M.A. (Semester II) Code – Geo - M 201

Subject Geography Paper Regional Planning and Rural Development Unit II

Topic Tribal Area Development Programmes (TADP) Content by Dr. Rashmi Ranjana Assistant Professor, Dept. of Geography College of Commerce, Arts And Science, Patna University Patliputra University, Patna - Bihar

Introduction

The tribes in have a symbolic relationship with the forests and they depend entirely on forests for food, medicinal herbs and material to build houses, fuel for cooking as well as for lighting and warmth and fodder for their sustenance. Their customs, religious practices, social fabric and folklore have all been shaped by forests. The tribal distribution in the country is uneven. Some areas have high Tribal concentration like in Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, North Eastern States, etc. while in other areas, the tribal form only a small portion of the total population. Some of them are still at the food gathering stage while some practice shifting cultivation or primitive forms of agriculture. The Constitution of India provides for a comprehensive framework for the socio-economic development of Scheduled Tribes and for preventing their exploitation by other groups of society.

A detailed and comprehensive review of the tribal problem was taken on the eve of the Fifth Five Year Plan and Integrated Tribal Development Projects (ITDP) were conceived and these have been continued since them. During the Sixth Plan, Modified Area Development Approach (MADA) was adopted to cover smaller areas of tribal concentration and during the Seventh Plan, the TSP strategy was extended further to cover even smaller areas of tribal concentration and thus cluster of tribal concentration were identified. As per the provisions contained in the Fifth Schedule of the Constitution, various enactment in the forms of Acts and Regulations have been promulgated in Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh,

1

Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa and for the welfare of scheduled tribes and their protection from exploitation. The tribal areas in the country were classified under three broad categories:

● States and Union Territories having a majority scheduled tribe’s population - It was decided that tribal majority States like , , , and Union Territories of Lakshadweep and Dadra & Nagar Haveli may not need a tribal sub-plan, as the entire plan of these States/Union Territories was primarily meant for the S.T. population constituting the majority. ● States and Union Territories having substantial tribal population but majority tribal - Tribal sub-Plan approach were adopted after delineating areas of tribal concentration. ● States and Union Territories having dispersed tribal population - Tribal sub-Plan approach was adopted by paying special attention to pockets of tribal concentrations, keeping in view their tenor of dispersal. ● Tribal population in particular administrative units, such as block and tehsils.

List of Tribes in India

The constitution of India under its ‘schedule 5’ has recognized tribal communities in India and they are known as ‘Scheduled Tribes’. Article 366 (25) of the constitution defines ​ ​ scheduled tribes as “such tribes or tribal communities or part of or groups within such tribes or tribal communities as are deemed under Article 342 to the scheduled tribes (ST) for the purposes ​ of this constitution”.[1] There are around 645 distinct tribes in our country. As per the census ​ ​ 2001, total population of scheduled tribes is 84,326,240 which is 8.2% of the total population of the country.In Lok Sabha there is reservation of seats for Scheduled Tribes. The major tribes in India and their location are listed below.

▪ Andhra Pradesh: Andh, Sadhu Andh, Bhagata, Bhil, Chenchus (Chenchawar), Gadabas, ​ Gond, Goundu, Jatapus, Kammara, Kattunayakan, Kolawar, Kolam, Konda, Manna Dhora,

2

Pardhan, Rona, Savaras, Dabba Yerukula, Nakkala, Dhulia, Thoti, Sugalis, Banjara, Kondareddis, Koya, Mukha Dhora, Valmiki , Yenadis, Sugalis, Lambadis. ▪ Arunachal Pradesh: Apatanis, Abor, Dafla, Galong, Momba, Sherdukpen, Singpho, ​ Nyishi, Mishmi, Idu, Taroan, Tagin, Adi, Monpa, Wancho ▪ : Chakma, Chutiya, Dimasa, Hajong, Garos, Khasis, Gangte, Karbi, Boro, ​ Borokachari, Kachari, Sonwal, Miri, Rabha, Garo ▪ Bihar: Asur, Baiga, Birhor, Birjia, Chero, Gond, Parhaiya, Santhals, Savar, Kharwar, ​ Banjara, Oraon, Santal, Tharu ▪ Chhattisgarh: Agariya, Bhaina, Bhattra, Biar, Khond, Mawasi, Nagasia, Gond, Binjhwar, ​ Halba, Halbi, Kawar, Sawar, ▪ Goa: Dhodia, Dubia, , Siddi,Varli, Gawda. ​ ▪ Gujarat: Barda, , Bhil, Charan, Dhodia, Gamta, Paradhi, Patelia, , , ​ Talavia, Halpati, Kokna, Naikda, Patelia, Rathawa, Siddi. ▪ Himachal Pradesh: Gaddis, Gujjars, Khas, Lamba, Lahaulas, Pangwala, Swangla, Beta, ​ Beda Bhot, Bodh. ▪ Jammu and Kashmir: Bakarwal, Balti, Beda, Gaddi, Garra, Mon, Purigpa, Sippi, ​ Changpa, Gujjar. ▪ Jharkhand: Birhors, , Gonds, Kharia, Mundas, Santhals, Savar, Bedia, Ho, ​ Kharwar, Lohra, Mahli, Parhaiya, Santal, Kol, Banjara. ▪ Karnataka: Adiyan, Barda, Gond, Bhil, Iruliga, Koraga, Patelia, Yerava, Hasalaru, Koli ​ Dhor, Marati , Meda, Naikda, Soligaru. ▪ Kerala: Adiyan, Arandan, Eravallan, Kurumbas, Malai arayan, Moplahs, Uralis, Irular, ​ Kanikaran, Kattunayakan, Kurichchan, Muthuvan. ▪ Madhya Pradesh: Baigas, Bhils, Bharia, Birhors, Gonds, Katkari, kharia, Khond, Kol, ​ Murias, Korku, Mawasi, Pardhan, Sahariya, ▪ Maharashtra: Bhaina, , Dhodia, Katkari, Khond, Rathawa, , Dhanka, ​ Halba, Kathodi, Kokna, Koli Mahadev, Pardhi, Thakur, ▪ : Naga, Kuki, Meitei, Aimol, Angami, Chiru, Maram, Monsang, Paite, Purum, ​ Thadou, Anal, Mao, Tangkhul, Thadou, Poumai Naga.

3

▪ Meghalaya: Chakma, Garos, Hajong, Jaintias Khasis, Lakher, Pawai, Raba, Mikir. ​ ▪ Mizoram: Chakma, Dimasa, Khasi, Kuki, Lakher, Pawi, Raba, Synteng, Lushai ​ ▪ Nagaland: Angami, Garo, Kachari, Kuki, Mikir, Nagas, Sema, Ao, Chakhesang, Konyak, ​ Lotha, Phom, Rengma, Sangtam, ▪ : , Khas, Lepchas, Limboo, Tamang ​ ▪ Telangana: Chenchus. ​ ▪ : Gadaba, Ghara, Kharia, Khond, Matya, Oraons, Rajuar, Santhals, , ​ Bathuri, , Bhumij, Gond, Juang, Kisan, Kolha, Kora, Khayara, Koya, Munda, Paroja, Saora, Shabar, Lodha. ▪ Rajasthan: Bhils, Damaria, Dhanka, (Minas), Patelia, Sahariya, Naikda, Nayaka, ​ Kathodi. ▪ Tamil Nadu: Adiyan, Aranadan, Eravallan, Irular, Kadar, Kanikar, Kotas, Todas, ​ Kurumans, Malayali, ▪ : Bhil, Bhutia, Chaimal, Chakma, Halam, Khasia, Lushai, Mizel, Namte, Mag, ​ Munda, Riang, ▪ Uttarakhand: Bhotias, Buksa, Jannsari, Khas, Raji, Tharu. ​ ▪ Uttar Pradesh: Bhotia, Buksa, Jaunsari, Kol, Raji, Tharu, Gond, Kharwar, Saharya , ​ Parahiya, Baiga, Agariya, Chero ▪ West Bengal: Asur, Khond, Hajong, Ho, Parhaiya, Rabha, Santhals, Savar, Bhumij, ​ Bhutia, , Kisan, Kora, Lodha, Kheria, Khariam, Mahali, Mal Pahariya, Oraon, ▪ Andaman and Nicobar: Oraons, Onges, Sentinelese, Shompens, Jarawa ​

Fig. no. 1 : Tribal Map of India

4

Size and Composition of Indian Tribes

The tribal population of Indian comes to about 104 million in 2011, which constitutes about

[2] 8.6 per cent of total population. This population comprises about 427 tribal communities. They​ ​ are at various levels of socio-cultural and economic development, belong to a number of linguistic and social groups, and are scattered all over the country. Most of them live in remote, hilly and forest areas and are at a low level of technological development. The common features

[3] that characterize the tribal groups are as follow ​ : ​

(i) They live away from the civilized world in the inaccessible parts of forests and hills. (ii) They speak the same tribal dialect. (iii) They profess primitive religion known as ‘Animism’ in which the worship of ghosts and spirits is the most important element. (iv) They follow primitive occupations such as gleaning, hunting and gathering of farm products.

5

(v) They are largely flesh or meat eaters, have nomadic habits and a love for alcohol and dance.

However, during the last six decades under the impact of various developmental and promotional measures initiated to secure their integration with mainstream of the national social and economic life, the tribal scene has undergone a visible change. Presently, tribal communities can be classified into following various communities:

(i) Tribal communities - who are still confined to the aboriginal forest habitats and follow the old pattern of life. (ii) Semi-tribal communities - who have settled down in rural areas and have taken agriculture and allied occupation. (iii) Cultured tribal communities - who have migrated to urban areas and are engaged in modern industries and vocations and have adopted modern cultural traits. (iv) Tribal communities - which are completely assimilated in the Indian population.

Problems of Tribal Areas ​

In the tribal development the following issues are significant:

A. The tribal areas are predominantly agricultural. B. The economic development of these areas envisages increased agricultural production and thus need improved and modern agricultural technology. C. Most of the tribal areas are situated in the upper reaches of the rivers and streams. They are left out from the benefit of major and medium irrigation projects. D. During the off-seasons, these tribes have to depend upon minor products of forests. E. Credit and marketing facilities in the tribal areas are poor. Composite co-operative organizations such as LAMPS are being organized to channelize credit and to streamline marketing in the tribal areas. F. To free the tribes from bondage of indebtedness, protective legislation is essential. G. Social services support given by the Government is in need in areas of Jhum.

6

H. Along with economic schemes they need improve sanitary conditions, drinking water facilities and education facilities.

Measures taken during Five Year Plans

During the planning era there have been rigorous planning efforts and allocation of funds for the tribal development. Thus, while the 2nd Five-Year plan went for the 43 experimental ​ Special Multi-Purpose Tribal Blocks (SMPT), the 3rd Five-Year Plan Crystallized the approach ​ to their development through the concept of Tribal Development Blocks with more funds and a systematic approach. By the 4th Five-Year Plan period, 43 per cent of the tribal population was ​ covered under 504 Tribal Development Blocks. The 5th Five-Year Planbrought in the concept of ​ sub-plan for tribal development with adequate funds both from the Centre and the state resources. During the 6th and the 7th Five-Year plans higher degree of devolution of funds ​ ​ through the Special Component Plan and through Special Central Assistance than in socio-economic development to give them occupational mobility and economic strength. The schemes of welfare for the backward classes in the 8th Plan will continue to lay emphasis on ​ strengthening of the educational base of the SC/ST and other backward classes.

Economic Measures for the Upliftment of Scheduled Tribes

Efforts have been made since Independence to improve the condition of tribes. The following measures are as follows:

(i) Recognizing traditional rights to land: Some States have enacted legislation to this effect. However, there is no uniform policy chalked out. (ii) Legal protection against alienation of tribal land and the protection of tribes from moneylenders: Legislation has been enacted in some States whereby land belonging to ST can be transferred only to other ST and that too with the prior permission. Similarly, various State measures have been instituted to put a stop to the exploitation of the tribes by moneylenders. (iii) Distribution of land to the tribes and development of land already in their possession: Surplus land released through imposition of ceiling on land holdings are

7

distributed among tribes. Similarly, several schemes like provision of irrigation facilities, ploughs, bullocks, agricultural implements and distribution of improved seeds are in operation in order to help tribes improve the productivity of their land. (iv) Development of Cottage Industries by giving financial aid to the ST and purchase of their commodities through various centers and fair price shops. (v) Anti-Poverty Programmes: To improve their socio-economic-progress, minimum 30% ​ of the beneficiaries covered, investment in terms of subsidy and credit is to flow to SC/ST and under JRY, preference is to be given to SC/ST for employment. 6% of the funds received by the districts is set apart for Indira Aawas Yojana on 100% subsidy basis. At the village panchayat level, 15% of the annual allocation should be spent on items/works which directly benefit SC/ST, under the Accelerated Rural Water Supply Program (ARWSP), emphasis is on coverage of SC/ST. (vi) Tribal Development Blocks: Special multipurpose tribal development blocks have been ​ established to bring about significant changes in the economic and social life of the tribals. However, they have covered a limited population and in several cases the schemes have been launched without any benchmark data.

Table No. 1: Integrated Tribal Development Projects/Agency (ITDPs/ITDAs), Modified Area Development Approach (MADA) Pockets, Cluster and Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PTGs) in Tribal Sub Plan Area and States having Scheduled Area and Tribes Advisory Council

Number of S.No Name of the States/UT ITDPs/ITDAs Pockets MADA Cluster PTGs 1 Andhra Pradesh 8 41 17 12 2 Assam 19 - - - 3 Bihar - 7 - 9** 4 Chhattisgarh # 19 9 2 ** 5 Gujarat # 9 1 - 5 6 Himachal Pradesh # 5 2 - - 7 jammu & Kashmir - - - - 8 Jharkhand # 14 34 7 ** 9 Karnataka 5 - - 2 10 Kerala 7 - - 5 11 Madhya Pradesh # 31 30 6 7** 12 Maharashtra # 16 44 24 3 13 Manipur 5 - - 1

8

14 Odisha # 21 46 14 13 15 Rajasthan # 5 44 11 1 16 Sikkim 4 - - - 17 Tamil nadu $ 9 - - 6 18 Tripura* - - - 1 19 Uttar Pradesh 1 1 - 2** 20 Uttarakhand - - - ** 21 West Bengal $ 12 - 1 3 22 A & N Islands 1 - - 5 23 Daman & diu 1 - - - Total 190 259 82 75 Sourcer: http://osou.ac.in/eresources/TADP.pdf ​ * There are no ITDPs in Tripura. There is Tripura Tribal Autonomous Districts Councils (TTAADC). The provision ​ of Sixth Schedule were extended to Tripura w.e.f. 1985 by 49th Amendment of the Constitution as informed by State Government of Tripura vide letter No. F. 15-2/Part-I/TW/SP/2004/14648 dated 03.10.2006. ** The PTG for Bihar and Jharkhand, MP & Chhattisgarh and UP & Uttarakhand are common. # States having Scheduled Areas and Tribes Advisory Councils (TACs) $ State having only TACs

Sub-Plan for Tribal Development

The concept of Sub-Plan for Tribal Development was introduced in the Fifth Five-Year Plan and continued in the subsequent Sixth, Seventh and the Eighth Five-Year Plans as a part of strategy for tribal development. Accordingly, areas having 50 per cent or more tribal concentrations were delineated and tribal sub-plans prepared in 19 States and Union Territories. These areas are grouped into 180 integrated tribal development projects as operational units. The States and Union Territories with predominant tribal population, namely Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Lakshadweep and Dadra and Nagar Haveli were not included in the tribal sub-plan approach as their state plans are, in fact, plans for the development of the tribal communities. The broad objectives of the tribal sub-plan are: i) To narrow the gap between the level of development of tribal areas and other areas. ii) To improve the quality of the tribal communities.

In order to achieve these objectives, elimination of all forms of exploitation of tribals particularly in land, money lending, and malpractices, in the exchange of agricultural and forest products were given high priority. The main objectives of the sub-plan include infrastructure

9 development, upgradation of environment of tribal areas and human resources development through education and training programmes. The tribal sub-plans envisaged total physical and financial efforts for integrated development of the tribal areas. During the Eighth Plan, a total expenditure of about Rs. 1,110 crores was contemplated for the tribal sub-plan. It was proposed to extend economic assistance to 3,08,100 families during the plan period.

Problems in Tribal Area Development Programmes

In spite of concrete efforts made during the last six decades, there has not been much change in the socio-economic condition of tribals. The various barriers faced by tribals in adoption of agricultural innovations can be grouped as follows: i) Due to lack of education, they are either ignorant of improved practices regarding agricultural innovations or have wrong knowledge of the practice. ii) Due to higher cost of improved agricultural practices, lack of money to purchase required requisites, poverty, etc. they are unable to increase the production. iii) Social and cultural barriers also come in the way of adoption of agricultural innovation. For e.g. (a) High yield entirely depends upon God's will rather than use of improved seeds or fertilizers. (b) Fertilizers destroy the fertility of the soil. (c) To kill insects is to suffer the gnawing of remorse. (d) Diseases of plants are an events of nature and fight against these 'events' is to suffer the gnawing of compunction, etc. iv) Practical barriers include the susceptibility of improved varieties of fertilizers and pesticides, lack of irrigation facilities after the application of fertilizers, major portion of the applied fertilizers leached away as the fields are located on stiff slopes of hills, and dusters and sprayers are not available on time. v) Shifting cultivation in India is practiced by the Scheduled Tribes of the hilly and forest tracts in an area of approximate 10.26 lakh hectares mainly concentrated in N.E India and also found in the belt comprising Odisha, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh. Shifting cultivation is on the way out in many States due to its inherent characteristics, one of them being primitive technology and low carrying capacity.

10

Major Schemes/Programmes of The Ministry of Tribal Affairs for the Welfare and Development of Scheduled Tribes

Central Sector Schemes

1. Grant-in-Aid to Voluntary Orgainzations (under which residential, non-residential schools, computer training centrers and knitting, weaving & handloom training centres run by NGOs for Scheduled Tribes students are supported, apart from hospitals, mobile dispensaries etc.). 2. Vocational Training in Tribal Areas. The Schemes of Vocational Training in tribal Areas a self-employment or employment oriented scheme aimed at benefiting ST boys and girls equally. 3. Scheme of Strengthening Education among Schedules Tribes (ST) Girls in Low Literacy Pockets. 4. Development of Primitive Tribal Groups. 5. Rajiv Gandhi National Fellowship for STs. 6. Top Class Education for ST students. 7. Scheme of National Overseas Scholarships for STs. Centrally Sponsored Schemes 8. Schemes of Post Matric Scholarship for ST students. 9. Upgradation of Merit of ST Students. 10. Scheme of construction of hostel for ST Girls and Boys. 11. Scheme of Establishment of Ashram Schools in Tribal Sub Plan Areas Special Area Programme 12. Special Central Assistance to Tribal Sub Plan for employment-cum-income generation activities. 13. Grant-in-Aid under Article 275(1) of the Constitution for promotion of Welfare of Scheduled Tribes and upgradation of the levels of administration of Scheudled Areas. A part of grant under Article 275(1) of the Constitution is used for setting up of

11

“Ekalavya Model Residential Schools” for providing quality education of ST students (both grils and boys) from Class VI to XII.

In spite of some serious and honest efforts of both, the states and the center government, tribal area programmes are not providing maximum results. These programmes are facing grass roots implementation problems. But it does not mean that these programmes are a failure. Due to such programmes many tribal communities of India improve their economic, educational, social and cultural status. Due to such programmes mainstreaming and channelization of scheduled tribes took a leap forward. By strengthening of the weaknesses of tribal area programmes the objective of their existence in modern world can be achieved.

References:

1. Major Tribes in India: State-wise compilation. https://www.clearias.com/major-tribes-in-india/ 2. Census of India, 2011. 3. Dr. Ranvir Singh: “Tribal Area Development Programmes in India: Issues and Challenges”, International Journal of Research in Social Sciences Vol. 8 Issue 4, April 2018, ISSN: 2249-2496, http://www.ijmra.us, Email: [email protected] ​

12

13