Women in Hadith
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Why Were Arabs and Muslims Called Saracens in the Medieval and the Renaissance Literature?
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by European Scientific Journal (European Scientific Institute) European Scientific Journal September 2019 edition Vol.15, No.26 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431 Why Were Arabs and Muslims Called Saracens in the Medieval and the Renaissance Literature? Hamed Suliman Abuthawabeh, MA Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Jordan Doi:10.19044/esj.2019.v15n26p139 URL:http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2019.v15n26p139 Abstract Several English writers from different literary periods, including the medieval and the Renaissance literature portray the people coming from the Arabian Desert in the frame of racial and religious otherness. Most writings stress the danger of those people by describing them as people whose only goal is to fight and kill Christians in order to conquer their lands, destroy their churches and force them to convert to Islam. Furthermore, the writers avoided calling those people by their national name, Arabs, or even by their religious name, Muslims. They used the name of Saracens instead. This study explores the etymology of the name of Saracens as well as the reasons why this name was used to describe most peoples who come from Middle East. The research also points out the relationship between the name of Saracens and the skin color as a major characteristic that distinguishes Arabs and most Muslims from European people. The findings of this research are very important in part because they are a contribution to the etymological studies of the name of Saracen, and in part because they clarify the real reasons why Arabs and Muslims were called Saracens by the medieval and Renaissance writers. -
The Empire of Malvernis the Adon Economic Confederation the Ritterlich Republic the Grand Order of the Temple the Almirithil
COREWARD ALDERAMIN ACRUX SUDENLAND SHAMROCK RESERVE HYDRO BIXBY ESPANOLA SPARKS CAPH WHITEROCK KASPER VAGABOND ENTERPRISE CLIMAX THE UNITED VALENCIA AD ASTRA CASTOR TERRAN FEDERATION TENNUS ALGORAB NESLO DRACON MINOR OKMA VOYAGE’S END NAGANO DRACON MAJOR AVARTAK BYRON VISTA AKITA MANGA MIG SARTIK CHUBU EL DORADO KOLI TIBURON SULPHUR EMAM SOL GRANITE NAPA JAGHLA ALPHA CENTARI HAMAL MARA DELPHOS SAPPORO MAGRAK ORION MENAL TORGH KOBE KYOTO NORN JUNCTION LUPUS KOBORLAS DENEBOLA BALI COMBINE VEGA DUNE SWEETWATER FALTON STATION PORT ARTHUR KAJI (CIMARRON) CHIKARA HELLSPIRE MARTUTH (JOC 45) BACHHA FARAK CISCUS ISABEL MONGLASH BLACKHAWK KENTAURUS CLAVIS GRIFFIN SENWI CURSA CA 5 DATANNA (JB89D “JEB”) HALGAR BORGHEL PIRMUS GHANG CA 16 TRIGON HIKARI (VELA) TRAKKA RICEBALL ZEPHYR QUNRAD QAY ARCHER HOCH DAKARI NARMON VINPU HORN MUSTANG YUME CHANAS CLOVER REDUNDANT TAGHA HAWK LORNIK LETO MOHR GROMASH SIRENE FARGO PLEXUS ANTARES JANTHA OUTCRY BOLD VELAGG DAKAN SERRUM THE GREATER COIL PYXIS HIBERNIAN BELENUS ELECTRA SUNDANCE SCARTH IMPACT OUTCOME MOGUK EMPIRE OF THE RACH SNOWDRIFT FANDANGO MEYR REDHOT LOKTAR RELAX LOTUS RANCOR YERGHO UNDYING ARLOGH DARGON CLINCH SOOT AWESTRUCK DODGE VOXX FARSEER NAMTUN SLAN VORTEX WALKER’S STATION SANTANA KHASTOMERE STRAHKEEM QUZAH TRITON ULGAN FORD MEXIA PENTHE REGAR DUSHARA TURNAROUND NAV’AK DAKKA NATH PORT HR-455 TUNG’AK PICATRIX ACRE SIGMA ATNAVA CARRAT SPICA MANAF PACH OLD WORLD MISDEED ONYX GRIFFON KAPH TU-190 NIMBUS GRUS VESKA ATARSA EXODUS FATE HE 59 ICEBAG BAJIR VALANOOR KYVELUNA HRAN’AK CRONOS IGC 2167 THYRENNAS -
CLPE Teaching Notes for the Proudest Blue
Teaching Notes for THE PROUDEST BLUE A Story of Hijab and Family Written by Ibtihaj Muhammad with S. K. Ali and illustrated by Hatem Aly Published by Andersen Press These notes have been written by the teachers at the CLPE to provide schools with ideas to develop comprehension and cross-curricular activities around this text. They build on our work supporting teachers to use picture books to enhance critical thinking and develop creative approaches in art and writing. They encourage a deep reading of and reflection on the text, which may happen over a series of reading sessions, rather than in just one sitting. We hope you find them useful. The concepts explored in the book and these teaching notes are more suitable for children aged 7+. Pre-reading Preparations: In order for these teaching notes to work most effectively, you will need to ‘keep back’ the text from the children initially and not show them the cover or the title of the book. It would be a good idea to cover the front with sugar or brown paper until the title is revealed. It is advised that you create a class reading journal by stapling large pieces of folded sugar paper. The pages of the journal will provide a space in which to capture thoughts, feelings and discussions about the book. Reading aloud and key talking points: • Before you begin to read the book, cut a circle in the wrapping paper of the front cover to reveal a part of the blue colour that features on the front cover. -
1 the Role of the Women in Fighting the Enemies [Please Note: Images
The Role Of The Women In Fighting The Enemies [Please note: Images may have been removed from this document. Page numbers have been added.] By the martyred Shaykh, Al-Hafith Yusuf Bin Salih Al-‘Uyayri (May Allah have Mercy upon him) Introduction In the Name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Most Merciful Verily all praise is due to Allah, and may the Peace and Blessings of Allah be upon the Messenger of Allah, his family and all of his companions. To proceed: My honoured sister, Indeed for you is an important and great role; and you must rise and fulfill your obligatory role in Islam 's confrontation of the new Crusade being waged by all the countries of the world against Islam and the Muslims. I will address you in these papers, and I will prolong this address due only to the importance of the topic; [a topic] that is in need of double these papers. So listen, may Allah protect and preserve you. The Muslim Ummah today is suffering from types of disgrace and humiliation that cannot be enumerated; [disgrace and humiliation] that it was not familiar with in its previous eras, and were never as widespread as they are today. And this disgrace and humiliation is not a result of the smallness of the Islamic Ummah or its poverty - it is counted as the largest Ummah today, just as it is the only Ummah that possesses the riches and elements that its enemies do not possess. And the question that presents itself is: what is the reason for this disgrace and humiliation that the Ummah suffers from today, when it is not in need of money or men? We say that -
The Right to Asylum Between Islamic Shari'ah And
The Right to Asylum between Islamic Shari’ah and International Refugee Law A Comparative Study Prof. Ahmed Abou-El-Wafa Produced and Printed by Printing Press of Naif Arab University for Security Sciences Riyadh - 2009 (1430 H.) The Right to Asylum between Islamic Shari’ah and International Refugee Law A Comparative Study Prof. Ahmed Abou-El-Wafa Riyadh - 2009 (1430 H.) “Those who believed and emigrated, and strove in the cause of GOD, as well as those who hosted them and gave them refuge, and supported them, these are the true believers. They have deserved forgiveness and a generous recompense.” (Quranic Surat al-Anfal, "The Spoils of War" [Chapter 8 verse 74]) “Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution.” (Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Article 14) "Every man shall have the right, within the framework of the Shari'ah... if persecuted, is entitled to seek asylum in another country. The country of refugee shall be obliged to provide protection to the asylum seeker until his safety has been attained, unless asylum is motivated by committing an act regarded by the Shari'ah as a crime". (Article 12 of the Declaration on Human Rights in Islam) United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) Regional Office in the Regional Office in the Arab Republic of Egypt GCC Countries E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Arabic Website: English Website: www.unhcr.org.eg www.unhcr.org First Edition 2009 This book is written, on behalf of UNHCR by Prof. Dr. Ahmed Abou-El-Wafa, Chief of the Department of Public International Law, Faculty of Law, Cairo University. -
Plan Jan 20 Strike Lures During Thu Rirsi Weck of (Bal Hr and Orncisls of All the by Rsuomar 1999
Bulk atc Poslagó PA I D flg Bugic Nw 7400WAUKEGAN RD,NtLES, 1L60714 fliuRsDAY,JANuARyi, 1999 VOL42, NO. 30 Têacherswütmore than agreed 18%.ràlse; Suburb officials meet about . taxpayerstópay For increased salarfes FEMA snow removal funds by KonarTIrIo In rcSpOflSC IO TCqUStS by eut- FEMA funds. The pru rcicas.c goingGv.3imEdgariindC1iicn- rncntioncdpcciflciIIy thc i&6 go Mayor RcIuud M. Daby. inch nowfnIt that ijuned' i prcsidcnt Clinton bas approved cagorndCeokCountythcwck- :JJistrict 63 teachers Fdcrl Diwrcncy Mnnagcrncnl orian. 2.3. Agency VEMA) funds for 34 Ii- Ihr wival amount ofihe funds liois counties, Cook County wilt be nyaiIabIis, Ndss was among thum. which wesc hIL by unknown as pcss lime. howcr. bcavy snows and bitter tsmpera- Villagu bnagcr sold thu Bugic plan Jan 20 strike lures during thu rirsi weck of (bal hr and orncisls of all the by Rsuomar 1999. norsbcm suburbs wctc irvitcd io fiole Accordingin a picos rcIcancin 3n, 20. ni thc Dcspitc rcchlng a bisijon of the 6 percent inCrease bostd Objects sóthc uicona pro- sued by the office of Sen Dick MroneTownship Jewish Congre. new conoari agTcctncni lasi Ø. in each of she three years of she posaliogivo l5pereensso20per- Durbin (D-III.). Nilen Among pion os 8800 BaIlwd Rd. rn Ucs lober, Essi Maine Diitrici 63 contrari agreed so by both sidoin cons psy saines toshe resecan Slit cornmunbics cligibc for the co.uinuei no sage leathers look a voie or no. the rail eigotiassions The school Coe*bn*d en Pngedd. confdcnce jan. 13 and agtis arc lhzesirningto walkout of thclt Nues Dist 219 referendum classfccmsaftamoL2O whc*tth tNi1e dad wafltSex-wifo's cash nesimcciinglschcdulttL usòdes rewardor missing child unlikely on April ballot The direc-ycarconiract baryes f le sos unprreedenscd and eses-scadere thus Slobodis had made Grff1:powcIL Io be ratified by the dinanics. -
The Iqta' System of Iraq Under the Buwayhids Tsugitaka Sato
THE IQTA' SYSTEM OF IRAQ UNDER THE BUWAYHIDS TSUGITAKA SATO* In 334 A. H. (946 A.D.), having established his authority in Baghdad, Mu'izz al-Dawla granted iqta's in the Sawad to his commanders, his asso- ciates, and his Turks. This is the formation of the so-called "military" iqta' system in the Islamic history. The appearance of the military iqta's brought about not only the evolution of the Islamic state, but also the transformation of the Iraqi society during the 10-11th centuries and of the other countries in the following periods. Nizam al-Mulk understood this as the change from bistagan (cash pay) to iqta',(1) while al-Maqrizi described as the change from 'ata' to iqta' in the same meaning.(2) As for the iqta' system under the Buwayhids, H. F. Amedroz first translated the Miskawayh's text into English with annotations,(3) and then C. H. Becker tried to realize the iqta' system in the history of 'Lehen' from the early Islamic period to the Ottoman Turks.(4) A. A, al-Duri, who studied the economic history of the Buwayhid Iraq, made clear the character of iqta' comparing it with milk (private land) and waqf, though the reality of iqta' holding remained to be investigated in future.(5) On the other hand, Cl. Cahen published the general survey of iqta' in the history of the Islamic land holding, which gave us usefull informations concerning the right and obligation of soldiers, and the fall of peasants by way of himaya (protection) and the loan at high interest.(6) We also find the general description of iqta' in the study of H. -
Twelve Years Old, While Some Say He Was Eighteen Years Old
SANKORE' Institute of Islamic - African Studies International www.siiasi.org ! " ! Kitaab ‘l-Jihaad (The Book of Military Struggle) 1 1 The etymological root of the word ‘jihaad ’ (military struggle) is from the expression ‘exertion’ ( jahd) which means hardship ( mashaqqa ) and energetic capability ( taaqa ). According to the shari`a it means waging combat and fighting against enemies, which comprises the exertion and emission of utmost capacity in war, or words, or what is connected to it. The one who struggles ( jaahid ) against the enemy, is a mujaahid and jihaad is his actual combat; thus he is the one who struggles in the Way of Allah. Allah ta`ala says: “ …if indeed you go out in jihaad in My Way seeking My pleasure .” Allah ta`ala says: “Say: if your fathers, sons, brothers, wives, relatives, the wealth you have acquired, the merchandise for which you fear loss, and dwellings you desire are more dearer to you than Allah, His Messenger and jihaad in His Way ”; that is in giving victory to the religion of Allah and adhering to His pleasure. This is evidence of the merits of jihaad , and it taking preference over all the things which bring comfort to the soul and its attachments to family and wealth. In the two above cited Qur’anic verses is clear proof against the collaborators in these times who falsely claim that the expression ‘ jihaad ’ is not utilized in the Qur’an in the context of combat and military. Realize, that this claim is a lie from the lower soul, and is taking reliance upon false interpretation ( ta'wil baatil ). -
The Nature of Riba in Islam
THE NATURE OF RIBA IN ISLAM By: M. Umer Chapra1 Abstrak Perdebatan masalah riba seperti tidak pernah selesai di diskusikan oleh banyak kalangan, baik akademis, organisasi keagamaan, bahkan sampai pada forum-forum intenasional. Beberapa terminologi dibahas dengan baik dalam tulisan ini yang dimulai dengan pelarangan riba itu sendiri kemudian pembagian-pembagian riba, diantaranya riba al-Nasi’ah dan riba al-Fadl, serta implikasi dari dua bentuk riba tersebut. Pembahasan didukung dengan pendapat-pendapat para ulama dan ekonom yang merujuk langsung dari ayat-ayat al-Qur’an, sampai pada perdebatan hukum. Demikian juga al-Qur’an sangat jelas membedakan antara riba dan perdagangan, namun pelarangan riba sangat jelas bahkan diperkuat dengan hadits-hadits yang dengan eksplisit melarang riba. Dijelaskan pula tentang perbedaan antara riba dan bunga bank. Islam sangat menentang bunga bank karena Islam berharap terjadinya sistem ekonomi yang mengeliminasi seluruh bentuk ketidakadilan dengan memperkenalkan keadilan antara pengusaha dan pemilik modal, yaitu berbagi resiko dan berbagi hasil. ŭ ΊņĨŧ Ώ 1 ΎỲŏΉė ΞΊẂ ĤΣΔĜŧ ΔΩė ĥ ĜẃΐĨľė Έ΅ Ή ģŊΜūΕ╬ė ĥ ĜΡĜỳΉė ΎΙā ŋķā ĤΡŊĜųĨ⅝Ϋė – ĤΣẂĜΐĨį Ϋė ĤΉėŋẃΉė ŋẃħ ĥ ĜẃΐĨĴ ΐΊΉ ĤĢŧ ΕΉĜġΛ .ĤΡĜỳΉė ΖōΙ ⅜Σ⅞ĸĨΉ ĤẃĢĨ╬ė ĥ ĜΣĴ ΣħėŏĨŦΫė ∟ ĥ ĜẃΐĨľė Ίħ ╚ġ ‛ άĨŅė ŊΜį Λ ΒΏ ĤΣĴ ΣħėŏĨŦΫė Ίħ ŏŲĜΕẂ ŋķā ΞΊẂ ⅜₤ėΜħ Ĥ╤ ªΌάŦΩėΛ ĤΣΔėŏųΕΉėΛ ĤΡŊΜΚΣΉėΛ ĤΣŦΛŋΕ▀ė ŭ ŅΧė ΞΊẂΛ ªĤΣΕΡŋΉė Η╠ė ŋ⅝ ⌠ΛΧė ĤīάĬΉė ĥ ĜΔĜΡŋΉė ẀĜĢħā ΒΏ ♥ė╙Ģ΄ ♥ĜĢΔĜį ΑĜ΄ ėŌċΛ .ŊΜ⅞ΕΉė Ŵėŏ⅝ċ ΒẂ ĤΊųĸĨ╬ė ģŋĕĜ℮Ήė ┐ŏ╡ ΜΙΛ ĜΏ ΑĈġ ĤΉŊĜľė ΑΜΉΛĜ► ΝŏŅΧė ĥ ĜΔĜΡŋΉė ẀĜĢħĈġ ΠŦĈĨΉė ∟ ╚ĢỲėŏΉė ╚ΐΊŧ ╬ė -
Assignment 3. Report
Data Science for Design (DESI11100). Group: Wanying Zhang (s1754403) Hanyu Liu (s1775923) Ilyas Zholdasbayev (s1792122) Assignment 3. Report Marriages in Muhammad's tribe Introduction A database for given project was provided by Dr. Majied Robinson with the title "Marriages in Muhammad's tribe". The database was represented in multiple tables, such as "Marriage Database", which is the main dataset with all the data and multiple sub-databases for every tribe and clan represented there (e.g. "Qurayshi marriages by clan"). The information of marriages in pre-Islamic and early Islamic period were classified by tribes or clans (subtribes). Aside from basic information such as names of men and women, tribes(subtribes) of both of them, number of children they had, generations of men and women were also indicated (Figure 1). Figure 1. "Marriages in Muhammad's tribe" excel table th By the information provided from dataholder the 5 generation is the generation of Muhammad, th th which means generations before 5 belong to pre-Islamic period while those after 5 belong to early Islamic period. The main interest of dataholder was the question how marriage traditions could affect politics at that time or how otherwise political and social factors probably had an impact on marriage traditions and behaviour. Context Basically, we did not intend to explore every detail of every clan in Quraysh tribe that is presented in our database, but to mainly focus on the major and the most powerful and influential clans which were the rulers of first arabic kingdoms (caliphates): Umayyads and Hashemite. The reason why we chose them is the fact that a lot of historical sources argue that they were so called sworn enemies. -
Full Page Fax Print
Their Strives and Their Lives by Muhammad Fathi Mus i. 1. ? I ISLAMIC INC. PI-BUSHING & DISTRIBUTION Tfe 'Wte flff/k Prophet Muhammad ^ Their Strives and Their Lives Muhammad Fathi Mus *ad Islamic INC. Publishing & Distribution • ••• >««««»«»««>«»»« * » « > > « » ^ All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without written permis sion from the publishers. Islamic INC. ^[^^1 fjj^l jla Publishing & Distribution *«^~01 A 8 As-Sayeda Zainab Sq. j*a*-iy»Ul! Cairo. Egypt r*n iV« Fax: 3931475 Tel. 3911961-3900572 Post. No: 1636 Translated, Edited, and Prepared by: Al-Falah Foundation 24 Tairan st. Nasr city, Cairo, Egypt Tel & Fax: 2622838 ISBN: 977-264-801-6 CONTENTS - Acknowledgement VII - Introduction 1 - Umm Al-Mu'minin Khadijah Bint Khuwaylid 5 - Umm Al-Mu'minin Sawdah Bint Zunrf ah 25 - Umm Al-Mu'minin 'A'ishah Bint Abu Bakr 39 - Umm Al-Mu'minin Hafsah Bint MJmar 77 - Umm Al-Mu'minin Zaynab Bint Khuzaymah 95 - Umm Al-Mu'minin Umm Salamah Hind bint Umayyah 105 - Umm Al-Mu'minin Zaynab Bint Jahsh 121 - Umm Al-Mu'minin Juwayriyah Bint Al-Harith 145 - Umm Al-Mu'minin Safiyyah Bint Huyayy 159 - Umm Al-Mu'minin Umm Habibah Ramlah Bint Abu Sufyan 183 - Umm Al-Mu'minin Maymunah Bint Al-Harith 203 - Conclusion 217 - Bibliography 221 -G>_ Acknowledgement In the history of a human being, there always are certain people whom one never forgets. Their stories are always vivid and alive in one's mind and heart. -
Fatimah Bint Al-Khattab the Sister of Umar Ibn Al-Khattab (May Allah Be Pleased with Them)
Lessons From the Lives of the Sahabiyaat (Lesson 4) Fatimah bint al-Khattab The Sister of Umar ibn al-Khattab (may Allah be pleased with them) A Woman of High Status One of the excellent qualities of Fatimah bint al-Khattab is that her story is always mentioned whenever the story of her brother, Umar's Islam is narrated. She was the sister of Umar and the wife if Sa'eed ibn Zayd (radhiAllahu anhu), a great Companion and one of the ten who were given the glad tiding of Paradise. It is enough an honor and glory for her and her husband, that Allah make them the cause of Umar's acceptance of Islam. Allah guides whomever He wants to the straight path. The story of Umar’s Embracing Islam Umar was sitting down in the company of some Qurayshi chiefs chatting away in the courtyard of the Ka`bah. They were troubled with the spread of Muhammad's call, the increase in the rank of his followers and their steadfastness and audacity in making fool of the Qurayshi idols like al-Lat, al-'Uzza, al-Manat and others. 'Umar became extremely enraged. He stood up from the gathering and decided then and there to kill Muhammad (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) and spare the Quraysh the embarrassment that his religion had caused them and the havoc it had wreaked upon their unity where members of the same family had become disunited. On his way to the Prophet's place, a man from Banu Makhzum met him and perceived the rage in his face.