All India Library Conference, Indore (XVII, 27Th to 30Th December 1968). Souvenir. INSTITUTION Indore Univ

Home , Bharthari (king), Chhatrapati, History of Indonesia, Holkar, Holkar Science College, Indore

DOCUMENT RESUME ED 059 726 LI 003 465 AUTHOR Saxena, Ranvir, Ed TITLE All India Library Conference, Indore (XVII, 27th to 30th December 1968). Souvenir. INSTITUTION indore Univ. (India). PUB DATE 68 NOTE 139p-;(1 Reference) EDRS PRICE MF-$0.65 HC-$6.58 DESCRIPTORS Conferences; *Developing Nations; *Foreign Countries; *Library Associations; Problems; *Pliblic Libraries; *University Libraries IDENTIFIERS *India ABSTRACT The Souvenir is an endeavor to tell the delegate-guests to the All India Library conference somethiL4 about Indore. It has special articles on the public and the academic libraries of Indore and presents brief sketches of the development plans of the University of Indore and the University library. This section of the souvenir also provides fleeting glimpses of the cultural heritage of Malwa and the growth of Indore city. And last, but not least, the Souvenir attempts to focus the attention of library scientists on some of the current library problems, likethe problem of personnel and the language problem in libraries- (Author/NH) XVII ALL INDIA LIBRARY CONFERENCE

PATRONS

H. H. Maharani Hsha Devi of Indore. Rajtnata Vijaya Raje Scindia, Gwalior H. H. Shrimant Shahaji Chhatrapati of Kolhapur H. H. Shrimant Maharaja Tukojirao Holkar, Indore Shri R. C. Jail, M. L. A., Mhow. Shri K. A. Chita le, Advocate General, Madhya Pradesh Shri R. G. Waghmare, Advocate, Indore Shri Johrilal Mital, Managing Trustee of Shri Govindram Seksaria Charity Trust, Indore -Shri Sohanlaiji Sanghi, Trustee, Shri Ghanshyamdas Sanghi Memorial Charitable Trust. Indore Shri Dharampal Sinh Gupta

RECEPTION COMMITTEE Chalrman Shri K. L. Joshi

V ice-Cluk Inman Shri P. S. Kalani Secretary Shri G. N. Tandan Local Joint Organising Seere aries Shri A. L.Wadikar Shri V. S. Moghe

SOUVENIR AND PUBLICITY COMMITTEE r Dr. Ranvir Sexena ,Dr. R. Moses Shri M. II. Nagarkar Shri Rahul Barpute Dr Ravi Prakash Shri J. P. Dul3e Shri 0 .' P. Taneja Mrs. V. Jagdale Shri Mahendra Trivedi Shri M. N. Joshi Shri R. C. Maheshwari 0,S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDLICATIONA WELFARE '1/40 OFFICE OP EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HAS SEEN REPRO- rti4 DHCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIO- INATING IT POINTS OF VIEW OR OPIN- Cr. IONS STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDU- %on CATION POSITIQN OR POLICY C.) C=b XV I 1.161 ALL INDIA LIBRARY CONFERENCE INDORE 2ith to 30th DECEM8Eit 1968

SOUVENIR

EDITOR DR NV1R SAXEN#

Published by The Reception Committe XVIIAllIndiaLibrary Conference Under rhe Auspices of THE UNIVERSITY OF INDOliE' INDORE XVII ALL INDIA LIBRARYCONFEREN E EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OF THE RECEPTION COMMITTEE Chairman Shri K. L. Joshi, Vice Chancellor. Secretary Shii G. N. Tandan, Registrar. Local Joint Orgam Secretaries 1. Shri A. L. Wadikar, Asstt. Librarian. 2. Shri V. S. Moghe, Secretary, Indore Divisional Library Association. Membera

1. Shri K. L. Agrawal, 11. Mrs. V. Jagdale, Commissioner, Indore Division. Principal, Devi Ahilya Girls Degree College, Indore. 2. Shri P. K. Dixit, Administrator and Municipal 12. Miss Vimla Sharma, Principal, Govt. Girls Degree Commissioner, Indore Municipal Corp. College, Indore. 3. Shri P. K. Lahiri, 13. Shri M. B. Nagarkar, Collector, Indore. Station Director, All India 4. Dr. S. M. .)asgupta, Radio, Indore. Principal, Govindram Seksaria 14. Prof. I. S. Mehta, Technological Institute, Indore. Govt. Arts & Com. College Indore. 5. Dr. I. P. Agrawal, 15. Prof. D. G. Dhavlikar. Dean, M. G. M. Medical College, Govindram Seksaria Technological Indore, Institute, Indore. 6. Shri B. K. Joshi, 16. Shri N. D. Joshi, Principal, College of Education, President, Indore General indore. Library, Indore. 7. Dr. Ravi Prakash, 17. Shri Rajendra Kumar Sethi, Principal, Holkar Science College, (Manik Bhavan, Tukoganj, Indore Indore. 13. Shri Vimal Mital, 8. Dr. G. C. Kasiiwal, 26, Yeshwant Niwas Road, Indore. Principal, Govt. Arts & Com. 19. Shri C. S. Kadam, Superintendent of Police, Indore. College, Indore. 20. Smt. Ratna Lahiri. 9. Dr. R. Moses, Principal, C/o Shri K: Lahiri, Christian College, Indore. Collector, Indore. .10. Shri C. C. Shah, 2L Shri T. R. Kolte, Principal, P. M. B. Gujrati Finance Officer, College, Indore. University of Indore, Indore.

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t4LE 0 U 4.4:4c 0 tole.(04' " 0r161 .01 01 0 u Sardar Sohan Singh President, Indian Library Association Presid ent XVII All India Likrary Conference

Shri K. L. Joshi Vice-Chancellor, University of Indore Chairman, Reception Committee FOREWORD

ESTYICE-CHANCELLOR

On the occasion of the 17th All-India Library Conference of the Indian Library Associa- tion under the auspices of the University of Indore, we have great pleasure in placing before tbe delegates and other members of the public interested in the library movement, this Souvenir on behalf of the Reception Committee of the Conferene e and on behalf of the University of Indore.

Some 17 years ago, on the 12th of May 1951, the Indian Library Association hadorganized their 9th Conference at Indo re. From all reports it was one of the successfulconferences and some of the members of the Indian Library Association may still have memories of the hospitality then enjoyed and of the arrangements made for the Conference.There was no Univer- sity of Indore then. Normally these conferences have been organized under the auspices of various universities like the Punjab University twoyears ago and Mysore University in June 1965. Other Universities have played their part, like those of Patna,Calcutta, Osmania, Nagpur, Baroda, Rajasthan, Bombay and Delhi since the year 1933, when the firstconference was held in Calcutta. The Indian Library Association had selected in 1951Indore not only because it was even then a well known city of learning, but also because it had the potentiality for a centre of library movem nt apart from its salubrious and inviting climate in the month of May. We are happy again and welcome all our guests. The present Conference is being held here from 27th to 30th December 1968 when thc.re certain change in the outlook of the city because it has got itsown city University with about 21 affiliated colleges spread over the city and. nearly 17,000 students out of whom more than 2,000 students are doing post-graduate courses.It has about 600 teachers in the different Faculties including those of Medicine, Engineering, Dentistry, Ayurved, Music as special professional branches of our academic organization. The University of Indore was established only in 1964 and, therefore, it is one of the young universities trying to make progress towards significant growth and development, coordinating the activities and initiatives of the pastThe climate of Malwa hills on which is perched the city of Indore is nature's gift to the people and this important factor along with its singularly central situation and concentration of trade, commerce and industry, with a population of more than 6 lakhs gives the University directions for setting out those objectives wh:ch may help its people in producing trainedmanpower and scholarly citizens who will contribute to the economic and national prsoperity. The world of today is a science-based or knowledge-based world. The world of tomorrow is a world of the educated or knowledgeable man. But education is a lifelong process and the only instrument that is used for this process is the library. Indore has some public libraries indeed. But like the general conditions of such libraries in the country there is dearth of finance, inadequacy of staff and lack of those amenities which the libraries should have fcr serving the readers and the public.Librars should be attractive places tempting people to spend their leisure hours amidst well-arranged books and periodicals, so that every citizen is able to make a guarded statement about whatever he has to say in the public on the basis of knowledge of facts and current information. The University of Indore now proposes to establish an ambitiously conceived University Library which, it is hoped, apart from serving its teachers, research workers and scholarsat different levels will be an attractive home or a temple of temptation for all those who are hungry for knowledge and wouldlike to be enthused with tl Ose research facilitieswhich a modern University library must provide to the scholars. The relationships betweena University Library, the public Libraries and the public have got to be most co-operative and cordial and the Univer- sity Library should play its role not Only for the scholars whom itserves directly but for the enthusiasts of knowledge who would be attracted by its inviting facilities. The Souvenir contains some informative articles and other material, which I am sure, will be treasured by the delegates to the Conference as a memory, of their visit to Indore and by the public at large as a tribute to the labours of all those who have worked for the success of .this Conference under the auspices of the University of Indore.

26th December, 1968. L. JOSFII )

ly ditorial

This Souvenir is intended to demonstrate, first and foremost, the high importance that the University of Indore attachesto the library movement in the growth of knowledge and its dissemination for better education and faster national development.Itis significant that the establishment of its library has been accorded thetop priority in the development programme of the University, and the Universityef Indore is growing round this vital tu..us.As such, the holdidg of the XVII All India LibraryConference under the auspices of the University of Indore is both meaningful andsymbolic. The importance of the library movement inour developing country and the remarkable role played by the All L lia Library Association in initiating, fostering and directing the library movement is being spotlighted by the messages of goodwill.Eminent scholars, outstanding educationists and experienced administrators and statesmen have obliged us with their good wishes for the Conference. We consider them invaluable and are confident that they will go a long way in illuminating the future course of the library movement in India.The Souvenir is happy to play the role of the messanger. The Souvenir is also an endeavour to tell our delegate-guests something about Indore which has the unique distinction of playing host to the All India Library Conference twice within a period of two decades.The IX All India Library Conference held here in 1951, under the auspices of the Indore General Library, actedas a powerful catalyst and left a deep impact on the library movement in Malwa in general and Indore in particular.The Souvenir carries special articles on the 'public and the academic librariesof Indore. We also present brief sketches of the development plans of the University of Indore and the University library.This section of the Souvenir, besides the above, provides fleeting glimpses of the cultural heritage of Malwa and the growth of the Indore city. And last, but not the least, the Souvenir is our humble attempt to focus attention of the library scient;sts on some of the current library problems like the preblem of the personnel and the language problem in libraries. We trust that these articles contributed bysome of the most eminent men in the field will lead to a fruitful dialogue. The Souvenir is presented as a literary memento 6f the XVII All India Library Conferenceas a token of the goodwill of the University of Indore for the librarymovement in India.

Ed uor ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I should like to express my deep sense of gratitude to the Vice-Chancellor, Shri K. L. Joshi, for the planning of the Souvenir and for his invaluable council in its preparation. I also gratefully acknowledge the help received from Registrar, Shri G. N. andan and the officers of the University in the publication of this Souvenir. Shri V. S. Moghe and Shri A. L. Wadikar have shouldered the main burden of the organisation of the Conference.Their contribution to the Souvenir is also substantial.I am deeply indebted to both of them.Their colleagues have also worked hard. My thanks to them. I should like to thank the contributors who have given substance to this publication. I am thankful to Shri Mahendra Trivedi, Public Relations Officer, Indore Municipal Corporation, for his hemn in many ways. I should also like to place on record the efficient assistance received from Shri Mahadev Joshi, Manager, Indore University Press, in the technical planning of the Souvenir. Our thanks are also due to advertisers for their cooperation. I am grateful to the members of the Souvenir and the Publicity Committee for their labours and for giving rue the privilege to edit this Souvenir on their behaff.

.editer

vi CONTENTS

Foreword .. K. L. Joshi Hi Editorial Acknowledgemts vi Greetings .. G. N. Tandan 9

Welcome . 0.0 V. S. Moghe and A. L. Wadikar 10 Blessings The Hosts 11-47 Introducing Madhya Pradesh I. S. Mehta 49 Malwa And Its Cultural Herztage ... - -Dr. Ranvir Saxena 52 Indore City .. .. Indorian 57 Indore University and Its Development.. N. Ramachandran 61 Indore University Library . A. L. Wadikar 63 Public Libraries of Indore V. S. Mogho 67 College Libraries of 'adore M. D. Lonkar 70 The Problems

Library Movement.. N. C. Chakravarty 75 Library Personnel in India and their ProblemsDr. Jagdish S. Sharma 84 Problems Facing the University Library S. Bashiruddin 87 Language Problem in the Library N. M. Ketkar 90

Ethics of a Librarian.. Girja Kumar. 94 Library Law in Maharastra T. D. Waknis 100 Professional Gatherings D. N. Marshall 105 Our Contributors 107 Chronology of the All India Library Conference . 110 Our Advertisers 111 OTHER COMMITTEES

Finance Committee 9.Mrs. M. B. Nagarkar .10. Miss S. K. Nanhorya 1, Shri K.I. Joshi 11. Dr. Ranvir Saxena 2. Shri G. N. Tandan 12. ShiT C. C. Shah 3. Shri T. R. Kolte 4. Shri Prem Kalani becoratiOn Committee 5. Mrs. Ratna Lahiri 6. Shri Vimal Mital 1. Mrs. V. Jagdale 7. Shri A. B. Wadia 2. Shri B. B. Banerji 3_ Shri L. N. Bhavsar Accomodation Committee 4. Shri V. Chinchalkar 5 Mrs P. K. Dixit 1. Dr. S. M. Dasgupta 6. Mrs. C. S. Kadam 2. Shri S. D. Bajpai 7. Mrs. Ratna Lahiri 3. Mrs. Vimla Jagdale 8. Mrs. Jyotsna Muley 4. Mrs. C. S. Kadam 9. ShrPH. C. Sanghvi 5. Dr. G. C. Kasliwal 10. Shri Mahendra Trivedi 6. Shri R. D. Manirekar 7. Dr. R. Moses - Exhibition Committee 8. Dr. G. S. Pathak 9. Prof. Ranganath 1. Prof. I. S. Mehta 10. Dr. Rav Prakash 2. Shri S. D. Apte 11. Shri H. C. Sanghvi 3. Dr. Ranvir Saxena 12. Km. V. Sharma 4. Dr. J. K. Verma 5. Dr. S. Verma Cultural Programme Committee Transport & Excursion Committee 1. PrOf. D. G. Dhavlikar 2. Shri L. N. Bhavsar 1. Shri B. K. Joshi 3. Dr. M. R. Bhide 2. Dr. S. M. Dasgapta A. Mrs. Cherian ' 3. Shri C. S. Kadam 5. Shri P. N. Chinchore 4. Shri- S. B. Qureshi 6. Miss Suman Damlekar 5. Shri H. C. Sanghvi 7. Mrs. Smriti Joglekar 6. Shri M. L. Tiwari 8. Dr. J. S. M.akhani 7. Shri R. T. Yadav

L. Wadikar and Shri V. S. Moghe, Local Join Organ istfig:Secrctas acted as ex-o icio members of all sub-committees. REGISTRAR UNIVERSITY HOUSE UNIVERSITY OF INDORE

G-RETINGS

It is a matter of greatpridefor the University of Indoreto be the host of the XVII All-IndiaLibrary Conference and I havegreat pleasure inpresenting a Souveniron thisoccasion.I am quite confident that this LibraryConference will be very helpful ineducat- ing the Library Staff ofthe various libraries speciallyin Indore.It will also help in makingthe public of Indore that the libraries more library minded so are used to the maximum possibleextent.I am grateful to all those who havecontributed generously towardsthis Conference.

Registrar and Secretary Reception Committee WELCOME We, the Local Joint Organising Secretaries of theReception Committee of the XVII All India Library Conference, extend ahearty welcome to our colleagues and delegates from all over India and to the representativesof foreign Cultural Institutions and Embassies attending this Conference. Indore had been the venue of the Iv... All IndiaLibrary Conference in 1951, when it was the Summer Capital ofthe erstwhilz State of Madhya Bharat. Now theAll India Library Conference is being held a sez-ond time inIndoro, but it isfor thefirst time in the new State of Madhya Pradesh at the invitationof the newley establishedUniversity of Indote. The 1951 Confe:ence brought an awakeningin the field of Library movement in this part of the country.For the first time the people realized that there wassomething much more in tin.: Library Organisation and servicethan mere clerical work of keeping the books. The authorities in the Governmentand of the Educational institutions became aware that there was need toappoint trainedlibrarians to manage the libraries.The State Government have now made it compulsory toappoint trainedlibrarians in most of the Government educational institutions anddepartmental libraries.Three Universities in the State have library training courses.Due credit for this must go the 1951Conference. The present conference is taking place in a vastly changedsituation.The educational scene has undergone a great change.Besides the increase in the number of schools and colleges, many technical and scientificinstitutions have come up.The number of Univ isities in the State has also gone up,There are now nine Universities in the State. The libraries have naturally to keep pace with thisfast development in the educational field.But we find that there isstill lack of sufficientlibrary consciousness in the State. We feel that the authorities of educational institutionsand the people in general have not yet realised the important role libraries playin building up the nation and what an efficient library service can do in promotingresearch and scientific development. The resultis that the libraries in the State are still very muchbackward.Modern library service is almost negligible.The holding of this XVII Library Conference in Indoreis, therefore, most opportune. We are sure that the Conferencewill have its impact and bring out the much desired library consciousness among the authorities aswell as the people in general and put fresh blood and vigour in the LibraryMovement in the State. In the end, we wish to express .our deep sense ofgratitude to all those who have helped us,directly orindirectly, in theorganisation of theConference. We are greatly indebted to the Vice Chancellor andChairman, Reception Committee, forhis inspiration, encouragement and guidance in all respects even tothe minutest details, to the Registrar, and member of the various Committees fortheir assistance and cooperation and to other membefs of the TJniversity staff. For thepublication of this Souvenir we are deeply grateful to Dr. Ranvir Saxena for undertakingthe ardaus job of editing.Without his help the publication of this Souvenir would havebeen so difficult. We are also thankful to the'Souvenir & Pubficity Committee fortheir guidance, toShri Mahadeo Joshi, University Press Manager for technical help-and "ShriVisnnu Chinchalkar, Artist, for his meaningful -cover design, and to the Modern. Printeryfor their whole hearted cooperation in printing this Souvenir in a very short time. Last but not the least, we wish.to place on record ourdeep appreciation of the staff of the University Library and other librarian-friendswho worked with zeal and devotion for the Conferencegut for their cqoperation we would not have been able to gothrough the ordeal. V. S. /Mew A. L. Wadikstr Local Joint Organising Secretaries

V10EPRLS1DEN T INDIA NEW-DEL October 25, 1968.

I send my best wishes forthe success of the XVII All India Library Conference of your Universityto be held from 27th to 29th December'68.

V. V. GIRT

_Lb 5Et11q 1:Varikli4E4171171 f crml--11 PRu.iE MINISTER'S SECRETARIAT NEW DELHI- I October 24, 1968.

The Prime Minister sends her best wishes for the success of the Seventeenth All India Library Conferencebeingheldat Indore in December, RAJ BHAVAN BHOPAL-3. t November, 1968.

I am glad to know that the University of Indore is playing host to the 17th Conference of the Indian Library Association and that our Union Minister for Education will be presiding over the inaugural session on the 27th December 1968. Efficiently managed good libraries render great assistance for the proper use of the proliferating knowledge in almost every branch of study. For a University such a library is a vital institution.I have no doubt that the two Seminars to be held in connection with the Conference will be able to make a broad survey of the present problems of library management and also undertake the pioneering work relating to the reading material in Indian Languages. I have great pleasure in sending my best wishesfor the success of the Conference as well as of the Book Exhibition to be organised on the occasion. K. C. REDDY Governor, Madhya Pradesh Girija" 30, EDWARD ELLIOT ROAD, MYLAPORE, MADRAS-4 October 22, 1968.

I am directed to acknowledge your letter of the 16th Ocsober, 1968 to Dr. S. Radhakrishnan, who is indisposed, and to send his good wishes to the All India Library Conference.

Pe sonal Secretary to Dr. S. RADHAKRISHNAN NAOROJI ROAD, KILPA UK, MADRAS-10

I have stopped sending messages. I have nothing more tosay than that I wish the Conferenceail Success.

C. RAJAGOPALACHARI

DEPUTY PRIME MINTER INDIA NEW DELHI October 25, 1968.

Good librariescan be a very valuable assetto soacty if they can provide opportunities to eitizeng_ to quench their thirst forknowledge of different legacies of humanthought and culture.These are of particular importance to Universities- where students can equip th'eliminds witii the necessary knowledge of different sciencesand learnings .and thus' widen' their intellectual horizon. ,I am therefore glad that the XVII All India LibraryConference is being held 'under theauspices of the IndoreUniversity in December, and I wish it everysuccess. MORAKII DESAI

211 *I4fy st141 HOME MINISTER INDIA NEW DELHI October 31, 1968.

I am happy to learn that theUniversity of Indore is playinghost to the XVII All India LibraryConference to be held at Indorefrom 27th December, 1968. I hope that besidesthe technical deliberations ofthe profession, the Conference wouldalso devote itself to devising Waysand means of inculcatingthe library habit among the peoplewhich alone can help towards their morebasic education and in wideningthe horizon of their knowledge. _ My good wishes. 1i. B. 'CIIAYAN MINISTER FOR LABOUR, EMPLOYMENT AND REHABILITATION, GOVT. OF INDIA, NEW DELHI. 6th November. 1968

I am glad to know that the 17th Confezence of the Indian Library Association is being held in Indere in December.Libraries have an important role to play in the dissemination of knowledge and in the drive for mass literacy in our country. The Indian Library Association is rendering yeoman service by not only creating effective library consciousness but also making library services available to more and more people. It is gratifying that one of the seminars of the Conference will pay attention to "reading material in Indian Languages". As we are progressively switching over to our own languages in the educational and other fields,itis hiiportant that we should have well-equipped libraries consisting of books and publications in the different Indian languages,' which could be fully utilised by the masses. I am sure that the Conference will make practical and useful suggestions for making mass education movement a success inthis country. I send my best wishes for the success of the Conference. J. L. HA= MINISTER OF LAW AND SOCIAL WELFARE; INDIA, 2, HASTINGS ROAD, NEW DELHI-I1 October 29, 1968

Science and Technology are daily openingup new vistas of knowledge.There is a steady stream of books, periodicalsand publications on every branch of knowledge, flowing from numerous research centres in differentparts of the world.The growing generations should be able to place their handson this vast fund of information within the shortest time if talent and opportunityare not to be wasted. A well organised library, full of latest works and journals systematically arrangedand kept up by a trained librarian,is therefore of the Utmost importance in any institution for advancedlearning. The Indian Library Association .has done commendable service to theLibrary movement in this country.There is, or ought to be, ho dearth of Library Personnel.But for reading material we may have to depend on foreign countries also for quitesome time.I am swe that the 17th Conference of the Indian ,Library Association to be held in Indorefrom 27th to 29th December under, the auspices of .the_Vniversity of Ind ore will prove to bea landmark in the history of the Library movement in India.

On this important occasion, I sendmy greetings to the participa ts from all parts of the country and best wishefor the success of the Conference,

p. GOVINDA MENON MINISTER OP TRANSPORT & SHIPPING INDIA 15th Nowt ber, 1968

I am very happy to learn that the17th Conference of the IndianLibrary Association is being held in Indore from 27thDecember 1968, hosted by the University strides the country has made in the of Indore. With the field of educationboth ofchildren and adultsthere isan increasing need for more andmore libraries, adequately stocked with goodand useful books, catering to diverse needs andtastes. Two of the many problemsneeding attention may per- haps be mentioned. One is_thenecessity of making available booksfor childrefi which properly orient and propogate our rich heritagealong with ideas of a modern democracy them for responsible citizenship. to prepare The other is the question of preparingbooks for adult neo- literates in simple style on subjects of immediate practical utility in allthe regional languages. I do hope the Conference willconsider some aspects of these problemsand will be able to evolve some pragmaticcourses of action.I wish the conference allsuccess.

V. K. R. V. RAO

4.1 0 MINISTEk INFORMATION & BROADCASTING INDIA October 28, 1968

With the rapid growth of literacy in the country, the hunger for books and reading material is going up everyday. A net work of libraries can go a long way to meet this demand. I am glad to know that the University of Indore will be playing host to the XVII Conference of All India Library Association to be held in Indore from December 27 to 29. hope the Conference will give stimulus to library workers all over the country in redoubling their efforts for the promotion of a healthy library movement in the country-

IC, K. SHAH FOa. HEALTH, FAMILy PLANNING & URBAN DEVELOPMENT, INnIA, NIRMAN BHAVAN, NEW DELHI, 26, October, 1968

I am happy to learn that the University of Indore is playing host tothe 17th Conference of the Indian Library Association and isbringing out a sOuvenir on the occasion. While wishing the conference all success I would very much appreciateif the souvenir, which would contain information about various aspects of the life in Indore,could also give some idea to the delegates about one of Indore's basic concerns,viz., the population problem. In this connection, it would be of interest to the Librarians to notethat,while the. educational facilities in the country improved 300% since1951today there are still 63 million children out of schools.The question is,therefore, that of providing library facilities not only for those in schools but also outside the schoolsI believe that in case we have to make meaning out of our educationaleiforts, including that of proviSion of libiaries; the educationists must also turn their attention to the solution ofthe problem of the growth of our numbers. I wish the conference and the souvenir all success.

S. N. SINHA

27 iAIVILAS PALACh, G WALIOR.

I think it is a singular opportunity for the Universityof Indore to play host to the 17th All India Library Conference from 27thto 30th December, 1968.For indeed the new University of Indore which has set out its plans for developmentand growth will get inspiration from this Conference regarding organizationof University Library and its development. Besides, the city of Indore has certain public libraries whichneed re-organization.I am sure that the Conference will inspire the organizers of the librariesto develop them into useful services to the public.

For the University of Indore the University Library is theyery heartof its. development.I was glad to learn that the President is laying the,Foundation Stoneof ihe University Library on 10th February, 1969.This Conference, therefore, augurs_ well for ,the development: of the University of Indore.

There are a number of problems before the professional librarianSin leiard -to" programmes of library development, just as there are problems .for the State - and Central Governments. The public library prograrnme is related.to programmes of adult educationi: -social service and awareness of civicsense.These are impertant goals of development and _ ideals for which a conference of thisnature should fight.The guidance that will be given-by,. the Conference to all of us will, therefore, bemost useful. I wish the Conference all success.

. . V!JAYARAJE SCINDIA I am gladtnotutetriithat the Iffintivr-sity 21/2.lIrdj ibraryflartferene Cream the 27th -L13 30th floor Indnre tub have this 'tzPrkt--erenee inaugurated by I-Id3n.3-urable Shri IC. IC. It.edldy* CcverIiorea f Mad presided (=war by the 1U-n:143n .cl-acatinri Minister JCsr. 'The -University nfindnre is nnw taking shape. lay the folindatian. stc3ne4:31- the -University 1-ibrary- elffeet,will be the laying nr the 1-743undatit3n stcyne vecry heart nf a -University amid I am glada rea this -vital aspect az&eclueat1.3n.I am sure iciaes CPK1 ferellDle whiuh willhelp nur "'Universityin. 3:Lew gierkera.ticms. I wish the 40 ryferezwe all stlecessi. jiv

RAJ BHAVAN, PUNMB, CHANDIGARH. 19, November, 1968

I am happy to learn thatthe 17thConference of the Indian Library Association isbeing:- heldinIndore fromthe27thto29th, December, 1968. Itis through books alone that the accumulated wisdom ofages is transmitted to succeeding generations and thus books are one of the most important vehiclesof the march of civilization and cuiture.

In ancient India we had great centres of learning, like Nalanda andTaxila, equipped with big libraries.Even now some of our great libraries possess a large and fine collection of books, but by and large the library facilitiesin this country are mostinadequate. With the spread of literacy and education, the demand for books from peoplewould also increase.In highly developed countria, libraries play an important role in extending the frontiers of knowledge as well asin spreading knowledge among the masses. The Indian Library Association has been doing useful service in promoting thecause of and devising the methods for better management of libraries in thiscountry since 1933. I am confident that academicians and librarians meetingon this occasion willstrive to find suitable ways and means for further promoting and strengthening thecause of library movement in this country, end my best wish s on this occasion,

D. C. PAVATE Governer of Punjab finer Trwr vTRN eit6 kffn' R0-99-

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NTT aTIVItt MINISTER FOR WORKS HOUSING & SUPPLY, INDIA NEW DELHI 30th October, 1968.

I am happy to learn that theUniversity of Indoreis playing host to the 17th Conference of the Indian Library Association.Library is the very heart of any educational institution.In fact, the library movement has to spread all over the country andshould cater to all age groups.For this purpose, it is necessary that you have adequatenumber of well- stocked libraries and a well-trained band of library person:. 'In a country where so many languages with a very rich heritage, are in vogue, the training andequipment for these personnel has to be of a varied nature, so that properclassification may be done. With modern methods of preservation andstorage,ne-v systems of indexingand referencing, their adoption to our conditions requires careful consideration. Allthis would be possible if those in the field bring their experience and expertise on to a commonforum and evolve suitable and acceptable methods. It is also a matter to be proud of that the Governor of MadhyaPradesh who was for- a long time associated with this Ministry and has been adistinguished son of the soil, is inaugurating this Conference, and that the Union Education Minister ispresiding over the inaugural Session.In view of their rich and varied experience, both these personswill be able to give a correct lead in the matter of the Library movement. The Indian Library Association will, I am sure, move from strength to strength andbe of service to the cause of University education and library service. I wish the Conference all -,tccess. JAGANATH RAO

MINISTER OF STATE, MINISTERy OP STEEL, MINESr METALS, INDIA, Navy Ds.tau. November 12, 1968.

I am glad to knoiv that the 17th Conference of the Indian LibraryAssociation is going to be held some time in the last week of December, 1968 at Indore,c.,.nd you propose to bring out a Souvenir on this occasion. I am further pleased to notethat this Association is doing very useful work in promoting the cause of Library Movementand raising of aceademic standards. I am sure that besides highlighting the activities of theLibrary Association, the Souvenir will contain articles etc. of interest to all.I wish the Conference all success. P. C, SETHI MINISTER FOR IRRiGATION 4C POWER INDIA, NEW DELHI 1 1th November, 1968.

-It gives me great pleasure to learn that the Seventeenth All IndiaLibrary Conference is being held -at Indore in December thisyear.

Library movement inIndia is a growing organisation. With theadvancement of literacy, education and science, the need' for adequatelyimproved and up-to-datelibraries especially in Universities is of vital importance. Iam sure the XVII All India Library Conference will stress the need to further expand theactivities Of the existing libraries and the settingup of mew ones to meet the increasing demandof the educated people and the public in general. I am happy that the University of Indore isbringing out a Souvenir and organising a Book Exhibition to mark the occasion.

I wish the Conference allsuccess. K. L. RAO MINISTER OF STATE FOR -.EDUCATION GOVERNMENT OF INDIA NEW DELHI October 26, 1968

I am happy to learn that the XVIIAll India Library Conferenceis being held this Libraries play a _ very important rolein education and I must. congratulate year at Indore. the cause of library- the Indian Library Association forthe good work that it is doing to serve development in India. I also congratulate the University ofIndore which is playing host to theConference. I wish the Conference every success. SHER SINGH bEPUTY CHAIRMAN PLANNING COMMISSION NEW DELHI November 1, 1968

I was very gladto hear that the forthcomingConference of the Indian Library Association is to be held in Indore. Libraries have a central role in alleducational institutions particularly those concerned withcollegiate and post-graduate training.I feel sure that the holding of the Conference willprove particularly beneficial for the advancement in Indore and in Madhya Pradesh. of libraries

D. R. GADGIL

"RACHNA" University Road, HYDERABAD-7. November 5, 1968

I am happy to learn that the University of Indore is hosting the 17thconference of the Indian Library Associationto be held in Indore from 27th also a pleasure to learn that the to 29th December, 1968.It is Conference will be inaugurated bythe Governor of Madhya Pradesh and that the inaugural sessionwill be presided over by Dr. Education Minister. Triguna Sen, Union

The Library movement in Indiawhich has development unevenlyin the country, comprehends within its scope the vitalsector of University Libraries. of this sector is confronted with The basic frame work the problem of adjustingto the inevitable change that is already in train in regard to the media ofhigher education.It would be a tragedy if the library among College and University students habit were to weaken before the necessaryadjustments can be made and these are bound to take timein the best of circumstances.The process will be comparable to a heart transplant, and Ican only hope that the Conference will lines of succecs in this major operation. furnish guide

C. D. DESHMUKH formerly Chairman, University Grants Commission & Vice-chancellor, University of Delhi BHARAT1YA VIDYA BHAVAN, Chowpatty Road, Bout) Av-7 October 31, 1968

am glad to note that the XVII All India Library Conference s tobe held from 27th to 29th December at Indore. Our libraries can be the best centres for cultural activities.They can make a unique contribution to the all-sided development of the nation.However, much will depend upon the personnel recruited for the purpose.Only sincere, devoted and trained workers, having clear conception of the aims of the Libraries and Library activities, willbe able to do full justice to their jobs.I am, therefore, happy to learn that the Indore Conference willdiscuss this fundamental issue of Library personnel. I wish theConference a great success. K. M. MUNSHI

SMT. NATIIIBAI DAMODAR THACKERSEY, WOMEN'S UNIVERSITY, QUEEN'S ROAD, BOMBAY - 1 25, November, 1968

I am glad to learn that the All India Library Association is holding its 17th Conference at Indore from December 27 to December 29, 1968 and Indore Universityis playing host to the Conference. I wish the conference allsuccess and hope that the Library Movementwill gain momentum by holding annual Conference of the Association in the dfferent partsof the country.The University Communityisfortunatein having liberal assistance from the University Grants Commission for providing good library facilities to students andfaculty members. The Public Library Movement likewise should alsoreceive attention of the Central Government and the State Government as this is one of the veryimportant aspects of public service. The All India Library Association should focus attention on this very importantbranch of library service and strive to achieve greater success in this matter,during the Fourth Plan Period. PREMLILA V. THACKERSEY VICE-CHANCELLOR Docutnentation Research and Training Centre BANGALORE-3

As one who attended the first All India Library Conferenceheld in Calcutta in 1933, who took part in drafting the first constitution ofthe Indian Library Association, and who became its first life-member, Iam glad that the Seventeenth All India Library Conference is being held at Indore M 1968.I had attended the Ninth Conference in Indore in 1951. I entered the Library profession on 4 January 1924. Looking backover a stretch of forty-five years, am impressed by India's progress in Library matters during this period. After twenty years of hard work, the Madras Library Association succeeded in putting its Public Libraries Act on statute book in 1948.Although Library Bills were introduced into our Legislature much earlier,we had to wait for the realisationof our wish till we got our Independence. Today four of the southern States have Library Acts.The Government of Kerala accepted my draft Bill ten years ago and it would have been the fifth State inSouth India to have a Library Act but for the frequent political changes in thatState.The Chief Ministers of five other states have also been furnished with Library Bills. Now that the ice isbroken in the matter of library legislation, it is for the library Assoeiations in the otherStates to get their respective Library Acts. Even in the States without library legislation, something is being done to provide free book service for all.It only needs to be systematised and made self-dependent with the assurance of a statute. Forty years ago, the Indian School of Thought put library science into the Spiral of Scientific Method by the formulation of the Five Laws of Library Science.This was the first successful attempt to do so.These Laws are producing a greal influence on library thought, library science research, and on library science teaching all the world over.The Laws have been adding to the efficiency of library service. During the same period,India has contributed the techniques of Facet Analysis and Chain Procedure, now used in several countries.India has evolved a dynamic theory of elasSifi- cation and made Colon Classificationtrulyanalytico-synthetie and freely-faceted.It has the inner mechanism to implement the future findings of the theory to keep pace with the happenings in the ever-turbulent Universe of Subject.The present day documentation practice is bringing into surface both its versatility and its capacity to make electron-doc-finder yield the best of results. During this period, the number of full-time one-year post-graduate schools of library science has increased from I to 25.The newly risitig generation of librarians shows great enthusiasm and keenness in intensifying library service and for that purpose to do research in library science. Thanks to the statesmanship of Professor P. C. Mahalanobis. The Documenta- tion Research and Training Centre was established in Bangalore in 1962 by the Indian Statis- tical Institute to train the most promising librarians in the methods of research and to give advanced training to documentatists. Duang the last six years, it has produced 300 research papers valued and respected by the leaders of the profession in the world. I have every hope that the library personality of India will march forth triumphantly in the future years as and uften the new generation takes charge of its development. With best wishes to the Conferenea Dr. S. R. RANGANATHAN VICE-CHANCELLOR, UNIVERSITY OF POONA, GANESHICHIND, POONA - 7. 22, November, 1968 I was glad to learn that the University of Indore is to play host to the XVII Conference of the Indian Library Association to be held in Indore from 27th to 29th December, 1968, and that you have decided to bang out a Souvenir on the occasion.Libraries should, in general, bc dynamic and book-clubs should be initiated, so that students can be better attracted.With this object they should be welleFluipped as itis the primary need in education at all stages.I am sure that the deliberations at your conference will prove very fruitful.I wish the Conference all success. H. V. PATASKAR

VICE-CHANCELLOR BANARAS HINDU UNIVERSITY, VARANASI-5. November 9, 168 The importance of libraries can be visualised easily by any educated person. Libraries are the centres of culture, the centres of education and the places where leisure can be spent most profitably. Any nation which aspires towards progress must have adequate library system at all levelspublic libraries, academic libraries, research libraries and specialist libraries. In any cultural and educational upsurge in the country, libraries are bound to play a pivotal role. To think of education without libraries is to have a ship without its rudder. In India some progress has been made in improving the condition of college and University libraries. U. G. C. must be congratulated for that.Still our libraries stand no comparison with the university and college libraries in the advanced countries. Much has yet to be done. We have hardly done anything to establish public libraries except in a few states like Madras, Andhra Pradesh and Mysore. We have hopes, however, that the situation will improve.It is certain that more and better libraries will be opened in this country in the coming decades. To run various types of libraries, we need able and devoted librarians.Library profession in India has developed at a rapid pace during the last 20 years.Training of librarian is now imparted in two dozen universities. But still library profession is not attracting men of talent who could ably organize and administer our libraries.Librarianship as a profession has yet to be recognized and respected by all. Here the Indian Library Association, like any other professional association, has to play an important role to give meaning and direction to the efforts of librarians working in different libraries and to educate people about the importance of libraries. I wish the f7t11 All India Library Conference all success.

. A. C. JOSHI VICE-CHANCELLOR OSMANIA UNIVERSITY, HYDRABAD = 7 18, October, 1968. I am glad to learn that the Universityof Indore is to play host to the 17th Conference of the Indian Library Associationand it is also proposed to organise two Seminarson the occasion.The University hasto be congratulated on undertaking this responsibility and I express also the hope that the Conference andthe Seminars will be of great service to the cause of University Education in thecountry. D. S. REDDI

VICE-CHANCELLOR, UNIVERSITY OF UDAIPUR, UDAIPUR, 22, October, 1968 In recognition of the fact that library is theheart of a University, many universities (including mine) have made their librarybuilding the focal point of the campus development. But these days both plannersand educators are faced with two difficult problems. Owing to the explosion of knowledge, there has beena phenomenal increase in the weekly output of new publications and, assome one cynically observed, the number of writers now threatens to outstrip the number of readers.Whatever the capacity the planners provide to house the books in a library, itsoon Pills short of the grown and ever-growing needs.Educators, too, find that, paradoxicallyenough, a great library tends to lessen the reading habit.When books were few, we made tnemost of what were available and mastered them by reading and re-reading. When they becomemany and easily accessible, we put off reading them, precari- ously secure in our minds thatwe can read at any convenient time.This explains how a great library is the enemy of memory-cultivation,just precisely as a typewriter is the enemy of good hand-writting.Again, in a big library, students get befogged and confusedby the immense mass of reading material says, that surrounds them.It is conceded that, as Bacon "Some books are to be tasted, othersto be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.That is, some books are to be readonly in parts; others to be read but not cursorily; and some few to beread wholly, and with diligence and attention." Yes, but who is to classify the books intothese categories ?Librarians have, therefore, to perform an additional,special function.They cannot content themselves with getting and classifying and issuing books to intending readers.They must now be in a positionto advise them as to what material theyshould read and what reference booksthey should consult.Naturally their qualificationsmust rank equal to, if not higher than, those a professor. for While opening a. librarya hundred years ago, some one is reported to have observed that 'a great library contains the diary of thehuman race'. The delegates to the Conferece have doubtless the charge of this diary.May their deliberations reveal how bestto unlock the treasures of human experience to firmlysecure the future of the race. G-. S. MAHAJANI VICE-CHANCELLOR UNIVERSITY OF SAUGAR, SAUGAR, M P. Oct. 25, 1968. I am happy to learnthat the University of Indore is going to organise the XVII All India Library Conference and that it is proposed to bring out a souvenir on the occasion. I appreciate greatly this enterprize of the University of Indore and wish it success. M. P. SHARMA

VICE-CHANCELLOR, JIWAH UNIVERSITY, GWALIOR. 25th November, 1968. I am happy to learn that the university of Indore has invited the All-India Library Conference for its current session to Indore.This underlines how deeply the Universities are involved in the growth of the Library movement. The Library, as we know, is or should be the centre of the University Campusthe fountain-head from which flows the search for new knowledge and the passion for academic exeeellence, If it is to tulffill these objectives the Universities will have constantly to think of new services and fresh resources to implement them in consultation with the Library Conference. I am confident the present session will advance this co-ordination a step further in the interest of both. I wish the Conference every success. S. S. BRANDARICAR.

VICE-CHANCELLOR RAVI HANKAR UNriERSITY RAIPUR, M. P. 30th Oct., 1968. Cardinal Newman said university is a collection of books. And although different conceptions of a university have been expressed by other authorities, the central fact remains that a good library and efficient library service are essential for a university. A library is the very backbone of the university and even for mass education the need for a network of libraries can not be overemphasized. We in Madhya Pradesh feel happy, therefore, that the Indian Library Association is holding its next session at Indore under the auspices of the Indore University and that a Souvenir will be brought out on the occasion. Under the dynamic and able guidance of Dr. Joshi, the Vice-Chancellor of the Indore University, the session will no doubt be a great success and give a ffilipto the library movement in Madhya Pradesh. B. L. PANDEY VICE-CHANCELLOR JAWAHARLAL NEmtu KRISHI VISHWA VIDYALAYA JABALPUR, MADHYA PRADESH, JABALPUR, October 26, 1968.

I am happy to learn that the 1, th Conference of the Indian Library Association is being held at the University of Indore from 27th to 29th December 1968. Itis an event of great significance for the State of Mac:hya Pradesh and particularly, for the city of Indore, in view of the fact that the Conference is being heldat Indore for the 2nd time withina period of less than two decades. The establishment o f a good libraryis of prime importance for proper development of any educational InstitutionjOrganisation, and particularlyso for a University. At present our libraryfacilities arenot so well developed asthese should be.The Indian Library Association has an important role to play in making up this deficiency.I have every hope that the deliberations of the Conference will lead tosome positive steps in this direction. I wish the Conference all success. L. S. NEGI

VICE-CHANCELLOR VuciAM UNIVERSITY, UJJAIN. November 1, 1968.

I feel happy to learn that the University of Indore is organising theXVII All India Library Conference from 27th to 29th December 1968. The Librariesare the nerve centres of educational institutions. They are the main feeders to the organismwhich vibrates the pulses of respective faculties. To build up a sound and well equipped libraryis to arrange for the healthy growth of university education in its proper perspective.I feel happy that the University of Indore under your experienced stewardship has takenun this gr --tt task, the fulfilling of which will mean creating an atmosphere of proper study and exciting researchwork. We haVe almost nothing to quench intellectual appetite of our young generation. Themalady of indiscipline and other chaotic conditions are due to the meagre supply ofproper material for mentally and spiritually equipping the youth of this country. The seminar sarrangedfor the purpose may greatly contribute in throwing light on the most exacting problems ofour day.I send my hearty-felicitations for your success and wish to participate in the thoughtful deliberations of this Conference. I hope the outcome of this Conferencewould help usin formulating wholesome principles for the reorientation ofour cultural heritage in tune with the glorious achievements of the modern world. S. M. SINGH 'SUMAN' 4CHAMPAK OLD PALASIA, INDORE. 22 November, 1968.

It seems to me a good augury for the future ofteaching and learning in the University that the first ever All-Indht Conference to beheld under itsauspices should be that of the Indian Library Association.I congratulate the Vice-Chancellor on gettingthe Association to meet here this year; and Iwish all success to its deliberations. K. S. KAMATH Former Vice-Chancellor University of Indore

ANDHRA MAHILA SABHA, PRESIDENT UNIVERSITY ROAD, HYDRABAD-7 23rd November, 1968.

For want of time and very heavy commitmentshanging on, I am unable to send you a long message, but Iwish to send my very good wishes for thesuccess of your 17th All India Library Conference. I am the President of the Andhra Pradesh LibraryAssociation elected only last year. The library movement is a very old one and this hasdone very good work in every part of India, particularly in Andhra Pradesh. This has paved the wayfor Adult Education and has given a great fillip to the social education movement in this partof the country. There are more than a thousand small libraries in the rural areas.They are still active inspite of financial difficulties, and because of their sustained enthusiasm and devotedwork they are able to carry on very good work particularly among the rural illiterate masses.But the Library Legislation has crippled it in more than one way and it hasfettered the smooth working of these libraries, as it had taken away the initiativefrom the devoted workers and brought a lot of official elements. Nor are the grants given by Governmentadequate, asthey do not meet even the bare minimum needs. Onebig question is the buildings for the Libraries.Formerly philanthrophic people used to donate, but now that has gone.Whatever may be the discouraging circumstances, I am sure libraries will continue toplay a very important role, particularly to strengthen the base of Adult Literature,Continuing Education and Social Education. hope and pray that Library Conference in your Statewill give very useful guide lines not only for the work in the State but also forwork of this kind in other States of India as well. DURGABAI DESHMUKH SANYOGITAGANJ, INDORE, M. P. October 25, 1968. I am happy to learn that the University of Indorehas thought it fitto host the XVII All India LibraryConference in December next. Indore is the chief educational and industrial townin Madhya Pradesh andIam proudthatAll India Library Conferenceis history. being held here for thesecond tithe in its Much needs to be done inthe field of Librarymovement in our country, particularly in view of ourvery limited resources. We should, every book available. therefore, strive to bestexploit and utilise I hope the forthcoming Conferencewill not only givea careful thought to this aspect but will also inspireeducational and other public coordinated working. libraries towards a betterand more I wish the Conference allsuccess. I am confident that the organisational Univer ity of Indore willbe rewarding. effort of the R. C. JALL

chief Librarian UNITED STATES INFORMATIONSERVICE BOMBAY-1 November 26, 1968 It is a brilliant beginningfor the Indian Library celebration of a National Library Association to have institutedthe Week this year. No otheractivity appears to me to bemore important than the nation-widecelebration of the National university, public and school Library Week not by college, librarians alone but bygovernment, social, educational, business, cultural and political leadersof the nation with theactive cooperation of the radio, papers, magazines and other media of news- publicity.Only such an effort ona large scale can give the requfred impetusto reading as a means to continuing national development. education of the people towards The theme of the NationalLibrary Week program of the was "BE ALL YOU CAN BE-READ". United States for thisyear The program focussedon total community access to reading for information andpersonal renewal. It is reported with an estimated circulation that at least 45 national magazines in excess of 130 million publishedNLW themes chiefly in March, April and May issues.There were editorial features, tions, and several magazines major public service ads, columnmen- published more thanone article. An estimated $ 1 million of local and network radioand TV time was given worth headquarters. to the programs produced byNLW I am confident that both theseminars planned will discuss come out with specific proposals to this project thoroughly and make the National LibraryWeek next year a grandsuccess. K. P. GANAPATHY 44 THE BRITISH COUNCIL NEW DELHI 27th November, 1968

May I wish the C.mference everysuccess and hope that it will lead to further improvements in Librarianship in India. G. A. EVANS Chief Librarian for Representative, India

CHAIRMAN ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Marg BOMBAY 1

23rd November, 1968 I am happy to learn that the IndoreUniversity will hold the 17th Conference of the Indian Library Association from the 27th to29th December 1968, and that leading librarians and academicians of the country willparticipate. I am sure the Conference will help to strengthen the library movement in Indiaand I wish it all success. VIKRAM A. SARABHAI

Maharnahopadhyaya, 498, SHANIWAR PETIT Sahilya Vachaspati P00NA-2. DATTO VAMAN POTDAR 23 November, 1968.

I am glad that the 17th All IndiaLibrary Conference will be held at Indore under the kind auspices of yourUniversity. I need not remind the public of anoft-quoted statement that the "Library is an University-.In this modern age of printing machines, news-papers, periodicals and books, no progress in learningand no advancement of the human society is possible without Libraries. Teachers there arebut they are more likeguides to direct you to literature to be selected for intensive study.Without such guidance one islikely to loose his way and charthis path in the ocean of books.Hence, the necessity of qualUied librarians and library service. Books are our bestfriends. They provide us with intellectual nourishment. Libraries properly equipped are our new templeswhere we have to dedicate ourselves to study, to gather knowledge as toenrich our mind and elevate it. I wish that by the help of libraries wewill be able to introduce light and banish darkness, ignorance and prejudice.Books should be our life companions. Let us therefore recognise the importance of libraries as Holyplaces to turn us into the citizens of the World. I hope every success to the Conference. DATTO VAMAN POTDAR THE REGIONAL REPRESENTATIVE OF THE BRITISIt COUNCIL FOR WESTERN AND CENTRAL INDIA, BOMBAY Through its own library work in India, the British Council isvery well aware of the important role of the professional Librarian in educational and indeed national development. We believe firmly in the library as the key to the expansion of knowledge and of understanding, and therefore I have great p;eerc in sending warmest greetings and best wishes for thc-, succeess of the Ccnference. D. S. COOMBS

43, ALAPURA, INDORE 3rd December, 1968. I am happy to learn that University of Indore is to act as host to the forthcoming XVII All India Library Conference to be held at Indore, and that you propose tobring out a Souvenir on the occasion. I cordially wish success to the Conference, and tothe Souvenir, which I am sure will be deserving to the occasion. I may make a suggestion. At present only towns and cities have libraries. Villages are practically ingnored.The literacy education, which is sometimes given in villages by Social Workers, is thus wasted. I may propose that the University may draw up and implement a scheme to remove this want. Boxes containing 200 to 250 books, fit for readingin villages, may be prepared and may be sent from village to village. The village Sar-Panch or any other reliable worker may be entrused to distribute the books, and tosee to their return in time. 'II le may be prescribed, for which the box is to remain inthe village. When the prescribed titn(is over the box may be sent to the next village, as listed by you. One -%--trict :nay be the area to be thus served, and the cooperation of the Collector may be obtainec V. S. SARWATE

8, ASHOK ROAD, NEW DErAn. In order to be called educated, a mon m ust be able to appreciate the achievements of the human kace in government, in industry, in literature, art and social living and also Move with ease in the woiki of abstract ideas, both in the fields of the natural sciences and the humanities. In the context of modern developments, the qualities that are most important for the progress and prosperity of individuals and nations are the quickening of the social conscience and a pass!on for social justice so that people may demand for others the good things they want for themselves. In fact, the modern world cannot survive without a concerted attempt to raise the intellectual and cultural standards foreverybody, develop a love for work which takes pride and delight in doing the best of which one is capable, foster appreciation of one's own and other national cultures and most important of all, aspirit of understanding and compassion for all human beings and their effort to improve human conditions throught the world. HUMAYON KABIR 46 THE LIBRARY ASSOCIATION 7, Rldginowit Street, Store Street, LONDON, W. C.-1 29th November. 1968. It is with great interest that I learn that the University of Indoreis acting as host to the 17th Conference of theIndian Library Association. I have noted theimportant and fundamental themes of the Conference, and most sincerely hope that the discussions will be lively and fruitful. I am sure that the University will gain by givinghospitality to the senior librarians of India, and hope that, in years tocome, the 17th Conference of the Indian Library Associa- tion will become a landmark in the history of the Association. On behalf of the President and members of this Association. H. D. BARRY Secretory.

THE BRITISH MUSEUM LONDON, W. C. I. 5th December, 1968.

Since its foundationin1753 the British Museum Collections have included Indian manuscripts. These have been addedto from time to time, among the more important accessions having been those acquired fromthecollection of N. B. Halhed in 1795; William Erskine (1773-1852) and H. G. Jacobi (1850-1937).These collections also benefitted from the expedition to Central Asia by Sir Aurel Stein (1862-1943)sponsord by the Museum and the Government of India. Since the development of Indianprinting the Museum has also aquired books printed in all the languages of India. A seriesof catalogues of manuscripts and printed hookswere prepared by scholars at the Museum,and this was encouraged by the formation ofa separate Department of Oriental PrintedBooks and Manuscripts in 1891. In the Indian field,the most extensive work was done by J. F.Blumhardt, from the 1880's onwards, Cecil Bendall(1856- 1906), a Sanskritist who specializedin northern Buddhist studies, and by Lionel Barnett 1960), who contributed (1871- so much to Indian scholarship, especially in the bibliographicalfield. The British Museum continuesto take an active interest in Indian studies by adding to its acquisitions of Indian materials, and by providingfacilities not only to those who can visii London, but also by its enquiryand photographic services, which are frequently of helpto Indian scholars and librarians. It is withthis thought that we send 'fraternal greetings to the University of Indore and throughthem to the delegates of thc Seventeenth All-India 'Library conference. BASIL GRAY Acting Director Dr. B. D. NAGCHAUDI-IURT, Member PLANN.ZNO COMMISSIONON NEW DELHI December 6, 1968 I am happy that the University of Indoreis holdino; the XVII AllIndia Library Conference from27th to 29th December,1968 and organising Personnel in India" two seminars on 'Library and "Reading Material inIndian Languages-. The vast mass of information and knowledgeaccumulated by humanendeavour, particularly during thelast one hundredyears has created an cataloguing, digesting and enormous challenge in storing, making available thisinformation to the scholar andto the students, to the farmer and the engineer,to the manager and the worker to them. Libraries, therefore in the form that is most useful are not only repositories ofinformation in the form of _books and journals but also digetersand purveyors of and for a large variety information needed bya large variety of people of needs. To theextent that the libraries of to-daycan promote the fullest use of the knowledgethat is in their storehouse, I hope that this conference they will serve the community. will indicate the directionsand methods through which our libraries can playa more significant role in disposal and using their increasing the use of informtionat their limited resources forcollecting the material for selectively and hencemore purposefully. their library more B. D. NAG CHAUDHURI

UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFICAND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION ORGANISATION DESNATIONS UNIES POUR L' EDUCATION, LA SCIENCEET LA ,7ULTURE PLACE de FONTENOY, PARIS-7 e 9 December 1968

Best wt hes for thesuccess of the 17th Conference and for the two Seminars of the Indian Library Association, on Library Personnel in Indiaand on Reading Material inIndian Languages.I am sure that theseactivities will have ment in India. a very positive effect on Librarydevelop-

B. N. PETERSEN Chief, Unesco Library and Docuentation Service. 4-

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49 INTRODUCING MADHYA PRADESH

BY 1. S. MEHTA

Madhya Pradesh is a new Statecreated in 1956 out of MadhyaBharat, Vindhya Pradesh, Bhopal and seventeen districts ofold Madhya Pradesh.As its name indicates, Madhya Pradesh lies in the very heart orIndia.It has been a meeting ground ofmany influences and cultures and a hunting groundof many empire builders.It is country as regards its area. the largest state of the The state lies mainly on the tablelandof Central India and isa watershed for hundreds of rivers whichflow out of the state inalldirections,feeding the Ganga and the Yamuna in the north,the Narmada and Tapti flowingwestward to the Ara- bian sea and the Wardha, Wainganga and Mahanadi flowing north andeast towards the Bay of Bengal.Its very geographical locationon the map of India indicates what Madhya Pradesh has to play in the a vital role development of India as a whole. MadhyaPradesh isa sprawling state covering anarea of 4,43,452 sq. kms. with a population of3,23,72,400. The State ranges between latitudes 13'Nto 26i'N and between longhudes74'L to 84F with the Tropic of Cancer running along parallel to the Narmada. The main physicalregions of the state are: The Northern region, the Malwa plateau, the Narmada Valley, the Satpuraridge and the Chhatisgarh Plains. The climate is extreme in the north, temperate, breezy andsalubrious in the Malwa Plateau and generally wet and humidin the eastern and southernparts. The State possesses soils of almost every desci iption, from the rich black-cottonto the dry stony red earth. Nearly 30 percent of the State's area is covered byforests, largest in India. The tribal population is the largest among all the states ill thecountry. From resources point of view, MadhyaPradesh is the envy of many states in India. It is rich inmanganese ore, coal, iron, bauxite, soapstone, limestone, diamonds, dolomite, graphite etc. The people in the state are chiefly drawn fromtwo racial stocks. Those in the northern area including the Narmada Valley are broadly from the Indo-Aryarstock while the Southern and Eastern areas which were former Gondwana ...ontainagoodsprinkling of the abori- ginal tribes and the Gond -ad Indo-Dravidianstocks.Pushed by the Aryan settlers when they crossed the Vindhyas, the originalinhabitants retreated into the forests. Hindi is the chief language comm onlyunderstood and spoken throughout the State. There are however, local and regional dialectslike Malwi, Nimari, Bundelkhandi, Baghelkhandi, Brijbhasha and Chhatisgarhi. The tribal populationhas its own dialects like Halbi,Condi, Bliilalietc. The State has all the ingredients that go to make agreat unit. It has vast tracts of virgin land, untapped mineral wealth in abundance, greatriver systems which could water its fields and produce power needed for rapidindustraization. Above all, the state has a richlegacy of cultural heritage dating back to thousands of yearsbefore Christ. The State of Madhya Pradesh as it is constituted today has never beenadministratively under one authority. Historically,this area abounds in ancient sites.The pre-historic cave paintings atFloshangabad and Pachmarhi and the discovery of stone implements in theNarmada Valley have pushed back thehistory of this region to pre-historic distant past. It has been acradle of pre-neolithie and neolithicciviliza- tion.The Puranas speak of the Nishadas as theinhabitants of the Vindhya and Satpura forests, A clearer picture emerges from the Mauryantimes. A system of Mahajanpadas was inforce at Avanti and Chedi. Ashok has left numerous memoriesin the form of pillars edicts andinscrip- from tions.Shungas ruled most of the territories of M. P.from Bharhut and the Satavahans Tripuri followed by Krishnas and Vakataks. Theperiod of prosperity and enlightenedcultural activity of Chandragupta Vikramaditya left an indeliblemark on this area which can be seeneven today. Huns were repulsed by Yashodharman in whose memorya pillar stands eventoday at Mandsaur. Then followed a period of Changing dynastiestill the invasion of AllauddinKhalji in 1294 A.D. which brought this area under theMuslim rule which lasted for nearlyfive centuries. In between of course, there had been attempts oflocal uprising and challenges tomuslim authority like that of Rani Durgavati and RajaChhatrasal. The Marathas during thePeshwaship of Baji Rao I started the campaign of extending theirinfluence in the north and hisgenerals like Malhar Rao, Ranoji Sindhia and Udaji Pawar wereable to establish the Marathainfluence at Indore, Gwalior, Dhar, Dewas and adjoining territoriesbut could not coordinatetheir activities for long. Their mutual rivalries and feuds led totheir ultimate fall at the handsof the East India Company. However, their dominionscontinued in the forms of Indian statesunder the suzerainty of the British. played an important part andhad supplied some of In the uprising of 1857 this area had of the most luminous leaders in the movementlike Rani of Jhansi,Raja Bakhtawar Singh independence and national awakeningalso the area did Amjhera and others. In the struggle for Madhya Bharat and not lag behind. The Praja Mandals wereestablished in the major states of struggle in former M. P. which was adirectly administered the National Congress continued the Central India in 1948 territory of the British. After independenceMadhya Bharat was formed in and Vindhya Pradesh in the eastern partand later as result of theStites Reorganisation in 1956 the new M. P. as it exists today wasformed on the first of November,1956. Few other states in India have such awealth of eultu al heritage asMadhya Pradesh. Its There are remains contrIbution to the cultural life of the countryis equally great and outstanding.

5 0 of a glorious past scattered allover the territory telling a lively tale of great empires, of victory and defeat, of heroes and heroines, ofpoets and philosophers. Their impactcan be felt even today from the songs of the bards and streetsingers. The great stupas of Sanchi and Bharhut; Manmandir,Sasbahu and Tel iTemples of Gwalior Fort; the Udaygiricaves, the Bagh caves, the pillar of Mandsaur; observatory of Ujjain; the Jahajmahal, Hindola Mahal, Hoshangashahs'tomb, Roopmati Pavilion and Bazbahadurs' palace at Mandu, Sirpur excavations andnumerous mosques, ghats and temples speak of the glory that was once the pride of thecountry. The temples of Khajuraho have acquireda world wide fame. It was once a resplendent cityand a religious centre of repute. Through the loving caress of some prince charming they awakenedonce more to life and glory. So much so that today they are counted among India'sforemost architectural and sculptural treasures. Visitors from all over the world flockto these fabulous temples of Madhya Pradesh. In the history of literature this region has producedmen of excellence. One is at once reminded of great men of letters of the ancientperiod like Kalidas, Bhavabhuti, Varahmil, Mandan Mishra and followed by hordes of stalwarts inHindi literature. It has a rich legacy in Music too. Great names in the world of Music of thisarea are Vikramaditya, Baija, Raja Man- singh, Bhanu, Tansen, Baj Bahadur and Roopmati eachwith his distient contribution.

5 1 MALWA AND I S CULTURAL HERITAG 1-41

BY Dr. RANVIR SAXENA

THE ANTIQUITY OF MALWA Malwa has a rich legacy of culture,with a continuity running to well over twenty five centuries. In the epic and the ancient period, the region now known as Malwa, went by the name of Avanti_ The Capital of Avanti was Ujjcni or Ujjaini, the Ozene of Periplus, ruled in the time of Buddha by Chand Pradyota. Ujjain, since times immemorial, has been regardedas one of the six sacred towns of India. At the time of Periplus it was an important market linking the northern states of India to the sea-port of Barygaza (modern Bharonch). The Chinese traveller Fa-Hsien found Ujjaini as a flourishing university town. In the popular .nemory Ujjaini is un- breakably linked with the name of King VikramadityaChandragupta II of the historians.It is also associated with the m.rne of Kalidasa, one of the greatest poets of alltimes.Besides Ujjaini or Avantika, other important seats of arts and culture appeared on the map of Malwa. Mention may be made of the Dharanagri (Dhar) associated with the Parmar Kings Munj and Bhoja; Vidisha reminding us of King Ashoka; Dashpur (Mandsaur) linked with the name of Yeshodharman who subdued the Huns, and Mahishmati (Maheshwar) which brings into one's mind the memorable debate between Shankracharya and Mandan Mishra. From purely geogra- phic considerations Mahishmati does not form a part of Malwa proper, hut culturally it has not only been a part of Malwa, but also its capital -at least twiceonce in the ancient times and later in the medieval period. It is generally believed that the region formerly known as Avanti, earned the new appela- tion of Malwa somewhere in the 7th or the 8th century AD. The credit for this change in nomen- clature is given to a primitive and brave tribe of Punjabthe Malawas. At the time of the invasion of India by Alexander the Great, the Malawa tribe, living on the banks of the river Ravi, gave a tough battle to the Grectk invader.It seems that this tribe later migrated from Punjab and moving through Rajsthan settled down on the Malwa Plateau.Jawaharlal Nehru, in his 'Discovery of India', has mentioned the thesis identifying this Malwa tribe with the Malay race which played a dominant role in the history of Indonesia and the Malay peninsula. There is little doubt that the Malwa region derived its present name from this tribe,

52 MALWAITS FRONTIERS A popular Malwi couplet lays down the boundariesof Malwa in the following words:

Zha,11-Wi, n 04T, TI-M9' iftt:T T4Eff 1 frfgfu 9.447,4-4 q-d-979.it the river Chambal in. the north-west, Betwain the east and Narmada in thsouth, describe, in a fairmeasure, the frontiers of Malwa, Sir John Male:Dlm, in his inimitable and evocativelanguage has defined Malwa following words : 'Malwa proper, may therefore, be concisely describedas a table-land, in general open and highly cultivated, varied with small, conical and table-crownedhills and low ridges, watered by numerous rivers and small streams, and favoured witha rich 1oductive soil, and a mild climate, alike conducive to the health of man, anda liberal supply of his wants and luxuries." CULTURE OF PEACE Indeed, Malwa has been blessed with a soil so fertile and climateso equable and salubrious that until recently it has been known as a region of plenty andprosperity. Agricultural prosperity and immunity from famines and scarcities helped in the evolutionof a hedonistic culture. Malwa has been fortunate in another notable respect as well.Its location far away from the frontiers of India blessed it with insurance against foreigninvasions. The only threat to the peace of Malwa came from the rulers of Delhi on their marchto subdue the south. All these factors, com- bined to direct the evolution of its talents intoentirely peaceful pursuits. THE FOLK CULTURE Two distinct currentsmay be discerned in the twentyfive hundred year old cultural traditions of Malwa. The Urban-metropolitan cultureon the one hand amd the Rural-folk culture on the other.The two differ widely.Whereas the former bears deep imprint of the impact of the religion, race and the imported culture of therulers,the latter continues to be rooted in the smiling farms of Malwa. The folk culturemay be less sophisticated, but it is more lively and secular, and exhibits greater continuity thanthe metropolitan culture. The Murals done in the homes of the Malwis of allcastes and communities are rich in line and colour. The folksongs of Malwa, and the folk music, havea current of hope and confidence running through them lime warm blood coursing throughthe veins of a living, healthy and strongperson. Mention may be made of the Malwi folk dance-drama,the Mach, so popular in the region through times immemorial. It continuesto draw large audiences even today. The rnalwi folk tales recount the wisdom of King Vikram and Raja Bhoja,their sense of justice and love for knowledge. These apocryphal tales are didactive innature and contain the distilled wisdom and the ethics of India. CONTINUITY AND CHANGE The other current of culture is theone recorded in the text books of history. This current of cultural heritage,quite understandably, bears the imprint of the changes inthe political 53 picture of India, largely Delhi, and Malwa_ As the rulers changed in Ujjatn, Dhar, Maheshwar and Mandav, to name only a few seats of political power in the changing panorama of Malwa, there came a change in the architecture, painting and literature as well.Court patronage being the common feature, these changes were rather inevitable and, no doubt, contributed new dimension:, and new hues to the colourful culture of this ancier. region. Like the long culture of India, the culture of Malwa is a continuous culture,basically breathing the same spirit.This long culture may be divided, broadly, into three epochsthe ancient, the medieval and the modern.

LITERATURE Malwa has been richest in its literature.The most notable writer being the immortal Kalidasa, who, accordiul; to Shri Aurobindo, together with Valmiki and Vyas, constitutes the very essence of the history of ancient India.Historians may debate about the birth place of Kalidasa and differ about the identity and the chronology of King Vikramaditya, whose court at Ujjaini tbe great Kalidasa is said to have adorned with his genius, there can be no doubt about the intimacy of Kalidasa withUjjaini and Malwa. Works of Kalidasa constitute themost 11,..ting contribution of Malwa to the Sanskrit Literatureand to the literature of India and the world. Banbhatta, Bharvi and the poet-philosopher Bharthari were other notable men of letters who lived and worked in Malwa. Then there was the Parmar King of Dharanagari. King lunja, no mean poet himself, a great patron of literature and learning. It was said on his passing away:

44- Ern:

fq-o-ATErr wrewal. t the death a King Munj, the gifted one, has rendered the Muse heipless. King Bhoja, also of Dharanagari was a genius no less. Equally well versed in the use of the arms and the ar s, this great ruler of Malwa, like a magnet, attracted talent of all sorts tohis court. In the medieval period, when Sanskrit had given way to Malwi as the language ofthe people, even the Muslim rulers of Malwa patronised the Malwi language and took pride in learning it. Dr. Upendra Nath Day tells us that the Khilji Sultan Mahmud could compose versesin He was a great patron of Sanskrit literature as well. Under his patronage the Jain Kalpa- sutra was transcribed at the fort of Mandu. Sangram Singh Soni wrotehis Buddhi Sagar.The Jain scholar Shrutakirti wrote his Prakrit Apbhransa works Prarnesthi Prakash Sara and Hari Vansa Purana, in de 15th century, at Mandu. Nasir Shah, another Mandusultan, was also a great patron of art and culture, patrieularly of Malwi language. ManyHindi and Malwi books were written during his reign, more notablebeing the Lalitang Charitra of Ishwara Suri. The book is an excellent example of the Hindi-Malwi written in this period.Nash Shah got a book written in Hindi on chemistry Nasirsahi Kankaligrantn.

54- The tradition of' the Muslim rulerspatronizing Hindi and was picked up by Baz Bahadur eve- taking up writing in Hindi as well. Baz Bahadur and Rupmaticomposed in Malwiand enriched the Malwi musicand literature. Jadunath's Khanderao work of the Medieval Rasa is another notableMalwi period. There is no need to reproducethe whole catalogue ofthe literary creations of this period. What isimportant is to note that in the realm distinction of religion of literature therewas no or race. Irrespective of the religion the Muslimsand the Hinduswere just Malwis and enriched the literatureof Malwa as its truesons. The modern Hindi writer of Malwa continues the literary tradition of thepast. There is a long list of eminentwriters produced by Malwa inthe modern and the Bat Krishna Sharma "Navcen" contemporary period. and Prabhag Chandra Sharmaof Sahajapur, Prenii Pradeep of Barnagar, Virendra of Guna, Jain, Ramesh Bakshi and SharadJoshi of Indoreare only some of many notable names in the literaryarena. PAINTING In the field of painting thehighest water mark was reached with at Bagh, very similar to the the Bagh art. Thecaves caves at Ajanta, carry illustrations from the lifeof the Buddha.These murals are not only inspiredby the same spirit of spiritualismand dedication but the work of the same school of appear to be painting. Another remarkablemilestone was thepainting of Kalpasutra at Mandu. Day has quotedPromod Chandra for the view that of the Mandu sultans there developed under the patronage a new style of Malwi painting. Ni'matnamahof Ghiyath Shah and also of Nasir Shah displaya fusion of the Turkman style of Shirazand the (Jain) styles of paintings.Day is of the view that Ni'matnatnah Indian birth of a new style which paintings, "certainly markthe may conveniently be designated as Malwapainting." W. G. Archer may be quoted for the view that the Ragini paintings of Jaunpur and Bundi beara clear imprint of the Malwi school. The romanticpainting done under the patrongage Bahadur and other rulers "laid and inspiration of Baz the foundations of Rajpat painting inMewar and produced the virile compositions which exhilarateIndian minds today." In no other field has the modernMalwa maintained the high traditions this field. Starting with Nana of the past as in Bhai Bhujang there has beena wonderful revival of thisart. Dev- !Akar presided over the IndoreSchool of Art and inspired a whole generation. The greatestname to emerge out of this inspiration isthat of N. S. Bendre, at preser-'the Dean of the Faculty Fine Arts at M. S. University of at Baroda.Another modern giant producedby Malwa is M. H. Hussain. Devakrishna Joshi, ManoharJoshi and Chinchalkar are painters of Malwa. some of the other notable MUSIC Traditions of mu.sic in Malwaare the oldest. The tribal music of the Bhils of the stirrings of the primitive heart. is the example The folk music of the non-tribals isyet another current of the audio art kept alive, withmodifications, since the beginnings ofcivilization. In the twelfth century, Jaideva theauthor of Geeta-Govind invented the Although this 'lyrical songster' did Malava-raga. not belong to Malwa, it is believed thathe only polished and systematized a r popular in Malwa since the ancient times.There is no doubt that music

5 4 had always occupied a very important place in the temples and in the courts of the Malwirulers. Ujjaini, Dharanagri and Mahishmati were important seats of the musical art in the ancientIndia. In the medieval period another name was added t,the old seatsthat of Mandu. SL:ltan Bar Bahadur of Mandu was himself an unrivalled singer of his time. BazBahadur and Rupmati lived poetry and music.Baz Bahadur is credited with the invention of the Baz KhaniKhayal and his lady love, Rupmati, invented the Bhup Ka Ivan Raghd. In the modern period music fiour-shed under the patronage of therulers of thc states or lndore, Dhar, Bhopal, Gwalior and Dewas ete.Since Independence there is a new spurt in the interest in this delicate art.Kumar Gandharva, Rahimuddin Khan, Arnba DUS, Babukhan, Rajjab Ali Khan, Haider Hussain, are big names representing high talent, SCULPTURE AND ARCHITECTURE Sculpture and architecture beirw,, Cie best preserved arts.There is solid evideiite of the richest legacy of these art fot-ms in Malwa. The extant temples, forts and buildings at Ujjain, Dhar, Sanchi, Bagh, VHisha, Mandsaur, Maheshwar and a host of other places speak volumes about the old and lofty traditions of these arts in Malwa. Sanchi sculpture in particular is an example of the most advanced style of Indian sculpture. Not merely the philosophy and the spirit animating the Sanchi sculptures, the naturalistic /treatment of the human form, the truthful rendering of the animal life and the decorative beauty of the sculptures place them on the highest pedestal of art.E. B Havell rightly feels that, "it would be difficult to find among the Gandharan sculptures anything to surpass it either in tech- nique or in artistic feeling." Next to the ancient and Gupta period architecture, mention may be made of the Mandu architecture.It is held by many experts that the Dhar and Mandu architecture of the medieval period is a product of the soil. This art is not just a juxtaposing o';' the Hindu and the Muslim influences, but their complete fusion and assimilation. Commenting on the style of Jahaz Mahal at Mandu, Day remarks, "....there is nothing like Hindu or Muslim, it is all Malwi." There is no doubt Malwa has a rich cultural heritage.For the last two thousand five hundred years it has a recotd of continuous culture. Philosophers, astronomers and astrologers (like Varahmihir), scientists (like Dhanvatari), artists and men of letters have been born on the soil of Malwa. It has played host to differing religions and cultures. And out of the differences it has always attempted to assimilate, fuse, synthesise and create something of its own.It has becn a traditional seat of Indian culture. But what is most remarkable is the factthat more than the cult of the sword, Malwa has lived by the dignity of itsarts.

56 INDORE CITY

BY 1NDORIAN

Indore, the largest and the most advanced city of Madhya Pradeshis situated on the Malwa Plateau at an altitude of 1738 feet above Sea level.Set amidst lush green vegeta- tion and small hills and tanks, the city enjoys pleasant climateall the year round. Two small streams, the Saraswati and the Khan, run thr -ugh the city.On their confluence in the city stands the small but old temple of Saugamnath. History of its origin. Indore is relatively a young town having been foundednear about 1715.Patrick Geddes, the celebrated town planner,who prepared a master-plan for the developmentof Indore way back in 1918, has observed that the city had itsbeginning as a "peaceful little religious centre".Patrick Geddes, observes that the origin of the citydepended, "besides its natural advantage as a stage, and an attractive resting-point,upon the route of Yogis and pilgrims between the holy city of Ujjain and the doublysacred river Narbada".The importance of the place rested in its location on the highway connecting thenorth with the south. As the mighty Mugal empire went to pieces, Malwa assumedgreat importance in the secular history of India.Marathas used it as a gateway to the North. The passingMaratha chiefs attractedtr...de.Thus gradually, Indore became an importantstage and a resting place for the armies moving between the south and the north. In 1733, the place, where now the city of Indore stands,was gifted to the Malhar Rao Holkar, the founder of the Holkar dynasty, by the Peshwa BajiRao. The first notable construcdon was the temple ol indreshwar in 1741. It is generally heldthat "Indur or Indore" is a corruption of Indreshwarthe initial name of the settlement. Indore and Ahilya Bai The next major step in the growth of the importance of the tiny village of1ndreshwar, Indur or Indore, was the affection and the attention it received at the hands ofDevi Ahilya Bai Holkar.She liked the place immensely and moved theheadquarters of the pargana from Kampail to Indore, although Maheshwar continued to be the capital of theHolkar State. Sack of the Town As Luard tells us,in 1801 Indore experiencedthe worst event of its life.Deep- rooted rivalry between Daulat Rao &India and Yeshwant Rao Holkar ledto a bloody engage--

-517 INDORE CITY

INDORIAN

Indore, the largest and the most advancedcity of Madhya Pradesh i.; situatedon the Malwa Plateau atan altitude of 1738 feet above Sea level.Set amidst lush green vegeta- tion and small hills and tanks, the city enjoyspleasant climate all the year round. Twosmall streams, the Saraswati and the Khan,run through the city.On their confluence in the city stands the small but old temple of Sangamnath.

History of its origin.

Indore is relatively ayoung town having been founded near about 1715.Patrick Geddes, the celebrated town planner, whoprepared a master-plan for thedevelopment of Indore way back in 1918, has observed that thecity had its beginningas a "peaceful little religious centre".Patrick Geddes, observes that the origin of the city depended, "besidesits natural advantage as a stage, andan attractive resting-point, upon theroute of Yogis and pilgrims between the holy city of Ujjain and thedoubly sacred river Narbada".The importance of the place rested in its location on the highway connecting the north withthe south. As the mighty Mugal empire went to pieces, Malwa assumed great importance in thesecular history of India.. Marathas used it as a gateway to the North. The passingMaratha chiefs attracted trade.Thus gradually, Indore becamean important stage and a resting place for the armies moving between the south and thenorth.

In 1733, the place, where now the city ofindore stands, was giftedto the Malhar Rao Holkar, the founder of the Holkar dynasty, by the Peshwa Baji Rao. The firstnotable construction was the temple of Indreshwar in 1741. Itis generally held that "Induror Indore" is a corruption of Indreshwarthe initialname of the settlement.

Indore and Ahilya Bai

The next major step in the growth of the importance ofthe tiny village of Indreshwar, Indur or Indore, was the affection and the attentionit received at the hands of DeviAhilya Bai Holkar.She liked the place immensely and moved theheadquarters of thepargana from Kampail to Indore, although Maheshwar continuedto be the capital of the Holkar State. Sack of the Town

As Luard tells us,ia 1801 Indore experienced the worst event of itslife.Deep- rooted rivalry between Daulat Rao Scindia and Yeshwant Rao Holkarled to a bloodyengage-

51 ment near Indore on the 14 October.Yeshwant Rao was defeated and forced toretire."The city was delivered up to the mercies of thenotorious Sarje Rao Ghatke, whoplundered the town, razed all houses of any importance tothe ground and intlicted everyform of atrocity on the inhabitants, co that the wells in theneighbourhood were filled with corpses of unfortunate women who had committed suicide to escapedishonour."

Despite the serious set-back to theprosperity and progress of the town receivedby this event, the town was soon up on its legs.

Indore becomes the capital A new chapter in the history of Indore openswith the treaty of Mandsaur in 1818 which brought the capital of the Holkars fromBhanpura to Indore.Indore continued to be capital town until the formation of the Stateof Madhya Bharat in May1948. From 1948 to 1956 it was the summer capital of Madhya Bharat.

Indore was again in the news in 1857.A part of the Holkar Armyrevolted and attacked the Residency.Indore became a hot4;ed of anti-Britishuprising.

Once peace returned to Central India, the townresumed its march towards itsevolu- tion as an important seat of trade and commerce.

Steps towards modernization The credit for the modernization of the town goes toTukoji Rao 11 (1844-86).It was under his rule that a number of remarkable changes wereinitiated.Indore had itsfirst municipality (1868), was connected by a railway line(1877), effected the Postal Convention (1878) and had a Medical school (1878).The first textile mill was establishedin 1866due to the initiative of Tukoji Rao himself.The Krishnapura bridge, the MusafirKhana, the cenotaph of Ma Saheba are some of the creations of thisremarkable ruler.

This love for construction was equally evident inMaharaj Shivaji Rao Holkar (1886- 1903) who built the Holkar College, The Moti Bungla,The Shivavilas Palace The IndoreGeneral Library and the cenotaph of Tukoji Rao II.Tukoji Rao III and Maharaj YeshwantRae Holkar II added further to the glory and the beautyof the town.The Manik Bag Palace, the Maharani Sarai, King Edward Hall (now known a theGandhi Hall) The Yeshwant Niwas Palace, The Law Courts, The Lal Bag Palace were some of the newconstructions.

The quickness with which Indore adopted themodern inventions is evident from the fact that the electric lighting was introduced in the townin 1906 and the telephone in 1907. The telegraph was here during the mutiny.The eminent town planner- Sir PatrickGeddes was invited by the State to report onthe town planning of Indore towards city development in 1918.The elaborate master plan proposed by Geddes is read as a textbook by the Town Planners even now.

The Demographic growth. The tremendous growth of the city since it became thecapital of the State is evident from the demographic growth, as given in thetable below:

59 r-

;Min tnifil. 1 I . . eirVP.4 tfl44/44.,..,

RAJVADA

RAVINDRA NATVA GRAHA HOLKAR SC1 COLLEGE

qe°4

--NAM Population, Area and Density of 1?opnlation of Indore City (1820-1967)

Year Population Area (in square Density of miles) population

1820 63,560 1881 75,401 1891 82,984 1901 86,686 550 18,160 1911 57,282 8.25 6.818 1921 1,07,948 8.28 12,922 1931 1,47,100 11.39 12,915 1941 2,03,695 11.39 17,884 1951 3,10,859 13.19 23568 1961 3,94,941 21.59 18,223 1967 4,48,000 (Estimated) 21.59 20,708

The growth of the city is due, partly, to flourishing trade and Commerce. Indore is a great market for cotton, groundnuts, wheat and a number of other important cash and commercial crops grown it the hinterland of Malwa and Nimar.It is also a great centre for the distribution of the finished and the semi-finished products to the small towns and villages of Malwa and Nimar.In the last few decades Indore has developed its own engineering and hydrogenation inclUstries, besides the old cotton textile industries.

The creation of the Indore City Municipality in 1868 is a notable landmark in the progress of the city.The Municipality widened and metalled the existing roads, builtnew ones constc,xted drains, and planted trees in and around the city.In 1860.. up-to-date water works were constructed, and these were extended from time to time.In 1956 the Indore city municipality Was made a corporation.In 1924 a City Improvement Trustwas constituted. A number of improvement schemes recommended by the Trust and sanctionedby the Government have been carried out.The rflost notable among these extension are theSnehalataganj, the Manoramaganj and Palasia extensions.The Trust is playing an importantrole in the development of the ,:ity on the sound lines in a planned manner.

Places of Attraction The chief business centres in Indore are the Siyagänj, Bada and Chhota Sarafas, Ditwaria Bazar, The Tukoji Rao Cloth Market, The Savarkar market, Topkhana and the Khajuri Bazar.

The most striking building in the city is the Juna Rajwada or old palace, which stands in front of a square park and towers above the rest of the town.It was completed in 1818 by Maharaja Malhar Rao II.Near the Khan river (west) stand the chhatris of Ma-Saheba Keshari Bai and of Maharaja Tukoji Rao II.Among the temples, the most beautiful construe-

09 62 A very old tion is that of the JainMandir, in Ditwaria Bazar,built by Sir Hukamchand. (near the old Palace).Among private residences,the handsomest temple is the Gopal Mandir number of other built by late Sir Httkumchand,who was responcible for a is the Endra Bhawan, know Rang-mahal and the Shish-mahalalso. The Town Hall (popularly palatial structures like the Secretariat), The RavindraNatya Hall), The High Court,The Moti Bungla (the as the Gandhi and The Mahatma GandhiMerriorial Griha, The Nehru Stadium,The Yeshwant Rao Hospital and The Yeshwant NiwasPalace, The Medical College, The HolkarCollege, The Daly College of the other buildingsworth a visit. Lai Bag, The Manik Bag,The Shivalas Palace are some

Picnic-spots picnic-places on the outskirts ofthe ilown ..nere arc anumber of beauty spots and the Yeshwant Sagar. like the Piplia-pala, theShirpur, the Sukh-niwas and Traditions of Culture and Art mention of its high traditionsof No account of Indorewould be complete without a eminent painters likeDevalalikar, N. S. art, culture and literature.Indore has produced Chinchalkar and Hussain.In the field of music Bendre, Manohar Joshi,Devekrishna Joshi, Munir Khan and musicians like NeellcanthApte, Rahimuddin Khan, it has produced great Mahatma Sahitya Sarnia, whosefoundation was laid by Dhulji.The Madhya Bharat Hindi important role in thegrowth of Gandhi in 1915, and its magazine"Veena", have played an modern Hindi literature. The first newspaper Indore is the third biggest centreof Hindi Journalism inIndia. At present it has half adozen dailies published in Indore was theMalwa-Akhbar in 1848. up-to-date printingequipment. in Hindi, some with modernteleprinter services and the most

Educational Centre and technical education Indore is a great educational centre.Every type of general is provided by the various typesof institutions. the rest of the country.It is situated on the Indore is very well connected with the metre and the Bombay-Agra Road almost on the mid-point.It is a railway junction on Corporation provides adaily broad-gauge lines of the Western Railway.-The Indian Airlines air link between Bombay andDelhi. Station in Indorewhich caters to Mention may also be made of theAll India Radio the Malwi region. heartedness of And last, but not the least, is thespirit of frindlinessand the warm home at Indore. the people of Indore.One does not take long to feel at

66 63 UNIVERSITY OFINDORE AND /TSDEVELOPMENT

PROGRAMMES

BY N. RAMACHANDRAN Full developmentof a community and in educational cannot be achieved withouta strong educational base development, stresshas to be laidon the expansion of basic library and laboratoryfacilities, students requisites like and teachers hostels,scholarships and free-ships deserving studentsas also increased emphasis for to build, in 300 on research work. On thisprinciple, we are trying acres, an attractive andfunctionally useful University which campus for this nascent and growing has 21 colleges and17,000 students of graduate classes. whom more than 2,000are in the Post- A CITY UNIVERSITY The city of Indore in which the Universityis situated, is the largest could rightly becalled the commercial city in the State and capital of MadhyaPradesh. It has a nice winterand a mild summer and thus hasan equable and wonderful climate all through theyear. All the colleges except one are inthe city itself and thus Baroda or Jabalpur the University isa city university like Delhi,Bombay, universities. Indore hasa good educational background which is proud ofits educational and has citizenry traditions and is preparedto take part in the work of building for Indore a reallymodern university. It their fullest is proposed to exploit allthese natural advantages to extent in the developmentof the universityso that with the help of the trained by itsUniversity, this manpower and the country prosperous city could grow further andhelp the State Government as a whole in its plantowards progress. THE MASTERPLAN We have therefore,drawn up, with the help of a DevelopmentPanel consisting of senior professors, educationmperts, eminent public for the development men and the UniversityArchitect, a Master Plan of thecampus. Preliminary work programme of development has been done in thisconnection and a in the years toccme has been drawn spective thinking.This is expected up on the basis of a newper- to involve an expenditureof Rs. 4.6 crores in the and envisages theestablishment of near future lakhs for building a Central University Libraryat an extimated cost of Rs. 20 and Rs. 10 lakhsfor books to make undergraduate and it serve adequ Itely boththe needs of postgraduate studentsas also the research scholars. considered for es'_ah -lent of the Science and Besides, Plans are being Humanities Blocks with wellequipped labora-

61 enough tories and a College of Commerce and BusinessManagement. It is also intended to have office as the nerve quarters for teachers and staff, severalhostels for students, an administrative centre to direct and guide all theUniversity affairs, a workshop and anindustrial estate, a stadium for games and sports, a swimming pool, ahealth centre and other amenities. THE FIRST STEP development schemes As a first step towards this development,it is proposed to undertake approved by the Uni- of the order of Rs. 42 lakhs during theFourth Plan period. This has been 'nstance, in relation versity Grants Commission, who will makeavailable Rs. 30 lakhs in the first to the beginnings to be made in some fields.This will be butressed by grants which areexpected from other sources, especially from the StateGovernment and local munificence.During the the subjects of Fourth Plan period, it is proposed to startuniversity teaching Departments in first phase of the Physics, Mathematics, Statistics andEconomics and also to undertake the for books. University Library at an estimated cost of Rs.11 lakhs including Rs. 3 lakhs of The scheme approved by the University GrantsCommission also envisages the construction some quarters for staff, a GuestHouse and Students Welfareactivity schemes. The plans India, and estimates for the purpose are being prepared.Dr. Zakir Hussain, the President of has kindly consented to lay the foundationstone for the UniversityLibrary, which would that end is in effect mean that of the University itself, on10th February, 1969. Action towards being taken. THE PROGRESS of As a part of our Fourth Plan programme, wehave already constructed theHouse Languages, the Bhasha Bhavan, where themodern European and modernIndian Languages Arrange- are to be taught. Action isunder way to start Russianclasses shortly in the Bhavan. Management soon. The University ments are also being made to havethe courses in Business for the development of the Printing Press has now startedfunctioning. We have also a scheme Pradesh for educational research college of Education as an importantresearch Centre in Madhya about Rs. 4.5 lakhs and educational problems. The new collegebuilding, constructed at a cost of the 26th December, i5 to be inaugurated by the Union EducationMinister, Dr. Triguna Sen on 1968 to the stimulus and Thus the process has begun and it willgather momentum in relation round improvement encouragement it rece:ives.It is hoped that as aresult there will be an all We appeal to the enligh- of education and general rise in the standardsof education in the city. ahead, in the construction of a tened members of the public to join handswith us in the big tasks nation could be proud. modern University of Indore of which thecitizens of Indore and the whole

62 65 INDOREUIVERSITY LIBRARY

BY A. L. WADIKAR

The Indore University Libraryis in its infant May 1964. Theb -ginning stage. The University toviards theorganisation of was established in of 1965 whenthe appointment 1.1,:iversity librarywas made by the end of the AssistantLibrarian was made. making progressand itcan be said with The library hasjust started versity Library some degree ofconfidence that are being laidon a sound footing. the foundationsof Uni-

The Universityauthorities took to a professional a very right step ofentrusting the librarian from organisation oflibraray basic decision, the very beginning.This is of basic we know,some libraries though importance. But forthis Unlike many grown in size,are in bad shape other universitylibraries,there is no and in disarray. the library byuniversity interference in theinternal organisation authorities. Thefirst Vice-Chancellor of Kamath and theRegistrar Shri of the University, G. N. Tandanare to be thanked Shri H. S. sation at thebeginning. Now for the under thepresent administrative organi- growth of thelibrary is well Vice-Chancellor, assured. ShriJoshi himself a vigorous andspeedy He has a richexperience of has deepinterest in been in administrative organising librariesand knowl,sdge University library. and organizational of technicalmatters. He has the Central charge of biglibra...ies in Secretariat libraryand libraries Government ofIndia, like Grants Commission. of the Planning He has alsobeen President Commission andof the University tion fora long period. of the GOvernment Among the of IndiaLibrarians Associa- the first place.It is indeed development plansof the University, very fortunate that library development affairs in this a person likeShri K. L. Joshi has early stage oflibrary planning is at the helmof the leadership and and development.We are guidance, theIndore University sure that underhis able in ourcountry. As for will soon haveone of the most the purelytechnical side, modern library t3tablished classification we are following scheme and from thevery beginning well Dewey Decimal cataloguing code.The books Scheme (17thed.) and are classifiedaccording to Catalogue Code, cataloguing is basedon Dr. Ranganathan's with someminor adjustments. Classified

63 X-6 THE R. N. M. LIBRARY library wa.. nade with a giftof books and journals(about 10,000 in The beginning of the all subjects. Of of California. Thecollection consists of books on number) from the Rotarians Sciences, and the these are the books onEngineering and Medical particular importance among collection of American important scientific journals.It also has a good back numbers of some Assembly Hall of these books and journals havebeen housed in the fiction and literature. All the wishes been named as the "RotaryNehru Memorial Library" as per the University and have into existance in the nucleus of the Universitylibrary's reading room came of the donors. The Reading Room was thrown opento all teachers and R. N. M. f ibrary inSeptember 1967. The however", now been shifted tothe first floor students of the University.This Reading room has collection of the iibrary isbeing accommodated of the Students' Homebuilding where the.main presently. STUDENTS' HOME the establishment of dieStudents' Home The next step in thedevelopment of the library wss Students' Home containsmultiple copies of textand Librl..ry as per the U. G.C.'s Scheme. The Engineering and Medicine.The books kept here are not reference books- on allsubjects, except reading room itself. The reading, but are to bestudied and consulted in the issued out for home the first time in shelves and readers have open accessto them. It is for books are kept on open libraries in the city system is being followedin a library. All other Indore that the Open access cabinets. The Students'Home the old method ofkeeping the book in locked are having students who do not have necessaryaccommoda- Reading Room isprimarily meant for those admosphere for their study athome. The ReadingRoom provides sitting tion and proper Reading Room was and a quiet atmospherefor serious stUdy.- The arrangement for 120 readers Kamath. Since theinau- inaugurated in February1968 by the firstVice-Chancellor Shri H. day and by new morethan 750 students guration, the ReadinsRoom is becoming popular every have enrolledthemselves as r4sular readers. THE MAIN LIBRARY being housed on thefirst floor The main collection of theUniversity Library is presently first floor and it isbeing used as stack room of Students' HomeBuilding. There is a big hall on the subjects except Engineeringand Medicine are cum reading room.Books and journals on all books have beenacquired by theUniversit3. being purchased for theLibrary. So far 25,000 hy the Library. 71foreign and 96 Indian library. This includesvarious gifts of books received periodicals are also beingsubscribed by the Library.

GIFTS been fortunate to receivevaluable gifts from various soumes The University library has the past two year donated a sizable number ofbooks and journals during The Asia Foundation Besides the Asia Foundationgifi which has given a goodfillip. to Library's maincollection. British Council, and theU.S.I.S. the other important gifts arefrom Mnley Family, the behalf of the Muley Famil The Muley Family collectiondonated by Shri B. V. Muley, on Marathi, Sanskrit & Hindi), governmer of Indore, contains valuableold and rare books (English, the former Holkar State.The collection consisi reports anddocumentsespecialiy concerning 64 67 of about 4,000 volumes. Many out-of-print books could be found in thiscollection, e.g. complete sot of the Times History of World War I,etc.

The British Council donated about 1,500 "paperbacks from Britian" in August l 968. The gift containslatest books on various subjects and thecollection is a real asset to the Library. The readers have found these booksvery useful and the collection has beena great attraction for them. The University library is indeed gratefulto theBritish Council for this gesture of goodwill.Besides this gift of paper backs, the BritishCouncil of Bombay has been sending other material and giving valuable help tous in many other ways. Shri D. K. Devnally, Librarian, for Western Region has been taking keen interest inour nascent library and has always been ready to extend his hand of cooperation at all times. Iam indeed grateful to him for his whole hearted cooperation.

The U.S.I.S. has been sending books to the libraryfrom time o time. Important among these are the costly reference books like the Cumulative BookIndex, Ulrich's Guide to Periodi- cal Literature, latest edition of Columbia Encyclopeadia,American Men of Scienceetc. Our thanksare due to the U.S.I.S. for their kind cooperation. THE R. C. JALL TEXT BOOK LIBRARY Recently the Shri R. C. Jall Public Chai ity Trust of Indore decidedto donate funds to the University for establishing Text-Book Libraries.The Trust have donated a sum of Rs. Rs. 15,000/- for the current year (1968-69) for the purpose and similar grant will bemade availa- able in the coming years. The "Fs ry- s to spend about a lac of rupees over the scheme. As per the scheme approved y multiple copies of Text-books on all subjects including Engineering, Medi will be purchased out of thr funds provided by the Trust. The Text-Book L Education, Medicine and Engineeutig would be located separately in the libraries of the respective colleges and the section housing them would be known as 'Shri R. C. Jall Text-Book Library." For all other subjects a similar separate section would be established in the University Library itself. The books from these Text-Book libraries would be issued to the students for their home study. The scheme is bound to prove of great help to the student community and will,..rn an important part of the University Library. DEVELOPMENT PROPOSALS The University Library has ambitious plans for its development in all its spheres including a multistoried building of its own and establishment of Departmental Libraries.In the Fourth plan proposals the following provision as detailed below has been made which will give some idea about the development of the University Library:

University Library. Building etc., Staff & furniture (I Phase) 8,60,000/ Books etc. (from 1967-68 to 1970-71) 3,00,000/ Departmental libraries I. University College of Education Departmental Library en 75,000/

65 II.Physics in ScienceBlock 1,65,000/ Departmental library (Booksand Journals ) III.Maths 8r Statistics inScience Block. 35,000/ Books and Journals IV.Economics Department inArts Block 15,000/ Books and Journals. Languages etc. V. Modern European and Indian 4,0001- - Books (for Russian Studentsonly.) that these will form partof the Central As regards DepartmentalLibraries it is envisaged Library and will not be treated asindependent libraries.

THE LIBRARY BUILDING proposed to make about Rs. two millionsfor the building. It is The proposal is to spend It will be a 'T' shapebuilding it the most attractive of theentire group ofUniversity Buildings. will be designed toaccommodate two lac books to with a multi-storiedfrontage. The building study cubicals, Browsing seats for about 700students.It will also have start with and reading coping and micro film room,an auditorium etc. room, reference room, amusic library, photo library is underpreparation and Dr. Kesavanis The requirements andthe design of the taking keen The Vice-ChancellorShri K. L. Joshi is helping the Universityin this respect. and itis hoped that attention to the buildingplan of the library interest and giving personal modern librarybuildings in will be completed it willbe one of the most when this btlilding of the recent librarybuildings in tbe India free from mistakeswhich have occured in some country.

66 69 PUBLIC LIBRARIES

OF 1NDORE

BY V. S. MOGHE

Indore has the proud privilege of holding the All India Library Conference for the second time. In 1951, the Indore General Library, the oldest public library founded in1854 A. D. played host to the IX All India Library Conference. This year the honour has gone to the Uni- versity of Indore, mainly due to the initiative of its Vice-Chancellor, Shri K. L. Joshi, whocon- siders the library as the heart of the University.It is in the fitness of things that an academic institution should follow a public institutionin arousing library consciousness among the younger generation, THE INDORE GENERAL LIBRARY The credit of starting the public library movement of Indore, and that too ina period of political turmoil and uncertainty, goes to Maharaja Tukoji Rao Holkar II,thec Modern Indore. He founded the present Indore General Library in the Huzurya Moho.uie Old Palace itself witha donation of Rs. 500/- and a recurring grant of Rs. 12/- p.m. These amounts may appear insignificant today but in those dayswere worth a munificence.

This oldest and premier public library known as 'Kitab Ghar' till 1866 has had topass through many vicissitudes during its long and chequered existence.The Rules of the Library werefirst publishedin 1884 and a catalogue of 2507 books printed in 1891.After sl iftingfrom the Palace the library wandered to many places in the City till 1909 when it occupiedthe present building situated in the heart of the City 'Rajwada Chowk.' Thereafter itsprogress was rapid due to liberal State patronage.In 1947 the library acquired the adjoining piece of land at a cost of Rs. 31,000/- for its development. On 8th June 1948 the first Popular Governmentof the State handed over the present State-owned building to the library.

Another noteworthy feature of the library is its democratic character.Since 1915 it is managed by a Committee consisting of 19 members elected by its subscribers who come mostly from the middle and lower middle classes. The Managing Committee has now to work under the general supervision and control of a Board of Trustees,

67 and also conducts Apart from regular activities thelibrary runs a Childern's Section Circulating Centres for Womenin different localities. fulfil them with the The Library has many ambitiousplans of development and hopes to generous support of thepeople. THE VICTORIA LIBRARY Another old public library that cameinto existence in the last decadeof 19th century (1887) is the Victoria Library. It issituated in the area formerlyknown as 'Residency' and caters to the need of the people of thelocality. OTHER PROMINENT PUBLIC LIBRARIES libraries came The Freedom Struggle also gave afillip to the library movement and many mention may be made to be established in the different partsof the city. Amongst these libraries Sarvajanik Vacha- of Matoshri Kasturba GujrathiVachanlaya and Pustakailya (1924). Mabesh Veer Sarvajanik nalaya (1928), Pratap Jain Vachanalaya(1932),7ratap Granthalaya (1934), Vachanalaya (1936), Sbramik Vachanalaya (1935),Swetamber Jain Mitra Mandal Sarvajanik Vachanalaya (1949) and the Workers' InstituteLibrary (1960). Niost of theselibraries have collections mostly in Hindi, which is the main languageof the people. KasturbaGujrathi Library Library possesses some rare possesses Gujrati books inaddition to Hindi. The Swetambar Jain manuscripts of 1200 and 1300 A.D. on Jainism.The Sharaik Library and theWorkers' Institute are open to labourers and workersonly.

LITERARY INSTITUTIONAL LIBRARIES Bharat Hindi The two old and well-known literaryInstitutions of the City viz. Madhya good libraries Sahitya Samiti and Maharashtra Sahitya Sabha,both established in 1915, maintain devoted to Hindi and Marathi literatures, as their namessuggest. Mahatma Grridhilaid the foundation stone of the 'Sarju Prasad Pustakalaya' of theSamiti in 1918. .aarashtra Sahitya Sabha too has its own building and runs a children'slibrary also.

INDORE MUNICIPAL CORPORAT/ON LIBRARYAND READING ROOMS. The Ind ore Municipal Corporation also did notlag behind in prvoiding the libraryfacilities needed for a growing city.It established a central library in1960, which is situated in the its 48 Gandhi Hall and has started Free Book HomeService through its mobile van amongst wards. It also runs Free Reading Rooms inthese wards where dailies andweeklies are kept. It which is learnt that these Reading Rooms are beingclosed down now as a measure of economy, is rather unfortunate. Let us hope that thiswill not happen.

SHRI AHILYA CENTRAL LIBRARY The latest development in the promotion ofPublic library Movement in thecity is the donation of establishment of a Government Public Library in1961 largely due to the munificent Rs. 1,50,000/- given by His late Highness theMaharaja Yeshwant rlolkar, a great lover of books It is named after that illustrious and pious Rulerof Indore, Devi Shri Ahilya Bai Holkar, known all over India for her charity. This Central library (in fact intended to be a Regional Library, and at present limited to the City only) has made a good beginning by acquiringlatest and standard works of reference and providing library services by adopting modern library technics. CONCLUSION Statistical data about these public libraries as could be obtained is appended herewith. It reveals the sorry plight of these libraries whose growth is retarded for one reason or another. Most of these libraries, though many of them receive grant-in-aid from the Government, are languishing on account of financialresources which are limited and the rising heavy burden cc establishment and mounting cost of books and periodicals. Further, these libraries are suffering from an impoverished book-stock and library accessories, are lacking in modern methods of library servicesas they still follow the old and crude methods of classification, cataloguing and book issue, andappear to be still living in the 19th century. This can be attributed to the fact that these libraries cannot afford to have trained library personnel to manage the library serviceson modern lines. The Indore Sambhag Pustakalaya Sangh, a body of library professionals, is, therefore, undertaking a survey of these libraries witha view to help them in reorganising their services. That, inspite of many handicaps, these public libraries are sustaining themselves and con- tinueto render library services is praiseworthy and to be admired. This is largely due to their democratic character and library consciousness of the people. Another peculiar feature of these libraries is that they are mostly subscription libraries and take deposits from readers. Let us hope that the XVII All India Library Conference will enthuse new life and vigour in these libraries. May these libraries developon modern lines with the generous support of the people and Government alike and continue to rendermore effective and better services than before, leading: to the further progress of the nation !

6 9 72 COLLEGE LIBRARIES OF INDORE

M. D. LONKAR

dates The city of Indore is proud of itseducational heritage.It's oldest college back to 1886 To-day there are 21colleges in Indorc and 2 in Mhow.Of these, 20 colleges Medical College, which include Post-Graduate Colleges, DegreeColleges, Law Colleges, College of Educa- College of Dentistry, College of Nursing, Schoolof Social Work and the IrAdore and one tion.This figure includes 3 Women's Collegesalso.These Colleges in Degree College in Mhow are affiliate I to the newlyestablished University ofIndere. The College of the Agricultural College ofIndore and Veterinary remaining two colleges are Besides these Mhow affiliated to the Jawaharlal Nehru KrishiVishwavidyalaya, Jabalpur. Industrial Training Institute.Indore thus pro- colleges there are two Polytechnics and the of these for pursuing higher education.Obviously the libraries videsall thefacilities these libraries colleges present variety in their collections. Astatistical data pertaining to as could be obtained is appendedherewith. " The Holkar College Library is oneof the oldest and foremostlihfsr 1961 in two separateinstitutions,viz., Houcal The bifurcation of this college in library very much. College and Government Arts & CommerceCollege has affected the mainly of Science booksand the other on The entire stock was divided in two parts, one and outstanding Humanities and Social Sciences.Both theselibraries possess some rare study circles and researchdepartments, books.These libraries are having reading rooms, and inte- all situated in different places andclass rooms. Hence asysteriatic coordination The Periodicals sectionof the Holkar Science grated library service become very difficult. a measure of College was at its peak a couple of years age,but it has been cut down as economy imposed in 1966-67and whichstill continues. library.Since Another old collegelibrary of the city isthe Christian College library reflects the typical conserva- the college is managed by theCanadian Mission, its tive approach in its book collection. Shri GovindramSeksaria Technological Institute, M. G. M. Medical College, libraries which are exclusively College of Nursing and College ofDentistry have also good devoted to their respective coursesof studies and alliedsubjects.

7 0 Libraries of the Girls Colleges, and other up-comingcolleges viz., P. M. B. Gujarati College, Government Degree College (Mhow), Govt. Sanskrit College, UniversityCollege of Education etc. also have theirown libraries catering to the needs of their students. Though the main purview of thisarticle is the Colleges affiliatedto the Indore University, mentionmay he made of the libraries of the Agricultural Collegeof the city and Veterinary College (Mhow) which havesome good collection of books and journals in their respective subjects.Apart from these College libraries and ofcourse the newly eme- rgingUniversity library, thereare some worth mentioning academic libraries The Daly College, originally in the city. founded for Scions of Indian princely families,has a collection of rare and outstandingbooks a la Britishtaste,andis followed by the Malhar- Ashram Library, another publicschool.

It has however been observedthat in adequacy of fundsas well as absense of a clear vision of the effectiverole the libraries play in the field of educationon the part of the authorities has seriouslyaffected the growth of these librariesasalso the provision of a good and efficient libraryservice to the teachers and taughts.The libraries lack good accommodation as wellas latest library techniques.More to add,this has affected the library personnel also.Inadequate staff with no orleasttechnicalassistance and poor pay-scales have an adverse effecton their enthusiasm and efficiency.Due recognition of the Librarian's status as a trained technician with appropriate pay scaleswillinspirethe library personnel to workwholeheartedly and vigorously.Ultimately it badly affects the students community also which isbecoming restless over the inadequency of libraryservices. Recently the Vice-Chancellor of the Indore Universit iisits __.demic libraries of the affiliated Colle r .,,Jine improvements. It isto be ,hoped that the authorities and the librarians alikewill implement hissuggestions as quicklyas possible. It is further hoped that thegathering of the eminent and experiencedlibrarians in the city on the occasion of XVII All India Library Conference will providethe Librarians necesnary guid-mce and impetus.

It is expected that an ambitious and modellibrary will s, an come up in the city in the form o_ the University library.The University library will then playthe role of a pivotal library which will cater the needs ofother academic libraries also for theservice of tivAr reader. z. Thus a net-work of academiclibraries will be spreadallover Indore by inter-library loan withitsnucleus inthe University Library in the proposedUniversity Campus and another sub-station in thc form of 'StudentsHome' which houses the University Library at pi esort.. A coordinAon will be effectedamong all these libraries and the hidden and stored treasures of knowledge wii. be thrownopen to allitsreaders, w _iether it may be a student, tealiter, researcheror a citizen who is thirsty. Let us hope thatthis will enable the present :Is well as comir.g college libraries toachieve the goal of creatingnew and healthy traditions la their history.

7 1

174 7.17 Eggammri.

Book-Stock Book Issue System System am . Ary I. I of Estt. of Classi-of Cata Hindi Marathi EnglishOther Total Annual Average fication loguing No. per day

6. 7. 9. 10. 11. 12. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. g

29,000 100 Decimal Sheaf 1.The Indore General Library. 1854 9,245 12,13610,530 2,665 34,576 Regd. G B U

1,500 6 Broad Sheaf. 2.Victoria Library 1887 638 49 2,259 223 3,169 Regd. G U Subjectwise. 45 3.Maharashtra Sahitya Sabha 1915 450 15,100 250 100 15,90013,000 -do- -do- Library Regd.

4.Madhya Bharat Hindi Sahitya 1918 13,000 - _ _ 13,000 8,000 25 -do- -do- Samiti-Dr. Sarju Prasad Regd. Pustakalaya

5.Shri Mahesh Sarvajanik 1928 7,424 36 424 115 7,99917,000 60 -do- -do- Vachanalaya & Granthalaya. Regd. G S

6.Shri Pratap Granthalaya. 1934 689 2,851 2,034 _ 5,574 7,000 20 -do- -do-- Regd.

7.@Veer Sarvajanik Vachanalaya 1935 8,695 -- 8,69512,965 40 -do- -do- Regd.

8.@Shri P-- Aap Sarvajanik 1936 4,660 -- _ 4,660 12,000 40 - Pustakalaya tatha VachanalayaRegd.

9.Workers Institute Library. 1960 7,680 10 310 _ 8,00011,745 50 Decimal DC & Regd. Cards

10.The Indore Municipal Corp. 1960 7,582 980 782 9,34429,000 100 Broad S. i.!---rary Regd. Subjec Shri Ahilya Central Library 1961 9,106 24 8,211 323 17,66623,500 91 Colon. CC & 11. Cards

1.*Matoshri Kas Lurba Gujarati 1924 Vachanalaya tatha Pustakalaya

2.@Pramp Jain Vachanalk a 1932 5,000 - 5,000 Non-Regd.

®Shramik Vachanalaya 1949 10,668 10,668 13,400 42 3. Non-Regd.

4.*Vijayeshwar Mahadeo ^ Vachanalaya. Regd. @Hansdas Hindi Pustakalaya. 1950 1,018 _ 1,018 2,500 12 5. Regd.

. 1955 1,193 _ _ 1,193 402 Sheaf 6.@Janta Vachanalaya. _ 1,500 1,500 7.aKanyakubja Saivajanik 1956 - - Vachanalaya Regd.

The data was not available. @The data is not and needs verification. ' G Gujarati B Bengali U Urdt AlinraciratfaAn"-MakAwieaeU INFORMATION OF PUBLICLIBRAR IMIMIMI:=1Mr

System System Issue No. of AverageMember- Subscrip- Annual Annual Expenditure of Classi-of Cata- System Periodi- Atten- ship of Von/ income fication loguing cals dance the Deposit BooksPerio- OthersStaff Total per day. library Library dicals Estt. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23.

Decimal Sheaf Borrower's 70 130 1,500 S/D 17,700/-3,000/-2,000/- Card. 5,000/-7,700/-17,700/-

Broad Sheaf. Register 15 15 60 Nil. Subjectwise. -- - -- 300f-

-do-- 56 55 -do-- -do- 580 S/D 8,635/- 1,500/- 750/- 400,- 600,-3,250/-

-do- -do-- Bort ower's100 100 400 Nil. Card -- -- 3,000/-

-do- Register 55 200 -do- 289 SID 4,2001- 1,000,-1,000/- 540/- 660/-3,2001-

-do- -do-- Register 8 50 99 S/D 1,000,- 500,- 100/- 100/- 3007-1,000/-

-do-- -do- Register 84 295 5,825/- - 2,200f-1,600/-2,000/-5,800/-

- Register 70 190 450 SP 3,700,- -- - 4,100,-

Decimal - . Ticket 37 41 1,320 Deposit. 2,500/- k2aids system, Open 1,200/- 500/-6,006/-10,200/- access

Broad Sheaf. - 1,410 -do-- Subjectwise -- - 5,000f- 7- -- 5,000/- Colon. CC & Tiket 112 298 842 Deposit. 5,0001-2,000,- Cards Syscem 1,500/-40,000-48,500/-

- 25 90 122 8001- - - 200-/ 200f- 400/- - 800/- _ _ 33 100 975/- 8001- - __ 8001-

- -- 20 20 200 668/- -- -- 1,125f- Sheaf 22 70 3 266/- - 3 15 50 400/- 100f- 30f- 470f- 600f- engali U Urdu S Sans1/6 --r-uniLIC Li-AKIE-S--

;ubscrip- Annual Annual Expenditure Staff Rc marks. ion/ income )eposit BooksPerio- OthersStaff Total Trained Un- ibrary dicals Estt. trained 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25, 26.

3yD 17,700/-3,000/-2,000/-5,000/-7,700y-17,700/-- 13 Private-Govt aided. Board of Trustees & Managing Committees elected by members. Owns building. Mostly part-time staff. 300/- 2 Private-No Govt. grant for last 2 years.

ID 8,635/- 1,500/- 750/- 400- 600y- 3,250- Under the management of the Sabha. Owns bldg. Free library for children. Some rare books of 19th Century. V- - - 3,000y- Under the management of the Sarniti.

ID 4,200y- 1,000-1,000- 540/- 660/-3,200/- - 2 Private-Govt.aided.RentedBuilding. Part-time Staff. Mainly for adult workers. 1,000,- 500y- 100/- 100/- 300/-1,000/- 2 Managed by Kshatriya Dhanagar Sewa Sangh.

5,825/- 2,200/-1,600/-2,000/-5,800y- -- Private-Govt. aided yD 3,700- -- - 4,100y- -- Private-Possesses rare manuscripts on Jainism. eposit. 2,500y- 1,200/- 500/-6,000y-10,200/- 1 2 Managed by the Workers' Institute. For Workers only. do- 5,000/- 5,000y- 1 2 Managed by the Indore Municipal Corporation. eposit. 5,000,-2,000y-1,500-40,000y-48,500y- 2 12 Go Vt. of M.P., Education Department. UNESCO Information Centre. Managed by the Gujarati Samaj.

800- 200-/ 200/- 400/- 800/- Private.

975- 800i- 800/- - Private.

Private.

668/- 1,125/- Private:

266/- - Private:' 400/- 100/- 30/- 470/- 600/- - Private. 78 INFORMATIONRE S. Name of Library Year of *Annual Budget Number of Scheme of No. books- Estt. Books Period Ltbraty Total Classification cals accessories 1. etc. 2. 3. 5. 4. 6. 7: 8.

1. Indore Christian College* 1880 7,800/- 2,000/- 7,200/- 17,000. 22,856 Dewey Decirr

2.pHolkar Science College,* 1891 (Previously known as Holkar College) do- 3.College of Agriculture§ 1924 15,000j- 5,000/- 20,000/- 2,846 -do- (college section) 2,071 (IPI Section) 4.aM.G.M. Medical College* 1948 11,924 do- 5.P.M.B. Gujarati Co Beget 1951 9,521 (Partly)

6.Shri Govindram SakseriaTech. 1953 Institute* 10,000/- 9,566 Dewey Decimal & UDC

7. College of Veierinary Science& 1955 50,000/- Animal Husbandary, Mhow§ 12,000/- 6,000/- 68,000/- 8J 41 Colon Classification

8. AGovt. Girls Degree Co Beget 1956 9.Govt. Degree Q liege, Mhowt 1958 10,000/- 10,000/- 8,240 Drtwey Decimal 10. College of Nursing-I- 1960 5,000- to 2,500 Subjectwise 8,000j- 11.Govt. Arts & Commerce College* 1961 50,000j- (Previously knownas Ho War 10,000/- 5,000/- 65,0001- 53,716 Dewey Decimal College from 1891 to 1960) 12. livarowrsaitiv:-.k.rixvoueget Colon Classification 13.College of Dentistryt 1961 5;0001- 3,000/- 8,1:100/- -1,177 De*ey Dedimal 14.AGovt. Music Co Beget 1961

15.AShri Jain Sangeet Vidyalayat 1961

16.AGovt. New Girls' Degree Co Hegel-1963

17.Indore University Library 1964 1,61,000/- 4,0001- 2,000/- 1,67,000/- 24,936 Dewey Decimal

18.AIslamia Karimia Degree Co Beget 1964

19.University College of Education* 1965 - 1,530 Dewey Decimal 20.Devi Ahilya Girls' Degree Co Beget 1965 4,100/- 500/- 4,600/- 2,479

21.PRajkumar Singh Ayurvedic Colleget1965 (colltge section) 2,671 (IPI Section) 4.eM.Ci.M. Medical College* 1948 11,924 d o-- 5.P.M.B. Gujarati Co Hegel- 1951 9,521 do-- (Partly)

6.Shri Govindram Sakseria Tech. 1953 10,000/- 9,566 Dewey Decimal Institutes & UDC

7.College of Veterinary Science & 1955 50,000/- 12,000/- 6,000/- 68,0001- 8,141 Colon Animal Husbandary, Mhow§ Classification

8.pGovE. Girls Degre Colleget 1956

9,Govt. Degree College, Mhowt 1958 10,000/- 10,000/- 8,240 Dewey Decimal

10.College of Nursingt 1960 5,000/- to 2,500 Subjectwise 8,000/-;

11.Govt. Arts & Commerce College* 1961 50,000/- 10,000/- 5,000/- 65,000/- 53,716 Dewey Decimal (Previously known as Holkar College from 1891 to 1960)

172.-%Itlro-vt:Sanskrit Colleget -'19'61 7,000 Colon Classification

13.College of Dentistryt 1961 5,000/- 3,0001- 8,0001- 1,177 De*ey Decimal

14.PGovt. Music Colleget 1961

15.A Shri Jain Sangeet Vidyalayat 1961

16.PGovt. New Girls' Degree Colleget1)63

17.Indore University Library 1964 1,61,000/-4,000/- 2,0001- 1,67,000/- 24,936 Dewey Decimal

18.pIslamia Karimia Degree Colleget 1964

19.University College of Education* 1965 - 1,530 Dewey Decimal

20.Devi Ahilya Girls' Degree Colleget 1965 4,100/- 500/- 4,600/- 2,479

21.pRajkumar Singh Ayurvedic Colleget 1965 22.PShri Krishna Music Colleget 1965 23.pIndore School of' Social Workt 1966 24.AVaishnav Arts & Comm. Colleget1967

The Egures given under Annual Budget are mostly for current year; these vary every year. @The data is not uptodate and needs verification. PThe data is not received.

'7 9 INFORMATION REGARDAGCOLLEGE LIBRARIE

1nnual Budget Number of Scheme of System of Form of Issue Average Numbei books Classification Cataloguing catalogue system daily issue Library Total accessories followed News Acadeir etc. papers periodic 6. 7: 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14- 15.

7,200/- 17,000/- 22,856 Dewey Decimal Classified Sheaf Borrower's 100 9 61 Catalogue card dodo--

20,000/- 2,846 Sheaf Ticket 65 4 40 (college section)do 2,071 (IPI Section)

11,924 -do-- ALA

9,521 --do Subjectwise listPartly card and Borrower's 58 12 4 (Partly) partly register card. catalogue

10,000/- 9,566 Dewey Decimal Author, tifie & Card 100 & UDC subject catalogue Catalogue do (separate)

6,000/- 68,000/- 8,141 Colon Classified do Ticket 29 Classification Catalogue

4.111.11. 1,604.

10,0001- 8,240 Dewey Decimal Classified Cata- Card Borrower's 50 9 logue (Main card)Catalogue Card 5,000/ - to 2,500 Subjectwise Alphabetical do --do 60 15 8,000/--

1,000/- . 65,00017 53,716 Dewey Decimal Author Card & Sheaf do-- 300 19 131

Colon Classified Classification Catalogue 8,000 - 1,177 Dewey-Decimal ALA Register Register 20 ^ 30

2,000/- 1,67,000/- 24,936 Dewey DecimalClassified Card Ticket system 20 14 113 Catalogue Catalogue

1,530 Dewey Decimal RegistQr Register 25 % 13

4,600/- 2,479 Classified Register Borrower's 50 3 6 Catalogue rd (college section) 2,071 (IN Section) 11,924 d o- ALA 9,521 -d o Subjectwise listPartly card and Borrower's 58 12 4 (Pa rtly) partly register card. catalogue

10,000f- 9,566 Dewey Decimal Author, title & Card do--- 100 & UDC subject catalogue Catalogue (separate)

)0/- 6,000/- 68,000/- 8,141 Colon Classified do-- Ticket 29 Classification Catalogue

Yam.. 476106 0/013,

10,000f- 8,240 Dewey Decimal Classified Cata- Card Borrower's 50 7 9 logue (Main card)Catalogue Card 5,000/- to 2,500 Subjectwise Alphabetical dodo 60 15 8,000/-

)f- 5,000f- 65,000/- 53,716 Dewey Decimal Author Card & Sheaf 300 19 131

7,000 Colon Classified Classification Catalogue

Of- 8,000f- 1,177 Dewey Decimal ALA Register Register 20 30.

KV- 2,000f- 1,67,000/- 24,936 Dewey DecimalClassified Card Ticket system 20 14 113 Catalogue Catalogue

1,530 Dewey Decimal Register Register 25% 13

4,600f- 2,479 Classified Register Borrower's 50 3 6 Catalogue Card

r; these vary every year. IPIInstitute of Plant Industry IConstituent Colleg AThe data is not received. 1-Colleges affiliated to the University of' Indore. §Colleges affiliated t

81 OF 1NDORE I hOW

)eriodicals Average Member- Staff Remarks Daily ship of leneral Total Atten- Library Tech. Staff Non-Total Periodicals dance Tech. (Special features) 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23.

30 100 300 6 1 Librarian (250-460) Rev. 1 MA Sectional Lib. Law Library. UGC Text Book Lib.

1 Librarian (190-300) 1 Dept. Libraries.

60 80 118 1 Librarian (190-300) 3 4 5144 bound volumes of Scientific and Technical Journals.

1 Librarian (190-300) 1 20,000 volumes of Journals.

35 51 150 1,650 1 Librarian (190-300) 4 6 1 Asstt. Librarian (90-170)

75 200 1,000 1 Librarian (250-450) 4 5 2000back vol. of journals. Jawaharlal Nehrt. Book Bank -If 300 hooks. M33. board of Secondary EducationTextboOk collectionforsons & daughters -0 = teachers of the Instt. (230 books) Library hou-s from 8 a.m. to 8 p.m.

112 225 1 Librarian (190-300) 3 4 1846 Back Journals. 6100 Technical Bulletins Pamphlets, Reports etc. Microfilms, copies of Mamuscripts & Theses.lihero-film readers. Prepared a"Union Cataloguu of Tech- nicalPeriodicalsinIndian Veterinary. College Libraries" and "Bibliography -of Select V-eterinar Periodicals." Library Assignment periods. Library hours from 7 a.m. to 10 p. m. 1 Librarian (190-300)

51 583 1 Librarian (190-320) 4 5 Text Book Library.

19 35. .40 (A Sr. Sister Tutor & a staff nurse Serving the students of School of Nursing also,. are assigned this duty)

235 500. 1,604 1 Librarian (190-300) 12 14 Post Graduate Research Department. 1 Asstt. Librarian (110-190)

1 Libiarian (190-300) 600 Manuscripts.

30 30 104 1 Librarian (190-300)

. _ 181 100 750 1 Asstt. Librarian (360-700) 15 22 3 Tech. Asstt. (190-320) Rotary Nehru Memorial Library. Studentslicime 1 Jr. Tech. Asstt. (160-250) Reading RoomA TextBookCollection. 2 Counter Asstt. (115-220) Muley LibraryA Collectiun of RareBooks. Shri R. C. Jall Text Book Libraryin offing.

19 50 % 144 1 Librarian (160-250) 1 2 17 190 211 1 Parttime Librarian 1 2 (Rs. 50 per month.) 1 Librarian (190-300) 1 20,000 volumes of Journals.

51 150 1,650 1 Librarian (190-300) 4 6 1 Asstt. Librarian (90-170)

75 200 1,000 1 Librarian (250-450) 4 5 2000back vol. of journals. Jawaharlal Nehru Book Bank of 300 books. M.B. board of Secondary Education Textbook collectionforsons & daughters of teachers of the Instt. (200 books). Library hours from 8 a.m. to 8 p.m.

112 225 1 Librarian (190-300) 3 4 1846 Back Journals. 6100 Technical Bulletins, Pamphlets, Reports etc. Microfilms, Photo-State copies of Mamuscripts & Theses.Micro-film readers. Prepared a "Union Catalogue of Tech- nicalPeriodicals inIndian Veterinary College Libraries" and "Bibliography -of Select Veterinary Periodicals." Library Assignment periods. Library hours from 7 a.m. to 10 p. m.

1 Librarian (190-300) 1

51 583 1 Librarian (190-320) 4 5 Bc -lc Library.

19 35 40 (A Sr. Sister Tutor & a staff nurse-- S. 7--viag sttnts of School of Nursing al, b. are assigned this duty)

235 500. 1,604 1 Librarian (190-300) 12 14 Pcst duate esearch Department. 1 Asstt. Librarian (110-190)

22 1 Libiarian (190-300) 600 M

30 30 104 1 Librarian (190-300)

181 lob 750 1 Asstt. Librarian (360:700) 15' 22 Rotary Nehru Memorial Library. Students Home 3 Tech. Asstt. (190-320) Reading RoomA TextBook Collection. 1 Jr. Tech. Asstt. (160-250) Muley LibraryA Collection of Rare Books. 2 Counter Asstt. (115-220) Shri R. C. Jall Text Book Library in offing.

19 50% 144 1 Librarian (160-250) 1 2

17 190 211 1 Parttime Librarian 1 2 (Rs. 50 per month.)

rsity of Indore. d Nehru Krishi Vishwavidyalaya. 83 the problems gif. 85 LIBRARYMOVLMENT ITS BACKGROUNDAND THE BEGINNINGIN INDIA BY N. C. CHAKRAVARTY

The story of literature and librariesin India is shrouded in history of this ancient land. It follows as much mystery as the hoary the history of the rise andfall of civilizations from time immemorial running through theconflicts and amity of India what it is today. Though races and cultures that xuet here to make Sanskrit, the highly developedlanguage of the learned could never become the language of thecommon man yet it continued growing regional languages, to stimulate and enrich the like, Hindi, Bengali,Asamese, Maithili, Oriya, Marathi; Punjabi, Urdu, and a.host Gujarati, of other languages anddialects which were its direct descendants,and in addition, it continuedto influence extensively the Malayalam, Kannada, Telugu Dravadian group of Indian languagese.g. and Tamil. The Vedas,the Upnishadas, the Rumayana, Mahabbarata, the stories of the the Satakas and Hitopadeshas,the works of Ka Mesa and other Sanskrit writers tirovidedthe inspiration and languages till Indians themes of almost all works inmodern Indian had their first acquaintancewith English and Continental towards the beginningof the nineteenth literatures only century. We need hardlygo here into details of the comparatively dark dayswe passed through during the into abiding contact preceding few centuries beforewe came with modern western civilizationof which, among otherthings, the Library Movement is an importantproduct. Invention of printingfrom movable types in Europe century was of stupendous towards the middle of the fifteenth importance for propagation ofthe Library Movement in thecontinent. It was the Portuguese whoset up the first printing "The art of Printing had press on the soil of India, in the westcoast. come to India in 1556, to Goaon the western coast. If we study the varly history of printing inIndia we And that the art of printing and type cutting travelledsouth-

7 86 wards along the west coast, passing through Qui lon and Cochin; then rounding ,ne southern tip of the land it moved northwards along the east coast until it came to Tranquelxin the 18th century. Later it conthmed its journey along the coast until it finally reached the northernmost point of the coast in Bengal towards the close of the 18th century.It was in Bengal that the art made its fullest development." (Katharine S. Diefie & H. K. Sircar-EarlyIndian Imprints, pp 63-64). The apostle of the art of printing in India was WilliamCarey, thefirstEnglish Baptist missionary to Bengal who was a botanist and a person of extraordinary calibre and ingenuity. He was the chief of the Serampore Brethren aud served as Professor of Sanskrit, Bengali and Marathi at the College of Fort William where the East India Company's BritishOfficers were trained.T:ie himself translated many books in dIfferent languages and wrote innumerable original treatises and articles. In any cultural history of modern India reference to Carey's contributions must occupy an honoured place. About his contributions in developing the artof printing it is recorded, 'The earliest Press in India was operating in the middleof the 16th century, and one cannot but wonder at the long time it took fordevelopment of printing in India: it was more than two hundred years before the printing press wasreally popular and fully productive...Before the advent of Carey no one had the initiative and courage to try type-- cutting and type-casting in all the languages and alphabets. Carey was determined toprovide all Indians with the word of God in their own languages. Inabout twenty-five years he accomplished what his predecessors had failed to do in 250 years".The (Serampore Missionaries) Tenth Memoir respecting the translations (1834) records, "Printinghad been done by that time at Serampore in forty seven languages, forabout forty of which types had been cast at Seram- pore. Serampore had also become the sourceof supply for the entire country in the matter of types and soon presses were started everywhere." Theaccounts of the amzingly great amount of pioneering work done continuously for several decades.throughall sorts of privations, disas- ters and discomfort in extremely uncongenialsurroundings by this British missionary-linguist botanist, Dr. William Carey make one of the most thrilling saga of theinvisible spirit of modern man for progress. The debt that the modernIndian languages owe to Dr. Carey is great indeed. It was about a century ago that the modern library movement gathered momentumalmost simultaneously in U.K. and U.S.A. The beginning of the movement in U. K. is recorded as follows: "At. the beginning of the nineteenth century there were no public libraries in England and Wales, apart from those attached to Cathedrals and colleges and a small number of parish libraries and scattered libraries endowed as charities. Few of these were open to all comers, and some contained only classical and theological works. The state ofeducation was such that there was little demand for anything more, and many personsviewed with alarm the dangers of un- restricted access by the people to kn owledge and opinions of all sorts. The demand for public libraries arose as part of the campaign of the Philosophic Radicals for a national system of education led by Benthan, Brougharn and Place, they tried to establish a general ;:ystem of schools throughout the country. They failed in this, but did succeed in stimulating the growth of adult education, particularly through the founding of Mechanic's Institutes in the industrial towns. From this movement of popula r education grew the demand forlibraries, which should provide ,books free of charge to the artisans of the towns and labourers of the villages.

.7 6 "In 1850 WilliamEwart succeeded, against through Parliamentallowing any borough considerable opposition, ingetting a Bill with a population ofover 10,000 to establish library. Thedecision to doso had to be taken by a two-thirds a free electors, and couldinvolve no more than majority of the local government the expenditure ofa halfpenny rate on the building, furnishing andoperation of the library.The books themeselves, presented bygenerous benefactors." (Report it was assumed would be ter of Education. of the Roberts Committeeappointed by the Minis- London, H.M.S.O.Cmnd. 660 1959.p 2.). It was a very long and towards progress sincethe first legislation uphill journey was founded in 1877, was passed in 1850. TheBritish Library Association 27 years after thepassing of the first library Association 21 law in the country. It tookthe years more to obtain RoyalCharter of incorporation 21 years hardwork was necessary for the in 1898; or in other words, the field of its Association to getthe official recognition tooperate in interest. Thereafter itwas again a story of persistent before any appreciable hard work for manyyears progress could be made. Themunificence of Andrew by birth and Americanby domicile), who Carnegie (British pounds for providing between 1897 and 1915gave nearly two millinon capital cost of buildinglibraries, came library movementin U. K. as the most timely help to sustain the "Under the stimulusof the Library Association helped in the foundation and of the CarnegieTrusteeswho of the school ofLibrarianship at University a change began in the positionof librarians. Formerly College, London (in 1919)-- for untrained their work had beenregarded as suitable clerks with bookishinterests. Now Librarianship profession withcarefully controlled was developing into a full to public libraries qualifications and membership.Meanwhile the attitude was slowly altering, theywere coming to be regarded less viding occupationfor the leasure of as a means of pro- artisans, and moreas an important part of the of the citizen ....Thisnew view of the function of education the Adult Education libraries found expressionin the reports of Committee of theMinistry of Reconstructionin 1919, which recommended that the local educationauthority for higher education for the library service. should in all cases be maderesponsible This envisaged therural library, provided by ing the nucleus ofa village institute similar in the country council, becom- This development, many respects to the communitycentre of today. they suggested, shouldbe facilitated by the rate, and by grants in aidfrom the Exchequer." abolition of the limit ofa penny (Roberts CommitteeReport, p. 3.)." If we examine theprogress of the library movement covers almost the same period in U. S. A. we shall findthat it also and follows moreor less parallel lines of with, the movement inU. S. A. had the development To start of articians" same objective of "providingoccupation for the leisure as in U. K. In fact in thenew world people of different nities flocked inseparate groups because till national and cultural arn- then they could notweld themselves ina national and cultural entity. Thesocial order and ethicswere not strong enough of immigrants fromindulging in evil nractices to restrain a large number and adventure in the land particularly when lifewas so full of uncertainty of their adoption withsuch vast natural pists and social leaders ofthought seriously took resources. The philanthro- tional and remedial up the challenge andlaunched various educa- measures to combat the socialevils. T. P. Quincy, library movement in U. one of the pioneers of the S. A. while speaking ofits benefits said. "Even ability, having nowhere else persons of local respect- to go, were wont tostray in and stupefy themselves of the vulgar jests of thebarkeeper and the into endurance chorus of brutal talk thatmust prevail when whisky of the barkeeper and hissatellites out.. ..Now, however, instead is abundant and women are left counter." James Howard pleasing young womendisbursing books over the we find modest and follows :"The public library,then, Wei lard of Chicago Universityspoke of public libraries as all humanitarian remedy forignorance,degeneracy, inebriety and was the democratic and liberal-minded people." "Beer orBooks" social sores which offended themoral consciousness of in U.S.A. The socialconditions in U.S.A. have was a slogan withthe pioneers of the movement and the public librariestoday are intended forcreative parti- since changed beyond recognition societies that the _countryhas cipation in the community lifeof one of the most advanced and U. S. A. havemaintained their leadershipin public library fostered. Upto this day U. K. library service developed inthese coun- movement in the-world. Thetraditions and techniques of guidance for many countriesthese days. triesserve as great sourcesof inspiration and the promoters of theFolk High School The library movement inU. K. greatly influenced They made the that started in Denmarkabout a century ago. or Peoples College movement College movement.Subsequently the Library as an essential andintegral part of the peoples' Scandinavian countries also.Public Library servicessince developed idea spread to the other two efficient in theirbibliographical and in U. S. S. R. are also veryextensive and particularly technology in recent The tremendous progressmade in science and scientific information work. this has been possibleonly because libraries years has opened ap newvistas of knowledge and, whole world countries where such progresshas been achieved. The and laboratories abound in described a library as-aUniversity. has today understood that Carlyle wasperfectly right when the the of the cultural and literarytraditions of India from We have had above a glimpse circumstances led us toalive contact earliest time to the beginning ofthe nineteenth century when with the rising tide of the modern westerncivilization. gradually the Portuguese, theDutch, the French and the Four hundred years ago when long way down in itsdeep English established contact with India,the country was already a rising European nationssurvived in descent in political and intellectuallife. The fittest of these themselves and it finallyestablished itself as the lord ofthe land India after bitter contests among quarrels throughout theentire by overpowering a band of feudalrulers engaged in internecine Indian sub-continent. 1765 the East India Companyvirtually became a Conszquent on the grant of Diwani in Indians till ruling power in India. But the Companydid not take any interestin education of them to accept someresponsibility in thisbehalf. The the Charter Act of 1813 compelled of rupees one improvementof British Parliament enjoined on theCompany to spend on Lakh of Public Instruction was set upto administer the grantand this education in India. A committee College in Calcutta out offunds Committee made plans to establishand maintain a Sanskrit and scholar, Raja RammonanRoy vehemently protested from the grant. The great thinker of western science throughthe against, the idea and advocatedfor introduction of teaching sharp .difference of opinion onthe issue among themembers medium of English. As there was well, the great pioneer ofmodern India of the Comtniztee and othersin England and in India as India from for the cause, which alone,he knew as a seer, could save went to England to plead died in Bristol whileadvocating for being completely written off as acivilised nation. In 1833 he

7 8 educational andsocial reforms in India. In 1835 itwas decided that "the British Governmentought to be the great object of the natives of India promotion of Englishliterature and science and that all fundsappropriated to education among the education alone."Bentinck as would best be employedin English Raja Rammohan Governor-General in Indiaand Macaulay in England Roy's contention."There can be little supported was one of the turning doubt that the decisiontaken in 1835 points of Indianhistory.It opened the and literature andsubjected the best brains floodgates to Europeanthought ful influence of of India, from theirchildhood onwards, English liberal andscientific thought. Its to the power- it is noexaggeration to intellectual effectswere profound, and say that India awoke aftera long sleep and began to transformation in herhistory." prepare for greatest Kabir in his "Indian (Percival Griffiths.Modern India, p. 55).Prof. Humayun Heritage" remarks "Thedecision to adopt was in such a contextmomentous. The British western modes of education tical and commercial took the decision fortheir own immediate ends. Little didthey realise that they poli- which has fewparallels in history. were sowing the seed ofa revolution he could not Macaulay foresawsome of the consequence dimlybut even grasp their total implications."(p120). In 1835 another sequence was introduced. reform of far reachingcon- That year Lord Metcalfe,the Acting Governor-General in India, which hadbeen struggling gave the Press for decades to get ridof suppressing provisions Licensing Regulations,reasonable freedom of the Press preserved as a part of and declared in thiscontext,"If India could the British Empireonly by keeping its be our domination would be inhabitants in a State ofignorance, a curse to the country andought to cease." (Griffiths-Modern p. 62) This gave Indiansas well as British friends of India, Press their grievances against India the freedom toventilate through the the British Rule andalso to propagate for reforms without whichprogress was impossible. educational and social

Wood's Education Despatchof 1854 confirmed Then appeared the educational policy adoptedin 1835. on the scene the Britishofficials of the Education In 1857 three universities Department from 1855 onwards. were established at thepresidency cities of Calcutta, Bombay. Thereafter theChristain missionaries, Madras and the British EducationOfficers to start with, later the latters' Indiancounterparts mostly trainedlin and and after the Britishsystem of education, devoted themselves to buildingup the modern system of period a class of educated education that producedin a brief men of great potentialityto reckon with. In 1884 Viceroy wrote about this classof people to Lord Lord Riponas India as follows :"You Kimberley, the then Secretaryof Statefor may rely upon it that thereare few Indian questions of tance in the wesent day than thosewhich relate to the greater impor- growing body of Natives nickle in whichwe are to deal with the educated by ourselves inWestern learning andWestern ideas (Ripon Viceregal Papers, I. S. 290/5. No.18). However, though was good enough to produce the content of educationthus introduced some intellectual gaints,of whom any country The extent of educationwas incredibly small. For could be proud. system was too slow to fill obvious reasons, the spreadof the western up the gap created by thereceding indigenous systems. A half a centruy of th::establishment of the Presidency fter nearly at 5% in 1905. The universities literacy figure inidia stood common man in the countrywas steeped in ignorance, socia poverty. Dem-and for readingmaterials from the evils and of the literates common man was almost non-existent,needs were restricted to religious literature,a few classics and the newly letters and novels, producedin varnaculars by created belles a few English educated writers.The only effective few well-educated demand for literature in modern sciencesand humanities came from the very exclusive societies. This was thecondition towards thebeginning people who lived in cities in countries experienced in thefourteenth of the twentieth century, acondition that most western and the fifteenth centuries. nineteenth century India couldboast of a section of However, towards the close of the thoughts and her intellectuals who drank deep atthe invigorating springs ofwestern liberal freedom. The Indian NationalCongress, inauguratedin 1885 at ideals of human dignity and had member of the Indian Civil Service,Allan Octavian Hume, the initiative of a retired British organisation. by this time prepared itself to assumethe role of an effectivenational political C. Bonnerji, Pheroze Shah Mehta,Surendra Nath Banerjee, Leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji, W. Chandra Pal created anirresist- D. E. Waccha, Bal GangadharTilak, La la Lajpat Rai, Bepin the people. The great religiousand social reformmovements ible political consciousness among RamKrishna-Vivekananda order initiated by Raja Rammohan Roy, IswarChandrayidyasagar, of the and other pioneers in the fieldadded to the spiritual regenerationand social consciousness C. Dutta, M. G. Rande andothers educated thepeople about people. The intellectuals like, R. The literary the dangers of economicexploitation of the country by thealien Government. Chatterji (Bengali), Manilal Dvivedi(Gujrati), BharatenduHarish- genii like, Bankim Chandra G. H. Deshmukh chandra (Hindi), Kempu Narayana (Kannada),Keraki. Verma (Malayalam), Viresalingam (Telugu) not only enrichedand modernisedtheir (Marathi), Bharti (Tamil), them into vehicles to languages but also breathed life and vigour inthem and thus converted nation was made awakeand alive convey powerfully the messageof freedom and progress. The India 100 years since Woods'Educational Despatch of 1854 to the world outside. In less than Linstitutions won freedom.After independance we have chosen toadopt western democratic library is one of the bestinstitutions that westerndemo- for the progress of the country. Public traditions of It is extremely unfortunatethat inspite of our age-old cracy has produced. realised the value of thebook reverance and love for knowledgeand literature we have not yet unprecedented task of development.Consequently, tibrary in the life of the nation engaged in an made but little progress Movement in India, as we shall find fromthe following accounts, has during a period of over half a centurysince its inaguration in this country. date of consolidation For about sixty years since 1850, thedate that we may take as the Library Movement was and formal beginning of the movementin U. K., nothing like a popular backwardness, referred toearlier, accounts known in India.Educational, social and economic and Indian for this. The English educatedurban population with the supportof local British munificence of local businessmen orlandlords did, of course, officials and occasionally with the in cities. the benefit of the priviledgedclasses residing mainly establish a number of libraries for libraries and libraries intheir Some of the more enlightendInativePrinces also maintained palace libraries were for restricted use andthey were not publiclibraries though state capitals. These possessing valuable manuscriptsand some of them were used tobe known as such. Except a few lending libraries, the facilitiesfor borrowing booksbeing archives, most of them served as mere the subscribers used restricted to certain categories of patronsand subscribers. In some cases they chose to make. Thus somemembers to be categorised accordingto the scale of payments could could simply make use of the resourcesof the library within itspremises, certain others

Q borrow one volume at a time, while a third categorY could borrowmore than one volume at a time according to the scale of subscriptions fixedfor different kinds of facilities offered. The directory of "Libraries in India 1951" issued by the UnionMinistry of Education lists nearly 125 so-called public libraries established in differentparts of the country upto.1910. The list is not exhaustive, but the particulars recorded thereingive us an idea of the nature, contents and sc pe of services of these libraries. Weare reproducing below two typical entries that illustrate the point:

1.Public Library: Gaya (Bihar); P. op: 1835; Mgt*. PrivateBody: Nature of collection: General; classification: subject-wise and Author-wise: Catalog Manuscript, Bound Vol, and Alphabteic Conds. of loan: issued to members only; Working hoursp. w.: 36; Closed for 76 days: Total stock: 6,479 (books 6,007 periodical 402s); Adds: 54 books Approximatevalue of stocks Rs. 50,000; Periodicals recd: 7; Borrowers: 83 Total issues: 1,211; Staff: 3(cler. 1 attend; 2) Receipts R. 1607 (Govt /gr/ Rs. 49. ofler sources Rs. 1,558); Expend: Rs. 2,173(Staff Rs. 1,198, books Rs. 359, periodicals and news-p .pers Rs. 228, other items Rs. 388);Lib: Shri Bankey BehariLall. 2.Amravat Nagar Vachanalya: Amravati (M. P.); f. andop: 1867; Mgt.; Private Body; Nature of collections: Literatry and General: Classification: SubjectwiseCatalogue: Manuscript and Classi- fied: closed access: Conds. of Loan Deposit and MonthlySubscription: Working hours p. w. 42: Closed for 67 days: Total stock: 9, 974 (book 8,219,periodicals100) Approximatevalueof stocks: Rs. 74,000: Periodicals recd: 64 Borrowers: 359; Total issues:38,028; Staff; 3 (cler. Recepts: Rs. 6.376 Expend: Rs. 4,922 (staff Rs. 2,204 books Rs. 436,periodical sRs.600, other items Rs. 1,622); Additional Information:C ultural activities, lectures, by eminentpersons; studylectures for students, Gulabrao Maharaj Trophy elocution and Dr. BhatEssay annual competitions; Lib: Shri Sbankar Trimbak Balekar. One can easily see from the particulars what stocks of booksand services these libraries could offer. A public library established in 1835 received in 1950Rs. 49/- as annual Government grants and its total receipts amounted to Rs. 1,607 only. It remainedclosed for 76 days during the year. In fact, taking into consideration the country as a whole, theprogress attained by these two so-called public libraries in two different regions during a period of 115 and 83years truly reflects the measure of the growth of public library servicesup to 1950. Dr. A. K. Ohdedar in his work on "The Growth of theLibrary in Modern India: 1498- 1836' provides a well documented account of the establishmentof libraries since the year Vasco da Gama's ships touched the shores of India. He leadsus through an interesting phase of our cultural renaissance till he reachesthe year 1818 approximately when the Calcutta Library Society was formed with the purpose of establishinga library in the city. Recorded evidences show that by 1819 the organisors (proprietors) of the Societyhad a library which they wished "to make the basis of an extensive and general Public Library",and that the Library possessed 2,700 volumes. The next reference of importance in point oftime is the establishment of the Bombay General Library in 1830. We reached the next importantstage in 1835. In this year the memorable Press Act (Act XI of 1835) was passed under thebenign encouragement of Sir Charles Metealfe, the then acting Governor-General of India,conferring fre!.dom of expression to Indian Press, mention of which has been made earlier. The leadingcitizens of Calcutta from among Indians as well as Europeans held a meeting on the 20th August, 1835 andadopted resolutions that read as follows:

.$1 subscription be opened for theerection of a building, which shallbe "That a public INCOMMEMORATION OF THE called the Metcalfe Library, the subjectof its erection, to wit, FREEDOM OF THE INDIAN PRESSHAVING BEEN RECOGNIZED BYLAW UNDER THE GOVERNMENT OF SIR CHARLESTHEOPHILUS METACALFE, shall berecorded as a suitable inscription 5, Soon after this decision was taken toconstruct a building (MetcalfeHall) that would meeting of the citizens was held on31st August, 1835 accomodate a public library. Another Supreme Court. A resolution under the chairmanship of Sir JohnPoter Grant, a judge of the passed in this meeting read asfollows: "That it isexpedient and necessary to establishin Calcutta a Public Library of Reference and Circulation that shall be opend toall ranks and classes withoutdistinction, and sufficiently extensive to supply the wants of the entirecommunity in every department ofliterature." It was also decided in the meeting thatfinances for the library shall be found byenrolling proprietors and subscribers. One couldbecome a Proprietor on payment of Rs. 300/-in one or three equal instalments within a period of one year.Subscribers were categorised into three separate classes according to varying scalesof payment of fees.Prince Dwarkanath Tagore grandfather of Rabindranath Tagore, become thefirst Proprietor of the Calcutta Public Library. building of the One can still find the marble bustof the Prince at the entrance of the main National Library at Calcutta which tracesits origin to the Calcutta Public Library. and make all other A provisional Committee wasappointed to collect funds and books arrangements to establish theLibrary. J. H. Stocqueler (his real namebeing 3oachim Heyward Siddons) founder-editor of Englishman, who wasmainly responsible for establishing theGeneral Library in Bombay in 1830, became theSecretary of this Committee. Towardsthe beginning collect as donations nearly 5,000 volumesof printed Euro- of 1836 the organisers were able to 1,500 more pean books from the FortWilliam College,that closed down in 1830, and nearly of the Calcutta Public Library in a privatehouse then occu- from other donors. Formal opening place on an pied by Dr. F. P. Strong, Civil Surgeon of theTwenty-Four Parganas district took auspicious occasion in 1936. The organisers couldhardly imagine then that they werelaying the foundation of the future National Library ofIndia, the free India that came intoits own more than a century after this date. About the General Public Library ofBombay which was established afew years earlier records, "To-day nobody than th;s library at Caxutta, Dr. Ohdedarin his book, referred to above happened to be such a thing as theGeneral Public Library of appears to know that once there One can Bombay... . But with the Calcutta Public Librarythe history is easily traceable Imperial Library, follow its chequered career from 1835 until1903 when it was merged in the collections of the which in its turn became India's NationalLibrary in 1948. And in the rare National Library the legacy of the Calcutta PublicLibrary is still discernible." (P. 158). By the close of' the nineteenth century two moreuniversities, besides the three at Calcutta, Bombay and Madras, were established at Ailahabad andLahore. More brilliant and affluent among the Indian scholars also went overto the United Kingdom for highereducation in science, law, medicine and other disciplines and, their number went onincreasing as time passed. An

82 adapted version of the British system of education from the HighEnglish School to the Univer- sity level struck its firm roots in India by that time.The cream of Indian scholars educated at Oxford and Cambridge or at home under eminent teachers tookto building up the five university and a few college libraries existing at that time. The BritishMuseum and the Bodleian Libraries made the model for their library world. This trendwas given a powerful support by Lord Curzon, the then Governor General and Viceroy,a great Britishintellectual, when he amalgamated in 1902 the Calcutta Public Library with the ImperialLibrary that till then met the restricted purpose of serving the day-to-day needs of the administrationin the Secretariat. Curzon cast thereorga- nized Imperial Library after thepattern of the British Museum and to give substance to his ideas and declared policy requisitioned and services ofthe British expelt, John Macfarlane from the British Museum, as the firstLibrarian of this reorganised Library launched with the objective "it is intended that it should bea library of reference, a working place for students and a reposi- tory of materials for the future historiansof India, in which as far as possible, every work written, about India at any timecan be seen and read." Incidentally, Macfarlane was the first modern library expert who tookup the stewardship of a library in India. Of course,long before this, learned men like Peary Chand Mitra,renowoed as the 'father of Bengali novel' and the great orator and scholar, Bepin Chandra Pal, wholater became a political leader of note, served as Librarian of the Calcutta Public Library.Macfarlane was succeeded by the great polygt of India, Dr. Harinath De, who, it issaid, studied sixteen foreign and Indian languages up to the Master's degree level andwas still engaged in learning more .of them at the time when his life was suddenly cut short at theage of 34 in 1911. Establishment of the Imperial Librarywas indeed a landmark in the history of development of modern libraries in India and thiscompleted a phase of the history. A few years after we reached the next phase that witnessed introductionof a regular system of public library service in a measurable scale for the first timein this country. The concept of free Public libraries forthe masses was carried to India from U. S. A. as a cherished acquisition by an Indian Princewho paid visits to that country at the turn of the current century. The Prince Sayajirao GaekwadIII of Baroda to whom the honour of introducing modern Library Movement in India isdue, was a man of great vision and practical wisdom. His title to this honour is spoken ofas follows by Newton Mohun Dutt in his Presidential address at the first All-Asia Educational ConferenceLibrarySection in 1930: "The Indian apostle of the Library religion,as you all know, is the son of a Nasik farmer who by good fortune, or rathrx letus say by the hand of God, was at the early age of 13 raised to the throne of a great Indian State, and whodevoted his whole life to the improvement of the people committed to his charger becomingthe pioneer, not only of free and compulsory education, but also of the free public libtary in India." In 1910 the Gaekwad introducedfor the first time a public revenue-supported state-wide public library system in India. This, infact, marked the real beginning of the Library Movement in this country. Thus in 1970we shall reach the Diamond Jubilee Year of the Movement. The occasion deserve to be celebrated ina befitting manner.

.83 '04 LIBRARY PERSONNEL IN INDIA & THEIR PROBLEMS

BY Dr. JAGDISH S. SHARMA

A look at the literature so far written bythe Indian librarians on various branchesof Library Science will reveal that due attention has notbeen paid to the problems of theLibrary personnel. Realizing the importance of this aspectof librarianship, in the month of May,1967, I suggested to one of the fellow librariansthat if better results are desired from thelibrarians National and libraries,this topic may thoroughly be discussedboth at the State as well as at level. Fortunately, this subject was adopted bythe U. P. Library Association at itsAnnual Con- ference and Seminar held on June 10 and 11, 1967 atthe Roorkee University Library.Incidentally I was asked to inaugurate this Conference andseminar which I gladly did. Later, on my suggestion, the IASLIC also selectedthis subject as one of the topics of the symposium which was held at Durgapur from October7 to 9, 1968. Happily the organizers of the 17th I.L.A. Conference toohave adopted this subject as one of the topics for discussion at Indore. It is a well known fact that for any well organizedhuman activity, the human element involved in it, is most important. Specially in the caseof libraries because today they are not merely store houses of books. In fact, they are both the suremedia of mass as well as self- education. The most important link between the books andthe readers is librarian. If heis a good and efficient worker, he can render efficient and effectivelibrary service; if not, he will be of little use to his readers. For a good library service,therefore, efficient,hard-working and devoted band of workers is necessary. The caret al selection ofqualified staff members as well as the favourable conditions under which they work, arebasic considerations in aninstitution ded;cated to public service. Of course, it matters a lot if a library has got a veryvaluable selection of books and manuscripts. It is also important if the library building is beautifuland provides all amenities, necessary for a good library service. But if the staffis not qualified and its members are notdedicated to service or they lack cordiality and spiritof public service, beautiful library buildingand valua- able collection will serve no useful purpose. It is, therefore,most essential that library personnel should be of sweet temperament and dedicated to service toreaders.

134 Like the other educational institutions,libraries too have problems of personnel administration and they deserve a close scrutiny if better library service is desired. I say this because, in India the library profession is not so developed as it is developed in other countries of the world. Not long ago libraries were ignored up to the extent that in some cases even mis- fits in other institutions used to be transferred to libraries. Some educationists are still of the view that since there is very little work to be done in libraries,even handicapped can look after them. Now when the concept of library service is changing day by day, the concept of hiring better library personnel is also gaining ground. It is heartening to note that the U. G. C. has done a great job in amAiorating the a: ditions of libraries and library personnel, especiallyin the universitiesa- :alleges. Unkke in the past, better qualifiedpersons are now entering this profession and naz=ally better library services are provided to readers. However, viewson some of the problems wL2_cour profession is facing today are submitted below for the consideration ofmy fellow librar4.ans:

1. Like in other educational institutions,the staff re_embers of the _ too ccne from different walks of life and backgrounds. This they form a rie. c.zeneous rn-Lss. Naturally they project their background and personality in the:T.'aily work and sometime they create acute problems in the libraries whichai arely personnel. Such persons should be very carefully dealt with, if smooth wo--1-..ing in libraries is desired. 2.The question of poor pay scales of library personnel is muchto do with administrative problems.If the pay scales of librarians are better, naturally betterqualified persons will enter this profession and better library service is desired from them. But if the pay scales are poorer naturally people with lower ability and calibre will take up librarianship and no better library servicecan be expected from them. The U. G. C. has already taken up this issue to the advantage of the University and college libraries but the case of public librarians is yet to be takenup by the Union and State Governments. 3.The service conditions too have greatly to do with the problems of personnel and the smooth running of libraries. Maximum efforts, therefore, should be made to provide better serviceconditions to librarians. 4.One of the acute problems that deservesserious consideration is the entranceof ladies into this profession. If you look at the statistics of admissions of the various library schools in India, you will find thatmore than fifty per cent candidates are ladies. After all, suitable jobs are to made availableto them. It has been pointed out by many experienced librarians in various libraries where ladiesare employed that they pose problems of various types. Some of their problemsare so acute that even the ladies have no control over them and inspite of thebest efforts both on the part of the lady workers z.nd the administration, smooth working of library is boundto be disrupted by availing maternity leave from threeto six months. Some unmarried ladies pose another types of problems foradministration which require careful handling.

:85 06 Longer library service hours also create administrative difficultiesfor lady workers. However, efficient lady librarians take up their eveningduty happily but in the cases of those who stay at a long distance from thelibrary naturally hesitate to go home alone at 9 p. m. plenty 5.In this period of transitionthrough which our profession is passing today, of highly qualified personnel holding M. Lib.Sc. degrees are available.If in a Library where the Chief Librarian and his senior colleaguesonly hold acertificate or diploma they generally do not see eye to eye totheir junior colleagues who possess better professional qualifications. This conflct leads to pernetualtussle among them which disrupts the smooth working of a library.It has also been no:iced that those who possess merely a short term trainingcertificate in library science,theyin an attempt of getting higher posts of responsibility in theprofession, sometimes state wrong facts about their qualifications.Such things naturally are neither good for them nor for the profession. 6.Another important point which deserves attention is the existing systemof promotions. Sometimes seniority is determined by the date of joining service,an-i not by the efficient work and higher qualifications.When the promotions are mz_de only by seniority and not by qualifications, it naturaliy affects the efficiencyof the work in a library. It also leads to a constant grouse amongst those who possesslong experi- ,, ence but lag in professional qualifications and thosewho have higher professional qualifications but lag experience. 7.The last but not the least important point which either directly or indirectlyreflects seriously upon the personnel problems in libraries, is the adoption of twomain schemes of classification.It has been invariably noticed all over the countrythat the followers of two schools of thought, while supporting theirbenefactors continue to launch perpetual struggle against each other.Such kind of fruitless and aimless race for power and supermacy has resulted in Chaos and serious conflicts invarious libraries in our country. It has been noticed that certain libraries have adopted some difficult andcomplicated schemes of library classification and the readers have been experiencing lotofdifficulties in finding their desired materials easily. In the interst of readers and smooth working of libraries, it is, therefore,recommended that the librarians all over the country should decide once for all toadopt a scheme oc classification which is easily understood and followedby the users of all types of libraries.This naturally will solve automatically many problems of libraryadministration and readers will be able to make maximum use of literature. While concluding I have, to submit that we live in the land of problems andlibraries form a part of this land.We cannot solve the personnel problems of libraians until wesolve the problems of our society. However, we can run our libraries smoothly andefficiently if we fully understand the human factors involved in it, and do our jobs honestlyand efficiently. I further recommend that the U. G. C. recommendationscontained in a recent publication entitled "Development of Library Facilities in Universitiesand Colleges" (1968) should be implemented with immediate effect if better library service isdesired. 81 PROBLEMS FACING THE UNIVERST TY LIBRARY

By S. BASHIRUDDIN

Indore may well be prouof having the distinction of playing host, for the second time, to the Indian Library Association for its 17th Confernece, andno wonder when its young University has a Vice-Chancellor who is not onlyan educationist of standing and experience but a genu.:ne patron of libraries and librarianship. May be librarianshipwas his first love and education lured him away at some unguardedmoment.Even so, Mr. K. L. Joshi has always had a soft corner for libraries and librarianship. We librariansare beholden to him for extending the ILA invitation to meet at lndore. Ourmemories are fresh of the encouragementwe received from him when hewas Sectetary of the University Grants Commission wheneverwe approached him for help in our difficulties. Weare confident we will profit by his maturity of judgments and wise leadership inour deliberations on professional issues at our conference. A University librarian for decades,my interest naturally centres in problems which sui.'ound university librarians in the country today. Thanks to the UniversityGrants Com- mission, we received unparalleled encouragements from it in respect of reorganisingour libraries to meet the demands of higher education with riew bulidings,enlarged book-collections and better staff.I make bold to say that in no other developing-or developedcountry in the wide world has its University Grants Commission or any other authority concerned withthe advancement of university education has been more generous than ours in this connection,with the result that without having to pass through lengthy agonising teething periodwe find ourselves on the threshold of adolescene. Spacious new buildings, large book grants, and academicstatus and scales of salaries on par with university teachersmay be cited as noteworthy features of this generosity. More than this,with befitting foresight the University Grants Commission encouraged universities tostart professional schools for the training of librarians forthe effective management of the new libraries. But all this to its credit, the University Grants Commissionhas not, unfortunately maintained its tempo of supportas the libraries began to grow with expansion in the universities' main activities, namely, teaching and research.To be more specific I submit : Firstly, grants for additional shelf and readingspace and equipment are not forthcoming to meet the increasing pressure on the existingspace in our libraries as a result of almost doubling expanding additionsof intakes, rap cl rise instudents enrolment and ,ever of annual book disciplines in the facultiesand the introdtionof new new topics inresearch in the different courses of studies. of pace require- conference shouldrecommend a ten-yearly assessment On this issue the Grants Commission with nece;ary action to ments of univer,itylibraries by the University follow where necessary. periodicals allocated tthe libraries Secondly the annual recurrentgrants for books and fall received by the universitiesfrom the UniversityGrants Cmmmission out of the bloc grants from the faculties forexpensive bookr andscientific far short of thesteadily increasing demands of knowledge. Nor arrising costs journals as the former naturallylike to explore new areas rise in periodicals subscriptionstaken into account of books andnever-ending and unpredictable I would like to quote herewhat a reviewer in the]Tin les Literary while making these grants. Kingdom University GrantsCommittee Supplement on the latest(1967) report of the United on librarieshas to say: for a share of theUGC "In the conflicting pressureswhich arise out of the universities allowed to go to the wall. The pressuresthat have bloc grants, thelibraries are being unwisely depart- years have includedin particular the constantdemands of scientific been felt in recent for growing numbers expensive research staff andequipment, the need to provide ments of more Robbins Report of 1963, the urgentrequirements for of postgraduatestudents, and since the within each universitythe increased numbers ofundergraduates. In the face of such pressure library has oftenbecome a Cinderella." obtaining in India than whatthe re'viewer A more vividand telling picture of conditions as depictedabove cannot be produced. Conference draw the attention ofthe universities to theneed always of I suggest that the libraries to the expansionswhich take place matching their annualrecurrent book grants to the in teachingand research in thefaculities. library essentials namely,itsstaff,itis As for the thirdand the most important of the decision to withholdthe revision in thesalary difficult to explainwhy the UGC has taken library staff who satisfy theconditions laid down byit and by adding a new scales of university Assistants" on Rs. 250-400 even topersons with thenecessary categorycalled "Professional This measure on the partof the UGC, I humbly academic andprofessional qualifications. and most severe blow tothe encouraging signs ofattracting young men submit, has deat a professional qualifications.The higher academic attainmentssupported by adequate women of again attracting, by andlarge, academic misfitswho result, as couldbe expected, is that we are their librarianship for employmentwhen they find everyother door to improve seek refuge in to United KingdomUniversity Grants cualifications closed.To quote from the above referred Committee report again: qualifications shouldin all "Salary scales of graduatelibrarystaff with comparable universities be equatedwith those of academic staff." 84 Dne often feels shc hear pers.:3ns who should of th:: .Lbove sound know better questionthe justification recr.3mmend:...... ion of theParry report saying that dezzr. :-, thestatus and emoiaments the library staff doesnot subraLion to such of university staffas it does not do research. well-meaning cruesLionersis that a modern library My humble will hei2 the needs a personnel professors and scht7ilar: intheir research and such which it receives thesame salaries as the a personnel cannot be hadunless professors, reader andlecturers. The Conference :her3fore urgeupon our University Grants longer withholdthe revision -3 f zhe Commission tono with those of scales of the salaries ofthe university librarystaff on the university ttachersat different leVels. . par To end, I shall qu, tae oft-quotedextract from the Report of GreatBritain for 1.921 whichsays: University GrantsCommittee "The character ofand efficiency of central organisationthe a university may be gaugedby its treatment of its primary and library. We regard thefullest provision for library most vital need in.o equipment of a university." maintenance as the

89 LANGUAGE PROBLEM IN THE LI13RARY

By N. M. ICETICAR

A library is a service agency which acquires and organizes rf,ading material for the use of reade:-rOne of thecharacteristics of reading material isits availability in several languages. Se' rffral readers know more than one language and desire to read books and periodicals in more than cznelanguage. All persons today who have received college education fully or partially are necessarily bilingual. They know English as well as their mother tongue.People who live in border areas of two contiguous states in each of which a differentlanguage prevails are generally bilingual or even tti-lingualif they have learnt English in school,college or Universities.ii-astoricalreasons have also made largesections of our population bi-lingual, for instance,-_--zany people in North India know Hindi andUrdu: Partition of the country, subsequent incLEtrialization, growth of transport facilties haveresulted into populatolo tion on a temporary or even permanent basis thus changing the languagecoplexm ndiffeigrerna-t areas particularly or bigcities. As illiteracyreduces and education expands, not only the number of .;9_-..rary users will grow, but their needs for reading material in marethan one language will = _)tvequally. One of the significant results of the three languageforrniala will be that in a ctvinle of decades a very large section of our population will betri-lifigual and may be more =1.:17.ilingual for reasons of migration due to business or career.In other Words, in the years to come au increasingly multilingual population will press for readingfacilities in the languages in which they have ability and interest and the libraries of all typeS hitt Particularly public libraries will have too cope with this demand.All libraries therefore, will eventually become multilingual libracies even though they might have started as lunilinghalas far as their book stock is concerned. The book production in each of our languages is growing pretty fast and there will not be any dearth of suitable books for any reader in anYof our languages. Jr ch a situation the libraries will face an immediate problerri of how to select and acquire L in different languages. We may call this problem number one. Selection tools for books L 'erent languages are practically non-existing. The Indian National bibliography which coul:_ used for selection of books in different Indian languages ishoPelessly out of date. Publishers' Catalogues of language books are not so easily available as arethe Publishers Cataloguesof foreign publications. There are no reviewing periodicals in anyof our languages such as Literary Supplement, N. Y. Times Book R.iew, British Booksews, Book Review Digest etc. The Weeklyor Sunday editions of Nationalnewspapers take scant noticc of Indian language publications andlanguage papers also donot much care to review language publications onany scale or purposefully. National organizationssuch as Sahitya Akademi, National Book Trust, and NationalBook Development Board whichhave the avowed objectives of promoting the readingof good books inour languages have so far done nothing to provide an easy mediumthrough which people will know regularly, tatively which good books authentically and authori- are available in our languages. The publishersand booksellers of language books havealso not done anything cooperativelyto help librarians publications. As select their a result, the only dependable source of knowingwhich new books are published in all Indian languages isthe Accession List published by the U.S. Library of Con- gress Book Procurement Centre in Delhi.An Accession List is never tool. so much a selection But it is helpful. It is not howeveravailable to all libraries for obviousreason. The next best means of selectingnew books in any Indian language is to visitthe book shop which stocks books ina particular language or in different languages.But atthat stage another hurdle confronts the library.

A multilingua, library has to havestaff knowing several languages. Sometimein future, every staff member of the Library will knowat least three languages. Even so, the libraries will need staff who among themselves willknow all the languages in which therehders will demand suitable books.This is very expensive need.But it is unavoidable. In Delhi, a city like Bombay or a big librarywill need to have staff qualifiedto select, acquire, process and service books in every Indian languagenot to speak of foreign languages Library. also if it is a Uuniversity The staff pattern of our librarieswill require a radical change. In fact, ina big library in which thereare sizeable collections in different languages, staff knowing that Inaguage each collection requires a complete well. The set theories about libraryorganization advocate two main patterns of organization: Functional and subjectwise. form or format. The language of Occasionally there is a variation by the reading material has not beentaken into account to set the pattern of organisation. Anew pattern of organizationon the emerged in the West basis of area has already so that large libraries ha-i,e divisions suchas Oriental, Middle East, Far East, South Asian, Slavic languagesor East Europeon, African etc.In our context however, the language problem ispeculiarly complex. We have distinct from another. Another many languages each one of which is dimension to the language problemin our librariesis that many of our languages have different scripts.The script of the languages of the books in which Western libraries are overwhelmingly stockedis mainly Roman; possibly Cyrillic which isvery much similar.Their problem is therefore, simplified bythe single script. What is even more significant is that in the west thelanguage of the reading material is no problem at all in public or small libraries.It is only in research libraries that language and scripthave any relevance. In India, however the languagesand the scripts have an impacton aL kinds of libraries, public, departmental, academic andeven research libraries if this last category relates to research in humanities.This is the second hurdle which confrontsour libraries. Cataloguing and classifying books inIndian languages is not very easy. The names of Indian authors for entry purposespresent a bewildering variety.Some efforts at standardizing entry works for Indian names have been madeand they are helpful. But our Library schools by and large ignorethe necessity of te4ching methodicallyand intensely the cataloguing of Indian language books. As a result,the new graduates have not the faintest idea of the problem involved and even such standardization of names forcataloging purposes which has been accomplished remains largely in some book. There is not asingle code for cataloguing books in any of the Indian languages and the catalogue cards forIndian language books in different libraries show a wide variety of practice.Alphabatization of author cards isyet another headache as there is no code for filing, either.Many libraries avoid the difficulties involved in different lnaguages,different scripts and absence of codes by adopting the Roman scriptfor their catalogue of Indian language books. The necessity tohave staff qualified in different language is by no means eliminated.On the contrary, transliteration into one script from ten different scripts each havingits own sound pattern presents a peculiar problem.Indian National Bibliography adopted the Roman scriptonly for the name of authors and titles of books in Indian languages. The result has beenfunny, if only to put it mildly. But even that would have been tolerable and also helpful if theBibliography had been published weekly and regularly as the British Nat; )nalBibliography.Multilingual libraries in the country would have quickly followed INB entries and expeditedprocessing.But INB is roughly two years out of date. The scheme of classification which is largely usedin India is Dewey Decimal Classifica- tion and it requires much imporvisation for classifyingbooks in Indian languages. These improvisations require to be standardised and applied uniformally.There may be copyright difficulties.But library schools have not worried aboutthe inapplicability of D. C. to Indian language material and they go onteaching D. C. in total disregard of the fact thatgraduates will face some real problems when theybegin to practice librarianship. The ColonScheme has more applicability forIndian language material.But Dewey is beautifully simple and Colon is dpappointingly complex.It over-hreaches the simple interest of a reader tolocate a book on theshelf.quite aside from this, neither D. C. no C. C. are availablein each of our languages as yet.In other words, one has to use Englishlanguage subject headings in the catalogue by translating them intothe pertinent language.Recently however, a subject heading list in Hindi has been prepared by PrabhuNarayan Gour ot' Bhagalpur University, and the late Shri R. S. Parkhi translated C. C.into Marathi some years ago. If theelement of language of a book, which is subordinated inC. C.to secure the APUPA arrangement in which few readers are interested,is restored to the first position so that all booksin a library will be first divided by language ,and then the classnumber is appended to it, C. C. hasundoub- tedly more validity for classifying Indian languagematerial appropriately.Unfortunately most of our library schools pay only lip regard toColon or where they emphasiseColon they emphasise its depth application which is not alwaysneeded and overlook its simple butsigni- ficant validity for accommodating Indian languagematerial. Orgadzing the multilingual reading materialseperately by languages presents several and shelf problems.Separate accession registers,separatecatalogues, separate stacks, bay uides in the script and the language of the books arerequired. The catalogue cards have to be hand written if there are no typewriter facilities. And aboveall the binders have to have tooling facilities in different scripts and different languages.This last necessity is beyond anylibrary's control.

1E3 Suchis the complexityof the language problems in the librarY.Library literature published in India or elsewhere does not easily disclose any serious attention paid to this problem*. It may be that the problem posed here in hypothetical Or unreal and our libraries with book stock in various Indian languages are doing wonderfullywell withou;being confronted by the hurdles mentioned above. On the other haod thereis atleast one library in the country which attempts to cope with reading material hi Aiwa every Indian language and it has not been doing well, leave aside wonderfully well.

A series of papers were presented on "International linguistid giSPects of library Seierice" at the 31st Council meeting of I. F. L. A. held at Helesinki, Finland in August, 1963.presenting the Report on the National Library in Lausanne or "use of languagesinCatalogues aoci bibilographies in Switzerland" the Director of the University Library at Zurich pointed out "the National Obrary sinceit must satilifythe demands of readers of different languages, has chosen for its Plibject catalogacs linguisticallyneutral system of Universal Decimal Classification."

93 194 ETHICS OF BEING A LIBRARIAN

By GIRJA KUMAR

The cultural revolution has at least done one good turn to China. Thedemigods have bee.0 overthrown from their seemingly secure pedestal.The king is now without clothes for all to see in the market place.The cultural revolutionin library profession of India is long over- due. Criticalself exmination of our achievements and failures needs to be donebefore we proceed any further.Frankness admixed with a liberal dose of boldness is required to make an objective assessment of the situation.It is high time that the spade is called a spade. Thcre should be no regrets,if some heads roll in the process.

The profession has come of age in thelast quarter century.Achievements in the short span of 30 to 40 years are creditable. Very few countries hr,..ve produced a librarian ofthe calibre of Dr. S. R. Ranganathan in recent years. The progressive measure of the University Grants Commission in upgrading the scales of pays of librarians has a few parallels in other countries.The measure will no doubt begin to show resultsafter about a decade or so by attracting better qualified young men and women to the profession. Research libraries have grown by leaps and bounds, with the added advantage of being not bound down by the weight of tradition as in Great Biritain and on the continent. Our young librarians have asound grounding in crucialdepartments of the artof librarianship because of the progressive library education in India.A large fund of profees- sional expertise has been built up through the establishment of many library schoolsspread all over the country.Indigenouc professional training in any field is the soundfoundation for establishing healthy traditions.The advantage of sound training can be realized by compa- ring our situation with developing countries with no or little facilitiesfor professional training the local level.It is thus to be recognized that library professionhas achieved a great deal in very difficult situation compounded oftraditional projudices, low status of the profession and comparatively low emoluments. PROFESSIONAL CONTROVERSIES Every bright picture has a dark side.The library profession is no exception to this general rule.The controversy that has dominate:, thethinking of all librariansin India has been the attitude towards the Colon scheme of libraryclassification, and other ideas ex- pounded by Dr. Ranganathan in his prolific writings. Thedebate has hardly been at the intel-

94 105 lectual plane. The merit of the issuehas been lost in the 15 years. Insteadof taking this quarrel that has extendedwell over opportunity to raise thestatus of the profession in general public in Indiaas well as of library profession the ,syes of at theinternationallevel, pleasure seems tohave been derived bythe opposing masochistic librarians in India camps in bringing downthe whole tribe of as lowliest of the lowliestthrough mutual process has been carriedout so successively in recriminations. Theselfdestructive librarians have been recent years that inthe general estimatethe cut down to size-Diore thanit was is no longerrespectable in the necessary. The term 'librarian' academic circles. Thefirst reaction at meeting this tribe is to raisethe eyebrows with someone from an expression of disbeliefwritten all over the face. LIBRARY ASSOCIATION The seeds of dissension in theprofession go back held at Hpfet.badin 1954. to the All India LibraryConferenee Th- best part of theConference was the ghul style ser-edday-after-day on the sumptuous meals in Mo- the story campus of the Osmania.The most unfortunate was the parting ofways between Ranganathan part of Library Association. and the authoritiesof the Indian The old man hasnever looked back, tion seemed to with the result that theorganiza- have been handicapped.The Association has heated controversysince then. unfortunately been an objectof

The impact ofthe break among the work done by librariansis to be evidenced in the organisation in thepast fifteen the precious little leader Mikoyan, years.In the picturesque wordsof the Soviet used however inanother context, whol of theEast was awake. the librarian associationslept while the The unseemly quarralsover the elections, periodical conferencesand seminars, irregular purposelessneSs of the professional release of periodical organization in theeyes of the profession and publications, lowlystatus of towards leadership generally cynical attitudeshown in library professionare special features that Association. characterize the IndianLibrary It was high timethat the association hues and shades, became a commonplatform for librarians irrespective of theideological predilection for all Library Association governing their minds.The should have been thetrue repreSentative of profession. The issuesthat exercise the common aspirationsof the body, which will us should have foundtheir expression thus become thetrue spOkesman of through this august responsibility couldnot be merely limited librarians to the outsideworld. The to being the watchdog. to comprehend muchbroader tasks like The same should Ixextended of ideas between that being the formfor intellectual debate the librariansand the outside and exchange expression through the world. The best librarythought could find Acolumns of its periodicalpublications and that needed to be doneby the authorities monographs. The minimum its fold and treat him of the Associationwas to bring back Ranganathan with the honoursdue to a partiarch. to INTELLECTUAL DEBATE The greatest casualty of the unseemlycontroversy in library )ossibility of a fleedebate on fundamentals profession has beenthe of library science.The thought of Ranganathan 9 te54 and through itsapplication at the needs to be examineddispassionately at the theoretical level for being its validity. The total acceptanceof his ideas is not necessary practical level to find out in many ways. Heis the faithful, Ranganathanbeing the greatest iconoclast counted among earlier ideas. The revisions arepurposeful and, in fact, constantly engagedin demolishing his form anintegral part of a system.,tic pattern. It needs to be profession needs to be raisedabove the personallevel. The debate in the this business. The situa- intellectual plane, so that nomotivations are read into carried out at the today is construed in apartisan unfortunately raised such a pausethat any free expression tion bas naturally sceptical in anormal situation hesitateto fashion. The youngwho are bound to be general disapproval bythe elders. expressfreely because of the FUTURE TASKS organization -the status itdeserves in the normalscheme Having restored tothe professional be achieved to the near thought must turn to therecapitulation of major tasks to of things, our necessarily brings to mindthe statement ofpolicy to future. Theconsideration of objectives of objectives for There needs to be a full debate sothat adetailed statement be implemented. in the next decade or so.A fresh look library development canbe drawn up for h;c1plementation closely to the in bibrary science, sothat these can be related also needs tobe given to the courses close checks at every The beit plms are likely to go awryin the absence of utilitarian purposes. is thus very necessaryto devise pro- implementation of plars olibrary development. It various stage of by the representativesof profession at the fessional standardsto assur,.- participation paid scant attention tothe re- implementation of plans.Decision-makers have so far stages of position needs to berectified at the earliest. presentation of theprofession in elite bodies. The ideal situation verymuch to be wished for The foregoingdescription has to do with the only made the warfare conducted with noholds barred has not The internecine of the role of the in tro; future. ineffective, but it has resultedin the diminution porfessional organization This state of affairsis equally trueof academic, librarianin decision-making processes. government and statelibraries with a fewhonourable exceptions. FOREIGN EXPERT the foreign expertin library matters.The The most disturbingrole has been that of responsibility on the partof in- guch a pass becauseof the abdication of situation has come to organizations in India. dividual librarians aswell as professional with the same brush.This country had the It would be unjust to tarall the foreign experts how- distinguished library expertsfrom abroad. The exceptions distinction of receiving several foreign countries who have come rule. The generalrun-of-the-mill librarians from ever prove the governmental organizations are menof low calibre. Ironi- to adviseacademic institutions and when the same could of the time the advice hasbeen called from abroad, cally enough, most local resources. Afrontal assult needs to be have been madeavailable very cheaply from assistance and advice hasbecome launched because thetendency tocallforforeign endemic. 9 6 There is the instance of a foremost Indian Institute of'7'rhnology inviting professionals froma medium-sized technological very junior librarians year after institute in t,United States for actingas year. The Institute of Technologywas not to be lf,:ft behind by institute of similarstatus which saddled itself with another a meaningless reporton library development from a so-called foreignexpert. The foremost example in a metropolitan is that of an importantuniversity located city depending totallyon the advice of a series of same country.These are all recent instances. library experts from the The lure in all thesecases happens to be the monetary assistance offered byforeign foundations and should be thatwe are for assistance without governmental agencies.The slogan any foreignadvice.The present writer is prepared further by callinafor moratorium for thenext five yearS. Hospitality to the foreigneris an age-old Indan tradition. outside the premises It should, however, beextended of the inner court of thehouse. The Inner Sanctum the way Englishman views should belike his houseno lessthan a castle.The advice of the foreigner is totally uncalled for inmany library matters because tise in the country we have already developed enoughexper- excepting in very few specializedfields. Allowing him minutely examine, the day-to-day an opportunity to working of libraries is inexcusable.This is unfortunately the case in many instances, The professionalorganisations need to act existing situations from as watchdogs to prevent the developing further and byputting total stop to futurerepetitions is our hope that the foreignguest takes this advice in the 't to him. proper spirit in which it is rendLd CULTURAL INFLEXIBILITY We are liable to take extreme positions. It is probably inherentin oir culture. We have a tendency to accept or reject intoto. The library profession is thought. We have at dominated by the two schools of one extreme those who implicitly placetheir faith in the Indian schoolof thought to the total rejection offoreign elements. Scveral of insidious comparison with the them take special pleasure inmaking ideas developed in foreigncountries. This is specially iields of classification and cataloguing. so in the They exude a kind of specialconfidence not called for by the facts of the situation.Little bit of humility should do them a lot of goodbecause they. do not stand on their legs butrest on the shoulders of a giant like Ranganathan. No lessinexcus- able is the attitude of those representingthe other extreme. They in contributions by the Indian school refuse-to recognize any virtue of thought in library science.They not only reject outright the native contribution, but actuallygo all out to defend out-dated imported from abroad. The techniques and theories extreme positions taken by theconflicting groups leave precious little room for manoeurrve for theobjective critic. The answer does not lie in rejecting or accepting in toto either foreignor local products, but in discovering a via mediaso that the totality of knowledge available perspective. to us is viewed in a single It is wrong in principle toperpetuate dichotomy between thelocal and foreign elements. Ranganathan is after allin the true tradition ofDewey, Cutter and Bliss. The school is not something apart from Indian library thought in general,because it is only one Segment of the total stream. Thecontroversy should thus resolve itself It may have actually retarded the because it serves nopurpose. development of library professionin a proper fashion.While

9 7 taking due pride in the achievements of the Indian school,it is necessary to recognise the significant contributions made by foreign librarians spread overseveral centuries.This frame of mind may do some good to those totally impervious tothe blandishment of indigineouscontri- butions in library science. The work done in India in libraryscience is of the highest order. It does not necessarily await any recognition withinthe country,because of having earned it abroad. The admixture of the local with the foreign should provebeneficial like the mixing of two races into blood stream. OLDER GENERATION The older generation of librarians is unable to rectifythe mistakes committed by them. r7,0 controversy resulting from the introduction of unorthodoxideas of Ranganathan is too personal for the same generation. They are either totallycommitted to Ranganathan or opposed to him. The positions are taken without examiningthe merits of the case. There aregrounds for believing that very few in the opposition camps have attempted anintellectual assessment of the contributions made by the Indian school of thought. A greatdeal of opposition to the great man seems to be on personal ground. The greatestcasualty of this unseemly contribution is Dr. S. R. Ranganathan himself because his ideas are rejectedin many instances on purely senti- mental ground. Being a sensitive person, he is bound to be hurtdeeply at the emotional plane. We have thus to watch the odd spectacleof Ranganathan receiving internationalrecognition before he came to be accepted on the home ground. Similar is the situation with regard to the attitude towards foreignexpert on the part of the older generation. The foreign librarian, more especially the expert,is given a recognition much beyond his own capacities or the bounds of normaldecorum.Several meetings of lib- rariam are still vivid in the mind of the present writer because thenatives extolled to follow the example of librarians of information service librariesset up by foreign missionsin India. These instances only typifythe present situation. The older generation has seenhardtimes including the enslavement of this country by Great Britain. The wholeattitude towards the foreigner is governed by their commitment to the past history. They are notin a position to rise above the prejudices ingrained in them oven a period of several decades.The next generation by catching the time by foreclock should start with a clean slate. YOUTHFUL LEADERSHIP The total 'cultu-al revolution' by the young librarians is theneed of the hour to sweep all cobwebs inherited from the past. The young may be defined as personsabout the age of thirty, still untouched by past prejudices and having enough idealismleft in them in initiate fundamental changes at the leadership level. They have, besides, 4: br ightfuture opening before them because of the opportunities that never came in the way of theolder generation. The total break is sine qua non in the preseintt situationt. TAKINGOVER OF LEADERSHIP FROMTHE OLDER GENIZRATION IS AN ETHICAL NECESSITY. India is one of the few countries in the world run by the oldergeneration. This situation is typical of political leadership as well as of library professionin the country. The Indian Library Association needs to be taken by the younger generation.If the association is countinued to be

98' run in the old fashion in future, seriousconsideration needs lity of alternativeforms of organizational to be given to explorethe possibi- to be revived expression. Intellectualdebate in the profession so that a clear pictureemerges about the validity needs or old ideas in tilecontext of our situation. of as well as relevanceof new volving personalities The running debateis to be conducted without in the seminar,conferences and through in- is to be assured publications. The libraryprofession an honourable place indecision-making involving system as a whole. Thisprocess would involve the development of library senior positionsover a number of years. It is displacement of the oldergeneration from normal course hoped that all theseprocesses will take place in the so that the library professionplays a role that it system. will be entitled to in thesocial

99 itor LIBRARY LAW IN MAHARASHTRA

B Y T. D. WAKNIS

There are five states in India which haxetheir library services goveried by Library law. They are Madras, Andhra, Mysore, Kerala andMaharashtra. Legislation did not come in these of the Government but wasthe outcome of the devoted efforts of lib- states out of the initiative Association. For nearly rary workers in those states.They were backed bY the Indian Library thirty-eight years the Association passed resoluLions calling upon the Governments to enact library laws. The models of law, were draftedby the Librarian-Laurateof India. All these laws have been in operation forless than twenty years and it is obviously too early, at present, to judge the results of theirworking. One conclusion, however, leaps tothe outstanding- None exPected that there would be a new eyes,that the results Lave not been heaven and a new earth overnight, asa resultof legislation. But it was legitimately expected that they would at least showpromise of future51.ccesses. be The reasons for the discouraging results arenot far to seek. In the first place it must realised that libraries are social institution andcan thrive and prosper withsocial growth. The standard of living has an important bearing onthe fate of libraries. Those who cannot thinkof where their next meal is coming trona, ase notexpected to be interested in keeping themselves informed, entertained or educated byastudy of books, Secondly, the system ofeducation also has to make students feel the necessity ofusing libraries. In the present contextthe students are keen only on passing examinations and hencethe spate of guides andcribs reuders superfluous themselves which is the the study of reference books.Students are not called upon to help quintessence of both education andlibrary use.Thirdly, library workers are disgruntledthat promoters of library legislation are notinclined to free the direction oflibraries from the thral- dorn of the Director ofEducation.

10 0 114 The Governmentof Maharashtra which however effected has been the latestto make library Jaw, have this bifurcation. Its actionevoked transports of joy of the State.The state, the regional in the library Associations have gone into and the district libraryassociations, in their rapturous paeans of praiseof the Government. conferences, dissident voiceswho fear that the joyous But there have bermalso a few singers may find themselvesin the p sition of old Kaspar whoregarded the Battle ofBlenhim as a glorious asked him what victory. When hisgrand-children good it did to the people,the only answer which Kaspar that I cannottell but it wasa famous victory. could make was "Why, Great praise the Dukeof Marlbro won and our good princeEugene. Why these forebodingscross the mind of the dissidents Maharashtra flies in the is because the librarylaw of face of the practice andprinciples of Public Libraries. its salient featureswill show how. An analysis of The Government regard it expedientto establish, maintain, organise libraries. They setabout doing it by establishing and develop public serving the needs of and maintaining a networkof public libraries the entire state. Thenetwork will haveat its head a State Central Library and four regionallibraries for the four and and Poona. They divisions of the StateNagPur,Aurangabad, Bombay will be managed by theGovernment. At the lower levels towns and villagesGovernment will ascertain of district and taluka would be in a position if the local authorityor a private societyor a trust to serve the peopleas a public library. If a suitable available the Governmentwill entrust to them authority or society is them an adequate the management of the locallibrary and pay grant. If they do not finda siutable agency they will themselves Library. In additionto these libraries, run a local Government will notify run or spensored by the Governmentfor public use, some libraries as publiclibraries for the purpose of manning or inspectingthis complex of libraries this Act. Either for Library Service Government will' bring intobeing a State members of which willbe Governmentservants. Government estimate that putting intopractice this plan will Rs. 33.08 lakhsout of which Government' involve expenditure of Rs. 8.08 lakhs. stands committed alreadyto an expenditure of Rs. The excess thatGovernment will nave to find will be Rs. 25 lakhsannually. The Government's proposal to establishand run State Central is inconsonance with universal and four regional libraries practice.Thesf .'brariesserve the State in the which the NationalLibrary serves the Country. same way in of the state and .1.:onventionally they are financedby the revenues administered eitherdepartmentally as in the U.S.A. or by an autonomousbody as in U.K. for the for the Library ofCongress They are mostly British Museum.They have a distinct reference libraries.They are not expected objective. They will be thelibraries for libraries. to lend booko to individualreaders. search and supply They will help thelibraries at the district levelin the of rare books. Theywill house comprehensive the State and theregion and materials collections of publications in will have costly throwing lighton local topics, places and reference books andwill be the Persons. They bigger or speciallibraries. agency for getting inaccessible materialsfrom It would have beenappreciated if the law vities of theselibraries. The Government had given an indication ofthe scope of acti- could have also statedwhether they wouldstart from 10! 112 scratch or make use of existing Central and Regional libraries.The Central Library of the State of Maharashtra haseen in ex istance since 1950It is housed in the Town Hall Bombay,and managed by the Asiatic Society of Bombay, by virtue of a trustdeed made between the Govern- ment and the Asiatic Society. Similarly the regionallibrary at Poona is housed inVishrambag and is managed by the Poona Municipal Corporation. It wouldbe definitely economical to build round the nucleus of these existing libraries. But there may belegal difficulties for the transfer. In such circumstances not only will the annual expenditureexceed the estimate but therewill be delay in implementation leading to sickness of hopes deferred. At the level of the district and other lower level librariesGovernment will institutelibraries of their own only if they draw blank in their search for a localauthority or a private society or trust who would show readiness and coMpetence towork as public libraries. Thechances are that Government will always find private bodies both willingand able to function aspublic libraries. These private bodies will be the existing subscriptionlibraries which have served for Years together, the small numberof members who have paid modest fees for theirlibrary service. Government will give them additional funds by way of annual grants,the quantum of which will probably very directly as their own contribution and thepopulation and inversely as theirlack of development economically aiid educationally. In factfor 'the last twenty years or sothis has been the pattern of organisation in Maharashtra. In the opinion of Library experts this pattern hascertain inherent defects.Firstlythe libraries have limits of growth set by fees which is their chief sourceof sustenance. Some well managed libraries maintain lists of thousands of readers waiting tobe admitted as members because they do not have room accommodation or sufficient numberof books for them. Natu- rally more than one members' library springs up in a town. Intheir pride of independence they are not disposed to co-operate. As thecultural level is more or less the same everywherethe book stocks of the libraries are much of a muchness. Having oncedecided on the policy of giving grant to a subscription library the Government find it logicallydifficult to deny grants to other subs- cript:...n libraries situated in the same town. It is then arguedthat Government are justifiedin giving grants to all libraries, which satisfy minimum standardsof service much in the manner in which Government give grants to schools, which measure upto standards laid in the grant- in-aid code. Experienced organisers of libraries then point out that schoolsand libraries have different objectivs. In schools the teachers aim at cultivating the minds ofpupils tostage at which the pupils are adept in the art of learning by themselves. The meansemployed to achieve this result are a set of text hooks. They can be the same in all schools.in the libraries, on the other hand, the organizers aim at stimulating and fostering thehabits of self education. The only attraction which libraries offer is that the readers are free to choosetheir subjects and are free to determine the time they will take to learn them. For the attainmentof this object the organisers are required to house books on a widevariety of subjects. Both the matter and the mannerof its presentation has to be diversified to suit the abilitiesand inclinations of readers. Such a book- costs more than the teNt books required in schools.This is the reason why Government have to beam their resources on one library only, so thatit is :;nabled to bring the body of citizens under its ameliorative anduplifting influence.This is the modern concept of a viable 102 library unit. In the 1964"Libraries and regarded as the Museums Act" of GreatBritain, the Country unit and parisheshave been deprived has been Maharashtra Billthere is no of the right ofrunning libraries. drafters. indication ofan awareness of this In the concept on the partof the One of the condit ions of givinggrants is that the all, whether theybe membersor not. The subscriptionreceiving librarywill give free serviceto class membersto their own hierarchy library is thus calledon to add onemore of patrons, lifemembers, First, members. Constitutionallythe management Second and Thirdclass same attention and of a subscriptionlibrary is incapable consideration toa nonpayer as it has of giving the to regain his goodwill and membership. to give to its payingmembers in order reduced to the straits The result is thenonpaying members of of begging forservices which they the publicare coming a centre of should claimas a right. Instead of be- democratic equalitythe library becomes in a none toohomogeneous society. the septic focus ofdisintegration Inspite of these drawbacks thepattern of organisation reason may be thepattern is twice has been recommended.The cription libraries. blessed.It pleases the Government cancount on the member'sGovernment and it blessesthe subs- library expenditureand the subscription fees as lessening theirliability for of having tosubmit a sheaf of libraries seea prospect of growingfat at the returns to dispensersof largess ! cost To be ready to step in whereno other agency is awareness of the librarypotential but the available maybetoken the Governments assume this responsibility ingenuity ofa legal provision is only exceededby the ingenuity making Government trunk to pickup needles.It can be done of a conductor using the elephant's service and but is wastefulof energy. Government mustdevolve iton local government Library service isa local compulsory functions. bodies making itone of their Will not the proposal to havea State library service bureaucrats? If themembers are squander the slenderlibrary fundon ment's want of called uponto man the various faith in devolutionand decentralisation, libraries, it will betrayGovern- vants who will not beamenable to and foiston library management as inspectors localdiscipline. If they ser- one must despair ofprogress. When are intended to beemployed action on suchvital inspection Government havedither& to take speedy reports as thoseof Public Accounts inspectors to producemore futilitarian Committee why askthe papers ? Inspectionhas a corrosive of the Inspector inthat he does not effect on theperson know-how to atrophy have to doany creative work for lack ofexercise. himself and has toallow his It seems theGovernment have definition of put the wrongfact forward in a public library ismisconceived. launching this law.Their They deine itas: tka) A library established andmaintained by the (b) A library State Governmentfor the use of Public. recognised by theDirector for the Library fund. purpose of grant-in-aidfrom the

1 03 declares (c) Any other library whichthe state Govt. bynotification in the official gazatte to be a public libraryfor the purpose of this Act. the telm. In popular lan- This is at variance with theprofessionally accepted meaning of people for the people. Threefeatures are guage it is described as alibrary of the people by the marks. (a) They render freeservice to all (b) They arefinanced regarded as its distinguishing Any Unesco report out of public funds(c) They are operated by localself government agencie. on Public librarieswill bear out the validity ofthese marks. is not calculated to promoteeither increase or improvement As the law stands therfore it will titillate the palates threefoldino,rease in Government expenditure in library service. The Government to hug to theirbosom the of organizers ofsubscription libraries and enable the illusion of having a library law. that the law is really illusory.It is a legalistic window- Talking of illusions reminds one make laws? Broadly speaking dressing of Governments' executiveaction. When do Government legally constituted authorities tolevy nd it is, either when they want toempower themselves or lay new duties and responsibilities onindividuals or corporations collect new taxes, or when the.y Maharashtra Library Law doeither of in the form of 'Do this' or'Do not do this.' Does the viz, create these things? What it hasdone could as well have beendone by an executive order, diverse advisory committees etc.etc. In fact a separate department,increase the grants, appoint eminent lawyer Shri A. A.A. this was the advice given by aCommittee presided over by an Fyzee. demanding a law andGovernment But the library associationof the State persisted in were caught in acompliant mood !

104 PROFESSIONAL GATHERINGS

B Y D. N. MARSHALL

Indian Library Association,ever since its establishment has been arranging periodically a gathering of the librarians in India. Thioy meetat conver ient centres in different parts of India. The seventeenth of such gathering is takingplace at Indore. Looking into the proceedings of these gatherings over the pastyears and trying to assess the results of such conferences,a question naturally arises in one'smind as:to what worth they allwere. Has the profession, by such means, achieved any desired goal or "'Lose Conferences been just social meetings and more. nothing

Any serious attempt at such evaluation revealsthe fact that while a number of resolutions have been passed, social contactsestablished and views exchanged,any tangible achievement as such is rather still elusive.It is not known if the Indian Library Associationlays any claims to any specific achievements.It isfor consideration, therefore, whethera part of the session be set apart usefully forintrospection. An effort may well be madeto examine the objectives of such gatherings, and correlatewith the objectives the mechanics of the for their realisation. arrangements made

The fist and foremost necessityis to clarify the object of such meetings and examine whether the object is then to capable of being achieved in the circumstances underwhich these gatherings are held. Factors such as the time limit,- the composition of the gathering, thenature of the subject discussed, andthe follow up, if thefe has beenany, have all, to be considered and analysed. To cite an instance, to assure effectiVe participation in discussion, itis necessary to see that the participants of such gatheringsdo not find comprehension of proceedingsdifficult because of language mediaor other reasons.It is similarly necessary to analyse other factors also. In the light of such analysiscertain conclusions are bound toemerge and these may well be utilised in makir arrangements for the future.

From the point of view of financial liabilitiesalso, a scrutiny is well wortha trial to assess whether money spent on such conferencescan be diverted More usefully for otherobjects of greater advantage to the profession. Ina poor country like ours, this consideraticu shouldbe ever present and more so when the professionnl financially. organisations themselves are not welloff

Another point for consideration ishow best to avoid duplicationor overlapping of such gatherings held by different professionalbodies. Many similar conferencesare held by State or 195 -:44:,Au41.1.-,!'

Such gatherings are also convenedby the IASLIC, U. G. C.and local library associations. coordinated time table would other bodies.If such gatherings are deemed necessary, a helpful and so effective in attaining the objectsof such gatherings. aim always to see that the image ofthe profession The professional organisation should Only then t he so flourishes as to secure somerecongnition for the individuals who manit. organisation can wield its influence inmoulding public opinion in the interestof library develop- members, individually and collectively,and also for libraries in ment and in gaining for its insignificant spread of general that due recognisation oftheirrole in national progress. The public libraries in the countryand the absence almost ofpublic comment on the deplorable indicates that the public opinionis not what it should be. It is note- situation as it exists today wiping Baroda Library worthy that there was hardly anypublic or professional protest at the by the Government of the day.And even today there is no clamour Movement out of existence whether these for the establishment ofpublic libraries.These are pointers to raise doubts periodical gatherin s are in any wayserving their real purpose.

106 ,117 OURCONTRIBUTORS BASHIRUDDIN, S: b: Edn MA,Trainedin Librarianship Punjab Univ Coll London Univ and Univ Exp Librarian andHead Teaching Library Science Deptt.Aligarh; Librarian & Head Deptt Delhi Univ Lib Science ; at present Librarian & Head LibScience Deptt Aligrah Univ;Founder Mem Indian Library Assn Pres for many years); (Vice- Pres Biennial Conferenceof Indian Lib Assn at Calculta (1956); Ex mem U. G. C. SubCommittees for the Organisation of theUniv Libraries in the Country;Visited UK, France, Germany,USA and USSR: addLibrarian & Head Library Science Department,Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligrah.

CHAKRAVARTI, N. C.: Librarian, Ministry ofFinance, Govt. of India, NewDelhi, Senior Vice-President, Indian Library Association;Founder- men, of the Govt. of IndiaLibraries Association; Also for Library Science teacher Training classes; pub. severalarticles, Add; Librarian, Ministryof Finance, Govt. of India.New Delhi-1. KETKAII, N. M.: b 26 Dec 1915; Edn Bit & Dip Lib Sc; ExpAsstt Librarian, RA Poddar Coll; Librarian,USIS, Bombay; Librarian,BH Univ; Librarian, CentralSecretariate Library, Ministryof Education, New Delhi; VisitedUSA; Participated in the Unesco Seminar on ReadingMaterials held at Colombo1961; Add Central Secretariate Library,New Delhi-1. KUMAR, GIRJA: b 30 Apr 1925; EdnMA & Dip Lib Sc: Exp Librarian, Indian Council of WorldAffairs, New Delhi 1947-61;,Librarian, Indian School of InternationalStudies, New Delhi, Since 1961; Pub 2 bibliographies and several articles; Visitedabroad; Add Indian Council of WorldAffairs, Sapru House, NewDelhi-1. LONKAR, MONOBAR DATTATRAYA : b 9Nov 1934, Dhar (MP);Edn Dip Lib Sc and MA Poona Univ; Exp AssttTeacher-cum-Librarian Govt BoysHigher Secondary Schl, T. T. Nagar,Bhopal 1959-62; I/c Govt Public Library, TT Nagar Bhopal1962; Asstt Teacher GovtBoys Higher Secondary Schl, TTNagar, Bhopal 1963; Librarian S N. Govt Post-Grad Coll,Khandwa (MP) 1963-64; Librarian Motilal Vigyan Mahavidyalaya,Bhopal 1964-66, Part-time Librarian Raj Bhavan Library,Bhopal 1965-66; Tech Asstt. Univ of Indore since Nov1966; Mem M P Library Assn;

118 Indian LibraryAssn and Indore Sambhag Add 'Anand Pustakalaya Sangh : Mohini', 227 ShrinagarColony, Indore (M. P.) MARSHALL, D. N.: b as Apr 1906,Bombay ; Edn MA and Librarian & Head Dip Lib Sc: Exp Univ Library Science DepttBombay Univ; Mem Indian Library AssnLibrary Assn of UKand Indian Assn of Special Library andInformation Centres, All India Library Callcutta; Pre XIV Conference Patna (1964)Represented ILA at Vienna IFLAConference 1953; Pub 3 and the Continent; Add books; Visited UK 18 Military Square,Fort, Bombay-1. MI3FITA, _ENDER SINGH: b 4 Sep. 1928; Edn. MA; Exp since1952 Madhav Coll. Ujjain, Holkar Coll, Indore; MLB Arts and CommerceColl, Gwalior; Hamidia Coll, 13hopal;Prof and Head of Depttof Hist of East Asian studies, Govt Ar_s and Commerce Coll Indore since Mem MP Itihas 1963; Parished; MP RegionalRecords Survey Committee: Ex Jt Secy andSecy of MP Itihas Parishad;Resch Scholor in MB Histof Freedom MovementProject 1954-57 (published); Add MehtaSadan, 20/17 Yashawant Indtr)re-3 Niwas Rd,

MOGHE, VASUDEOSHIVRAM : b 8 A _N]r- 1913 Indore (M.P); Edn BA, M LIBSc. Higher Dip tn Co-oaticn, Poona; ExpHony Secy Indore Gen 1942-51, Renal Librarian Library and Lecturer Sibrary ScienceGovt Central LibraryGwalior 1955-65, Lecturer K RG Coll, Gwalior Library Science 1962-64, Regional LibrarianShri Ahilya Kenriya Pustakalaya,Indore 1965-68, atpresent Hon Librarian. Workers' Institute,Indore: Mem IndianLibraryAssn. it S ey Madhya PradeshLibrary Assn, Bhopal; India Library Conference, Secy IX All Indore 1951; Secy Si:1111thEast Asian Library Conference, Indore1951; Founder MernIndore Sam- bhag Pustakalaya Sanghand Publisher PustakalayaSandesh'a quarterly journal of theSangh; Pub Several articles;Add 11 Khatipura Road, Indore2 RAMACHANDRAN, N. ; b 26 Jul 1934; EdnM.A.L.L.M. ; Rashtra Bhasha Daksh Praveen inBharat HindiPracharSabha,Madras; Exp Teac.aer;inthe Central Secretariate, NewDelhi;A.sstt Registrar (Development),Univ of Indore since July of it Secy, 1968; Mem CentralSecretariati Hindi Parishad,Transport Branch, New Delhi;Resc Student for Legaland Constitutional Implications of Educational Planning in India; Add Annexe2, Univ House, Indore;(Permanent)1, CP Ramaswami Iyer Street, Abhirampuram,Madras-18,

119 SAXENA, Dr. RANVIR PRAKASH b 12 April 1926; Edn B. Sc., M.A, PhoD;Exp Jurnalists for 6 yrs; Tene lief- of Economics for 15yrs; Deptt of Economics, Govt Arts & Commerce Coll, lndore; Mem IndianEconomic Assn; Indian Society ef Agricultural Economics;Pub one book or Tribal Economics in English, seveml translations in Hindi and many papers on Economics, shortstories and articles in Hindi & English; Add 45-A, Prem Nagar, Indore-2

SHARMA, Dr. JAGDISH SARAN : b 29 Apr 1924, Delhi; Edn M.A (History) & bip Lib Sc.MA (Lib Sc) and PhD, (Lib S) Michigan Univ (USA);Exp Agr: culturalLibraries, Washington, DC Library of Congress, Washington, DC and US & United Nations Libraries, Resch Officer & Librarian & AICC, New Delhi 1954-56, Univ Libra- rian & Head Lib Sc Deptt B.H Univ 1956-59, Univ Librarian & Head Post Grad Dip Course in Lib Sc Punjab Univ since 1959; Life Mem Indian Library Assn Pres Punjab Library Assn; Pub Five descriptive bibiographies, six books, 64 articles and resch papers; Visited Round the world twice in connecticin with Edn and Advanced Trg in Lib Sc; Add 2475 Naiwara, Chawri Bazar, Delhi 6.

WADTKAR, A L : b 3 Jul 1927, Indore; Edn MA & Dip-Lib Sc; Exp Technical Assistant, Indian Council of World Affairs,_ Delhi 1954-56; Indian Institute of Public Administration, Delhi 1956-65; Asstt. Librarian, University of Indore since 1965; Ad 8/3 Snehalata- ganj, Indore-3. WAKNIS, T.D : b 16 Dec 1902; Edn BA(Hons), FLA; Exp Curator, Central Library, Baroda 1933-46; Curator of Libraries, Bombay State 1949-58; Librarian, Central Library, Bombay 1960-61, Pre 1st Maharashtra Library Conference, Poona 1949; IX All India Library Conference, Indore 1951; Add ,iNikatan' 217 Et Sion, Bombay-22

1 09 1P0 CHRONOLOGY OF THE ALL INDIA LIBRARY CONFERENCE

Series Date & Year Venue Name of the President

First...... 12th & 13th Calcutta Dr. M. O. Thomas April 1933 Second .. ..19th to 22nd Lucknow Dr. A. C. Woolner April 1935 Third .. . - ..22nd to 24th Delhi Dr. Wali Mnbammad December 1937 Fourth .. ..13th to 15th Patna Mr. John Sargent April 1940 Fifth...... 4th to 6th Bombay Mr. R. P. Masani April 1942 Sixth...... 7th to 10th Jaipur Mr. J. C. Rollo April 1944 Seventh ..25th to 28th Baroda Shri Azizul Hague . January 194G Eighth .. ..20th to 22lid Nagpur Dr. S. R. Ranganathan January 1949

Ninth .. - 12th to 14th Indore Mr. T. D. Waknis May 1951 Tenth .. ..31st May to 4th Hyderabad Mr. S. Das Gupta June 1953 Eleventh .. ..7th to llth Calcutta Mr. S. Bashiruddin April 1956 Twelfth .. .. 17th & 18th Calcutta Dr. Nihar Ranjan Ray April 1960 Thirteenth .. 10th to 12th Calcutta Mr. B. S. Kesavan February 1962 Fourteenth.. 10th to 15th Patna Mr. D. N. Marshall Apri/ 1964 Fifteenth .. 17th to 19th Mysore Prof. V. K. R. V. Rao June 1965 Sixteenth .. -3th to 28th Chandigarh Mr. P. N. Gaur December 1966 - 1 1 0 121 OUR ADVERTISERS

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111 1300KS TftATMATTER

English 41i-*Tn71- R=1,q-1c11 MIT tit.td-c1rr History of Literary Criticism : Dr. P. S. Sastil12-50 41. 111 The studies in English Literature : P. V. Shastrt2-50 %TrKffIzi- tit%) : 41. gff. 111 T /I Vol. H 2-50 Vol, HI 2-50 Social Life in Mediaval Rajstan Hindi [1500-1800] 15-00 India As I See Her : S. R. Sharma 8-50 Indian Lilerature: Dr, Nagendra 18-00 Mughal Empire in India : S. R, Sharma 20-00 rcbsjiNic.i 4j1tc114 1 cR-q vITTff 1:1,41c1 7q. 414-1 ci X-0 ° 941-r \11.41c1 Fad-o-s .u10 wizun clt-0 0 wro- 4 4-1F.1-1iiii TT 4.1u5.,rlel rr. 711TY cioX° sqThrffl' RI*ff 1IlI cfriq-1-ff .kwAtQi: tar. FTTY qo o :t! o %-ibul 1 f9-qurr: i.i. 414-1 q-0 0 friTTKT1T: To 1;1,-A Linguistics TrT4,1-iob zitftcr (1',P4-197z) trrq ITHT cj (lksqe.-clqks(1) w-rErr eio 41TT X-0 o Trrsf9---w Sociology rqfft k9 ° ti1i1A-Vrifq: qi4ci t tr.tr.41 qKi cl 0-0 o 92-111-qw zf1-(1-Erwrr-fr (cig9(1-1zMt) o Principles of Sociology : Dr. A. K. Sinha 10-00 Master of Social Thought : Dr. Klostermair fu9--A-1- 4-u wr TY. Kim 7-.0 0 : Dr. A. K. Sinha 12-50 tm 41 KATTCRZr-+---r-ii .wrqtr o jimq t14-1111-411t-C4 9-1797. 0-ii o o Geography Philosophy and Psychology 10Y.0 ITTK-azi fciqartitf wffr-4- qTrl 10-0 0 gtic4-1.0 1141 ks-1{ F. v.. fTpu 0-0 0 Physiography : Salisbury Hindi Translation 30-00 qvi.41 q-0 Political Science G4.10.51#1411,4011: qfj o The Gres Political Thinkers : East & West 15-00 Trrtfqw 4-14.11;14111 Yso o Dr, R. C. Gupta Public Administration : Avasibi & Maheshwri17-50 t114-11r414-11 N4-111: er. 414-1 India.- Nationalist Movement & Thought t-1411,4 411 aom triWr: d. Tr. Eft. -41; clo.--o Dr. V. P. S. Raghvanshi 10-00 Modern Indian Political Thought toilA aquer 5",Th:ft" flci1)14, ciRX0 Dr. V. P. Van la 24-00 4011 1=14-1.19: ft-r-dta Tif 4-4-11 ITTKff 51-Alc1 rg1 1 c1-i.t :4.14-1-11,4,1qui 9.4--,-171.: 0 Studies in the Philosophy of Education ci 0 Dr. V. P. Varma 16-0^ T1Tg-19-w ,1,4411-c1.11 Systems of Psychology and Learning Theories flfziii fqT--dff TT tc1jr. içj 0 6-00 Dr, R. N. Agarwal \`04,11q: 1-4-111 ciRX° Essential of Psychology : Dr. R. N. Vyas 5-00 t-1t-141ff q.4. 1.1t111-11,-7 4-1.-11161q11.-1.it11 9NT WI' .,-1111 o 41% 7,9-mqvi -0 0 1-11411c'4q=4,1 1 1TT191T TT: fqqi frr rr1i #4.: 777 l.9-0 o T. 1,14-11A- CI Gil +:1* o cEqo o History tIvrei-fiwIft1 417 'PlIflr1.4)1-47 Evolution of Indian Culture : B. N. Luniya 15-00 9)-v SPTRIff: mrr k-0 0

112 41-RdW Ivq rt.cr4ki-471-9-w 3;r94-49- 7-4 fvrwir: f-1-wRr .&f. .cr4 Z 0 0 Ict Y-1(0 wrr1i-9-w#f-411-rff: i. mziki- ct0-00 3stantr9.-11: ys-0 0 1:19. -q-r ko-r i. raqi la 74fvrffli tiiPvIcti'l:7. Eft. R17 -e-vs0 o Economics and Commerce av_ncia rci v, : Principles of Economics : Dr. M. L. Seth 15-00 9-14 vs-.0o An Introduction to Keynedian Economkz ftr49-r-1 -nrc44-111. j T1I -11;4 t.9-0 0 Hindi 8-50 Y-4.9 Vs Essays on Economics & its Role : Swamy 6-00 qq7.-1 'NWT: 71. ti Foreign Economic Policy of Soviet Ru2sia Trrgf-9-T.fvr49-r rctikaco Dr. D. S. Nag 10 00 q.14 VsVso A Critical Study of Gandhian Economic wY. 1iiI Dr. S. N. Jha Thought 12-00 fiT4TT 44114,-114 +.4-1,eqlchrl 74.:T7rr vsv,0 0411 ..tctl4)61141 ctri ,SP4TrE1ff 9;117 samur grawqrm Itgift UM' yv4TE Vs--0 o al ui,v4:.?he.tm qug Indian Rural Economics : S. C. Jain 7-50 wf-d-or: wY. (941-4ra) kaw'r ficn Problems of Under Developed Economy D. S. Nag 20-00 weimr Education wzik6T Pragmatic Theories of Ecucation iii: Dr. R. S. Pandey 7-00 411: ssle.;q 1,114

Studies in Philosophy of Education 11+1 t:t.111t-c4 :VITcricif GI 41 Dr V. P. Varma 16-00 Our Adolescents : Their Interests and Education tit-V1 Dr. R. S. Pandey 15-00 TEr.Trerrwr Inter-Caste Tensions Among Children iIi: .1.114141a,,A R. N. Agarwal 4-00 lcr'ff. VT-MM. 414-11cei fiR-TT TT qr-TqTff.Y. 144rr -11:1 ct ooo (-111-11174 7a1.49. :"t-T11-41c1ri-lqTITT o 119)-1awiff *11.4.fir4Tr: ri-. 1irii 1;14-111:qt 79% 4,1i-c11 944-Rf. 71. 411-1 0 4160T1R1141 9T1 51-47-ti: En". ii firrr fueff, wrrtiR 9:117 4.csi. cl: 97ftAT Q-ait-cia 74 &f.1R1lr4 ,11 (19Rtt o 9;1157179T.ifint.til-Hiq.blf. i i 91-a 0 Home Science I-Kff 54-il-A'r-fvm-Tar 41 a,siti Tff ri sdliLi id ficr94* Tg-f14-111 1-cR. +471]

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MANAMA CAM

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