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Assessment of Media Development in MYANMAR

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Assessment of Media Development in MYANMAR Based on UNESCO’s Media Development Indicators 1 Assessment of Media Development in MYANMAR Based on UNESCO’s Media Development Indicators Assessment period: From May 2014 to April 2016 i Published jointly by: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Bangkok Office, Communication and Information Unit 920 Sukhumvit Road, Prakanong, Klongtoei, Bangkok 10110, Thailand http://www.unescobkk.org/communication-and-information And International Media Support (IMS) Nørregade 18 1165 Copenhagen K Denmark www.mediasupport.org © UNESCO and IMS 2016 ISBN 978-92-9223-545-1 (Print version) ISBN 978-92-9223-546-8 (Electronic version) This publication is available in Open Access under the Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC-BY-SA 3.0 IGO) license (http://creativecommons.org/license/by-sa/3.0/igo/). By using the content of this publication, the users accept to be bound by the terms of use of the UNESCO Open Access Repository (http://unesco.org/openaccess/terms-use-ccbysa-en). The designation employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The ideas and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors; they are not necessarily those of UNESCO and do not commit the Organization. Graphic design: UNESCO Typesetting and layout: Umaporn Tang-on Printed in Myanmar TH/CI/16/011-300 ii Research Team International Media Support (IMS) Glen Swanson – Team Leader Bart Robertson – International Research Coordinator and Lead Author Sung Chin Par – National Research Coordinator Dr. Thein Han – Field Researcher Su Mon Kyaw – Field Researcher Nyein Chan – Field Researcher National Management College (NMC), Department of Journalism Dr. Moe Moe Aye –Senior Researcher Dr. Zin Mar Kyaw – Senior Researcher Dr. Cho Cho Thwin – Senior Researcher Daw Hsu Thiri Zaw – Researcher Daw Hsu Myat Naing – Researcher Daw Su Mon Latt – Researcher Daw Nang Pyae Phyo Kyaw – Researcher Ma Pan Ei Ei Phyu – Researcher Ma Chaw Su Lin Phyu Thant – Researcher Ma Thwel Khaing Zin – Researcher Ma Aeinderay Soe Oo – Researcher Ma Phyu Phyu Thant – Researcher UNESCO editorial and project management team Misako Ito – Adviser in Communication and Information, UNESCO Bangkok Asia-Pacific Regional Bureau Rosa Maria Gonzalez – Former Adviser in Communication and Information, UNESCO Bangkok Mikel Aguirre Idiaquez – Consultant, UNESCO Yangon Projects Office Fackson Banda – Programme Specialist, IPDC, UNESCO Headquarters Saorla McCabe – MDI Coordinator, IPDC, UNESCO Headquarters Thematic peer reviewers Toby Mendel – Executive Director, Centre for Law and Democracy Oliver Spencer-Shrestha – Head of Asia, ARTICLE 19 Johan Romare – International Director, Fojo Media Institute, Linnaeus University Khin Mar Win-Mangrai – Australian Broadcasting Cooperation (ABC) Jo Elsom – Development and Strategic Partnerships, ABC International Development Supporting staff U Myo Min Htike – Project Officer, IMS Yangon U Pyay Kyaw Myint – Project Officer, IMS Yangon Kannapat Kanpakdee – Administrative Assistant, UNESCO Bangkok Naing Naing Aye – Project Officer, UNESCO Yangon iii Acknowledgments This report is published with the generous support of the governments of Sweden, Denmark, Norway and the International Programme for the Development of Communication. The publishers of this report acknowledge and thank the research team as well as all the numerous partners and participants for their patience and invaluable contributions towards compiling this complex assessment. Each of them and the various other media organizations that supported this work have made this research study possible. iv Foreword by UNESCO UNESCO’s Media Development Indicators, approved by its Member States, offer a comprehensive set of indicators to assess the media landscape in a country at a given time and to recommend possible steps to further develop a free, independent and pluralistic media landscape in line with international standards. As recently as 2011, Myanmar was labeled a pariah state. This perception has changed since President U Thein Sein was elected in March 2011. After 50 years of the country’s isolation, his inaugural speech embraced reform and openness, and the victory of Aung San Suu Kyi’s political party - the National League for Democracy - in November 2015, further revealed to the world the change that has transformed the country’s contemporary history. Since the beginning of Myanmar’s democratic transition, a series of politically liberalizing measures have been introduced in social and economic fields, including in the media sector. These include the adoption in 2014 of the Printing and Publishing Enterprise Law (PPEL), which officially abolished past prior censorship and allowed newspapers to become editorially independent from the state; the Broadcasting Law of 2015, which enables private, public and community media to flourish; the establishment of the Myanmar News Media Council in October 2015 to act as a media self-regulatory body, just to name a few. These changes represent significant progress towards Myanmar’s media serving as a platform for democratic discourse as well as a means to strengthen good governance and human development. It is in this context that the UNESCO Bangkok Office and International Media Support (IMS), with the support of the department of journalism at the National College Management, jointly publish the assessment of media development in Myanmar based on UNESCO’s Media Development Indicators. The assessment was conducted from May 2014 to April 2016 and also involved capacity-building activities of stakeholders on all of UNESCO’s 50 indicators and 190 sub-indicators. Each chapter of the report highlights the findings and provides a set of recommendations on the way forward to address gaps. v UNESCO believes that the key media development priorities addressed in the report are particularly relevant in the context of achieving the newly adopted Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), in particular Goal 16, to “promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels”. It is UNESCO’s hope that the report will contribute to the ongoing reform of the media sector in Myanmar through continuous dialogue between the government, the media, civil society and the public. Gwang-Jo Kim Director of UNESCO Bangkok vi Foreword by International Media Support It is with pleasure that International Media Support (IMS) together with UNESCO presents this comprehensive assessment of the media sector in Myanmar. If one single word, if one single action exemplifies Myanmar today it must be change: political change, social change, and economic change. Since late 2011 Myanmar caught the world by surprise by initiating an unprecedented series of reform processes. It is in this context of these last four years that it has become important to have an objective, analytical stock-taking of how far Myanmar has progressed towards a more free, independent and pluralistic media. To do this we have applied the UNESCO-defined Media Development Indicators (MDIs) to compile this assessment with a robust, proven methodology to understand media plurality and its contribution to state-building. A number of fundamental premises underpin this report, principally that an independent and economically sustainable media does contribute to democracy and that a free, independent media is inherent to good governance. Likewise, people’s participation in state-building is conditional to access to information as this enables participatory engagement by which people may monitor, understand and make sound choices in the reform process. Similarly media can also empower marginal, rural people. Conversely, a weak, under-performing national media contributes to a deficit in governance as a lack of an informed public leads to poor performance in public engagement and political debate. The assessment is built upon a premise that a vibrant and healthy media sector supports broader good governance goals including free and fair elections, anti-corruption and economic development. Additionally, a strong, independent media sector can contribute to an enabling environment to support and enrich genuine transparency and accountability. By applying the UNESCO MDIs in Myanmar over a period of almost 18 months, the research team has systematically engaged in preparing this diagnostic study. Initiated in 2015 the assessment is an initiative to canvas the multiple aspects of media sector across Myanmar, and with this work now completed and with a new reform-minded government in place, this vii assessment will serve as more than a time-bound analysis but holds potential to become an instrument towards strengthening this fledgling sector. While this assessment provides what may currently be the only detailed picture of Myanmar media today, it is also challenged by the rapidly changing landscape composed of political, legal, and social transformation of the country. For this reason, IMS remains committed to ensuring that this study will not remain a static, historic document but will be systematically followed-up and updated initially after 6 months and then annually for at least the following three years. Thus,
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