Jllllrn.tl uf R.:~.:.~r..:h 111 N~1tiun~tl D.:vclopm.:rH Vol. 4 No. 2 ISS:\ 1596-l\30!1 D.:..:.:mb.:r. 2006 .
JOURNAL OF r{ESEAH.Cl-1
IN
NA ~ flO N AL DE\1 El0PlVlEN ~ r
\ 10LUME 4 NUMBEI{ 2
ISSN 1596-8308
DECEMBER, 2006.
Tran~rampu ~ i nterdisciplinary Researrh anJ Study Croup C/o Departm ent of \laritime \lana!!ement.. Tcchnoluo,,.,_ F cdc ral l ·n i\ e rsit~ of Techno lo~~ , 0\\ e rri, :\ i~e ri;1. Journal of Rcscan.:h in National Dcvdopmcnt Vol. 4 No . 2 lSSN 1596-!DUX Dc~.:cmht·r . ~006 .
JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN NATIONAL DEVELOP!\IENT VOL. 4 NO.2, DECEMBER, 2006.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Stock Valuation, Translation Exposun: and Corporal~ Profitability of
Multinationals in Nigaia - i 1.U.C. Agundu, N. A. Ukpai. 1.. C. Ohara anJ B.
D. Kiabd; Riv~rs State University of Science and Technol,1gy, Port Harcourt -
2. A Survey of TQM Implementation in Nigerian Transport Organi~ati ,) ns - 0 .
Ugboma; C. lkeogu, A. Fjem and C. C. Ugboma; F~dc:ral Lini\ ~rsity of Technology, Owerri - 7
3. !Iuman Capital Formation :1nd Pnwrty Reduction Strategies in Ni).•~.:ri:t ( 1999 - 2003)- R. M. Olulu, Rivers State College of Education. Port llarcourt, and L Ohale, University of Port llarcourt- 17
4. Economics of Yam Retail Business - Focus on Wom~n Lntrl'prenl·urs -· ,, Ezenwa, A. Okufor, Madonna University, O~ija. Onitsha
5. Long-Run Relationship B~twecn Agricultural Productiun and hllllt)mic Growth in Nigeria: Evidl·ncc from the Johansen's Cointl')..'ratilHl :\ppn1ach C. A. U. lghodaro, University of Bcnin, Benin City - 2X rJ6. Leadership and Cont1ict t\tanagement in Nigeria: Some RdkctiPtb · \'. C. Alckc, Univasity ofNigl.!ria. Nsuk.ka- 39
7. The Design and Development of Adjustable Prosthetic D~\ · ic~ l~n a Leg Amputt:e Using a Six Bar Link Knee Mechanism - S. I. h\ltoha. h:deral
University ofT~chnology, Owerri 43
~. ~ Towards Improved Human R~soun:l! Development in Nigl'ria: Ch.dktlt:~.:~ <~lld
Prospects - E. E. Okafor. University of lbadan and D. lnwhtwpi. <>labi~i Onabanjo University, Ago lwoyc 48
9. Crude Oil R~source: A 131cssing or Curse to Nigeria- th~ Cas~ nf thl' Niger
Ddta- S. Tamuno, University of Port Harcourt and J. t-.1. Fl'li:-. . l~i\ a s Stak
College of Education, Port llarcourt - -5~
IV 10. Traditional Mining. Poverty and Environment: The Case ofKeana Salt Mining Sites in Nasarawa State- A. J. Avre, Nasarawa State University. Kefli - 59 II. A Critical Approisul of the Process of Implementing Ports Reforms .Under
Exi~ting Legislative Framework - 0. 13. Ndikom. Tni Solnrim University of Education. ljebu Ode - 65 12. Deregulation and Appropriate Pricing in the Downstream Sector of the Nigerian Oil Industry- L. Ohale, University of Port llarcourt - 74 13. Effects of Mixtures of Pig Manure and Sandy Soil on the Growth of Tomato Seedlings - C. C. Obiazi, G. U. Nnaji and J. 0. Ugbobor, Delta State
L nin~rsity. Asaba Campus - 83 I ~ The Centrality of Effective Leadership and Followership in Group Dynamics F. A. Fan and M. D. Ekpe (Mrs). Cross River University of Technology.
Akamkpa Campus 88 15. nook Scarcity in Nigerian University Lihraries: A Menace to Effective Research. Teaching and Learning - J. C. Ogugua and N. Emerole. Federal L nivcrsity of Technology. Owerri 92 16. Restitution of Crime Victims in Nigeria: A Study of Public Perceptions in Enugu State- U. U. Christopher. University ofNigeria. Nsukka 98 17. The Role of Education in Combating Terrorism - A. A. Oni. University of Lagos,Lagos- 106 18. Private Investment and Macroeconomic Instability in the Nigerian Economy 1970-2002- M.D. Imobighe, Delta State University. Abraka t 13 19. Problems of Resource Control in Nigeria and the Way Forward-S. Aibicyi and 0. Osemwota, University of Benin. Renin City - 127 20. lmpa<.:t of Land Degradation on Farming Communities in Ughclli North Local Government Area of Delta State - E. C. Orji, C. 0. A. Ugwumba and U. Stephen. Anambra State University ofTechnology. Uli 133 21. Production of Insulating Bricks for Kiln Construction - F. 0. Uzzi. Olabisi Onabanjo University, lbogun Campus 137
22. Rc~.:urrcnt Issues and Problems of Classroom Instruction - M. S. Mbia, Cross River University of Technology, Akamkpa Campus- .140
v Journal of Research tn National Development Vol. 4 No. 2 ISSN I 596- 8308 December. 2006.
TOWARDS IMPROVED HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA: CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS
EMEKA EMMANUEL OKAFOR DEPT. OF SOCIOLOGY. UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN, IBADAN and DAVID lMOHNOPI DEPT. OF SOCIOLOGY, OLABISI ONABANJO UNIVERSITY. AG0-1\VOYE, OGUN, STATE.
Abstract
De1·elopmc:11t of society IS the: IIWJor preoccupmion of IIWSt go1 emments 111 the tlurcl 1• orld cowllfles. As a result. ,. lumum re.wurce luu bc:t'/1 ulc:nlljit·d Ul one of the mostutlponalil cawlylt 111 the: twtu•11'.1 de1 elupmc:nt. lnfact 11 1s .. ' the majur prupc:J/c:r fur Jc:wlup11u:nt. In N1geria, thil unporttull and Cfltlctll re.1ourn· luo 1101 ban full) de1•duped. 11111/lll}lc'tiwu/ ullil=ed 111 liiCh 11 IIIWIIII'r tlwt would t'IIX<'IIdc:r liei•C'Iopmt'lll. r\goonr 11111 lm1 ~Jo!Wimtlthu J!llf'<'r has ulenlljlc:d ji1ctors rt'Sp011.11ble fur lumuw re.1011Tce de1•elupment to 111dudc:: polllletll llllltlbliu.L pollllcul corruption. poor im · e.~rme/11 in ,•ducciii0/1, lack of mfmstructuwl fue~llllel , Jl Key Words : Hunum Re.1ourt:e. De1 dupme111. Po1·erty. &Jucutwn. Tech11ology. Introduction N1geria in the face of ~(k' IO econom1c and pollucal .I: Thl!re ha\1: been .1n expanded anJ unpn:cedentc:d change~ and ch.11lenge:. 1:. the.: locu:. ()I th1~ paper. I dc\·dopmc:nt con~1ou~ne~~ anJ h1gh hope for a beuc:r It 1~ reportedly :.a1d lh.ll :he cng1ne behmJ the: J.1pane:.c: ! ~~llllllllllc tuture 111 ('.;1gcr1.a 111 1c~ · cm lime:.. Such llllf,ldC: ollld the t\~1.111 rl /-' 1"1\ 1:. :.1111pl) hcColliM: tlae) . l . c:xpect.lllon~ ha'c: been e\ldently expre~:.ed 10 V.lnou:. have 10ve:.ted 10 the1r human <:apltal. N1gena and other 1 pubhC,IIIUII!> b} lllllablc .lnti lllllUel\11..11 ~holar~ WllhiO develop10g countne:. arc getting more and more buned ~no ou~11.k N1gena (Ye~utu :woo; bJana. 2002; under the monetary \ell .at the expcn~ of devclup10g Obikoya, :!003). their human cap11.1l (S1ng Yong Lee. 1996; Ob1~1. Furthl!rtnorc:. mo~t of the!!>(! :..:holar~ unammou~ly 2oo.t; Okaf 48 Journal of RcM:.tn:h 111 Nallunal Development Vol. 4 No. 2 ISSN I )96- 830!\ I>.-, .-mhcr, :!OOu success (both in ltfe and the environment) on obj!!cllve to examine tht: need or C!>!>ence of Human continuing ba:.i~ . ReMlurce Development tn Ntgena. It is also seen as the combination of multi ~') Sambo ( 199!0 expl.un~ that in ~ptte of the 40 variant and multi·dimen~ional effort~ and activtttes that yl!ar~ of Nigeria poltlii.'.Jl uukpendem:e, ~he is still su~tam and tmprove both man and woman's efforts, regarded as underde-..clu()~e~!>tn)! J1.'1dopment. Ntgerta •~ !>till leveb of both economic performance and social characterized by low Cit•h~ Nattonal Product (GNPl. welfare (Yc~ufu. 2000; raJana, 2002; Okafor. 2005b). htgh level of unempl• >ymelll, l1>w rate capit.1l ~ Human Resource Development IS abo VIewed formation. poor health c.u..: ddt very !>)'~tem, low level a~ a con~t!>tent prucc~!> by '' hKh nat tun~ put to hettcr of ltteracy. tn.tJC<.jU.Jtc.: ll'dllltC.JI 11\J~tpm.. er and ,, U!>t!, the ~kill:. and abtlitie!> of it~ people. Ntgerta cour!>t!, low per 1'11/'lfll tn !Iuman l abo\e argument that thi~ paper ha:. it ;c. one of it!. our~ . 49 Journal of Re:.earch an National Development Vol. 4 No.2 ISSN 1596-8308 December. 2006. The proces:. of Human Resource several intra-tribal cri:.es has not helped mauers at Iuman Development therefore, tran:.cend age and sex. It is a all(Onyeonoru, 2004 ). dynamic and multi-ansututional proce:.s involving both The mdirect effects of these occurrences on he 40 the family and educational :.y:.tem. It is this massive Human Rc:.ource Development in Ntgena cannot be s still upgrading of the prudu..:uve capacity of people: that over empha:.tzcJ. It Joe:. not only enha111.:c 111cun:.t:.tcnt the constitute investment an Human Resource policie:. and projecb of government, it also tend to ) :.tdl Development. demoralize indivtduab and dcpnve them from :JNPJ. In :.ummary, Human Re:.ource Development maxtmizing their acqutred :.kilb and potenuab. To apital undoubtedly wn~11tute:. the ul11111.11e baM~ fur the en:.ure a lelt.tblc and ptodu~:ttve I hlllli!ll lk ~> oulcc: level wealth of nations. Human betngs have bec:n seen as the: Development in N1gcna, there must be !>Orne level of nd ot active agent:. who accumulate capital. e~ploit natural a:.surance, certainty and con:.istency in the political ~JUfl:C.: resourcc:s, build :.octal, economtc and poliucal atmo:.pherc. It is ea:.y to implement policies and Tnc:)c; orgamzatiun and enhance national dc:velopment. project:. of government regarding Human Re:.ource trom Therefore: . .1 country which fall:. to develop the skills Development m :.uch envtronment. UC Ill and knowledge of its people: and to uulize thc:m It is hoped therefore, that the present c:ffecuvely in the national economy will hardly make democratic government would be of tremendous l.IIIIC.:d rea:.onable progres:> in any other area. a:.si:.tance. not only to make reltable and VIable ?mc.:nt policies towards Human Re:.ource Dc'dopment. but to Ot all Challenges of Human Resource Development in en:.ure _that the pollltcal envtronment I!> conduc1ve f\)\~ th Nigeria enough to encourage the uulizauon and ma~imtzatlon I!> the: The qualtty or othcrw1:.c ot !Iuman Re:.uurcc uf !>UCh II atnc.:J lll.lllpo\\CI ~005) . Development in .my country · i:. a retlecuon of the it) uf totality of "hat 1:. collectively de:.1gnJtc:d as the Political Corruption: It I!> no doubt that the Ntgerian ?ffiC.:nt environmental mtluence. The technical and political domain ha:. been be-devtled by corruption of man) proh::.:.tOnal qualtty of !Iuman Re:.uur.:e Development, vanou:. k1nd:. as mmt uf the reMJUfCe!> arc d1vcrtcd to resulung from proper educauon and tratntng must be private pur:.es. It take:. huge amounts of fmanctal complunented wtth J conduet\e soc1o c:conomic and re:.ource:. to embark on a mcanmgtul hum.~n re:.ource poliucal atmo~phere. Otherw1:.e, tratned manpower development. Even alter people ha\e bec:n traJOed, may not be able to pc.:durm gtven ta:.ks maxtmally they nec:d c:tpltal tu get c:~tablt~hed .1nd utlltzc thetr (Yesufu 2002. FaJana 2002; On}eunoru. 200·'>· :.kill:. max1mally. When :.uch fmanetal re:.ource:. arc A well trained do.:tor. lawyer, teachc:r and bemg hijacked and controlled by few tndlvtduab for admini:.trator may nut perform to expectation in a thetr own pcr:.onal .Uld ~clf1:.h de:.1re:. . the eftect:. w1ll chaotic and un:.tablc polttlcal and :.ocio c!Conomic be tremendou:.. Except there: 1:. a chc!Ck on the environment. It is one of the obJecuves of Lh1:. paper to corruptive nature of thi:. country, :.1gnaficant • progrcs:. c"amme the :.0.:10 econonuc and pohucal env1ronment may not be made m the area of !Iuman Re:,aurce tn N1gena .1nd ho" tt ha.:. affected the effective Development. It 1:. not th;ll N1gertJn:. do not apprc!Ctate \C:f) tr.unmg. de\elupment and u1111zat1on of human Jemu~: rac} w1th .1ll the \ alue 11 place:. on human opk: an fl!)(]urces . It ts one thang therefore. to tratn and devc:lup dignity and freedum. }{;ather the cit11ens .m: gradually mg. 11 human re:.oun.:e:. Ill N1gena, 11 1:. another thmg to realtzmg that rno:.t N1go.:r1an leader:. haH: b.1:.tard1zcd nmth ensure an tde.1l atmu~p~re tor the uultzauon and demcxrJ.:y to m~.1n enJll) rnent by the f<:w on behalf of !um.tn maXIIl\llallun ol :ouch 11 ameJ md1 \ 1duab. and at the expcn:.c ut the va:.t lli.!JUrlly (OI....ttur. ng the: In :.pile of the numerou:. h:ntary in:.tllutton:. in 2005a). - ll I~ \he country and the: :.ub:.cquent numher of graduate:. ~11\C: \hat are turned out every }ear, no :.ignrf1cant impact i:. Lack of lnfrastruclund Facilities: People pemh for llllffi) still being felt in the nation':. economy. Thi:. may not lack of kno"ledge and knowledge ts obtJtned through man~ . be un.:onnccted "tth the 1ncon:.t:.ten1 and unreliable education and trauung. Proper education and human ;d Cl< I :.oc1o economtc and poltucal atmo:.phere undc:r wh1ch resource:. Lrammg cannot be obtJtncd tn the ab:.ence of •UCI.:C.:'>. \hey are trained. Such atmo:.phere i:. charactc:rized by improved infrastructural f.1cllilles that are e:»entiaJ and Jpc.:r I~ such factors as political Instability, corruption. poverty, germane to such trainmg. Hence, Okoh (1998), Anya C\Offill: low technology, inadequate infrastructural facilities, (2000) and Born:.chter .:r a/ (2005) agreed that Human nauun etc. Rc:.eurce Development 1s the product of education )()(t:tl which mean:. that any :.oc1ety that 1s Interested m t'l (1/. Pollllcul lll:.lubllity: Poltttcal development in N1gcrta tcchnolog~~:.tl de\cliiJllllent mu 1 not ju:.t lll't'Clll 111 hib been highly unstable and unreliable, considering education as a social and economic duty but as a 1um.an the !>,I!Veral regime:. we've had :.mce her political development impcrati\·c. Tu enhance .1 cun:.1:.tent and : mo ~ t mdependence tn 1960. Such political atrno:.phere has reliable human capital dc•clopmcnt. there 1:. need ·tor :e an .. t been mo:.t a.:.toru:.hmg for any meaningful Human the guvernrnent to upgr ..aJe the mlr .1:.tructur .1l facrltt1cs .at it t:, Rel~S>urce Development. The poliucal c:nvironment in the Nigcnan educall,m.Jl an:.titut)un:. and :.ociety an urvt' l' \\h1ch has been charactenzc:d with incessant strike:. by general. llcn..:c a trained lh>etor or law}er may not be ld ltl..c: teachen, health workers, state employ~ as well as able to pc.:riom1 to the hcl>t of h1) abihty under an 50 I Journal of Ke~~.trd1 Ill Nallonal Development Vol. 4 No. 2 ISSN 1596- 8301! lkl'cmtwr. ~006 atmosphere: of infrasLrw.:tural degradation (Akpan, necessary equipment for m;mpowcr development. The 2005). infrastructural facilities a~ well a:. modern technology ~hould be made availabll! in the vanous higher Poverty: MaJority in the N1gerian soc1ety are liv10g institutions for proper tra111111g (Okoh, 1998; bl!low the puvl!rty lin!! . The pa .:aplla income in Born:.dl1cr f!l u/, :!005). N1gena •~ ~ull very low compared to what i~ obtainable A well tra10cJ graduate. CljU1ppcd w1th in Lhe advam:ed .:ountne~. Smce education and Lraimng adequate knowkdge anJ ~1-alh 1:. a great a:.:.et to nauon is expen~1ve only fe" arc able: to alford it. The developmcnt. Young Lee ( 1996) "rite~ that ..South aftermath clfect i~ noth1ng but the in..:rea~e in number Korea ha~ no out~tanding n;atural rc~ource:. cxcc::pt her oi u~killed wurkcr~ . Government ~h~1uld endeavor to human capital, hence hcr citizen:. tend to have come 10 the a1d ui ~u..:h 10div1duab and help them to prefcn:nce for the po~llaun of ~chnlar:. . Learmng is develop their ~kilb and putentiab which will in turn con:.iderc:d the only de~ar .tblc ba~ic procedure for the enhance Lhc econom1c developmcnt of the nation. Even people of South Kllrca tn achieve fame. \~ealth and those \\ho have successfully undergone ngorous power". He funher :.rated that the educataon training and development sull find ll d1ff•cull to uulize enthusiasm •~ somc:time::. called a Korean fever and h~ and max1mizc the1r acquired putenuab ib a re~ult of prov1ded highly educated people for the labour m.trlo..ct. lack of fund to purcha~e nece~~ary equipment fur a No inve:.tment into educiilll>n can be ~a1d to be too take off (Okoh, 1998; Okafor, 2005a). high for a nation that dc~arc::. a con~1:.tent and n:~ult· One perm.10ent characteristic of oriented Hurn.m Re:.ourcc I )c~clopmcnl. organizational management 111 wntemporary N1geria i~ .:ontinucd retren.:hmcnt in VlrluJlly all e~tabli~hmenb. lmplcmentablc polid~~ on Human RL-sourc:t· Th1s has rather aggravated the ~yndrome of poverty 10 Development. It 1:. one thtng for the gmcrnment to Nigeria rather than reducing 11. h 1:. reportedly noted make polic1e~. it I!> another thmg for !>U..:h p..)lic1c!. to be that Lhe agencies 10voh cd 10 human capital 1mplcmented. In fact, :"\a~cnan Econornac Summ1t development are hampered by IJ..:k uf fund and p..>or {2000) idcn11f11:d l;11: 1- of ilo>la,·y ~t.thdit~ J) lhc m.•Jnr IOfribtructure (Okafor, 2005b). handrJnce tu both hum.m .tnd n.ttllm.tl de\clupmcul. It 1:. further :.tatcJ th.ll 111 ~pate nf the tremenduu!> hurnJn Low Technology: The l!>~uc of pmeny 10 N1geria hib capllal and nJtural rc:> 51 Journal of Re~arch in Nauonal Development Vol. 4 No.2 ISSN 1596-8308 Den~mber, 2006. en!. The Conclusion Nigeria Economic Summit Group, (2000) Huuum hnology Th1~ paper ha!> attempted to unravel a number of Capital Tech11ology Development. October 5. higher 1~ues in relation to human resource development. lu 1998; meaning, importance and other related factors that can Obi:;i, C. (2004) Huma11 Capital Development a11d both hmder or promote a consi:.tent, rdiable and result Nario11 Buildi11g; in Sola FaJana (ed) Global Trends a11d l11dustrial Rdation in Nigerw; A Book of ~ wnh onented Human Resource Development within the o nauon N1genan context It has been categorically stated in the ·Reading. Lago:;:University of Lago:. Press. ..South ~:our:.e of this paper that the quality of Human :ept her Re.ource Devdopment or otherwi:.e in any coumry Obikoya, 0 . (2003) Hunum He.wurce Mwwgemelll; o have and its !>Ub:.equent uulization for economic ljebu Ode: Pius Debo Nigl!ria Press. development is not unconnected with the prevailing ·mng 1:. for the SOCIO economiC and political environment of that Obikoya, 0. ( 1996) EJJt:ntwls of Penomu:l .lth and country. Suggestions were equally made which could Mwwgeme11t. lje Ode P1u:. Dcbo N1gcna Pre:.:.. 10 l u~at10n be rdevant ensuring an improved Human Resource and hit.) IX~dopment in Nigcna. Okafor, E.E. (2005a) 'Globallzallon and Work: The Nigerian Expenence" Jounw/ of Soc1t:ty, De1•elupment mJr~ct. Refcr cncL'S and Public Health . Vol. 2 1':1 >. I pp. 21-47. be too MpJn, G. (:!005) "Latx>ur Empk>yment and Input n!)Ult- Sub~utuuon 1n the N1gcnan Manufacturing Sector". Okafor, E.E.(2005b) "Public Bureaucracy and Sulllli·Somh Jounwl uf Culture wul De1•t:lupmelll. Vol. Development in Nigeria_: A Critical Overv1ew of wurce 7 No. I. pp. 56-86. Impediments to Pubhc Serv1ce Delivery" CODESRJA Bul/t:lin, • Sj)ource:. and Per:.onnel humJn Doubl~ 01\ 1JcnJ of Ell.p other Fran~ E., (1974) 1/wmm Ht:JUIU Ct' D<.Tdopment: The Sambo. A. (1998) Techr ~<, l : To >Ohty. tpable tliCIS. tbrace nc:~ty fund~ 52