Arabian Journal of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants Medicinal plants and their traditional uses in Medicinal plants and their traditional uses in Kabylia (, )

Rachid Meddour, Ouahiba Meddour-Sahar

Department of Agronomical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Agronomical Sciences, University of , BP 17 RP, 15 000 Tizi Ouzou (Algeria)

Received: September 06th, 2015; Accepted: December 10th, 2015

Abstract : This study aims to assess ethnobotanical knowledge in Kabylia, focusing on the use of traditional medicinal plants, at eight rural municipalities in department of Tizi Ouzou. This region has remained relatively isolated and agro-industrial development is not led to a significant decline in traditional practices, including the use of plants in traditional medicine. Ethnobotanical information was gathered using a questionnaire among herbalists, traditional healers and local populations in the study area.

At all, 98 vascular plants were identified and recorded, a large majority of them live in wild habitats (forests and wetlands, especially). They belong to 48 families, the most represented are the Lamiaceae (13 species) and Asteraceae (12 species). The most diseases treated are those of four therapeutic groups: digestive (40 plants), skin (29), circulatory (24) and respiratory (21). In contrast, the eye is treated with a single plant. The toxicity of some herbs used with caution is well known (e.g . Nerium oleander L.). Medicinal plants are often multipurpose plants (food, flavor, feed, veterinary, crafts, etc.). Moreover, 31 of these wild plants yet still have an interest in food for rural populations. Finally, a large majority of medicinal plants used in Kabylia, are also known for their therapeutic properties in the Mediterranean basin, e.g. 72 plants (73.5%) of this study are cited by the project Rubia (ICA3-2002-10023).

Keywords : ethnobotanical knowledge, healers, Kabylia, medicinal plants, rural population

1. Introduction In recent years many authors in Arab countries, Europe and in the world (Pieroni et al. 2006; Hadjichambis et al. 2008; Gonzalez-Tejero et al. 2008), have shown renewed interest in ethnobotanical knowledge, particularly in traditional medicine and in nutrition. Some studies in the Mediterranean region have shown that many species have proven benefits for human

Corresponding author: Dr Rachid Meddour. Email: [email protected] - 137 -

Arabian Journal of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants Medicinal plants and their traditional uses in Kabylia health (Pieroni et al. 2006; Hadjichambis et al. 2008; Gonzalez-Tejero et al. 2008). The aim of this ethnobotanical analysis, conducted with local populations, which live in relationship with natural environment, through a territory relatively limited of Kabylia (department of Tizi Ouzou), is to collect information on traditional uses of medicinal plants. This ethnobotanical knowledge is an ancestral know-how transmitted essentially by oral way in the kabylian rural society (Ait Youssef 2006; Meddour et al. 2010; Meddour-Sahar et al. 2010; Derridj et al. 2010), like in all North African countries (Claisse-Dauchy 1996), exposed today to a major risk of decline (Roth and Zaharia 2004). Conscious of health problems of developing countries populations, the World Health Organization exhorted these last ones to include the herbal medicine in their health system (OMS 2003) . It is thus urgent to collect ethnobotanical information and especially ethnomedicinal (Boukef 1986; Bellakhdar 1997) , by raising the inventory of plants used by rural populations and healers, to put acquired data and faithfully transcribed at disposal of the clinical and pharmaceutical research.

2. Materials and method 2.1. Study area This ethnobotanical survey was conducted in the department (or wilaya) of Tizi Ouzou, which is located in North Algeria (36° 43 ′ 00 ″ N, 4° 03 ′ 00 ″ E), a hundred kilometers east. This study concerns eight rural municipalities: , Oued Aissi, , , in the plain, and Maatkas, Draa el Mizan, Larbaa Nath Irathen, Ain el Hammam, in the foothill (Figure 1 ), and a population of 116 252 inhabitants with a high average density of 374.5 inhab. /km². The climate of the study area is Mediterranean. Winters are cold and wet, with precipitation usually in the form of showers, and summers are dry and hot. The great diversity of its landscape, including mountainous, littoral, and plains, has favored the development of a rich flora which is estimated at 2000 native plants in Kabylia. This region has remained relatively isolated and agro-industrial development has not led to a significant decline in traditional practices, including the use of plants in traditional medicine.

2.2. Data collection Ethnobotanical information was gathered using a questionnaire among herbalists, healers and local populations in the study area. This questionnaire comprises data on the informant and

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Arabian Journal of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants Medicinal plants and their traditional uses in Kabylia therapeutic uses of plants (medicinal or multiple uses, habitat, symptoms and diseases treated, toxicity) (Le Floc’h 1983; Friedberg 1991; Bellakhdar 1997) . To this goal, we realized a qualitative and quantitative inventory of medicinal plants and their current uses, as daily primary care. Several field trips were organized in the study area with populations, from October 2009 to June 2010, to collect specimens of medicinal plants and to know their vernacular names. Then, the botanical systematic and scientific names were identified according to Quézel and Santa (1962, 1963), with an update of the nomenclature according to the index of Dobignard and Chatelain (2010-2013) . A sample of identified species is deposited in the Department of Agronomical Sciences of Faculty of Biological and Agronomical Sciences of Mouloud Mammeri University. Finally, ethnobotanical information obtained was entered in an array of raw and processed data using the Excel spreadsheet (Mehdioui and Kahouadji 2007) .

3. Results The results obtained in this ethnobotanical survey are presented in a summary ( Table 1 ). 3.1. Informants This ethnobotanical survey was conducted with 46 informants. These informants were chosen among the most well-known of the study area for their in-depth knowledge about medicinal plants. Women predominate with 63.8%, versus 36.2% for men. They belong mostly to the age group 36-55 years (41.5%). A significant number of informants (49%) are illiterate or primary level education. 3.2. Botanical analysis We recorded 98 medicinal plants, which were identified on the systematic and taxonomical point of view, belonging to 49 botanical families and 91 genera (Figure 2 ). The most represented families are Lamiaceae (13 species) and Asteraceae (12). The families of Rosaceae (6 species) and Fabaceae (4) are also well represented. The other 45 families are present with 1 to 3 species, among which 31 are cited with only 1 each. Some species are endemic, such as Aristolochia fontanesii Boiss. & Reuter (Algerian endemic), Thymus numidicus Poir. and Origanum vulgare subsp. glandulosum (Desf.) Iestwaart (Algero-Tunisian endemics) and Guenthera amplexicaulis (Desf.) Gómez-Campo (Maghreb-Sicily).

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Arabian Journal of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants Medicinal plants and their traditional uses in Kabylia

Figure 1. Location of the study area

Figure 2. Number of species recorded by families

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Arabian Journal of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants Medicinal plants and their traditional uses in Kabylia

3.3. Habitats of plants The plants used in traditional medicine in this ethnobotanical study on Kabylia region are spontaneous plants, for a large majority of them (92 %), and sometimes cultivated (8 %). They grows preferentially in wild habitats, forest ecosystems (33 %) and wetlands (29 %), as well as in meadows (19 %) and cultures (13 %). We also notice that ruderal plants (rubble, roads) participate with a number relatively important (16 %) in kabylian traditional pharmacopoeia. 3.4. Treated diseases and symptoms A great number of diseases and symptoms (73) are recorded in this survey. According to the classification of primary care in the Mediterranean region (Gonzalez-Tejero et al . 2008) , the therapeutic group which includes most large number of plants (40) is the one of gastrointestinal group. The skin pathology is in second place with 29 different plants, third place returns to cardiovascular pathology (24 plants) and fourth to respiratory pathology (21 plants). In contrast, eye illnesses (conjunctivitis) are treated only by a single plant (Ocimum basilicum L.). Among the plants used to treat disorders of the digestive system, Marrubium vulgare L. is the species most commonly used in traditional medicine (abdominal pain, indigestion, vomiting) in the study area. Also in this group, many species of Lamiaceae (Ballota nigra L., Mentha pulegium L. , M. spicata L., M. suaveolens Ehrh ., Origanum vulgare subsp. glandulosum (Desf.) Iestwaart , Ajuga iva (L.) Schreber , Lavandula stoechas L. , Teucrium polium L.) show dominant position and are efficient in many gastrointestinal diseases (indigestion, constipation, diarrhea, dysentery, stomach ulcer, hyperacidity, vomiting, bloating, intestinal worms, etc.). The population employs about thirty plants to treat diseases affecting the skin (injuries, burns, eczema, scabies, buttons, frostbite, freckles, warts, hair loss, allergic rashes, etc.). The most used plants are Urtica dioica L. , Dioscorea communis (L.) Caddick & Wilkin and Glebionis segetum (L.) Fourr .. For their healing and antiseptic properties nearly a dozen species can cure wounds and burns, namely several Asteraceae (Artemisia absinthium L. , Carthamus caeruleus L. , Dittrichia viscosa (L.) Greuter, Helminthotheca echioides (L.) J. Holub , Pulicaria odora (L.) Reichenb.). The fungus Pityriasis versicolor is treated with a decoction of Cistus salviifolius L. aerial part.

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Arabian Journal of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants Medicinal plants and their traditional uses in Kabylia In Figure 3 are shown the most commonly treated disease and symptoms with a number of plants at least 3. These are obviously stomach ache (12 plants), indigestion (12), diabetes (11), colds (10), wounds and burns (9), rheumatism (9) and high blood pressure (8). It seems interesting to emphasize that a dozen plants are deemed antidiabetic: Arbutus unedo L. , Artemisia absinthium L. , Centaurium erythraea Rafn , Cyanara cardunculus L. , Melissa officinalis L. , Myrtus communis L. , Nerium oleander L. , Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller , Pistacia lentiscus L. , Prunus dulcis (Miller) D.A.Webb and Rubus ulmifolius Schott .

Figure 3. Number of plants used to remedy to the most common diseases

3.5. Toxicity Traditional healers and local populations distinguish well the toxicity of certain plants, which are used with caution, such as: Arisarum vulgare Targ.-Tozz ., Anagyris foetida L. , Cerinthe - 142 -

Arabian Journal of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants Medicinal plants and their traditional uses in Kabylia major L., Ecballium elaterium (L.) A. Richard, Olea europaea subsp . europaea var . sylvestris (Mill) Lehr, for its leaves (but its potential toxicity is not well known, Ait Youssef 2006 ), and especially Nerium oleander L., which is absolutely lethal (Hmamouchi 1997) . Also, Bellakhdar (1997) record toxic effects of Anagyris foetida L. and Nerium oleander L. 3.6. Other uses Besides their medicinal virtues, the plants used in the region of Kabylia are very often recommended for multiple usages (food, condiment, fodder, veterinarian, artisanal, ornamental, etc.). Particularly, 31 plants are also known for food use, some in period of scarcity only, like: Arum italicum Miller , Arisarum vulgare Targ.-Tozz ., Borago officinalis L. , Guenthera amplexicaulis (Desf.) Gómez-Campo , Cerinthe major L. , Galactites tomentosus Moench , Hyoseris radiata L. , Helminthotheca echioides (L.) J. Holub , Malva sylvestris L. , Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke, Rumex conglomeratus Murray , Urtica dioica L., and also Allium ampeloprasum L. , Cynara cardunculus L. , Scolymus hispanicus L., cultivated in the same way as vegetables in the family gardens for culinary purposes and consumed. Some plants, like Anagyris foetida L. and Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn, present a veterinarian interest and treat scabies of domestic animals.

4. Discussion This ethnobotanical inquiry with rural populations and traditional healers of Kabylia region allowed us to inventory nearly a hundred of medicinal plants. The predominance of families such as Asteraceae and Lamiaceae in the medicinal flora is well established, as was seen in the whole of the Mediterranean region (Gonzalez-Tejero et al. 2008) , in particular in (Ennabili et al. 2000; Hseini et al . 2007; Hseini and Kahouadji, 2007; Mehdioui and Kahouadji 2007) . There is supremacy of digestive, skin and respiratory disorders in our study area, like in the project Rubia (Gonzalez-Tejero et al. 2008) , which concerns seven Mediterranean countries (Algeria, Morocco, Egypt, Spain, Italy, Albania, Cyprus). Abdominal pains are at the top of the list in almost all Mediterranean countries studied in this project, confirming our observations and giving a typical character to this fact. There is also an analogy in the therapeutic uses: for example, as in Kabylia, basil ( Ocimum basilicum L.) is used in Morocco to treat eye inflammation (Bellakhdar 1997) and Orchis italica Poir ., used to fight against impotence, has the same purpose as in Tunisia (Boukef 1986) and Morocco (Bellakhdar

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Arabian Journal of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants Medicinal plants and their traditional uses in Kabylia 1997) . In addition, 9 of 11 plants recognized as antidiabetic in Kabylia are also used for this purpose in Morocco (Benkhnigue et al. 2014) and in the area in Algeria (Allali et al. 2008) . The ethnobotanical knowledge on Mediterranean countries, where the medicinal traditional practice is still long-lived, like Morocco (Bellakhdar 1997; Hmamouchi 1997; Ennabili et al. 2000; Hseini et al . 2007; Hseini and Kahouadji 2007; Mehdioui and Kahouadji 2007) and Tunisia (Le Floc’h 1983; Boukef 1986) , is advanced. It is thus interesting to tempt a comparison of the lists of plants used traditionally by rural populations in each of these countries, with Kabylia (Ait Youssef 2006; Meddour et al. 2010; Meddour-Sahar et al. 2010), Algeria (Baba Aissa 1991, 1999; Beloued 1998; Delile 2007), and more globally the Mediterranean area (Gonzalez-Tejero et al . 2008) . It appears that 56 plants are common to both studies of Kabylia. With Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco, there are 65, 67 and 69 shared plants respectively, and finally, a higher number is noted between seven Mediterranean countries and Kabylia, 74 medicinal plants. These similarities are noteworthy and significant and reveal a common flora (“ethnofloristic space”) in the field of ethnobotanical uses in the Mediterranean area.

6. Conclusion The Kabylia region, like all Algeria, has a long history of traditional medicine, and this last one continues to play an important role in the treatment of most diseases, especially in rural areas, where people have poor access to modern health care systems. This ethnobotanical study, undertaken in different communes of the department of Tizi Ouzou, has demonstrated the richness of the plants used and the important place of traditional medicine in Kabylian society for primary health care. Several botanical families, such as Asteraceae and Lamiaceae , are represented and the traditional Kabylian pharmacopoeia concerns a large spectrum of diseases and ailments. From this study, it appears that the major diseases treated by traditional medicine are related to digestive pathology, skin care and bronchopulmonary system. Finally, the medicinal plants recorded in this survey are, for the most of them, already known for their therapeutic benefits in Algeria and in other countries of the Mediterranean Basin, the novelty lies especially in therapeutic uses. Thus, these plants may receive modern applications, in medical, pharmaceutical and socioeconomic.

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Arabian Journal of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants Medicinal plants and their traditional uses in Kabylia Table 1. Medicinal plants and their therapeutic uses in Kabylia area (North Algeria) Species (latin names) Families Vernacular names Administration Parts of plants used Therapeutic uses/Treated diseases/Toxicity route Acanthus mollis L. Acanthaceae Thafrefra external leaves hemorrhoids, female infertility Ajuga iva (L.) Schreber Lamiaceae Ameuski Lakhla, Kendourath, internal aerial part stomach upset, headache, animal bites (rabies) Touf Toulba Allium ampeloprasum L. Alliaceae Tharnasth internal whole plant insomnia, constipation Allium sativum L. Alliaceae Thicherth internal bulbs hypotensive, purgative, anorexia, asthma external bulbs toothache Allium triquetrum L. Alliaceae Vivras internal flowers care kidney internal whole plant bowel, soporific Anagyris foetida L. Fabaceae Aoufni external leaves scabies/toxic Arbutus unedo L. Ericaceae Issisnou internal roots antidiabetic internal leaves hypotensive Arisarum vulgare Targ.-Tozz. Araceae Thavqouqth internal tuberous rhizome laxative, pectoral/toxic Aristolochia sempervirens L. Aristolochiaceae Thifl'Eulma internal leaves, fruits dysentery (children) Aristolochia fontanesii Boiss. & Aristolochiaceae Thigharsi Guiguer internal roots antiasthmatic, antiseptic, stomach ulcer, pulmonary Reuter tuberculosis Artemisia absinthium L. Asteraceae Sajret Meryem, Thajourmith internal whole plant antidiabetic, diuretic, stomachic external whole plant antiseptic injury Arum italicum Miller Araceae Avqouq internal tubers physical pain, colds Asplenium ceterach L. Polypodiaceae Thara our Thaguen Ouaman, internal whole plant urinary stones Thijrarhiyin

Ballota nigra L. Lamiaceae Amarnouy internal aerial part digestive, antivomitif Borago officinalis L. Boraginaceae Chikh Levqoul internal leaves, flowering tops constipation Calicotome spinosa (L.) Link Fabaceae Ouzou internal roots tiredness Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Brassicaceae Iles t'Zarmoumouchth external leaves epistaxis Medik. Carthamus caeruleus L. Asteraceae Amarsgous external roots healing burns Centaurium erythraea Rafn Gentianaceae Q'lilou internal leaves, flowers fever, stomach pain, diabetes, wormer

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Arabian Journal of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants Medicinal plants and their traditional uses in Kabylia Cerinthe major L. Boraginaceae Ayefki Taghyoult external leaves rheumatism, eczema/toxic Cistus salviifolius L. Cistaceae Thouzalt external aerial part Tinea versicolor (fungus) Clematis flammula L. Ranunculaceae Azanzou internal leaves aseptic mouth external leaves drop Crataegus monogyna Jacq . Rosaceae Idhmim internal flowers normalizes blood pressure internal fruits tiredness Cynara cardunculus L. Asteraceae Tagga, Thaga internal roots diabetes, stomach pains Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Poaceae Affar internal rhizomes rheumatism, lack of bone marrow Cytisus villosus Pourret Fabaceae Ilegoui internal leaves hemorrhoids, healing external leaves hemostatic injury Daphne gnidium L. Thymeleaceae Alezzaz external leaves back pain Dioscorea communis (L.) Dioscoreaceae Tselmimou external tubers frostbite, eczema Caddick & Wilkin Dittrichia viscosa (L.) Greuter Asteraceae Amagraman external leaves antiseptic for wounds, burns, aches Drimia maritima (L.) Stearn Hyacinthaceae Ikefil internal bulbs scabies Ecballium elaterium (L.) A. Cucurbitaceae Afqous Bouaghyoul, internal fruits jaundice, anorexia (babies)/toxic Richard Afqous Lahmir external leaves eczema Equisetum ramosissimum Equisetaceae Vouymezran internal whole plant male infertility Desf. external whole plant hair growth Erica arborea L. Ericaceae Akheloundj internal flowers urinary stones external flowers freckles Erigeron canadensis L. Asteraceae Afjdhadh internal leaves antipyretic, anorexia Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Myrtaceae Kalitous internal leaves cold Ficus carica L. Moraceae Theghlett, Thazarth (fruit) internal dried fruits asthma external latex warts Foeniculum vulgare Miller Apiaceae Tamsaouth internal flowers anti-emetic Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl Oleaceae Aslen internal seeds tonic, antipyretic external seeds body aches Fumaria capreolata L. Fumariaceae Thijoujar Guesghi external whole plant skin spots, better shape (babies) Galactites tomentosus Moench Asteraceae Akichaou, Assenan Boughyoul internal stems wormer

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Arabian Journal of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants Medicinal plants and their traditional uses in Kabylia Glebionis segetum (L.) Fourr . Asteraceae Ouazdhouz external whole plant hair care, itching Globularia alypum L. Globulariaceae Thaselgha internal stems, leaves hypotensive, antipyretic, stomach aches, headaches Guenthera amplexicaulis (Desf.) Brassicaceae Achinaf external leaves dizziness Gómez-Campo Hedera helix L. Araliaceae Adhafal, Avoudjafal external leaves rheumatism, venomous (snakes, scorpions) Helminthotheca echioides (L.) Asteraceae Halafa internal leaves, stems stomach ulcer J. Holub internal flowers febrifuge external leaves healing, headaches Hyoseris radiata L. Asteraceae Thoughmes n'Temgharth internal flowers stomach problems internal leaves promotes intestinal transit Juglans regia L. Juglandaceae Ajouj external bark roots dental pain, mouth ulcers Laurus nobilis L. Lauraceae Rend, Taselt internal leaves, seeds breathing problems Lavandula stoechas L. Lamiaceae Amezir internal flowering tops diseased hearts and circulatory problems, digestive problems Lonicera etrusca G. Santi Caprifoliaceae Anaraf internal leaves chest Malva sylvestris L. Malvaceae Amedjir, Chouf Medjir external leaves mumps, mature a button (maturative) internal leaves, flowers colds, stomach pain Marrubium vulgare L. Lamiaceae Marnouyeth internal whole plant digestive, anti-emetic, stomach pain Melissa officinalis L. Lamiaceae Ifer t'Zizoua internal leaves hypotensive, hemorrhoids, diabetes Mentha pulegium L. Lamiaceae F'legou internal aerial part stomachic, laxative, respiratory problems, colds Mentha suaveolens Ehrh . Lamiaceae Timejja internal leaves stomachic, headache, fever, dizziness, frigidity external leaves antiseptic injury Mentha spicata L. Lamiaceae Nânâ internal whole plant carminative, stomachic, calm nerves, cooling Myrtus communis L. Myrtaceae Erihan, Tchilmoum (fruit) internal leaves diabetes, promotes blood circulation internal fruits proper functioning of stomach Nerium oleander L. Apocynaceae Ilili external leaves diabetes, hypoglycemic/very toxic external latex warts Nigella sativa L. Ranunculaceae Zrarâ internal seeds internals hemorrhoids, pharyngitis, tonsillitis Ocimum basilicum L. Lamiaceae Lehvaq internal whole plant conjunctivitis, sickness Olea europaea L. subsp. Oleaceae Ahechadh internal leaves toothache europaea

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Arabian Journal of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants Medicinal plants and their traditional uses in Kabylia Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller Cactaceae L'Aarsaa, Akarmous (fruit) internal flowers, fruits diarrhea, hemorrhoids Orchis italica Poir . Orchidaceae Thihiythin internal tubers impotence Origanum vulgare subsp. Lamiaceae Zaâthar internal aerial part respiratory, digestive problems glandulosum (Desf.) Iestwaart Papaver rhoeas L. Papaveraceae Djehvoudh, Ouahrir internal flowers (petals) measles Paronychia argentea Lam . Caryophyllaceae Latei Lakhla internal whole plant urinary stones Pinus halepensis Miller Pinaceae Azoumbi internal resin asthma Pistacia lentiscus L. Anacardiaceae Thidhekth internal leaves, fruits hypotensive, antidiabetic internal young shoots anorexia, stomach ache Polygonum aviculare L. Polygonaceae Zentar internal aerial part diarrhea Polypodium cambricum L. Polypodiaceae Achtouane, Tifilkouts internal leaves (fronds) tonsillitis, pharyngitis Prunus dulcis (Miller) Rosaceae Elouz Arzagan internal roots kidney disease D.A.Webb Prunus avium (L.) L. Rosaceae Andhrim internal peduncle anuria Prunus cerasus L. Rosaceae Heb Lemlouk, Lisriz internal fruits antidiabetic Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Polypodiaceae Ifilkou external aerial part scabies Pulicaria odora (L.) Reichenb. Asteraceae Silmeksa external leaves antiseptic injury Punica granatum L. Punicaceae Tharoumant internal seeds cholesterol internal fruits stomach ulcer Quercus ilex ssp . ballota Fagaceae Achekridh, Avouchich, internal acorn cups anuria, upset stomach (Desf.) Samp. Avelodh (fruit) internal fruits hyperacidity Rhammus alaternus L. Rhamnaceae Ajrouj, Imliles internal leaves jaundice, fever Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum Brassicaceae Garninouche internal aerial part cold, flu, kidney infection, weakness babies (L.) Hayek Rosa canina L. Rosaceae Thiâfarth external flowers hair loss Rosmarinus officinalis L. Lamiaceae Amezir, Amezir Bouamen internal leaves, flowers hypotensive, anemia, liver disease Rubus ulmifolius Schott Rosaceae Inijel internal leaves, young shoots stomachic, colds, stomach attacks, diabetes, respiratory diseases Rumex conglomeratus Murray Polygonaceae Thassemoumth Guezgaren internal leaves colds, intestinal transit Ruta montana L. Rutaceae Aouarmi, L'fidjla internal aerial part indigestion, upset stomach

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Arabian Journal of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants Medicinal plants and their traditional uses in Kabylia internal roots impotence Salix pedicellata Desf . Salicaceae Ismlal internal leaves rheumatic pain Sambucus nigra L. Caprifoliaceae Akhilouan, Arouari external leaves rheumatic pains, aches, measles Scolymus hispanicus L. Asteraceae Thaghdiouth external leaves hemostatic injury Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke Caryophyllaceae Thaghighachth internal whole plant anorexia, digestive problems Smyrnium olusatrum L. Apiaceae Ighses external roots rheumatic pain internal stems dental pain Sonchus oleraceus L. Asteraceae Thiffaf internal leaves diabetes, obesity external latex eczema Tamarix gallica L. Tamaricaceae Amemay internal leaves asthma, liver disease Teucrium polium L. Lamiaceae Djada, Timzourin internal whole plant hypotensive, stomachic Thapsia garganica L. Apiaceae Adharyis, Toufalt internal roots weakness, weight loss, antipyretic external roots rheumatic pain Thymus numidicus Poir. Lamiaceae Thizaathrin internal aerial part cold, flu Umbilicus rupestris (Salisb.) Crassulaceae Tibekebakin, Tichebouadhin external whole plant frostbite Dandy Netsaryel Urtica dioica L. Urticaceae Azegdhof internal roots rheumatic pain internal leaves allergic rashes external roots hair care Verbascum sinuatum L. Scrophulariaceae Thisisra, Thisraou external basal leaves rheumatic pain, sciatica Vicia faba L. Fabaceae Ivaouen internal seeds hyperacidity external leaves eczema

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