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Coral Reef Resources Users in the Gulf of Mannar Coast, South India

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Coral Reef Resources Users in the Gulf of Mannar Coast, South India STUDIES ON SOCIOECONOMICS OF CORAL REEF RESOURCE USERS IN THE GULF OF MANNAR COAST, SOUTH INDIA Reference No: 015012/29/98/SER. Dt. 7/30th March 2000 Final Report Project Director Dr. A. K. KUMARAGURU Professor & Director CENTRE FOR MARINE AND COASTAL STUDIES Co-Investigators Dr. R. KANNAN Professor DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY Dr. A. SUNDARAMAHALINGAM SCHOOL OF ENERGY SCIENCES CENTRE FOR MARINE AND COASTAL STUDIES SCHOOL OF ENERGY, ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MADURAI KAMARAJ UNIVERSITY MADURAI – 625 021, INDIA STUDY TEAM PLANNING COMMISSION PROJECT Dr. A.K.Kumaraguru Project Director Professor and Director Dr. R.Kannan Co -Investigator Professor Department of Sociology Dr. A.Sundaramahalingam Co -Investigator Dr. C.M.Ramakritinan Research Associate P. Thavasi Technical Assistant School of Energy, Environment & Natural Resources ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was carried out with the grants provided by the Planning Commission, Government of India, under Socioeconomic Research (SER) Division, New Delhi (Reference No.O-15012/29/98-SER dated 7/30th March 2000) for which the researchers are grateful. They are grateful to Dr.P.N.Nigam, Deputy Advisor, and Dr.P.K.Aggarwal, Senior Research Officer of the Planning Commission, for their co-operation. Our thanks are due to the help, guidance, and advice extended by a host of Government Officials including the Assistant Directors of Fisheries at Ramanathapuram and Rameswaram; Assistant Directors of Statistics, Madurai and Ramanathapuram; Wildlife Warden (Gulf of Mannar) and Range Officers, Department of Forests, Mandapam region, Ramanathapuram District; Special Officer, Town Panchayat Office, Rameswaram, and District Informatics Officers, Ramanathapuram. We are also thankful to Mr. M. Badrudeen, Technical Officer (Retd. CMFRI, Mandapam), Periyapattinam, and Mr.K.Ravichandran, All India Pilgrim Guide, Rameswaram, for their help in our studies. The Project Director, Co-investigators, and Research Staff place on record a deep sense of gratitude to the esteemed Planning Commission, Government of India, for having sponsored this project. CONTENTS Page No. 1. Introduction … 1 1.1. Aim of the Study … 4 1.2. Objectives of the Study … 4 2. Methodology Adopted … 5 3. Marine Resources in the Gulf of Mannar … 6 3.1. Reefs of India … 6 3.2. Reefs Resources of Gulf of Mannar … 7 3.3. Seaweed Resources … 8 3.4. Seagrasses Resources … 8 3.5. Echinoderm Resources … 9 3.6. Fin and Shell fish resources … 9 3.7. Other marine resources … 9 3.8. Disturbances to coral reefs and their status in the Gulf of Mannar … 10 4. Results … 12 4.1. Periapattinam … 12 4.1.1. Historical importance of Periapatti nam … 12 4.1.2. Periapattinam Fishing Village … 12 4.1.3. Population … 14 4.1.4. Literacy … 14 4.1.5. Facilities available … 14 4.1.6. Housing Pattern … 17 4.1.7. Employment status … 19 4.1.8. Fishing crafts and Gears … 19 4.1.9. Fishermen Co-operative Society … 24 4.1.10. Chank Diving … 26 4.1.11. South New Colony … 29 4.1.12. Fishing Activity … 32 4.1.13. Time Line and Trend Change … 32 4.1.14. Fishermen problems … 35 4.2. Ramakrishnapuram and Natarajapuram (Rameswaram) … 40 4.2.1. Historical Importance of Rameswaram Island … 40 4.2.2. Ramakrishnapuram and Natarajapuram … 40 4.2.3. Housing Pattern … 43 4.2.4. Population … 47 4.2.5. Education … 50 4.2.6. Literacy … 50 4.2.7. Fishermen Cooperative Society … 52 4.2.8. Fishing Crafts … 52 {PAGE } 4.2.9. Fishing Gears … 54 4.2.10. Marine Resources … 58 4.2.11. Fishing Pattern … 59 4.2.12. Time Line and Trend Change … 62 4.2.13. Coral Mining Activity … 64 4.2.14. Problems Identified … 65 4.3. Erwadi … 71 4.3.1. Importance of Erwadi Fishing Village … 71 4.3.2. Population … 71 4.3.3. Housing Pattern … 73 4.3.4. Fishermen Cooperative Society … 75 4.3.5. Fishing Crafts … 77 4.3.6. Fishing Gears … 77 4.3.7. Marine Resources … 78 4.3.8. Fishing Pattern … 81 4.3.9. Coral Mining and Resource Utilization … 83 4.3.10. Migratory Fishers … 84 4.3.11. Problems Identified … 87 4.4. Kalimankundu … 87 4.4.1. Importance of Kalimankundu Fishing Village … 87 4.4.2. Population … 89 4.4.3. Literacy … 91 4.4.4. Housing Pattern … 92 4.4.5. Fishermen Cooperative Society … 92 4.4.6. Fishing Crafts … 93 4.4.7. Fishing Gears … 93 4.4.8. Fishing Activity … 96 4.4.9. Fishermen Problems … 99 5. Summary … 102 6. Recommendations … 104 7. References … 105 8. Appendix … 105 1. Marine Fisheries: General information … 105 2. District-Wise Coastal Length in Tamilnadu State … 106 3. Marine Fishing Villages and Landing Centres (Minor & Major) in Tamilnadu … 106 4. Marine Fishing villages and Fish landing Centres in Tamilnadu … 107 5. Tamil Nadu Marine Fisheries Information … 108 {PAGE } 6. Ramanathapuram district Marine Fisheries Information … 109 7. Tuticorin district Marine Fisheries Information … 110 8. Number of families engaged in fishing in Ramanathapuram & Tuticorin Districts, and in Tamilnadu State with details of their land holdings … 111 9. Details of Age & Number of persons engaged in fishing in Ramanathapuram & Tuticorin Districts and in Tamilnadu State … 112 10. Coastal District-Wise Fisherfolk population in Tamilnadu State … 112 11. Registered Marine Fisherfolk in Tamilnadu as on 31-03-1996 … 113 12. Fishermen Co-operative Societies and total number of registered members as on 31-03-1996 … 113 13. Persons engaged in different Marine Fishing occupations as on 15-10-1994 in Tamilnadu … 113 14. Number of mechanized, non-mechanised and motorized craft in India … 114 15. Number of mechanized, non-mechanised and motorized craft in Tamilnadu as on 1980, 1991 & 1994 … 115 16. Details of mechanised boats – Trawlers in Ramanathapuram & Tuticorin Districts and in Tamilnadu State … 116 17. Details of mechanised boats – Liners in Ramanathapuram & Tuticorin Districts and in Tamilnadu State … 117 18. Details of mechanised boats – Gill Netters in Ramanathapuram & Tuticorin Districts and in Tamilnadu State … 118 19. Details of mechanised boats – Seiners in Ramanathapuram & Tuticorin Districts and in Tamilnadu State … 119 20. Mechanised Boats (Length-wise) in Tamilnadu State as on 15-10-1994 … 120 21. Details of non-mechanised boats in Ramanathapuram & Tuticorin Districts and in Tamilnadu State … 121 22. Non-mechnaised boats and crafts in Tamilnadu State as on 15-10-1994 … 122 23. Details of Fishing Gears by types and materials in Ramanathapuram & Tuticorin Districts and in Tamil Nadu State as on 15-10-1994 … 123 24. Details of Fishing Gears by types used in Ramanathapuram & Tuticorin Districts and in Tamilnadu State as on 15-10-1994 … 124 25. Registered vallam and divers engaged for Chank collection … 125 26. Estimation of Marine Fish Production (Coastal region-wise) during 1980-81 to 1995-96. … 126 {PAGE } 27. Estimation of Marine Fish Production (Coastal Districts-wise) in Tamilnadu State during 1984-85 to 1995-96 … 127 28. Estimation of Marine Fish Production- Craft -wise in Tamilnadu state during 1990-91 to 1995-96 … 128-129 29. Species-wise estimation of Marine Fish Production in Tamilnadu State … 130 30. Marine Fish Landings in Tamilnadu during the period 1980-90 compared to all India catch. … 131 31. Estimated landings of sea cucumbers in tones by chanku madi during 1994 & 1995 at Rameswaram … 131 32. State-wise landings of Lobsters ... 131 33. Marine Fish Landing (Craft-wise) in the coastal districts of Tamilnadu during 1995-96 … 132 34. Marine Fish Landing (Gear-wise) in the coastal districts of Tamilnadu during 1995-96 … 133 35. Marine Fish Export from Madras and Tuticorin Ports during 1985-86 … 134 36. Seaweed landings in Tamilnadu coast during 1978 to 1988 … 135 37. Fishermen Welfare Scheme - Supply of Crafts under 20% subsidy scheme … 136 38. Fishermen Welfare Scheme - Supply of OBM & IBE … 137 39. Fishermen Welfare Scheme - Supply of Gear to traditional craft fishermen (Tamilnadu) … 138 40. District-wise Free-Housing Scheme for fishermen during 1975-76 to 1995-96 in Tamilnadu State … 138 41. Revenue through Licence fee collected from vallam owners and Chank divers … 139 42. Details of Chank collected and revenue realized in Tamilnadu State … 139 43. Price structure for Xancus pyrum shells (1996) … 140 44. Details of Fishermen Free Housing Progress in Ramanathapuram District for the month of 31-05-2003 … 141 45. Fishermen We Details of Fishermen Free Housing Scheme in Ramanathapuram District – 2001 – 2002 … 142 46. Details of Model village scheme in Ramanathapuram District:2001-02… 143 47. Details of distribution of Out Board Motors/ In-Board Motors in Ramanathapuram District … 143 48. Details of Registration of crafts upto 31-05-2003 in Ramanathapuram… 144 49. Details of no. of registered FCS society and Members in Ramanathapuram upto 31-05-2003 … 144 50. Details of Savings cum Relief Scheme to Fishermen progress upto 31-05 –2003 in Ramanathapuram, Tamilnadu. … 144 {PAGE } 51. Details of Coastal District-wise Male and Female population in Tamilnadu State – Year 2000 … 145 52. Details of coastal district-wise crafts and gears in Tamilnadu State during the year 2000 … 146 53. Details of coastal district-wise Literates and Employed Fisherfolk in Tamilnadu State during the year 2000 … 147 54. Details of Fishermen Population – Year 2002 … 148 55. Census of Marine Fisherfolk by age group – Year 2002 … 148 56. Details of Religion and Community – Year 2002 … 149 57. Details of Housing Facilities – Year 2002 … 149 58. Details of Educational Status – Year 2002 … 150 59. Details of Employment Status of Fishermen– Year 2002 … 150 60. Details of Employment Status of Fisherwomen– Year 2002 … 151 61. Details of Income Status of Fisherfolk – Year 2002 … 151 62. Details of Fishing Grafts – Year 2002 … 152 63. Details of Fishing Gears – Year 2002 … 152 64. Fishermen Wellfare Schemes … 153 9.
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