Hoyos / Louis Sachar Información Complemetaria

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Hoyos / Louis Sachar Información Complemetaria BIBLIOTECA PÚBLICA DE BURGOS. Club de lectura Juvenil. HOYOS / LOUIS SACHAR INFORMACIÓN COMPLEMETARIA ESCENARIO La historia se desarrolla casi en su totalidad en el Campamento Lago Verde, junto al pueblo de Largo Verde, en Texas. A la vez se narran las peripecias, en Letonia, su país natal, del tatarabuelo del protagonista. ÉPOCA Se narra la historia que sucede en verano, de una época actual, pero se va mezclando con acontecimientos ocurridos, hace más de cien años, a los antepasados del protagonista. Aunque no parecen tener nada que ver los hechos actuales con los pasados, el autor trata de darles una posible explicación relacionándolos con la mala suerte que persigue a toda la familia. CRÍTICA: Louis Sachar Traducción de Elena Abós. Madrid, Ediciones SM, 2001. Colección El Barco de Vapor, Serie Roja. por Raúl Tamargo Un terreno que alguna vez fue fértil y ahora es un desierto, recostado sobre un lago que ya no tiene agua ni seres vivos. En este paisaje, Stanley Yelnats, un adolescente, deberá moverse durante el tiempo que dure su condena por un delito que no ha cometido. El incidente que lo lleva a Campamento Lago Verde es curioso y pareciera mostrar el interés del autor por reforzar su inocencia: Stanley camina bajo el puente de una autopista cuando le caen “del cielo” un par de zapatillas. El muchacho las recoge y se las lleva a su padre, una especie de inventor que trabaja en un proyecto de desodorante para pies. Para desgracia del protagonista, su tesoro perteneció a Clyde «Pies Dulces» 1 BIBLIOTECA PÚBLICA DE BURGOS. Club de lectura Juvenil. Livingston, un famoso jugador de béisbol que las había donado para recaudar dinero para un refugio de niños sin hogar. Stanley es aprehendido, juzgado y condenado. El juez le da a elegir entre la cárcel y el campamento correccional. En Campamento Lago Verde, tendrá que apelar a sus recursos de adaptación y resistencia para sobrevivir. La mayor parte de la narración transcurre en ese escenario y en ese tiempo. Pero hay otra historia, relatada en capítulos intercalados, que nos cuenta las peripecias del tatarabuelo y el bisabuelo del protagonista. Ambas historias confluirán hacia el final del relato. El campamento es una suerte de prisión con trabajos forzados. Los muchachos recluidos tienen asignada la tarea de cavar un hoyo diario, tan ancho y tan profundo como el largo de la pala que utilizan. El trabajo es agotador, sobre todo si se tiene en cuenta que es realizado bajo los rayos del sol, en medio de un desierto que muchos años atrás fue un lago inmenso. Tres son los adultos encargados del lugar. Dos de ellos (Señor Sir y Señor Peraski) cumplen la tarea de celaduría: trasladan a los chicos hasta el sitio de las excavaciones, controlan el trabajo, administran los alimentos y las raciones de agua, y les explican a los recién llegados el funcionamiento del campamento, que por otra parte es muy sencillo. Sólo se les exige que hagan su trabajo y que den aviso si encuentran algo interesante entre la tierra. El lector enseguida sospechará que detrás de las excavaciones hay una búsqueda. La versión cinematográfica de la novela ha tomado este rasgo para titular la obra en castellano como El misterio de los excavadores (1), con menos fidelidad hacia el título original: “Holes”. El tercero de los adultos a cargo es la directora del lugar: Vigilante. Dispensa malos tratos y crueldades tanto a los muchachos como a sus subordinados. La mueve una única obsesión: encontrar un tesoro que supone enterrado en algún lugar del viejo lago. El protagonista atribuye su desgracia a una especie de maldición que ha caído sobre su familia desde la época en que su tatarabuelo, de origen letón, no cumple con parte de una promesa adquirida. Ha escuchado decirlo a sus padres y el joven se ha convencido de ello. Sin embargo, en cuanto la hostilidad del campamento comienza a ponerlo a prueba, Stanley no se mostrará como un muchacho auto indulgente y perseguido por el infortunio, sino que mostrará rasgos de fortaleza extrema, así como también de inteligencia aguda y solidaridad firme. Enseguida entabla amistad con Zero (2), un muchacho silencioso y analfabeto, a quien todos tienen por tonto. Stanley le enseñará a leer, a cambio de lo cual, parte de su hoyo diario será cavado por su alumno. El 2 BIBLIOTECA PÚBLICA DE BURGOS. Club de lectura Juvenil. pacto entre los chicos genera en el protagonista no pocos cuestionamientos de orden ético y, por supuesto, en sus compañeros de trabajo, hostilidad y burla. Hacia el final de la novela, sabremos que fue Zero quien robó las zapatillas del beisbolista Livingston, como otra manera que el autor tiene de atar los numerosos hilos desplegados por la historia. En una de las excavaciones, Stanley encuentra una piedra con restos fósiles. A los celadores no les interesa el objeto, pero el episodio sirve para que Rayos X (una suerte de mandamás dentro del grupo) se acerque a Stanley y marque su autoridad: argumentando que no es justo que Stanley, que es el más nuevo en el lugar, se lleve el premio de un día sin trabajo, le “propone” que la próxima vez que encuentre algo, se lo entregue a él antes de dar aviso a los celadores. Stanley no opone resistencias. De hecho, poco después cumple con lo “pactado”, cuando encuentra en uno de sus hoyos un objeto que sí será valorado por Vigilante: se trata de un pintalabios grabado con las letras “K B”. Esta actitud, que podría parecer sumisa, volverá a aparecer en un episodio posterior en el que nuestro héroe asume todas las culpas (y los castigos consecuentes) por el grupo. No se trata sin embargo de sumisión compulsiva, sino del producto de sus reflexiones sobre las posibilidades de supervivencia dentro del grupo. El muchacho opera con reflejo sus mecanismos de adaptación. Paralelamente al relato de la vida en el campamento, el lector irá enterándose de viejas historias acaecidas en el pueblo que alguna vez floreció alrededor del lago antes de convertirse en un desierto. La maestra se enamora de un chico color, acontecimiento que el racismo de los lugareños no puede tolerar. El negro es asesinado. Ella se salva y se convierte en forajida. Gana notoriedad como tal. Antes de matar a sus víctimas las besa en la frente. El bisabuelo de Stanley se topará con ella en un camino, pero si bien será víctima de robo, la mujer le perdonará la vida; un rasgo de buena suerte que el muchacho no tendrá en cuenta cuando se queje de la maldición que pesa sobre su familia. Tanto el lector como el propio protagonista irán descubriendo que los hechos y los escenarios de las historias de su bisabuelo tienen que ver con los hechos y los escenarios de la historia presente, en el Campamento Lago Verde. Zero decide que no volverá a excavar. Golpea al señor Peraski con su pala y huye hacia el medio del desierto. Todos lo dan por muerto, a excepción de Stanley, quien después de unos días decide buscar a su amigo. Los episodios siguientes están marcados por la voluntad de supervivencia y la entrañable solidaridad que muestran los muchachos. Con mucho esfuerzo, llegan a la cima de una montaña en la que encontrarán agua abundante y cebollas silvestres. Se trata del mismo lugar en el que el bisabuelo de Stanley encontró refugio cuando sufriera el asalto de Kate Barlow, la maestra devenida en bandida. 3 BIBLIOTECA PÚBLICA DE BURGOS. Club de lectura Juvenil. La coincidencia es una entre una larga lista que tiene como finalidad cerrar la historia presente y la historia o las historias de un centenar de años atrás. Zero resulta ser tataranieto de madame Zeroni, la pitonisa que echara la maldición sobre la familia de Stanley Yelnats. Haber bebido del agua de la montaña, gracias a la ayuda de un Yelnats, destruye el antiguo hechizo y todo comienza a evolucionar favorablemente para los protagonistas, que a esta altura ya son los dos muchachos escapados del campamento. El autor parece aceptar la idea de la maldición, pero el final de la misma no ocurre por medios fantásticos, sino gracias al esfuerzo y la amistad de los chicos. Si Hoyos es una novela que ambienta a la adolescencia en un micro universo saturado de injusticias, crueldades y autoritarismo, hacia el final, todo evoluciona en sentido contrario. Los protagonistas encuentran el cofre que perteneció al bisabuelo de Stanley, la justicia declara inocente al muchacho, su abogada y un fiscal acuden en su rescate, y el funcionamiento del campamento es puesto bajo el control de la fiscalía. Finalmente, el padre de Stanley consigue inventar su desodorante para pies, el muchacho comparte la fortuna hallada en el cofre con Zero, y este se reencuentra con su madre, de quien había perdido el rastro mucho tiempo antes. Louis Sachar cierra con toda prolijidad cada uno de los hilos que fue desatando a lo largo de la narración. Nada queda abierto a las interpretaciones del lector. Sin embargo, es probable que resulte necesaria la relectura para buscar relaciones entre los nombres de personajes y lugares y los hechos de las dos historias (la de los muchachos y las de sus ancestros). El relato es narrado en tercera persona, por una voz que se limita a presentar los acontecimientos y alguna que otra reflexión interna de los personajes. A excepción del final, en el que todo, absolutamente todo, se resuelve a favor de los protagonistas (podría decirse a favor del “bien”), Hoyos es una novela sin concesiones; desde el ambiente hasta los conflictos, desde el lenguaje hasta el tratamiento del tiempo, el texto busca un lector inteligente e inmerso en el mundo real.
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