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Quail News March 2011

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Quail News March 2011 QUAIL EWS ISSUE 36 March 2011 Contents Cook’s Scurvy Plants Cook’s Scurvy Plants Colin Burrows. Colin Burrows In the 18th Century people were often afflicted by scurvy (a wasting disease caused by Vitamin C From the Chairman deficiency-fatal if not treated with a proper diet). The medical fraternity in Europe, by the middle Ian MacDonald. of that century, had realised that fresh fruit (e.g. oranges) or green vegetables, especially members of the Brassica (cabbage) family must be eaten to avert scurvy. Crews of ships were especially vulnerable to scurvy because, on long voyages, their diets were limited. Research on Quail Island Dr Stephane Boyer. Among ship captains who were alert to the danger of scurvy and knew how to counter it was James Botanical ews: Flowers, Cook, the great navigator, who commanded three expeditions to New Zealand in the latter part of Fruits and the Future the century. Colin Burrows. During an earlier landing, at Tolaga Bay, in 1769, Cook set the men from the “Endeavour” collecting green “vegetables” from near the shore. These were boiled up with oatmeal and dried 22 February, Earthquake. soup and everyone on the ship made to partake. Two species were gathered. One was a native Workdays, April, May, celery now named Apium prostratum . It belongs to the same genus as garden celery. The second June. plant was a native cress, now named Lepidium oleraceum . (Apium=Celtic apon water, prostratum=close to the ground; Lepidium=Greek lepidos-scale [the seed pods look like scales], poleraceum=Latin olus-garden vegetable). The botanists on the “Endeavour” were Joseph Banks Tony Giles- and Daniel Solander. They would have identified the plants as members, respectively, of the celery Conservationist. and cabbage families but their scientific names for them were never published. Cook called the Apium “sellery” and the Lepidium “scurvy grass”. Of course it is not a grass, so I prefer “plant”. The Team 2011 Allan Williams Patron After his second voyage (1775) Cook was awarded the Copley medal, by the British Royal Society for his work on control of scurvy. Ian MacDonald Chair and Forest and Bird The Otamahua/Quail Island connection with the “scurvy plant” is because it has become a rare Representative . species, confined now to offshore islands. It has been eaten out by domestic stock and rabbits. Nick John Lewis gati Wheke Head found a single site for it on Banks Peninsula, an islet on its eastern side. Seeds were sown by Representative Jorge Santos, at Motukarara and some spare seedlings were brought to Otamahua by Department of Treasurer to be appointed. Conservation threatened species scientist, Anita Spencer. It is now thriving. Peter Anderson Trustee. Mike Bowie Trustee. The second of Cook’s antiscorbutic plants, Apium, has fared much better than Lepidium and, as it Ross Cullen Trustee. happens, grows naturally quite commonly on Otamahua. Its Maori name is tutaekoau, referring to Ian McLennan Trustee. its usual habitat in sites fertilised by seabird droppings (in this case cormorants). Cook’s scurvy Colin Meurk Trustee. plant enjoys such conditions also. It has a very short Maori name, nau. Perhaps we could also call it Tom Veitch Trustee. tutaekaroro after the black-backed gulls that are the main nesting seabirds on the island. Grant Campbell DoC. Colin Burrows Advisor. References. Liz Griffiths Acting Begg, A.C., Begg, N.C. 1969. James Cook and New treasurer. Zealand. Govt. Printer, Wellington Tina Troup Advisor. Marieke Lettink Advisor. Williams, H.W, 1957. A Dictionary of the Maori Laura Molles Advisor. Language. Govt. Printer, Wellington. Bev MacDonald Secretary, ewsletter editor. Wilson, H.D. 2011. Personal communication. Skry Adamson Web site manager. Since Colin wrote this article the 22 February ,2011, earthquake may well have destroyed the sites of the Barbara Price scurvy plants on Otamahua. The seedlings were Administrator planted near the penguin nest boxes and DoC reports that Ken Bain Auditor. there have been major slips in this area. The area is still far too dangerous for close investigation of the damage. Peter Hayward Trust The photo of Cook’s scurvy plant on Quail Island was employee. taken by Ross Cullen prior to the earthquakes. Tony Giles Trust employee. P O Box 33060 Barrington, Christchurch 8244. e-mail: [email protected] phone: 3325 322 www.quailisland.org.nz From the Chairman Ian MacDonald. The last month has been a very difficult time for Christchurch. Our thoughts are with all those people who have lost family, friends or homes. We know that some of our valued volunteers have been seriously affected by the 22 February earthquake and some have moved away. However, The Trust is determined to continue with its planned projects for 2011. Monthly Trust meetings will continue to take place on the fourth Thursday of the month. We will start work parties again in April and continue with the infill planting in August. The bronze plaques showing the peaks and bays of the harbour have been completed and will be taken to the island next week. When they have been mounted on the summit we will organise a celebration to mark the end of this four year project. We plan to raise the money needed to publish Plants of Otamahua/Quail Island written by Colin Burrows and illustrated by Hugh Wilson. Our island is still a popular destination for overseas groups. Although students from Butler University. Indianapolis, USA, have moved their planned visit in May to Otago, we still have a group from University of Florida, USA, planning a day on the island in July. The Wildlife Conservation Society has requested a field day on the island as part of the programme for the International Congress for Conservation Biology in November. For many years Paul Cunneen has been boat master for the Trust. He has collected the boat from Marinetec where it has been stored, has taken our workers to the island early on Monday morning and has returned them to Lyttelton Tuesday evening. Paul is planning to live permanently on the Coast so the Trust must find another boat master. Thank you, Paul, for your time with us. We must also find another home for the boat as the storage area at Marinetec has been red stickered. Fortunately the boat escaped damage. I am negotiating with Stark Bros. for a new storage area. Liz Griffiths, Trust treasurer for the last four years has resigned as a Trustee but has offered to remain as acting Treasurer for the next six months to ensure continuity. The task of treasurer has been very demanding so the Trust has decided to appoint a paid administrator to relieve the work load of the volunteer treasurer and secretary. Barbara Price has been appointed. Liz, Bev and I were enjoying lunch on 22 February, discussing the tasks which Barbara could take over when the table started dancing and we took off outside. John Lewis has been appointed by the runanga Ngati Wheke as their representative on the Trust. We are looking forward to John’s contribution to the work of the Trust. The Trust is very pleased that Lincoln University Department of Ecology is encouraging research on Quail Island, no doubt influenced by Trustee Mike Bowie. Dr Stephane Boyer’s report is printed below. A Masters student, Christine McClure has also carried out research on the most effective methods for tracking lizards. Chris was evacuated from her inner city apartment and had to leave all her data behind. When she finally has access she will report on her findings in a later newsletter. We may all be severely shaken but we are still standing strong . Kia kaha. Research on Otamahua/Quail Island. Dr Stephane Boyer, Department of Ecology, Lincoln University. Restoring ative Vegetation on Quail Island Boosts Endemic Earthworm Populations. Earthworm diversity in New Zealand is comparable to that of the country’s birds; nearly 200 earthworm species have been described to date. The introduction of European grassland and other crops led to the disappearance of our endemic earthworms from most parts of New Zealand’s lowlands. Most are now restricted to native habitats. On Quail Island, three endemic earthworm species were recorded during a recent Lincoln University study. Despite a brief and limited survey, one of the collected species is likely to be new to Collecting earthworms science. Lincoln University researchers have been studying earthworm communities in relation to the on- going replanting effort on Quail Island. Planting done 30 years ago on Quail Island by the Department of Lands and Survey and more recent planting by Quail Island Ecological Restoration Trust offers the opportunity to study how endemic earthworms re-colonise the soil over time when native vegetation is replanted. Preliminary results showed that some replanted areas contain twice as many endemic earthworms than do grassland areas. This has important implications for Quail Island terrestrial ecosystems, as Weighing earthworms endemic earthworms are a major food resource for many native invertebrates and bird species. Researchers also came across three species of introduced European earthworms in Quail Island’s soil. These species are common in New Zealand’s pastures and other agricultural land but the replanting of native vegetation has not put them off. The presence of ‘alien’ earthworms under native vegetation has not been reported before. Potential impacts on the functioning of native ecosystems and their endemic earthworms communities are therefore largely unknown. Photos taken by Mike Bowie and Ian MacDonald. P O Box 33060 Barrington, Christchurch 8244. e-mail: [email protected] phone: 3325 322 www.quailisland.org.nz Botanical ews: Flowers, Fruits and the Future. Colin Burrows. A Spring-Summer with prolific flowering of some of our planted species augurs well for the future.
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