RESEARCH REPORT ON Ms.Aishwarya Paradkar1, Ms.Rutika Nanivadekar2, Mr. Prathamesh Gharad3 1,2,3Dept of Environmental Engineering, KIT'S College of Engineering, Kolhapur, () INDEX

Sr no. Contents Pg no 1 Abstract 3 2 Introduction 4 3 Sources 4 4 Causes 5 5 Ambient air quality 6 6 Winter season: the pollution season 8 7 Effects 8 8 Preventive measures 9 9 References 11

ABSTRACT Environmental problems in Delhi, India, are a threat to the well-being of the city's and area's inhabitants as well as the flora and fauna. Delhi, the sixth-most populated metropolis in the world(include all of NCR and it becomes second most populous metropolitan area), is one of the most heavily polluted cities in India, having for instance one of the country's highest volumes of particulate matter pollution. In May 2014 the World Health Organisation announced as the most polluted city in the world. Overpopulation and the ensuing overuse of scarce resources such as water put heavy pressure on the environment. The city suffers from air pollution caused by road dust and industry,with comparatively smaller contributions from unclean engines in transportation, especially diesel-powered city buses and trucks, and 2- wheelers and 3-wheelers with two-stroke engines.Noise pollution comes mainly from motorcycle and automobile traffic. Water pollution and a lack of solid waste treatment facilities have caused serious damage to the river on whose banks Delhi grew, the . Besides human and environmental damage, pollution has caused economic damage as well; Delhi may have lost the competition to host the 2014 Asian Games because of its poor environment. Recently as per a report, it was found that the air in Delhi is most populated in the world. Delhi Government was criticized for not taking any action towards this issue. However, on 4th December 2015, Delhi government has made a proposal which is very unique and first of its kind. It is being referred as Odd/Even Car number System.Various such aspects are discussed in the paper.

Keywords:Air pollution Delhi, control measures, health

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I.INTRODUCTION

Air pollution is woven throughout the fabric of our modern life. Air pollution is the waste remaining from the ways we produce our goods, transport ourselves and our goods, and generate the energy to heat and light the places where we live, play and work. The major cause of air pollution is combustion and combustion is essential to man. When combustion occurs the hydrogen and carbon in the fuel combines with oxygen from the air to produce heat, light, carbon dioxide, and water vapour. However, impurities in the fuel, poor fuel to air ratio, or too high or too low combustion temperatures cause the formation of side products such as carbon monoxide, sulphur oxides, nitrogen oxides, fly ash, and unburned hydrocarbons, which all are air pollutants. Air pollution may be defined as the presence in the outdoor atmosphere of one or more contaminants or combinations in such quantities and of such durations as may be or may tend to be injurious to human, plant, or animal life, or property or which unreasonably interferes with the comfort of property or business. As this proposal is new most of us are not aware of the details. Common questions are – What is Odd/Even Car system? How will it work and what will be the impact ? This particular article addresses all these questions. Another important thing to be mentioned here is that this new system will become active from 1st January 2016 As we know the traffic in Delhi has grown to critical level and leads to lots of pollutions. Residents of Delhi understand how difficult it is to drive car. Here is how this system will work: The last digit of your Vehicle Registration number will be used for odd or even consideration. The Odd and Even numbered vehicles will be allowed to drive on Alternate days For Example – If the last digit of vehicle number is 0,2,4,6,8 then you can drive your car on Tuesday, Thursday & Saturday and if the last digit is 1,3,5,7,9 then you will be allowed to drive your car on Monday, Wednesday. Friday Here are some more features – This rule is applicable only to Private Vehicles This Rule is not applicable to vehicles registered outside Delhi

II.SOURCES

Environmental problems in Delhi, India, are a threat to the well-being of the city's and area's inhabitants as well as the flora and fauna. Delhi, the sixth-most populated metropolis in the world(include all of NCR and it becomes second most populous metropolitan area), is one of the most heavily polluted cities in India, having for instance one of the country's highest volumes of particulate matter pollution. In May 2014 the World Health Organisation announced New Delhi as the most polluted city in the world. Overpopulation and the ensuing overuse of scarce resources such as water put heavy pressure on the environment. The city suffers from air pollution caused by road dust and industry, with comparatively smaller contributions from unclean engines in transportation, especially diesel-powered city buses and trucks, and 2- wheelers and 3-wheelers with two-stroke engines. Noise pollution comes mainly from motorcycle and automobile traffic. Water pollution and a lack of solid waste treatment facilities have caused serious damage to the river on whose banks Delhi grew, the Yamuna. Besides human and environmental damage, pollution has

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caused economic damage as well; Delhi may have lost the competition to host the 2014 Asian Games because of its poor environment. is caused mainly by industry. As many as 10,000 people a year may die prematurely in Delhi as a result of air pollution. The 1997 White Paper sponsored by the Ministry of Environment and Forests already proposed various measures to bring down pollution caused by traffic, including smoothing the flow of traffic with parking regulations and bringing down total traffic by mandatory limits on driving. City authorities claim to have had some success in bringing down air pollution; for instance, during the bidding process for the 2014 Asian Games, the city's organizing committee had claimed that "pollution levels had come down drastically in Delhi with the arrival of Metro rail as well as all public transport vehicle being run compulsorily on CNG (Compressed Natural Gas)." For traffic related sources, growth in vehicle numbers and mileage seems to outpace efforts to reduce emissions. Contrary to popular belief, most of the air pollution in Delhi is not due to vehicular traffic. Main contributors to particulate matter in the PM10 range, as a recent study shows, are road dust (50%) and industry (23%)--vehicles accounted for only 7%. Among industrial contributors, power plants within Delhi city limits were the main culprits. Road dust and secondary particles emitted from various sources are the primary contributors of pollution in the national capital, according to a draft report by IIT Kanpur. While the pollutants are almost similar in both summer and winter, sources said vehicles are the major contributors to pollution during winter. “During winter, one of the major pollutants is not dust but from secondary particles, which are especially emitted by vehicles,” said a source. The main contributors for PM 10 and PM 2.5 during winter are trucks and two-wheelers. Other sources of pollution during winter include secondary particles (25-30 per cent), vehicles (20-25 per cent), biomass burning (17-26 per cent), MSW burning (9-8 per cent) and to a lesser extent soil and road dust. In winters, major sources for PM 10 and PM2.5 are generally the same. According to the report, the four top contributors of PM 10 during summer are road dust, concrete batching plants, industrial point sources and vehicles. The top four contributors for PM 2.5 are dust, vehicles, domestic fuel burning and industrial pollution. Other sources of pollution in summer include coal and fly ash (37-26 per cent), road dust (26-27 per cent), secondary particles (10-15 per cent), biomass burning (7-12 per cent), vehicles (6-9 per cent) and MSW burning (8-7 per cent). “Delhi has witnessed severe air pollution as far as PM 10, PM 2.5 and nitrogen oxides in ambient air are concerned. These do not pollute in solitude but carry other pollutants,” said a source.

III.CAUSES

1. Air pollution in Delhi is caused mostly by industrial waste and vehicular pollution. 2. 80,000 trucks flit in and out of the city at night; some of these are two decades old and many of these run on a mixture of kerosene and diesel to save money. 3. Power plants within the city limits were found to be big contributors to the air pollution problem. 4. Particulate matter in the PM10 range is caused mostly by road dust (50%), industry (23%) and vehicles (7%). 5. Some reports suggest that as many as 10,000 people die prematurely each year due to the pollution levels in the city.

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6. The DDA (Delhi Development Authority) is supposed to provide „lung spaces‟ in the city. 7. 8,422 hectares of Delhi land is reserved for „the Greens‟; the DDA manages more than 5,050 hectares of this land. 8. Part of the problem is the city‟s ever-growing population and the resultant effect that this has on the environment. 9. Programs, like the CNG program, that were supposed to reduce air pollution, have failed. 1,000 new personal vehicles are added each day to the Delhi roads, many of which run on diesel. 10. The Supreme Court judgment that required all public transport vehicles to run on CNG reduced levels of respirable suspended particulate matter (RSPM) but then pollution levels rose again. 11. Hospitals saw a dip in the number of respiratory ailments from 2003-2004 till 2006-2007, but the numbers had risen to alarming levels by 2013-2014. 12. Many children and adults who live in Delhi suffer from lung-related diseases and the number is said to be on the rise. 13. PM2.5, which is considered the most dangerous particle, often reaches more than 20 times the permissible limit in Delhi‟s air. 14. PM2.5 is exceedingly harmful because it is small enough to reach the lungs and can enter the bloodstream. It is carcinogenic.

IV.AMBIENT AIR QUALITY IN VARIOUS PARTS OF THE CITY As recorded on 17th march 2016 at 17.45 1. Civil lines Parameters Gas concentrations Prescribed standards

Ammonia 54.54 µg/m3 400 µg/m3 Benzene 4.94 µg/m3 5 µg/m3 Nitrogen dioxide 146.51 µg/m3 80 µg/m3

Sulphur dioxide 14.29 µg/m3 80 µg/m3

Particulate matter PM10 284.61 µg/m3 100 µg/m3 2. Punjabi Bagh Parameters Gas concentrations Prescribed standards Ammonia 21.4 400 Benzene 0.5 5 Nitrogen dioxide 107.5 80 Sulphur dioxide 20.7 80 Particulate matter PM10 165 100 Particulate matter PM2.5 35 60 As recorded on 18th march 2016 at 10.00 3. Anand vihar 566 | P a g e

Parameters Gas concentrations Prescribed standards Ammonia 56.8 400 Benzene 15.1 5 Nitrogen dioxide 96.6 80 Sulphur dioxide 28.7 80 Particulate matter PM10 230 100 Particulate matter PM2.5 77 60

The total suspended particulate level (TSP) in Delhi was approximately five times the WHO‟s average standard. A report by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, India, in 1997 reviewed the deteriorating situations in Delhi. The Pm10 standards are generally used to measure the air quality.

V.WINTER SEASON: THE POLLUTION SEASON

Temp inversion occurs during the winter season when normal atmospheric conditions (cool air above and warm air below) become inverted. In this, a dense layer of cold air is trapped under a layer of warm air. The warm layer acts like a lid, trapping the pollutants in the cold air near the ground surface. Due to this, the heat absorption from the sun does not take place, thus preventing the normal vertical mixing of warm and cold air. exacerbates the problem, facilitating chemical reactions that create even more particles and higher pollutant concentrations. The longer the inversion lasts, the higher the level of pollution is trapped under it.

VI. EFFECTS

1. Acidification: Chemical reactions involving air pollutants can create acidic compounds which can cause harm to vegetation and buildings. Sometimes, when an air pollutant, such as sulfuric acid combines with the water droplets that make up clouds, the water droplets become acidic, forming acid rain. When acid rain falls over an area, it can kill trees and harm animals, fish, and other wildlife.

2. Acid rain destroys the leaves of plants When acid rain infiltrates into soils, it changes the chemistry of the soil making it unfit for many living things that rely on soil as a habitat or for nutrition. Acid rain also changes the chemistry of the lakes and streams that the rainwater flows into, harming fish and other aquatic life.

3. Eutrophication Rain can carry and deposit the Nitrogen in some pollutants on rivers and soils. This will adversely affect the nutrients in the soil and water bodies. This can result in algae growth in lakes and water bodies, and make conditions for other living organism harmful.

4. Ground-level ozone Chemical reactions involving air pollutants create a poisonous gas ozone (O3). Gas Ozone can affect people‟s health and can damage vegetation types and some animal life too.

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5. Particulate matter Air pollutants can be in the form of particulate matter which can be very harmful to our health. The level of effect usually depends on the length of time of exposure, as well the kind and concentration of chemicals and particles exposed to. Short-term effects include irritation to the eyes, nose and throat, and upper respiratory infections such as bronchitis and pneumonia. Others include headaches, nausea, and allergic reactions. Short- term air pollution can aggravate the medical conditions of individuals with and emphysema. Long-term health effects can include chronic respiratory disease, lung , heart disease, and even damage to the brain, nerves, liver, or kidneys. Continual exposure to air pollution affects the lungs of growing children and may aggravate or complicate medical conditions in the elderly.

VII. PREVENTIVE MEASURES

Prevention And Control of Air Pollution: Different techniques are used for controlling air pollution caused by 'gaseous pollutants' and that caused by 'particulate pollutants'. Methods of controlling gaseous pollutants: The air pollution caused by gaseous pollutants like hydrocarbons, sulphur dioxide,ammonia,carbon monoxide,etc can be controlled by using three different methods-Combustion, Absorption and Adsorption. Combustion: This technique is applied when the pollutants are organic gases or vapours. The organic air pollutants are subjected to 'flame combustion or catalytic combustion' when they are converted to less harmful product carbon dioxide and a harmless product water. Absorption:In this method,the polluted air containing gaseous pollutants is passed through a scrubber containing a suitable liquid absorbent. The liquid absorbs the harmful gaseous pollutants present in air. Adsorption:In this method,the polluted air is passed through porous solid adsorbents kept in suitable containers. The gaseous pollutants are adsorbed at the surface of the porous solid and clean air passes through. Methods of controlling particulate emissions. The air pollution caused by particulate matter like dust, soot, ash, etc, can be controlled by using fabric filters, wet scrubbers, electrostatic precipitators and certain mechanical devices. Mechanical Devices: It works on the basis of following: Gravity:In this process, the particulate settle down by the action of gravitational force and get removed. Sudden change in the direction of air flow brings about separation of particles due to greater momentum. 2. Fabric Filters:The particulate matter is passed through a porous medium made of woven or filled fabrics. The particulate present in the polluted air are filtered and gets collected in the fabric filters ,while the gases are discharged. The process of controlling air pollution by using fabric filters is called 'bag filtration'. 3. Wet Scrubbers:They are used to trap SO2,NH3 and metal fumes by passing the fumes through water. 4. Electrostatic Precipitators:When the polluted air containing particulate pollutants is passed through an electrostatic precipitator,it induces electric charge on the particles and then the aerosol particles get precipitated on the electrodes.

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VIII. SOME OTHER METHODS OF CONTROLLING AIR POLLUTION

1.Tall chimneys should be installed in factories. 2. Better designed equipment and smokeless fuels should be used in homes and industries. 3. Renewable and non- polluting sources of energy like solar energy, wind energy, etc,should be used. 4. Automobiles should be properly maintained and adhere to emission control standards. 5. More trees should be planted along roadsides and houses.

IX. CONCLUSION

The Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi has taken various steps to reduce the level of air pollution in the city during the last 10 years. The benefits of air pollution control measures are showing in the readings. However, more still needs to be done to further reduce the levels of air pollution. The already existing measures need to be strengthened and magnified to a larger scale. The governmental efforts alone are not enough. Participation of the community is crucial in order to make a palpable effect in the reduction of pollution. The use of public transport needs to be promoted. The use of Metro rail can be encouraged by provision of an adequate number of feeder buses at Metro stations that ply with the desired frequency. More frequent checking of Pollution Under Control Certificates needs to be undertaken by the civic authorities to ensure that vehicles are emitting gases within permissible norms. People need to be educated to switch-off their vehicles when waiting at traffic intersections. Moreover, the “upstream” factors responsible for pollution also need factors responsible for pollution also need to be addressed. The ever-increasing influx of migrants can be reduced by developing and creating job opportunities in the peripheral and suburban areas, and thus prevent further congestion of the already-choked capital city of Delhi. Health, as we all know, is an all-pervasive subject, lying not only within the domains of the health department but with all those involved in human development. Many great scholars to hippocrates have stressed the importance of environment in the health of the individual. Therefore, all those who play a role in modifying the environment in any way, for whatever reason, need to contribute to safeguard people's health by controlling all those factors which affect it.

REFRENCES

www.dpccairdata.com Air pollution by Wark and Warner

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