHUHDGLQJ WKH*36 *36UHIHUHQFH YHUWLFDODFFHOHUDWLRQ WKH VWDWLRQVRSHUDWHG (RWYRVFRUUHFWLRQFRPSXWHGE\WKH LQDOODLUSRUWV IRUPXODVRI+DUODQ +DUODQ  WRJHWKHUZLWKDFWLYH WKHDSURQJUDYLW\YDOXH normal JHRGHWLFVWDWLRQV JUDYLW\h WKH*36HOOLSVRLGDOKHLJKWDQG RI1$05,$ N WKHJHRLGXQGXODWLRQIURP(*0 ZHUHXVHGDV [PLQXWHV DQGWKHVHFRQGRUGHU EDVHVWDWLRQVLQ KHLJKWFRUUHFWLRQLVEDVHGRQ*56 FRPSXWLQJWKH GH¿QLWLRQV 0RULW] $OODOWLWXGH SRVLWLRQRIWKH GHSHQGHQWDWPRVSKHULFFRUUHFWLRQKDV DLUFUDIW$86326 EHHQDSSOLHGVHHHJ+LQW]HHWDO RQOLQHSRVLWLRQLQJ 7KHSODWIRUPRIIOHYHOFRUUHFWLRQ is SURYLGHVWKH EDVHGRQDSODWIRUPPRGHOOLQJDSSURDFK Figure 5: Cabin layout in the Cessna Caravan aircraft. To the FRRUGLQDWHVRIWKH GHVFULEHGLQ 2OHVHQ $OOGDWD right, the LCR gravimeter and behind it the Chekan meter UHIHUHQFHVWDWLRQV ZHUH¿OWHUHGZLWKDV\PPHWULFVHFRQG LQ,75)  RUGHU%XWWHUZRUWK¿OWHUZLWKDKDOISRZHU ZLWKDQHVWLPDWHG SRLQWDWVHFRQGVFRUUHVSRQGLQJWR DFFXUDF\RI DUHVROXWLRQRINP KDOIZDYHOHQJWK  WRFPLQYHUWLFDO $LUFUDIWWUDMHFWRULHV $SURQEDVHUHDGLQJVZHUHSHUIRUPHGHDFK ZHUHFRPSXWHG GD\DIWHUWKHÀLJKWDQGDSSUR[LPDWHO\ ZLWKZD\SRLQW HYHU\VHFRQGGD\EHIRUHWKHÀLJKWWR VRIWZDUHSDFNDJH PRQLWRUGULIWRIWKHJUDYLPHWHUDQG IURP1RYDWHO IRUSURSHUFRQQHFWLRQRIDLUERUQH &DOJDU\&DQDGD  UHDGLQJVWRWKHJUDYLW\QHWZRUN XVLQJSUHFLVH HSKHPHULVIURP ,QWHUQDWLRQDO*166 6HUYLFH(http:// igscb.jpl.nasa. gov/)3DUNLQJ VSRWVZHUHWLHG WR1$05,$¿UVW RUGHUJUDYLW\ VWDWLRQVXVLQJ 6FLQWUH[&* JUDYLPHWHU

0HDQDOWLWXGHIRU DOOÀLJKWVZDV PZLWKD WHUUDLQFOHDUDQFH RIPDERYH PRXQWDLQV DQGPLQ Figure 7: Free air anomalies gridded ORZODQGV)LJXUH and with artificial shade highlighting Figure 6: Flight track elevations of the airborne gravity survey VKRZVWKHFRORU short wavelength features

Coordinates August 2017 | 33 Table 1: Data statistics and residuals  6XEWUDFWJUDYLW\DQRPDOLHV DQG from Unit: mGal Mean Std. Dev. Minimum Maximum PHDVXUHGJUDYLW\ WRJHW $LUERUQH      $SSO\))7WR WRREWDLQ *2&(5'LUHFWUHVLGXDOV     JHRLGUHVLGXDOV (*0UHVLGXDOV     5HVWRUH6WHSV*HRLGUHVLGXDOV )LJXUHVDQGVKRZVWKHJULGGHGDQG RIWKH8.DQG,UHODQG 5)RUVEHUJ VXPPHGZLWKJOREDOJHRLGXQGXODWLRQ DFTXLUHGIUHHDLUDQRPDOLHVDWÀLJKW HWDO DQGVHYHUDOQDWLRQDO DQGLQGLUHFWHIIHFWUHVXOWLQJWR DOWLWXGH&RORXUDJUHHPHQWDWFURVV JHRLGPRGHOVGRQHIURPDLUERUQH JHRLGKHLJKW 8QGXODWLRQ  OLQHVLQGLFDWHFRQVLVWHQWGDWD&ORVHU VXUYH\VLQUHFHQW\HDUV 0DOD\VLD H[DPLQDWLRQRIWKHPLV¿WLQWKHOLQH 0RQJROLD,QGRQHVLDDQGRWKHUV   &RPSXWHJOREDOJHRLGXQGXODWLRQ LQWHUVHFWLRQVVKRZVDP*DO506HUURU IURPHJPJRFH LQGLFDWLQJP*DODYHUDJHQRLVHOHYHO 7KH³UHPRYHUHVWRUH´WHFKQLTXHZDV  &RPSXWHWKHWHUUDLQSDUW XVHGLQFRPSXWLQJWKHJHRLGZKHUHD IURP6570GDWD &RPSDULVRQWR(*0VKRZVVLJQL¿FDQW VSKHULFDOKDUPRQLFHDUWKJHRSRWHQWLDO  6XPXS  IURPUHPRYHVWHSV  GLIIHUHQFHVLQPDQ\SODFHVDPRXQWLQJWR PRGHO (*0*2&(FRPELQDWLRQ LV DQG WRREWDLQ PRUHWKDQP*DORYHU6(0LQGDQDR XVHGDVDEDVH7KHJHRLGLVGLYLGHG VHH7DEOHDQG¿JXUHVDQG LQWRWKUHHSDUWVQDPHO\WKHJOREDO 7KHVSKHULFDOKDUPRQLFH[SUHVVLRQ FRQWULEXWLRQ DORFDOJUDYLW\GHULYHG DVDIXQFWLRQRIODWLWXGHORQJLWXGH

FRPSRQHQWNDQGDWHUUDLQSDUWN DQGKHLJKWLVRIWKHIRUP Gravimetric geoid computation - principles    

7KH3*0LVFRPSXWHGE\WKH 7KH5HPRYH±5HVWRUH6WHSVDV ZKHUHG, M are HDUWKSDUDPHWHUV7KH GRAVSOFT V\VWHPDVHWRI)RUWUDQ LOOXVWUDWHGE\3$+/(9,3$1*$6787, (*0*2&(FRPELQDWLRQPRGHOXVHG URXWLQHVGHYHORSHGE\'786SDFH 62),$DQG.$6(1'$  DUH LQYROYHVPRUHWKDQPLOOLRQFRHI¿FLHQWV DQG1LHOV%RKU,QVWLWXWH8QLYHUVLW\ DQG GHULYHGIURPYHU\ODUJHVHWRI RI&RSHQKDJHQ )RUVEHUJ5 ,W 5HPRYH6WHSV*UDYLW\PHDVXUHPHQW JOREDOVDWHOOLWHGDWDDQGUHJLRQDO DYHUDJH  IRUPVWKHEDVHRIPDMRUUHFHQWJHRLG GDWDLVVXEWUDFWHGZLWKJOREDOJUDYLW\ JUDYLW\GDWDIURPDOODYDLODEOHVRXUFHV FRPSXWDWLRQSURMHFWVVXFKDVWKHMRLQW DQRPDO\DQGVXUIDFHFRUUHFWLRQ ERWKRSHQ¿OHDQGFODVVL¿HGIRUGHWDLOV 1RUGLF³1.*´JHRLGPRGHOVXQGHUWDNHQ , see http://earth-info.nga.mil/GandG/ DVMRLQWJHRLGPRGHOFRPSXWDWLRQVRI  ([WUDFWJUDYLW\DQRPDO\IURPWKH wgs84/gravitymod/egm2008/index.html. WKH1RUGLFDQG%DOWLFFRXQWULHV 5 VSKHULFDOKDUPRQLFPRGHOWRSURGXFH )RUVEHUJ'6ROKHLP -.DPLQVNLV  /RQJZDYHOHQJWK  7KH(*0PRGHOLVLQFRUSRUDWLQJ  XQGHUWKHDXVSLFHVRIWKH1RUGLF  ([WUDFWJUDYLW\DQRPDO\IURP *5$&(VDWHOOLWHGDWDZKLFKGHWHUPLQHV &RPPLVVLRQIRU*HRGHV\ 1.* DV 6570GDWDWRSURGXFH WKHHUURUVSHFWUXPRIWKH(*0XSWR ZHOODVWKH26*0JHRLGPRGHO VKRUW±PHGLXPZDYHOHQJWK VSKHULFDOKDUPRQLFGHJUHHRUVR1HZ

Figure 8: Free air anomalies at altitude Figure 9: EGM08 residuals at altitude Figure 10: GOCE R5-Direct residuals at altitude

34 | Coordinates August 2017 VDWHOOLWHGDWDIURPWKH*2&(PLVVLRQ optimized kernels. 7KLVLV KDYHUHFHQWO\EHHQPDGHDYDLODEOHE\ DYDULDQWRIWKHFODVVLFDO WKH(XURSHDQ6SDFH$JHQF\IRUGHWDLOV JHRLGLQWHJUDO ³6WRNHV see www.esa.int/goce7KHODWHVW*2&( LQWHJUDO´ LQZKLFKWKHUHLVD VSKHULFDOKDUPRQLFPRGHO ³'LUHFW´ SURSHUZHLJKWLQJRIWKHORQJ 5HOHDVHPRGHO FRPSOHWHWRGHJUHH ZDYHOHQJWKVIURP(*0 DQGRUGHUZDVXVHGWRXSGDWH DQGWKHVKRUWHUZDYHOHQJWKV (*0¿HOGLQWKHIROORZLQJZD\ IURPWKHORFDOJUDYLW\GDWD - (*0XVHGXQFKDQJHGLQVSKHULFDO 0DWKHPDWLFDOO\LWLQYROYHV KDUPRQLFRUGHUVDQGIURPXS HYDOXDWLQJFRQYROXWLRQ  *2&(5GLUHFWPRGHO H[SUHVVLRQVRIIRUP XVHGLQEDQG  $OLQHDUEOHQGLQJRIWKHWZRPRGHOV  Figure 11: The Preliminary Philippine Geoid GRQHLQEDQGVDQG 2014 (PGM2014). Contour interval 5m Here LVDPRGL¿HG³6WRNHV´ 7KHPL[HGVSKHULFDOKDUPRQLFPRGHO kernel, LVWKH FROORFDWLRQXVLQJWKHSODQDUORJDULWKPLF WHUPHG(*0*2&( KDVEHHQ (*0*2&(UHGXFHGIUHHDLUJUDYLW\ PRGHO*5$962)7SURJUDPVVXFK XVHGWRVSKHULFDOKDUPRQLFGHJUHH1  DQRPDOLHVDQGF LVWKHGLPHQVLRQDO as gpcol1, spfour, gcomb, geoip are FRUUHVSRQGLQJWRDUHVROXWLRQRI )RXULHUWUDQVIRUPRSHUDWRU)RUGHWDLOVVHH LQYROYHGLQWKHSURFHVV)LJXUH ¶RUDSSUR[LPDWHO\NP)URPWKH UHIHUHQFHV 5)RUVEHUJ'6ROKHLP  VKRZVWKH3*0DWPFRQWRXU UHFHQW'78JHRLGSURMHFWVLQ)UDQFH -.DPLQVNLV  5)RUVEHUJHWDO $XYHUJQH 0DOD\VLDDQG1HSDOWKLV  DQG 5)RUVEHUJ 2OHVHQ  7KH¿QDOJUDYLPHWULFJHRLGVROXWLRQ UHVROXWLRQDSSHDUVWREHDJRRG´WUDGH ZDVFRPSXWHGE\WKHIROORZLQJVWHSV RII´EHWZHHQWKHIXOOUHVROXWLRQRI 7KHJHRLGLVFRPSXWHGRQDJULG - 6XEWUDFWLRQRI(*0*2&( (*0 GHJUHH DQGWKHORFDO RIƒ[ƒUHVROXWLRQ VSDWLDOUHIHUHQFH¿HOG LQD JUDYLW\GDWD%HFDXVHWKHIXOOUHVROXWLRQ FRUUHVSRQGLQJWRURXJKO\[ '³VDQGZLFKPRGH´ JUDYLW\GDWDXVHGLQWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQRI NPJULG 7KHDUHDRIFRPSXWDWLRQLV  570WHUUDLQUHGXFWLRQRIVXUIDFH (*0LVFODVVL¿HGWKHUHLVQRJRRG ƒƒ1DQGƒ(FRYHULQJWKH JUDYLPHWU\DIWHUHGLWLQJIRURXWOLHUV LQIRUPDWLRQRQWKHTXDOLW\RIWKHHUURUV .DOD\DDQ,VODQGVRI:HVW3KLOLSSLQH  570WHUUDLQUHGXFWLRQRI LQ(*0DWWKHKLJKZDYHOHQJWKVLQ 6HD&RPSXWDWLRQVZDVEDVHGRQ DLUERUQHJUDYLPHWU\ 6($VLDDQGRQO\¶PHDQJUDYLW\ OHDVWVTXDUHVFROORFDWLRQDQG)DVW  5HGXFWLRQRI'78VDWHOOLWH GDWDDUHDVVXPHGWREHXQGHUO\LQJ )RXULHU7UDQVIRUPDWLRQPHWKRGV DOWLPHWU\LQRFHDQDUHDV (*0$OOVSKHULFDOKDUPRQLF ZKLFKLQYROYH[JULG DZD\IURPDLUERUQHGDWD FRPSXWDWLRQVZHUHGRQHLQDJULGXVLQJ SRLQWVFRUUHVSRQGLQJWR]HUR  'RZQZDUGFRQWLQXDWLRQWRWKH WKHgeocol17 SURJUDPLQJULGPRGH SDGGLQJ7KHGDWDDUHJULGGHGDQG WHUUDLQOHYHODQGJULGGLQJRIDOO GRZQZDUGFRQWLQXHGE\OHDVWVTXDUHV GDWDE\OHDVWVTXDUHVFROORFDWLRQ 7KHWHUUDLQSDUWRIWKHFRPSXWDWLRQV ZHUHEDVHGRQWKH570PHWKRGZKHUH WRSRJUDSK\LVUHIHUUHGWRDPHDQHOHYDWLRQ OHYHODQGRQO\UHVLGXDOVUHODWLYHWRWKLV OHYHOLVWDNHQLQWRDFFRXQW7KHPHDQ HOHYDWLRQVXUIDFHZHUHGHULYHGIURPWKH 6570´GHWDLOHGPRGHOWKURXJKD PRYLQJDYHUDJH¿OWHUZLWKDUHVROXWLRQ RIDSSUR[LPDWHO\¶ NPVOLJKWO\ ORQJHUWKDQWKH¶GDWDUHVROXWLRQLPSOLHG E\VSKHULFDOKDUPRQLFGHJUHHLQ RUGHUWRKDYHDPRUHVPRRWKUHVLGXDO JUDYLW\VLJQDO 7KHGLIIHUHQFHLQ UHVROXWLRQEHWZHHQUHIHUHQFH¿HOGDQG 570LVnot DWKHRUHWLFDOLVVXHDVWKH UHPRYHUHVWRUHPHWKRGWDNHVDQ\³GRXEOH DFFRXQWHG´WRSRJUDSK\LQWRDFFRXQWIXOO\ Figure 12: SRTM DEM data (left); low-pass filtered mean elevation surface 7KHPHWKRGIRUWKHJUDYLPHWULFJHRLG (right), used as reference in RTM terrain reductions. Elevations in meters. GHWHUPLQDWLRQLVspherical FFT ZLWK Ocean depths are not used in the Philippines geoid computations.

Coordinates August 2017 | 35 XVLQJDƒ[ƒPRYLQJEORFN Table 2: Statistics of remove steps in the PGM2014 computation (mGal) VFKHPHZLWKƒRYHUODSERUGHUV  6SKHULFDO)RXULHU7UDQVIRUPDWLRQ Unit: mGal Mean Std.dev. IURPJUDYLW\WRJHRLG 1$05,$HGLWHGODQGJUDYLW\GDWD SWV    5HVWRUHRI570DQG(*0*2&( DERYHPLQXV(*0*2&(DQG570   HIIHFWVRQWKHJHRLG $LUERUQHJUDYLW\GDWD SWV    &RUUHFWLRQIRUWKHGLIIHUHQFH DERYHPLQXV(*0*2&(DQG570   EHWZHHQTXDVLJHRLGDQGJHRLG '78DOWLPHWU\JUDYLW\ VHOHFWHGSWV   XVLQJD%RXJXHUDQRPDO\JULG DERYHPLQXV(*0*2&(DQG570    6KLIWLQJRIWKHFRPSXWHGJHRLG E\FPWRDSSUR[LPDWHO\¿W Table 3: Statistics of the restore quantities on the geoid WR0DQLODWLGHJDXJHGDWXP Unit: meters Mean Std.dev. Min. Max. 5HGXFHGJHRLG DIWHUVSKHULFDO))7      Data used and Quality Control 570UHVWRUHHIIHFWV FRPSXWHGE\))7     for the geoid computation )LQDOJUDYLPHWULFJHRLGVWDWLVWLFV    

7KH3*0LVEDVHGRQ 7KHDYDLODEOHGDWDIURPWKHDLUERUQHDQG UHVWRUHJHRLGSURFHVVLQJ “geoid.gri” , WKHIROORZLQJGDWD VXUIDFHVRXUFHVZHUHTXDOLW\FRQWUROOHG FRPSXWHGZLWKIXOOGLPHQVLRQDO  $LUERUQHJUDYLW\GDWD WKURXJKSORWWLQJRIWKH(*0 PRGHOOLQJJRLQJYLDWKHTXDVLJHRLG  /DQGJUDYLW\IURP1$05,$ *2&(DQGWHUUDLQUHGXFWLRQUHVLGXDOV WRWKHFODVVLFDO¿QDOJHRLG UHIRUPDWWHGWR*5$962)7 VKRZLQJDIHZ  REYLRXVVXUIDFH DQGPLOGO\HGLWHG JUDYLW\RXWOLHUVZKLFKZHUHGHOHWHG 7KH¿QDOJHRLGFRYHUVWKHUHJLRQ  '78JOREDOJUDYLW\DQRPDOLHVIURP LQWKH¿QDOJHRLGSURFHVVLQJ7KH ƒ1ƒ(DQGKDVDUHVROXWLRQ PXOWLPLVVLRQVDWHOOLWHDOWLPHWU\ RYHUDOO(*0*2&(DQG570WHUUDLQ RIƒ[ƒ7KHDLUERUQHDQG  6HOHFWHGRQO\LQWKHRSHQRFHDQDUHD ³UHGXFH´VWDWLVWLFVIRUWKHGDWDDUH VXUIDFHJUDYLW\GDWDZHUHJULGGHGE\ DZD\IURPWKHDLUERUQHJUDYLW\ VKRZQLQ7DEOH2YHUDOOWKLVVWDWLVWLFV VSDWLDOOHDVWVTXDUHVFROORFDWLRQ gpcol1,

 6570´'(0GDWDIRUWKHUHJLRQ LVJRRGZLWKUHODWLYHO\VPDOOELDVDQG using covariance SDUDPHWHUV¥&   (*0DQG*2&(5/VDWHOOLWHGDWD VWDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQIRUDOOGDWDVHWV PJDO' 6 km, T = 30 km $SULRUL HUURUVDVVXPHGZHUHP*DOIRUERWK 6RPHSORWVRIWKHXVHGDQGSURFHVVHG WKHDLUERUQHGDWDDQGWKHVXUIDFHGDWD GDWDDUHVKRZQLQWKH)LJXUHV Geoid processing results DYHUDJHGLQƒEORFNV DQG P*DOIRU'787KHFROORFDWLRQ 7KHSORWVLQWKHVHTXHOVKRZVWKH GRZQZDUGFRQWLQXDWLRQZDVGRQHLQ LQWHUPHGLDWHUHVXOWVRIWKH¿QDOUHPRYH ƒ[ƒEORFNVZLWKƒRYHUODSV

Figure 13: NAMRIA land gravity data and the airborne gravity data after terrain and EGM-reduction. Some outliers were Figure 14: The used DTU-10 satellite gravity (left), and the deleted in the geoid processing. collocation downward continued merged grid (right)

36 | Coordinates August 2017 Figure 17: Location of GPS/Levelling data. Colour show the correction Figure 15: Left: Reduced geoid (after spherical FFT transformation); surface for the fitted geoid right: RTM terrain effect on the geoid

GPS/Levelling data comparison and fitted geoid

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Coordinates August 2017 | 37 Figure 19: Mean Dynamic Ocean Topography (MDT) Figure 21: New correction surface of the from DTU-10 mean sea surface (shifted by 91cm) fitted geoid (fitgeoid-itrf2016)

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14-17 Nov 2017, ENAC, Toulouse, France Join a unique international event

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COMMUNAUTÉ DES VILLES ARIANE TOULOUSE 2017 NEWS - GIS

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44 | Coordinates August 2017 NEWS - GNSS

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46 | Coordinates August 2017 NEWS - INDUSTRY

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September 2017 3D Australia Conference 2017 YES! I want my INSPIRE 2017 2FWREHU 6HSWHPEHU.HKO*HUPDQ\ 0HOERXUQH$XVWUDOLD http://3dgeoinfo2017.com I would like to subscribe for (tick one) 6HSWHPEHU6WUDVERXUJ)UDQFH http://inspire.ec.europa.eu ITS World Congress 2017 Interdrone 2017 2FWREHU±1RYHPEHU 6HSWHPEHU 3DODLVGHVFRQJUqVGH0RQWUpDO4XHEHF Rs.1800/US$100 Rs.3000/US$170 Rs.4300/US$240 /DV9HJDV86$ itsworldcongress2017.org www.interdrone.com November 2017 ESA-JRC Summer School on GNSS 2017 37th INCA INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS First name ...... 6HSWHPEHU ±1RYHPEHU 6YDOEDUG6SLWVEHUJHQ1RUZD\ 'HKUDGXQ,QGLD www.esa-jrc-summerschool.org http://incaindia.org Last name ...... 56th Photogrammetric Week ‘17 PECORA 20- 2017 Designation ...... 6HSWHPEHU ±1RYHPEHU 6WXWWJDUW*HUPDQ\ 6RXWK'DNRWD86$ www.ifp.uni-stuttgart.de/phowo https://www.asprs.org Organization ...... ION GNSS+ 2017 International Technical Symposium Address ...... 6HSWHPEHU on Navigation and Timing (ITSNT) 3RUWODQG86$ ±1RYHPEHU www.ion.org 7RXORXVH)UDQFH ...... http://www.itsnt.fr Intergeo 2017 City ...... Pincode ...... 6HSWHPEHU Commercial UAV Show and %HUOLQ*HUPDQ\ GeoConnect Show 2017 www.intergeo.de State ...... Country ...... 1RYHPEHU /RQGRQ8. October 2017 http://www.terrapinn.com Phone ...... GIS Congress-2017 ±2FWREHU INC 2017 Fax ...... 9LHQQD$XVWULD 1RYHPEHU http://gis-remotesensing %ULJKWRQ8. http://www. Email ...... The 9th Multi-GNSS Asia (MGA) Conference internationalnavigationconference.org.uk 2FWREHU I enclose cheque no...... -DNDUWD,QGRQHVLD December 2017 http://www.multignss.asia International Symposium on drawn on ...... Year in Infrastructure Conference GNSS (ISGNSS 2017) 2FWREHU 'HFHPEHU +RQJ.RQJ date ...... towards subscription 6LQJDSRUH https://www.bentley.com/en/yii/home www.lsgi.polyu.edu.hk charges for Coordinates magazine GeoAdvances 2017 February 2018 2FWREHU GMA: Geodesy, Mine Survey in favour of ‘Coordinates Media Pvt. Ltd.’ 6DIUDQEROX7XUNH\ and Aerial Topography http://geoadvances.org ±)HEUXDU\ 0RVFRZ1RYRWHO&HQWHU5XVVLD INGEO2017 http://www.con-fig.com/?lang=eng Sign ...... Date ...... ±2FWREHU /LVERQ3RUWXJDO March 2018 http://ingeo2017.lnec.pt/index.html Mail this form with payment to: Munich Satellite Navigation Summit ACRS 2017 0DUFK Coordinates 2FWREHU 0XQLFK*HUPDQ\ www.munich-satellite- A 002, Mansara Apartments 1HZ'HOKL,QGLD www.acrs2017.org navigation-summit.org C 9, Vasundhara Enclave Delhi 110 096, India. 6th International Colloquium — Scientific April 2018 and Fundamental Aspects of GNSS/Galileo The 7th Digital Earth Summit 2018 If you’d like an invoice before sending your ±2FWREHU ±$SULO 9DOHQFLD6SDLQ payment, you may either send us this completed (O-DGLGD0RURFFR http://esaconferencebureau.com/2017- http://www.desummit2018.org/ subscription form or send us a request for events/17a08/introduction an invoice at [email protected]

50 | Coordinates August 2017 Aiming at the future together!

D-600 Precise Aerial Imaging System 6 Rotor Multicopter with Autopilot

R-1500N W-1500N G6 Ti|Ni G5 Tw |Nw|Tt|Nt G2100 T |N S-3180V Reflectorless Windows CE GNSS Receivers Scanning System Total Station Total Station Precision Satellite Surveying with wireless 3D laser measurement Total surveying A truly integrated communications system solution system

TI Asahi Co., Ltd. Authorized Distributor in India International Sales Department Tel.: +81-48-793-0118 Lawrence & Mayo Pvt. Ltd. Tel.: +91 22 22 07 7440 4-3-4 Ueno Iwatsuki-Ku, Saitama-Shi Fax: +81-48-793-0128 274, Dr. Dadabhai Naoroji Rd. Fax: +91 22 22 07 0048 Saitama, 339-0073 Japan E-mail: [email protected] Mumbai 400 001 India E-mail: [email protected] August 2017 | 51 www.pentaxsurveying.com/en/ www.lawrenceandmayo.co.in The Only Limitation is Yours

SP90m GNSS Receiver Have you ever thought about being able to work anywhere, anytime? Now, there’s no limit to field work. The Spectra Precision SP90m is a powerful, highly versatile, ultra-rugged and reliable GNSS positioning Versatile, Rugged and Reliable solution for a wide variety of applications in real-time and post-processing. Q Most versatile, modular receiver design Q Ultra-rugged design It also comes with a variety of integrated Q Patented Z-Blade technology communications options, such as Bluetooth, WiFi, UHF radio, cellular modem and two MSS L-band Q 480-channel ASIC channels to receive Trimble RTX correction services. Q Dual GNSS antenna inputs

AMERICAS: +1-720-587-4700 or 888-477-7516 (Toll Free in USA) EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA: +33-(0)2-28-09-38-00 ASIA-PACIFIC: +65-6348-2212 To find out more visit www.spectraprecision.com

© 2017, Trimble Inc. All rights reserved. Spectra Precision and the Spectra Precision logo are trademarks of Trimble Inc or its subsidiaries. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. (2017/07)